BOREAS TGB-07 Ambient Air Herbicide and Organochlorine Concentration Data Summary: The BOREAS TGB-07 team measured the concentration and flux of several agricultural pesticides in air, rainwater, and dry deposition samples in order to determine the associated yearly deposition rates. This data set contains information on the ambient air concentration of seven herbicides [2,4- dichlorophenoxyacidic_acid (2,4-D), bromoxynil, dicamb, 2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), triallate, trifluralin, and diclop-methyl] known to appear in the atmosphere of the Canadian prairies. Also, the concentration of three herbicides (atrazine, alaclor and metolachlor), two groups of insecticides (lindane and breakdown products and dichlro-diphenyl- trichloroethane (DDT) and breakdown products), and several polychlorinated biphenyls commonly used in the central United States were measured. All of these chemicals are reported, in the literature, to be transported in the atmosphere. Many have been reported to occur in boreal and arctic food chains. The sampling was carried out from June 16 to August 13, 1993 and May 4 to July 20, 1994 at the BOREAS site in the Prince Albert National Park (Waskesiu). The data are stored in tabular ASCII files. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS TGB-07 Ambient Air Herbicide and Organochlorine Concentration Data 1.2 Data Set Introduction This data set contains herbicide and organochlorine concentrations in ambient air samples collected from Waskesiu. 1.3 Objective/Purpose The objective of this study was to measure the ambient air concentration of herbicides and organochlorines in the boreal forest at Waskesiu. 1.4 Summary of Parameters and Variables This data set contains herbicide and organochlorine concentrations in air samples collected Waskesiu. 1.5 Discussion The deposition into the boreal forest of seven herbicides [2,4- dichlorophenoxyacidic acid (2,4-D), bromoxynil, dicamba, 2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), triallate, trifluralin, and diclop-methyl] known to appear in the atmosphere of the Canadian prairies, three herbicides (atrazine, alachlor and metolachlor) commonly used in the central United States, two groups of insecticides (lindane and breakdown products and dichlro-diphenyl- trichloroethane (DDT) and breakdown products)plus several polychlorinated biphenyls was measured. All of these chemicals are reported, in the literature, to be transported in the atmosphere. Many have been reported to occur in boreal and arctic food chains. The sampling was carried out at the BOREAS site in the Prince Albert National Park (Waskesiu). 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS TGB-07 Dry Deposition Herbicide and Organochlorine Flux Data BOREAS TGB-07 Rainwater Herbicide and Organochlorine Concentration Data BOREAS TGB-09 Above-Canopy NMHC at SSA-OBS, SSA-OJP, and SSA-OA Sites BOREAS TGB-10 Volatile Organic Carbon Data over the SSA BOREAS TGB-10 Oxidant Concentration Data over the SSA BOREAS TGB-10 Oxidant Flux Data over the SSA. 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title Don Waite Environment Canada Allan Cessna Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada Narine Gurprasad Environment Canada 2.2 Title of Investigation 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 --------- Dr. Don Waite Environment Canada Regina, Saskatchewan Canada (306) 780-6438 (306) 780-7614 (fax) Don.Waite@EC.GC.CA (email) Contact 2 --------- Sara K. Conrad Raytheon STX Corporation NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301)286-2624 Sara.Golightly@gsfc.nasa.gov (email) 3. Theory of Measurements Each sample consisted of approximately 2100 m3 of air aspirated by a high-volume sampler (Model PS-1, General Metal Works, Village of Cleves, OH). The sampling unit consisted of a 102-mm diameter borosilicate filter in front of a composite PUF/XAD-2 resin plug (Cessna et al. 1997). The sampler operated continuously for 7 days for each sample. 4. Equipment: 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description 4.1.1 Collection Environment The data were collected under all environmental conditions. 4.1.2 Source/Platform Ground. 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives None given. 4.1.4 Key Variables The key variable is herbicide or organochlorine concentration in ambient air. 4.1.5 Principles of Operation Ambient air samples were collected with a GM Manufacturing Company Hi-Volume sampler fitted with a glass fibre pre-filter and a composite PUF/XAD-2 resin cartridge. Air is drawn through the filtering unit by means of a vacuum pump. For this study, the pump operated continuously for 7 day sampling periods. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry PUF Sampler; a high volume air sampler collecting ambient concentrations of material on a sampling unit consisting of a glass fibre filter followed by a polyurethane foam (PUF) plug and XAD-2 resin cartridge. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument None given. 4.2 Calibration 4.2.1 Specifications The samplers operated 24 hours per day over each 7 day sampling period. The PUF samplers were calibrated to aspirate 2100 m3 over the 7 day sampling period. The air flow through the PUF/XAD-2 sampling unit (12.5 m3 hr-1) was calibrated using a Sierra-Misco Inc. (Berkeley, CA) orifice head and air flow was monitored during operation by integral Venturi/Magnahelic gauges. The PUF/XAD-2 sampling unit consisted of a borosilicate pre-filter and 25 mL of XAD-2 resin sandwiched between two PUF plugs (Cessna et al., 1997). 4.2.1.1 Tolerance None given 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration None given. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information None. 5. Data Acquisition Methods The herbicide analyses were carried out at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Station at Regina, Saskatchewan, whereas insecticide and organochlorine analysis was carried out by the Environment Canada laboratory in Edmonton, Alberta. All residues were quantified and confirmed using a Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD). Extraction of PUF/XAD-2 Sampling Units On alternate weeks the PUF/XAD-2 sampling units were extracted for herbicide or for insecticide and organochlorine content. For herbicide analysis, the sampling unit was Soxhlet extracted for 8 h with acetone (Grover et al., 1994). The acetone extract was concentrated to ~ 0.5 mL using a rotary evaporator (water bath 30o C) and then methylated with ethereal diazomethane. The methylated extract was subjected to Florisil column cleanup prior to analysis by GC-MSD. For insecticide and organochlorine analysis, the PUF sampling unit was Soxhlet extracted for 12 h with dichloromethane. The extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and then subjected to Florisil column cleanup prior to analysis by GC-MSD. Residue Analysis and Confirmation The Hewlett-Packard GC-MSD system and operating conditions used for herbicide residue analysis have been described previously (Cessna et al., 1997). A similar GC/MSD system was used for insecticide and organochlorine analysis, however the column employed was a 30 m x 0.25 mm I.D. Rtx-5 column (0.25 (m film thickness). For operation of the GC, helium was used as the carrier gas and the temperature program was: initially held at 80oC for 1 minute then ramped to 200oC at 15oC/min; held at 200oC for 5 minutes then increased at 8oC/min to 300oC and held for 10 minutes. A split/splitless injector was used in the splitless mode. Injection port and transfer line temperatures were 270oC and 280oC, respectively. Depending on the compound, from two to four ions were monitored on the MSD. The presence of each compound was considered to be confirmed if: all ions monitored were present; a peak appeared at the retention time (( 0.02 min) obtained for a standard solution of the pesticide in the reconstructed chromatiograms of all ions; and, the peak area ratio was within 30% of the ratio obtained using a standard solution of the pesticide. 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes None. 6.2 Field Notes None. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) coordinates for the SSA measurement site are: Longitude Latitude ---------- --------- Waskesiu 106.0678 W 53.9178 N 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map None given. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution The measurements were made at a single location in the SSA. 7.1.4 Projection Not applicable. 7.1.5 Grid Description Not applicable. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage The data were collected from June 16 to August 13, 1993 and May 4 to July 20, 1994 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map All the data were collected at the same location. 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution The samplers operated 24 hours per day over each 7 day sampling period. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics are defined in the companion data definition file (tgb7aaho.def). 7.4 Sample Data Record Sample data format shown in the companion data definition file (tgb7aaho.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity All of the Ambient Air Herbicide and Organochlorine Concentration Data are contained in one dataset. 8.2 Data Format(s) The data files contain numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. Sample data records are shown in the companion data definition file (tgb7aaho.def). 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms None given. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps None given. 9.2.2 Processing Changes None given. 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments None given. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables None given. 9.4 Graphs and Plots None given. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error Irreproducible packing of the XAD-2 resin column. 10.2 Quality Assessment Standard laboratory procedures involving blanks, spikes and replicates. 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source None given. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment None given. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters None given. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments None given. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center The data were examined for general consistency and clarity. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data None given. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data None given. 11.3 Usage Guidance None given. 11.4 Other Relevant Information None given. 12. Application of the Data Set The data can be used to quantify the Trace organic contaminants entering the site from atmospheric transport and identify chemicals which require further research 13. Future Modifications and Plans None given. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description None given. 14.2 Software Access None given. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact Information Ms. Beth Nelson BOREAS Data Manager NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-4005 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov 15.2 Data Center Identification See 15.1. 15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or FAX. 15.4 Data Center Status/Plans The TGB-07 herbicide air concentration data are available from the EOSDIS ORNL DAAC (Earth Observing System Data and Information System) (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) (Distributed Active Archive Center). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products None 16.2 Film products None. 16.3 Other products Comma delimited ASCII files 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation None given. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Cessna, A. J., Grover, R., Kerr, L. A. and Aldred, M.L. (1985) A multiresidue method for the analysis and verification of several herbicides in water. J. Agric. Food Chem. 33, 504-507. Cessna, A. J., Waite, D. T. and Constable, M. (1997) Concentrations of pentachlorophenol in atmospheric samples from three Canadian locations, 1994. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 58, 651-658. Grover, R., Smith, A. E. and Cessna, A. J. (1994) Fate of bromoxynil n- butyrate and iso-octanoate applied as a mixture to a wheat field. J. Environ. Qual. 23(6), 1304-1311. Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577. Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). Sellers, P., F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. (1997). "BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions", Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), BOREAS Special Issue, 102(D24), Dec. 1997, pp. 28731-28770. Thompson, T. S., R. G. Treble, D. T. Waite and A. J. Cessna. 1997. Identification of pentachloronitrobenzene in ambient air extracts. Bull. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 58:939-944. Waite, D. T., A. J. Cessna, N. P. Gurprasad and J. Banner. ___. Evaluation of a new sampler for collecting separate dry and wet atmospheric depositions of trace organic chemicals. Atmos. Environ. accepted Waite, D. T., N. P. Gurprasad, A. J. Cessna and D. V. Quiring. ____. Atmospheric pentachlorophenol concentrations in relation to air temperature at five Canadian locations. Chemosphere accepted. Waite, D. T., N. P. Gurprasad and M. B. Constable. 1996 Concentrations of pentachlorophenol and some related compounds in seasonally collected atmospheric samples from five Canadian locations. Organohalogen Compds. 28:482-489. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation None. 18. Glossary of Terms None given. 19. List of Acronyms BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NSA - Northern Study Area ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park SSA - Southern Study Area URL - Uniform Resource Locator (a World Wide Web address) 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Date Written: 04-Dec-1997 Last updated: 14-Sep-1998 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 27-Aug-1998 Science Review: 20.3 Document 20.4 Citation 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL Keywords organochlorines, herbicides, atmospheric transport, rain, dry deposition, ambient air TGB07_Air_Herb_Conc.doc 09/14/98