National Toxicology Program

Selected toxicity information from HSDB, one of the National Library of Medicine's databases. ¹

Names (NTP)

• Epinephrine
• 1,2-BENZENEDIOL,4-[1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL],(R)

Human Toxicity Excerpts

• EPINEPHRINE MAY CAUSE DISTURBING REACTIONS, SUCH AS FEAR, ANXIETY, TENSENESS, RESTLESSNESS, THROBBING HEADACHE, TREMOR, WEAKNESS, DIZZINESS, PALLOR, RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTY, & PALPITATION. ... MORE SERIOUS REACTIONS INCLUDE CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE & CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS. ... VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS MAY FOLLOW ADMIN OF EPINEPHRINE. FIBRILLATION IS PARTICULARLY LIKELY TO OCCUR IF DRUG IS USED UNWISELY DURING ANESTHESIA . [Gilman, A.G., T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York, NY. Pergamon Press, 1990., p. 198]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• EPINEPHRINE PRODUCES BROWACHE, HEADACHE, OCULAR IRRITATION & LACRIMATION IN SOME PATIENTS. REPEATED USE OF EPINEPHRINE MAY CAUSE REACTIVE HYPEREMIA, ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS, & CONTACT DERMATITIS. ... CORNEAL EDEMA MAY OCCUR VERY RARELY AFTER LONG-TERM ADMIN. [American Medical Association, Department of Drugs. Drug Evaluations. 6th ed. Chicago, Ill: American Medical Association, 1986., p. 334]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Allergy or contact sensitivity develops in many patients ... . This is characterized by itching and burning sensation, epiphora, and hyperemia of conjunctiva and lids. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 394]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Maculopathy from chronic use of epinephrine eyedrops on aphakic glaucomatous eyes was ... /observed/ in fifteen patients (22 eyes), documenting subnormal vision (20/40 to 20/400) while epinephrine eyedrops were being administered, and a significant improvement, almost to normal, in most cases when epinephrine was discontinued. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 396]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Normal human beings have shown no significant changes in the a- and b-waves after injection of 1 mg of epinephrine, ... /during/ ERG /electroretinogram/ studies. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 397]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Minutes after administration of local anesthetic and epinephrine eyedrops the patient felt faint, became pale, trembling and perspiring. These reactions were accompanied by severe headache and probably transient elevation of systemic blood pressure. However, the reactions were transitory. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 398]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• In eyes that are aphakic, postcataract extraction cystoid macular edema has been described after the use of epinephrine. [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 500]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• An excess of granulocytes occurs transiently after the administration of epinephrine. [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 226]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• An overdose of ... /epinephrine/ can produce ECG signs of myocardial hypoxia (ST segment deviation and ectopic beats) and subendocardial necrosis in humans. [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 402]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Epinephrine has no direct effect on cerebral arterioles or cerebral blood flow. However, elevations in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption may occur secondary to increased blood pressure. The drug is not a powerful CNS stimulant but may cause restlessness, apprehension, headache, and tremor, probably resulting from peripheral effects. In patients with parkinsonian syndrome, epinephrine increases rigidity and tremor by an unknown mechanism. [McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). AHFS Drug Information 90. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1990 (Plus Supplements 1990)., p. 626]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Epinephrine may cause fear, anxiety, tenseness, restlessness, headache, tremor, dizziness, lightheadedness, nervousness, sleeplessness, excitability, and weakness. In patients with parkinsonian syndrome, the drug increases rigidity and tremor. Epinephrine may aggravate or induce psychomotor agitation, disorientation, impaired memory, assaultive behavior, panic, hallucinations, suicidal or homicidal tendencies, and psychosis characterized by clear consciousness with schizophrenic-like thought disorder and paranoid delusions in some patients. Nausea, vomiting, sweating, pallor, respiratory difficulty, or respiratory weakness and apnea may also occur. [McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). AHFS Drug Information 90. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1990 (Plus Supplements 1990)., p. 627]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• The death of a 7 1/2-month-old girl from the missuse of tetracaine/adrenalin/cocaine solution for wound anesthesia is reported. Ten milliliters of the solution inappropriately came into contact with nasal mucous membranes, causing excessive drug absorption. The patient's death probably was due to cocaine toxicity (post-mortem blood level, 11.9 mg/l). [Dailey RH; Am Energ Med 17 (2): 159-60 (1988)]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Effects of catecholamines on skin necrosis /were examined independently/ of their vasoactive effects. Human breast skin was excised, pinned flat, and incubated at 37 deg C for 6 hours in a buffered salt solution containing catecholamine. At 0.1 and 6 hr the lactate dehydrogenase released from the skin and appearing in the buffer was determined spectrophotometrically. Total tissue lactate dehydrogenase levels were not significantly different at 0.1 or 6 hr. The toxic effect of epinephrine was eliminated by the addition of propranolol or selective beta-2 blockade, but not by alpha- or beta-1 blockade. Therefore, this effect appears to be mediated largely by beta-2 receptors. Similar toxic effects were seen in human breast skin treated with 1:200,000 epinephrine and were blocked with propranolol. ... These studies indicate that addition of catecholamine to ischemic human skin accelerates skin death within 6 hr, but that the toxicity can be reversed with beta-blockade. [Burk RW et al; Plast Reconstr Surg 85 (1): 92-9 (1990)]**QC REVIEWED**
  

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Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

• LARGE OR REPEATED DOSES OF EPINEPHRINE ... GIVEN TO EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS LEAD TO DAMAGE TO ARTERIAL WALLS & MYOCARDIUM, SO SEVERE AS TO CAUSE THE APPEARANCE OF NECROTIC AREAS ... . [Gilman, A.G., T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York, NY. Pergamon Press, 1990., p. 197]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• OVERDOSE MAY CAUSE TACHYCARDIA & FATAL VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. /EPINEPHRINE INJECTION/ [Aronson, C.E. (ed.). Veterinary Pharmaceuticals & Biologicals, 1980-1981. Media, Pa.: Harwal Publishing Co., 1980., p. 16-49]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• CATARACTS IN RAT FETUS HAVE BEEN PRODUCED BY GIVING NEAR-LETHAL DOSES OF EPINEPHRINE AT A CRITICAL PERIOD IN PREGNANCY, POSSIBLY AFFECTING THE DEVELOPING LENS BY CONSTRICTING THE HYALOID ARTERIES & CAUSING ANOXIA. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 397]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• ... EXPERIMENTS WITH ADRENALIN-INDUCED LIMB DEFECTS IN THE RABBIT. THEY INJECTED 5-50 UG OF ADRENALIN DIRECTLY INTO RABBIT FETUSES AT 18 TO 22 DAYS OF GESTATIONAL AGE & NOTED HEMORRHAGES, EDEMA & NECROSIS OF DISTAL EXTREMITIES. [Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986., p. 234]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• ... DROPPED 20-200 UG OF THIS MATERIAL ON CHORIO-ALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF CHICK ONCE ON THE 10TH, 11TH OR 12TH DAY & PRODUCED HEMORRHAGES OF HEAD, SKIN & EXTREMITIES. ... /OTHERS/ ... ADMINISTERED 5 UG OF EPINEPHRINE TO CHICK EMBRYOS A INTERVALS BETWEEN 24 & 190 HOURS OF INCUBATION. TREATMENT BETWEEN 96 & 126 HOURS PRODUCED OVER 50% AORTIC ARCH ANOMALIES IN THE SURVIVING EMBRYOS. [Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986., p. 234]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• In rabbits, daily intravenous injections of near-lethal doses have caused choroidal hemorrhages and exudates, with degenerative changes in the retina, also hemorrhages in the conjunctiva, and opacity of the cornea. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 397]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• In monkeys, repeated intravenous injections of epinephrine have produced a central serous chorioetinopathy with angiographic findings similar to those of spontaneous central serous maculopathy in human beings. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 397]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• The ERG /electroretinogram/ in rabbits which have been given epinephrine intravenously has shown selective change in the c-wave, suggesting ... a toxic effect on the pigment epithelium of the retina. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 397]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• In rats and mice, lens opacities have been seen to appear rapidly, and then to disappear, after systemic administration of very large doses of epinephrine. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 397]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• In rabbits a reduction in mitoses in the lens epithelium has been demonstrated from subconjunctival injections. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 398]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• In rats given intravenous infusion of epinephrine, the intraocular pressure has been observed ... as rising in association with rising blood pressure, but continuing to rise after the blood pressure had leveled off. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 398]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• An experimentally induced glaucoma in rabbits has been /observed/ ... by multiple intravenous injections of epinephrine. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 398]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• There is evidence that both epinephrine & carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide can decrease aqueous humor formation. [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 488]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Intravenous infusion of epinephrine into pregnant rabbits elevated maternal blood pressure and caused extensive uterine vasoconstriction, placental cyanosis, and functional cardiovascular alterations in the fetus. The placental cyanosis coincided with, or slightly preceded, the fetal hemodynamic changes. [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 212]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Chemically induced predisposition to thrombosis most frequently occurs by induction of platelet aggregation, by an increase of their adhesiveness or by creation of a state of hypercoagulability via an increase or activation of clotting factors. Large doses of epinephrine can affect each of these events. [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 394]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Epinephrine & synthetic analogs, particularly the B-adrenergic-receptor agonists, eg, isoproterenol, have positive chronotropic and inotropic effects, and the adverse reactions are related to these pharmacologic effects. In addition to tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmia can occur even at therapeutic doses on rare occasions. An overdose of these drugs can produce ECG signs of myocardial hypoxia (ST segment deviation and ectopic beats) and subendocardial necrosis. [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 402]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Epinephrine is reported to affect female reproductive capacity. /From table/ [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 455]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Accidental injection of local anesthetics containing epinephrine into a digit can cause distal tissue necrosis. ... /A/ rat foot model was developed to study the possible use of phentolamine or labetalol in protection against tissue necrosis after injection of epinephrine in the extremity. Phentolamine was found to be useful in preventing tissue necrosis after the injection of local anesthetic containing epinephrine in the skin of the rat foot. Labetalol was found to be less effective in preventing tissue necrosis. Phentolamine may be useful in preventing tissue necrosis after the inadvertent injection of epinephrine containing local anesthetics in the digit. [Aycock BG; Am Plast Surg 23 (1): 27-30 (1989)]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Effects of catecholamines on skin necrosis /were examined independently/ of their vasoactive effects. Rat abdominal ... skin was excised, pinned flat, and incubated at 37 deg C for 6 hr in a buffered salt solution containing catecholamine. At 0.1 and 6 hr the lactate dehydrogenase released from the skin and appearing in the buffer was determined spectrophotometrically. Rat skin treated with greater than or equal to 1X10(-7) M epinephrine (33 times less than the 1:200,000 used clinically) or greater than or equal to 1X10(-5) M norepinephrine showed a significant increase in the lactate dehydrogenase released at 6 hr versus controls (18.75 + or - 1.25 versus 13.75 + or - 1.25 and 29.25 + or - 2.96 versus 22.00 + or - 1.96 IV, respectively). Total tissue lactate dehydrogenase levels were not significantly different at 0.1 or 6 hr. The toxic effect of epinephrine was eliminated by the addition of propranolol or selective beta 2-blockade, but not by alpha- or beta-1 blockade. Therefore, this effect appears to be mediated largely by beta-2 receptors. These studies indicate that addition of catecholamine to ischemic rat accelerates skin death with 6 hr, but that the toxicity can be reversed with beta-blockade. [Burk RW et al; Plast Reconstr Surg 85 (1): 92-9 (1990)]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• The effects of /epinephrine/ ... were examined during acute hyperkalemia. Six anesthetized dogs were studied every 2 wk, on 18 separate occasions. Hyperkalemia was induced by intravenous infusion of potassium chloride, resulting in plasma potassium concentrations of 9.6 + or - 0.3 mEq/L (mean + or - SEM), bradycardia, and idioventricular rhythm. Dogs were then given slow intravenous injections every 30 min of either saline (controls), /or/ epinephrine. Epinephrine doses were 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10 or 100 micrograms/kg. ... At the highest does, ... epinephrine caused clinically important decreases in plasma potassium reducing concentrations to below 7.0 mEq/L. ... Side effects included hypertension and dysrhythmias ... and tachycardia ... . The doses that caused a decrease in plasma potassium also caused an increase in heart rate and there was a correlation between plasma potassium levels and heart rate. ... Increased heart rate could be used as an indicator of therapeutic effect and the magnitude of the increase in heart rate may be helpful in predicting the level of response. [Follett DV et al; Anesth Analg 70 (4): 400-6 (1990)]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Effects of a teratogenic dose (5 micrograms) of epinephrine on mean ventricular blood pressure and cardiac output at one and two hours after treating stage 24 /in/ chick embryos were investigated. In this study dysrhythmic epinephrine-treated embryos exhibited reductions in both mean ventricular blood pressure and cardiac output one hour after treatment when compared to control values. Nondysrhythmic epinephrine-treated embryos exhibited elevated mean ventricular blood pressure and no change in cardiac output at one hour after treatment. Mean ventricular blood pressure and cardiac output in recovered dysrhythmic and nondysrhythmic embryos were similar to control values at two hours following epinephrine treatment. Mean ventricular blood pressure and cardiac output measurements were obtained from embryos which were pretreated with metoprolol and then subsequently treated with epinphrine. Pretreating embryos with metoprolol /a beta 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist/ in this study reduced the dysrhythmogenic potential of epinephrihe and also blocked the mean ventricular blood pressure and cardiac output changes observed in embryos treated with epinephrine alone. /Results suggest/ ... that pathogenesis of 1) abnormally absent aortic arches is related to dysrhythmogenesis, reduced mean ventricular blood pressure, and reduced cardiac output, and 2) an abnormally persistent left fourth aortic arch is related to elevated mean ventricular blood pressure in the epinephrine model. [Rajala GM et al; Teratology 38 (3): 291-6 (1988)]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• ... Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2 yr studies, no carcinogenic effects were observed in male or female F344/N rats exposed to aerosols containing 1.5 or 5 mg/cu m l-epinephrine hydrochloride for 2 yr or in B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1.5 or 3 mg/cu m l-epinephrine hydrochloride for 2 yr. However, these studies were considered to be inadequate studies of carcinogenic activity because the concentrations used, which were chosen to represent multiples of therapeutic doses, were considered too low for the animals to have received an adequate systemic challenge from the compound. [Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of l-Ephedrine Hydrochloride in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Technical Report Series No. 380 (1990) NIH Publication No. 90-2835 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709]**QC REVIEWED**
  

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Human Toxicity Values

• None found

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Non-Human Toxicity Values

• LD50 Mouse ip 4 mg/kg [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 567]**QC REVIEWED**
  

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Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

• EPINEPHRINE IS NOT EFFECTIVE AFTER ORAL ADMIN BECAUSE IT IS RAPIDLY CONJUGATED & OXIDIZED IN GI MUCOSA & LIVER. ABSORPTION FROM SC TISSUES OCCURS SLOWLY BECAUSE OF LOCAL VASOCONSTRICTION ... ABSORPTION IS MORE RAPID AFTER IM THAN AFTER SC INJECTION. ... EPINEPHRINE IS RAPIDLY INACTIVATED IN THE BODY. [Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 150]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• THE ORAL INGESTION OF LABELLED EPINEPHRINE BY NORMAL VOLUNTEERS HAS SHOWN THAT 60-70% OF THE TOTAL RADIOACTIVITY IS EXCRETED IN THE URINE WITHIN 72 HOURS. PHENOLIC AMINES MAKE UP 80-85% OF THE URINARY METABOLITES WHILE 15-20% ARE PHENOLIC ACIDS. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-371]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• 3 groups of 5 greyhounds received 1.5 ug/kg epinephrine 1:200,000 in either lidocaine 0.5%, bupivacaine 0.5% or 0.9% saline. Dogs were anesthetized and 40% of the allocated epinephrine solution was infiltrated beneath the perianal skin and each of the 4 quadrants of the rectal mucosa was injected with the remainder of the solution. Plasma epinephrine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, lactate, glucose and potassium concn were measured at 1, 2, 5, 10 and 30 min following infiltration. Peak plasma epinephrine concn were recorded 2 min following rectal mucosal infiltration in all 3 groups. Plasma epinephrine concn were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the lidocaine group at 1 and 2 min following infiltration. Both plasma bupivacaine and lidocaine peaked 10 min after infiltration and thereafter tended to decr towards baseline concn. Plasma bupivacaine concn were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than plasma lidocaine concn throughout the study period. There were no significant differences in metabolic or biochemical indices within or between the 3 groups. However, both plasma glucose and lactate concn were elevated and peaked 10 min after infiltration, while plasma potassium concn remained unchanged throughout the study period. Heart rate in the bupivacaine group was significantly reduced at 30 min following infiltration (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences observed in the mean arterial and pulse pressures among the 3 groups. [Flynn N et al; Can J Anaesth 36 (4): 397-401 (1989)]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Epinephrine is well absorbed after subcutaneous or IM injection; absorption can be hastened by massaging the injection site. Both rapid and prolonged absorption occur after subcutaneous injection of the aqueous suspension. After oral inhalation of epinephrine in the usual dosage, absorption is slight and the effects of the drug are restricted mainly to the respiratory tract. Absorption increases somewhat when larger doses are inhaled, and systemic effects may occur. [McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). AHFS Drug Information 90. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1990 (Plus Supplements 1990)., p. 626]**QC REVIEWED**
  
• Epinephrine crosses the placenta but not the blood-brain barriers. The drug is distributed into milk. [McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). AHFS Drug Information 90. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1990 (Plus Supplements 1990)., p. 626]**QC REVIEWED**
  

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Metabolism/Metabolites

• BOTH NOREPINEPHRINE & EPINEPHRINE CAN INITIALLY BE OXIDATIVELY DEAMINATED BY MONOAMINE OXIDASE (MAO) TO 3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLGLYCOL ALDEHYDE (DOPGAL) AND THEN EITHER REDUCED TO 3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLETHYLENE GLYCOL (DOPEG) OR OXIDIZED TO 3,4-DIHYDROXYMANDELIC ACID (DOMA) ALTERNATIVELY, THEY CAN INITIALLY BE METHYLATED BY CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) TO NORMETANEPHRINE & METANEPHRINE, RESPECTIVELY. MOST OF THE PRODUCTS OF EITHER TYPE OF REACTION ARE THEN METABOLIZED BY THE OTHER ENZYME TO FORM THE MAJOR EXCRETORY PRODUCTS, 3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXYPHENYLETHYLENE GLYCOL (MOPEG OR MHPG) AND 3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXYMANDELIC ACID (VMA). FREE MOPEG IS LARGELY CONVERTED TO VMA. THE GLYCOL AND TO SOME EXTENT, THE O-METHYLATED AMINES AND THE CATECHOLAMINES MAY BE CONJUGATED TO THE CORRESPONDING SULFATES OR GLUCRONIDES. [Gilman, A.G., T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York, NY. Pergamon Press, 1990., p. 107]**QC REVIEWED**
  

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TSCA Test Submissions

• None found

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Footnotes

¹ Source: the National Library of Medicine's Hazardous Substance Database, 10/28/2007.