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CONTENTS List of Maps xi List of Tables xii Preface xv Chapter 1 The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean 1 GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL STUDIES 6 DELIMITING LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 6 LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN SUBREGIONS 8 KEY TERMS 12 SUGGESTED READINGS 12 Part I PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 13 Chapter 2 Landform Regions of Latin America and the Caribbean 14 THE EASTERN HIGHLANDS 14 THE CENTRAL LOWLANDS 20 THE WESTERN ALPINE SYSTEM 22 Recent Earthquake and Volcanic Activity 23 Physiographic Regions of the Andes 24 CASE STUDY 2.1: THE EL SALVADOR EARTHQUAKES 25 Physiographic Regions of Central America 34 Physiographic Regions of Mexico and the Caribbean 34 SUMMARY 44 KEY TERMS 44 SUGGESTED READINGS 44 Chapter 3 Weather and Climate 46 CONTROLS OF CLIMATE 46 Temperature 46 Altitude 46 Ocean Currents 51 Latitude 53 Precipitation 53 Continentality 54 Atmospheric Pressure Belts 54 Prevailing Winds and Orographic Effects 56 HURRICANES 62 CASE STUDY 3.1: HURRICANE MITCH 66 SUMMARY 68 KEY TERMS 68 SUGGESTED READINGS 68 Chapter 4 Natural Regions 70 TROPICAL RAIN FOREST 70 CASE STUDY 4.1: BIODIVERSITY AND THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST 75 TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE SAVANNA 76 DESERT 78 STEPPE 80 HUMID SUBTROPICAL 82 MEDITERRANEAN 83 MARINE WEST COAST RAIN FOREST 83 HIGHLAND 84 SUMMARY 86 KEY TERMS 87 SUGGESTED READINGS 87 Part II CULTURAL PATTERNS 89 Chapter 5 Iberian Heritage, Conquest, and Institutions 90 LATIN AMERICA'S ROMAN HERITAGE 90 ISLAM IN IBERIA 91 SPANISH RESPONSES TO ISLAMIC RULE 92 THE SPANISH RECONQUEST 94 THE CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF LATIN AMERICA 94 Mexico and Central America 97 South America 98 THE COLONIAL ERA 102 The Mercantile System 104 The Encomienda System 104 Decline of Spanish Influence in the Greater Caribbean Basin 105 Peninsular-Creole Divisions 106 INDEPENDENCE AND THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD 107 Conservative-Liberal Schisms 108 Caudillismo 109 POLITICAL MATURATION IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY 110 SUMMARY 111 KEY TERMS 111 SUGGESTED READINGS 112 Chapter 6 Political Change 114 MEXICO 114 CENTRAL AMERICA 115 Guatemala 115 Belize 116 Honduras 117 El Salvador 117 Nicaragua 118 Costa Rica 119 Panama 119 THE GREATER ANTILLES 120 Cuba 120 Jamaica 121 Haiti 122 Dominican Republic 122 Puerto Rico 123 ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA 123 Venezuela 124 Colombia 125 Ecuador 126 Peru 126 CASE STUDY 6.1: COLOMBIA'S VIOLENT DRUG WAR 127 Bolivia 130 SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 131 Chile 131 Paraguay 132 Argentina 133 Uruguay 134 Brazil 135 THE GUIANAS 137 Guyana 137 Suriname 138 French Guiana 138 SUMMARY 139 KEY TERMS 139 SUGGESTED READINGS 139 Chapter 7 Race, Ethnicity, and Social Class 141 NATIVE POPULATION LEVELS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST 141 NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS ON THE EVE OF THE CONQUEST 142 Western Highland Peoples 143 The Aztecs 145 The Maya 146 The Chibcha 148 The Inca 148 CASE STUDY 7.1: NATIVE ANIMALS OF THE ANDES 150 The Southern Andean Indians 151 Eastern Lowland Peoples 152 The Southern Hunters 152 The Tropical Forest Dwellers 152 Common Indian Traits 153 Impacts of European Conquest and Settlement 153 Causes of Indian Depopulation 154 Aftermath of the Conquest 156 BLACKS IN THE NEW WORLD 156 Antecedents of Latin American Black Slavery 156 The African Slave Trade 157 Living Conditions in the New World 157 Forms of Slave Resistance 159 Abolition 159 CASE STUDY 7.2: MAROON SOCIETIES IN LATIN AMERICA 159 EAST ASIANS IN THE CARIBBEAN 160 RACIAL MIXING 161 The Evolution of Social Races 161 RACIAL WHITENING 163 RACISM AND ITS RAMIFICATIONS 164 CASE STUDY 7.3: INDIAN HOMELANDS AND THE MESOAMERICAN BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR 167 CURRENT RACIAL PATTERNS 167 Mexico and Central America 169 South America 169 The Caribbean 170 SUMMARY 170 KEY TERMS 171 SUGGESTED READINGS 171 Chapter 8 Latin America as a Culture Region 173 HONOR AND SHAME: INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY AND SELF-WORTH 173 Machismo 173 Marianismo 174 Sex, Reproduction, and Honor 174 PERSONALISMO 175 CASE STUDY 8.1: THE HIDDEN COSTS OF CORRUPTION 177 SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES 177 The Upper Class 179 CASE STUDY 8.2: THE PERPETUATION OF OLIGARCHICAL POWER IN A CENTRAL AMERICAN NATION 181 The Middle Class 181 The Lower Class 182 CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL RIGIDITY 183 Fatalism and Luck 183 Dual Educational Systems 184 FAMILY LIFE 186 Street Children 187 POSSIBLE RESPONSES 188 Status of Women 189 CASE STUDY 8.3: WOMEN AND THE INFORMAL ECONOMIC SECTOR 190 OTHER ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 194 Literature and Poetry 194 Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture 195 Music 197 Sports 198 Mass Media and Tempo of Living 199 SUMMARY 199 KEY TERMS 200 SUGGESTED READINGS 200 Chapter 9 Religion 202 RELIGIOUS PRACTICE IN INDIGENOUS AMERICA 202 MEDIEVAL IBERIAN CATHOLICISM ON THE EVE OF THE CONQUEST 203 THE SPIRITUAL CONQUEST OF THE NEW WORLD 204 RELIGIOUS SYNCRETISM 206 Marianism and the Cult of the Virgin Mother 207 CASE STUDY 9.1: CUZCO'S LORD OF THE EARTHQUAKES 210 Challenges to Colonial Catholicism 210 THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER OF THE CHURCH IN THE COLONIAL AND REPUBLICAN PERIODS 211 THE CURRENT STATUS OF LATIN AMERICAN CATHOLICISM 212 Subtypes of Latin American Catholicism 213 Forms of African Folk Catholicism 217 CASE STUDY 9.2: JAMAICAN RASTAFARIANISM 219 NON-CATHOLIC FAITHS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 220 Hinduism and Islam 220 Judaism 221 Protestantism 221 CASE STUDY 9.3: VENTA PRIETA: A JEWISH COMMUNITY IN MEXICO 222 Characteristics of and Challenges to Latin American Protestantism 223 The Catholic Counter-Reformation 227 SUMMARY 229 KEY TERMS 229 SUGGESTED READINGS 229 Part III ECONOMIC PATTERNS 233 Chapter 10 Agriculture and Agrarian Development 234 IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST 235 CASE STUDY 10.1: WARU WARU AGRICULTURE 235 ENCLAVE ECONOMIES 237 Haciendas 237 Estancias 238 Plantations 238 Sugar Cane in the Caribbean 239 Coffee in Colombia, Central America, and Brazil 241 Bananas in Central America and Ecuador 242 The Plantation Controversy 243 SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE 244 Common Attributes of Smallholder Agriculturists 244 Slash and Burn Agriculture 247 Peasant Agriculture 249 AGRARIAN REFORM 250 New Land Colonization 252 AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION 253 EXPANSION OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE 255 Plant Crop Production 255 Animal Husbandry 257 Tree Farming 258 Fishing 260 CASE STUDY 10.2: HARVEST STRIP FORESTRY 261 Narcotic Drug Production 262 SUMMARY 263 KEY TERMS 264 SUGGESTED READINGS 264 Chapter 11 Mining, Manufacturing, and Tourism 267 PRE-CONQUEST MINING AND MANUFACTURING 267 MINING AND MANUFACTURING IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 267 Silver Mining 268 Impact of Amalgamation 270 Labor Supply 271 Gold and Diamond Mining in Colonial Brazil 272 Other Colonial Mining Centers 273 Impacts of Mining 273 MANUFACTURING IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 273 CASE STUDY 11.1: MINING AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 274 MINING AND MANUFACTURING DURING THE EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD 275 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING 275 CASE STUDY 11.2: "BIG BILL" GREENE AND AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIZATION IN NORTHERN MEXICO 276 THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION 277 GROWTH POLES AND THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF INDUSTRY 279 Chile and the Arica Automobile Manufacturing Experiment 280 Brazil: Large-Scale Regional Development and Underdevelopment 281 Venezuela: Growth Pole Development in a Frontier Setting 281 STATE OWNERSHIP AND PRIVATIZATION 283 EXPORT PROMOTION MANUFACTURING: AN ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL 286 Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap 286 The Mexican Maquiladora Industry 287 Other Export Promotion Initiatives 288 CASE STUDY 11.3: OFFSHORE CARIBBEAN FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRIES 289 CURRENT INDUSTRIALIZATION PATTERNS 290 CURRENT MINING DEVELOPMENTS 290 ENERGY RESERVES AND DEVELOPMENT 295 Hydroelectric Power Generation 296 Renewable Organic Fuels 296 TOURISM 298 SUMMARY 301 KEY TERMS 302 SUGGESTED READINGS 302 Chapter 12 Urbanization, Population Growth, and Migration 305 NATIVE AMERICAN URBANIZATION 305 COLONIAL EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT 306 Colonial Urban Primacy 310 Functional Classification of Cities 310 Morphology of the Colonial City 313 Settlement in Portuguese America 315 Rural Settlements 317 Late Colonial Population Levels 318 THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD 318 CASE STUDY 12.1: CONFEDERATE SETTLEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 321 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 321 The Demographic Transition Model 323 Urbanization 324 City Size in the Modern Era 328 Urban Primacy 330 MORPHOLOGY OF THE MODERN CITY 333 The Inner City: Zone of Commercial High-Rises and Low Income Tenements 334 CASE STUDY 12.2: SOCIAL EXPRESSIONS OF THE LATIN AMERICAN PLAZA 335 Peripheral Squatter Settlements 336 Urban Population Densities 338 NEW CITIES 338 CASE STUDY 12.3: PLANNED SQUATTER SETTLEMENT INVASIONS 339 MIGRATION 341 Interregional Flows 342 Migration between Latin American and Caribbean Countries 342 Migration to Europe and Anglo America 342 Political Refugees 345 The Brain Drain 345 Remittances 346 CONCLUSIONS: ARE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN OVERPOPULATED? 346 KEY TERMS 349 SUGGESTED READINGS 349 Chapter 13 Development and Health 353 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT DURING THE COLONIAL AND REPUBLICAN PERIODS 354 The International Financial Cycle 356 Recurring Economic Crises 356 THE LOST DECADE 357 Foreign Indebtedness 357 Inflation 357 Currency Devaluation 358 Economic Stagnation and Human Suffering 360 FISCAL RESTRUCTURING AND AUSTERITY 361 CASE STUDY 13.1: IMF AUSTERITY MEASURES AND CIVIL UNREST IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 363 THE FOUND DECADE 363 CASE STUDY 13.2: STRUCTURAL REFORM AND ARGENTINE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL TURMOIL 364 REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL ECONOMIC UNIONS 366 Central American Common Market 366 Andean Community 368 Caribbean Community 368 Southern Cone Common Market 368 North American Free Trade Association 368 Free Trade Area of the Americas 369 HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 369 Provision of Clean Water and Sewage Treatment 370 CASE STUDY 13.3: THE LATIN AMERICAN CHOLERA EPIDEMIC 372 Food and Nutrition 374 Access to Health Care 377 HEALTH AND THE PHYSICAL-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT 378 Tropical Lowlands 380 Highlands 382 Urban Centers 383 CASE STUDY 13.4: ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH IN MEXICO CITY 384 Rural Regions 385 SUMMARY 387 KEY TERMS 387 SUGGESTED READINGS 388 GLOSSARY G-1 CREDITS C-1 INDEX I-1
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Latin America.
Caribbean Area.