DEGEMBEB, 1915. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 59 1
3.5 4.0
UT.- UT.- cul. cal. 1.21
1.?5 1.1s 1.36 1.30 1.42 1.36 1.17 1.13
1.30 1.22 1.31 1.29 1.3? 1.26
1.33 1.27
TABLE l .4 o l a t radiation ini!en&itiee at Ganla Fe, N. Mer, dziring
September, November, and Deeember, 1915.
[Qramcalorka per minute per square centimeterof normal surface.]
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
------
GI.- UT.. GI.- Ur.- cal. MI. cal. cal. .............................
................................... ................................... ______ _.__._ ._.__. ._.__.
........................ 1.32 .................. ........................ ........................ ......I ...... ........................ 1.25 1.21 ............ 1.23 1.17 ............
........................ ....................................
................................... ...................................
Date.
A. Y.
September 27..
Novrmba 4.. 5.. 8.. 11.. 12.. 13.. 15.. 17.. 18.. 20.. 23..
26.. 29..
30..
Means.. .......
A. Y.
A. Y.
December 1.. 3.. 7.. 8.. 9-.
11.. 17.. 21..
aa.. 2.3..
24..
Means.. .......
1.81
1.27
1.27
.....
1.33 1.27 1.31
1.35
1.80
:.- - . ' L
1.86 1.86 (1.19) ______ .___._
1.22 1.17 1.12 ............
1.20 1.12 ..................
1.31 1.19 .................. ........... 1.16 1.13 ............ .............................. 1.23 ........................ 1.21 1.13 ..................
1.30 1.20 ..................
1.84 1.16(1.18) ............
...................................
...................................
...................................
Sun's zenith distance.
1.0
UT.- aal.
.....
_____ .....
..... .._.. .....
..... ..... .....
.._..
-. *
Air mass.
1.5
--
GT.- Cal. 1.48
1.52 1.53
1.63 1.08 1.58
1.83 1.63 1.57
..........
..........
.......... .......... .......... ..........
l.R
........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ...........
...........
I
'S-.
Binghamton N. Y -. . Ithaca, N. .i __._ ____. Syracuse N Y ....... Rochest& N Y...... BuBalo, ld. i.. ...... Oswego, N. Y ........
-
2.0
-
GI.- CUl. 1.43
1.47 1.48 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.40 1.53 1.55 1.54 1.52 1.47 1.53 1.51 1.46
1. s8
1.51 1.53 1.52 1.52
1.47 1.50
1.49
1.59
1. s8
....
._..
._..
OF. -8 4 8 10 12 14
-
2. 5
-
UT.-
cat. 1.37
.....
1.42 1.49 1.55 1.39 1.43 1.47 1.46 1.43
1.46 1.44
1.46
......
1.43 1.44 1.44 1.44
1.48 1.43 1.42 1.38 1.53
1.44
..... .....
-
3.0
GT.-
cal. 1.29
-
.... .... 1.33 1.42 1.48 1.26
1.35 1.38 1.38
1.39 1.3s
1.87
....
._..
1.34
1.35 1.40
1.29 1.40 1.36 1.36
1.43
1.87
.....
.....
.....
-
By J. R. WEEKS, Local Forecaster.
plated: Binghamton, N. Y., Tune 25,1915.1
At Binghamton, N. Y., on December 18,1914, occurred one of those peculiar mornings when the cold air settles in the Susquehanna and Chenan o River Valleys, which
enced, accom anied bg a de osit of hoarfrost. The tem-
neighboring cities in New York and New England at the same hour had much higher temperatures, as shown in Table 1.
TABLE l.-Temperatuscs, Deeembcr 18,1914, tonearcat whole ellen degrees at New Ywk and New Ahgland 8latwns.
here run north and south, and a B normal cold is esperi-
perature on t 1 is occasion fe fi to -7'F. at 8 a. m., while
I Lowest.
I-
OF.
-7 Canton N. Y .......
10 Alban N' Y .......
11 Baston,Yass .......
4 scrant& Pa ........ 4
8 New Yo;k N. Y.. __ 18
13 NOrth&ld; Vt.. ....
At8a.m.
OF. 18 4 18 10 -4 1s
Usually such a condition does not occur unless the center of hi h barometer, which brings the clear sky and increase % nocturnal radiation, is located over or north of this locality. But in this instance the center of high pressure was on the North Atlantic coast. The hoarfrost began to gather on the trees and exposed objects before sunme and remained until about 11 a. m., bem heaviest just after sunrise. The temperature did not f egh to me until about 10:15 a.m. The rivers
were covered over much of their c o r n with ice, but there were numerous open spaces where the swiftneas of the current prevented ice formation. In such localities mist wreaths rose from the water to a height of 4 to 15
feet and then disa peared in the air. Only a portion of the hoarfrost and f og is believed to have reached the air
about 11 a. m. was 8 inches. The light fog began to form before sunrise, probably when the tem erature reac.hed the neighborhood of O O F ., and continue$ in the air all day, though it was not very noticeable after noon. It reached a maximum den- sity a t about 8:30 a. m. At that time objects a thousand feet distant were visible, but the landscape beyond merged into a white obscurity. The hills, distant a half mile, were invisible and the white fog rose from the hori- zon to an elevation of 20' to 35', gradually blending into the niilky blue that covered the remainder of the heavens. The fog was composed of snow and ice crys-
tals that were just a t the limit of visibility to the naked eye. The general appearance of these was not that of spicules, but rather of 6-pointed star shapes of very small size. At 10:30 a. m. the fine deposit that gath- ered on the sidewalks was esamined with a microscope and found to consist of minute 6-pointed stars. Although hoarfrost and fog are not infrequent at this station, solar halos in connection therewith are of rare occurrence. The halo on this occasion was noticed as soon as the sun rose above the horizon, the north and south sides of the arc of 33' being bright, while the highest part of the curve was very faint. The whole circle of 2 2 O radius was visible at 8:30 a. m. The sun itself was lost in a somewhat diamond-shaped yellow- ish white glare of light occupying the center of the circle. The bright ortioils of the halo estended below and in front of the {ills about 1 mile distant, but the hills them- selves were invisible. The halo had the ap earance of being situated about threefourths of a mile &stant from the observer. At S:15 a. m., the sun then bein well above the horizon, the writer took position on a frid e
that extended east and west and had at its southeast si % e a four-storied building. I t was thus ossible b moving
server, while the sun remained visible. In this osition an arc of halo light remained visible against &e dark background of the building and this arc corresponded with the remaining portion of the 22'-circle of the halo. By moving back and forth on the bridge this was re- peatedly verXed. Thus the halo was not formed on any one plane of the fog, but through a stratum of per- ha s 2 or 3 miles thickness. Again, on facing the sun
from the bridge, a vertical illar of light was seen, some-
against the dar1 bactFound, being obscure in the sky by the general glare o light. The ice crystals in the an were visible to the eye as dancing particles of light mov-
ing in all directions, up, down, and sideways. No p r e dominant direction of motion could be observed and it was evident that if they were spicules or prisms their planes must lie in all directions. No traces of the halo could be seen at 9:30 a. m., though fo was still present near the surface and did not entirely % isappear all day. The appearance of the sky during the day was such as to
a parently favor halo formation, but a close watch dis.
The average
along the brid e to place the building g etween t rl e appar- ent position o K the northern half of the halo and the ob-
an ti looking at an angle downward toward the ground
what faint but laid visib P e. This was onl noticeable
d
c f osed none.
DEGEMBEB, 1915. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 59 1
3.5 4.0
UT.- UT.- cul. cal. 1.21
1.?5 1.1s 1.36 1.30 1.42 1.36 1.17 1.13
1.30 1.22 1.31 1.29 1.3? 1.26
1.33 1.27
TABLE l .4 o l a t radiation ini!en&itiee at Ganla Fe, N. Mer, dziring
September, November, and Deeember, 1915.
[Qramcalorka per minute per square centimeterof normal surface.]
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
------
GI.- UT.. GI.- Ur.- cal. MI. cal. cal. .............................
................................... ................................... ______ _.__._ ._.__. ._.__.
........................ 1.32 .................. ........................ ........................ ......I ...... ........................ 1.25 1.21 ............ 1.23 1.17 ............
........................ ....................................
................................... ...................................
Date.
A. Y.
September 27..
Novrmba 4.. 5.. 8.. 11.. 12.. 13.. 15.. 17.. 18.. 20.. 23..
26.. 29..
30..
Means.. .......
A. Y.
A. Y.
December 1.. 3.. 7.. 8.. 9-.
11.. 17.. 21..
aa.. 2.3..
24..
Means.. .......
1.81
1.27
1.27
.....
1.33 1.27 1.31
1.35
1.80
:.- - . ' L
1.86 1.86 (1.19) ______ .___._
1.22 1.17 1.12 ............
1.20 1.12 ..................
1.31 1.19 .................. ........... 1.16 1.13 ............ .............................. 1.23 ........................ 1.21 1.13 ..................
1.30 1.20 ..................
1.84 1.16(1.18) ............
...................................
...................................
...................................
Sun's zenith distance.
1.0
UT.- aal.
.....
_____ .....
..... .._.. .....
..... ..... .....
.._..
-. *
Air mass.
1.5
--
GT.- Cal. 1.48
1.52 1.53
1.63 1.08 1.58
1.83 1.63 1.57
..........
..........
.......... .......... .......... ..........
l.R
........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ...........
...........
I
'S-.
Binghamton N. Y -. . Ithaca, N. .i __._ ____. Syracuse N Y ....... Rochest& N Y...... BuBalo, ld. i.. ...... Oswego, N. Y ........
-
2.0
-
GI.- CUl. 1.43
1.47 1.48 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.40 1.53 1.55 1.54 1.52 1.47 1.53 1.51 1.46
1. s8
1.51 1.53 1.52 1.52
1.47 1.50
1.49
1.59
1. s8
....
._..
._..
OF. -8 4 8 10 12 14
-
2. 5
-
UT.-
cat. 1.37
.....
1.42 1.49 1.55 1.39 1.43 1.47 1.46 1.43
1.46 1.44
1.46
......
1.43 1.44 1.44 1.44
1.48 1.43 1.42 1.38 1.53
1.44
..... .....
-
3.0
GT.-
cal. 1.29
-
.... .... 1.33 1.42 1.48 1.26
1.35 1.38 1.38
1.39 1.3s
1.87
....
._..
1.34
1.35 1.40
1.29 1.40 1.36 1.36
1.43
1.87
.....
.....
.....
-
By J. R. WEEKS, Local Forecaster.
plated: Binghamton, N. Y., Tune 25,1915.1
At Binghamton, N. Y., on December 18,1914, occurred one of those peculiar mornings when the cold air settles in the Susquehanna and Chenan o River Valleys, which
enced, accom anied bg a de osit of hoarfrost. The tem-
neighboring cities in New York and New England at the same hour had much higher temperatures, as shown in Table 1.
TABLE l.-Temperatuscs, Deeembcr 18,1914, tonearcat whole ellen degrees at New Ywk and New Ahgland 8latwns.
here run north and south, and a B normal cold is esperi-
perature on t 1 is occasion fe fi to -7'F. at 8 a. m., while
I Lowest.
I-
OF.
-7 Canton N. Y .......
10 Alban N' Y .......
11 Baston,Yass .......
4 scrant& Pa ........ 4
8 New Yo;k N. Y.. __ 18
13 NOrth&ld; Vt.. ....
At8a.m.
OF. 18 4 18 10 -4 1s
Usually such a condition does not occur unless the center of hi h barometer, which brings the clear sky and increase % nocturnal radiation, is located over or north of this locality. But in this instance the center of high pressure was on the North Atlantic coast. The hoarfrost began to gather on the trees and exposed objects before sunme and remained until about 11 a. m., bem heaviest just after sunrise. The temperature did not f egh to me until about 10:15 a.m. The rivers
were covered over much of their c o r n with ice, but there were numerous open spaces where the swiftneas of the current prevented ice formation. In such localities mist wreaths rose from the water to a height of 4 to 15
feet and then disa peared in the air. Only a portion of the hoarfrost and f og is believed to have reached the air
about 11 a. m. was 8 inches. The light fog began to form before sunrise, probably when the tem erature reac.hed the neighborhood of O O F ., and continue$ in the air all day, though it was not very noticeable after noon. It reached a maximum den- sity a t about 8:30 a. m. At that time objects a thousand feet distant were visible, but the landscape beyond merged into a white obscurity. The hills, distant a half mile, were invisible and the white fog rose from the hori- zon to an elevation of 20' to 35', gradually blending into the niilky blue that covered the remainder of the heavens. The fog was composed of snow and ice crys-
tals that were just a t the limit of visibility to the naked eye. The general appearance of these was not that of spicules, but rather of 6-pointed star shapes of very small size. At 10:30 a. m. the fine deposit that gath- ered on the sidewalks was esamined with a microscope and found to consist of minute 6-pointed stars. Although hoarfrost and fog are not infrequent at this station, solar halos in connection therewith are of rare occurrence. The halo on this occasion was noticed as soon as the sun rose above the horizon, the north and south sides of the arc of 33' being bright, while the highest part of the curve was very faint. The whole circle of 2 2 O radius was visible at 8:30 a. m. The sun itself was lost in a somewhat diamond-shaped yellow- ish white glare of light occupying the center of the circle. The bright ortioils of the halo estended below and in front of the {ills about 1 mile distant, but the hills them- selves were invisible. The halo had the ap earance of being situated about threefourths of a mile &stant from the observer. At S:15 a. m., the sun then bein well above the horizon, the writer took position on a frid e
that extended east and west and had at its southeast si % e a four-storied building. I t was thus ossible b moving
server, while the sun remained visible. In this osition an arc of halo light remained visible against &e dark background of the building and this arc corresponded with the remaining portion of the 22'-circle of the halo. By moving back and forth on the bridge this was re- peatedly verXed. Thus the halo was not formed on any one plane of the fog, but through a stratum of per- ha s 2 or 3 miles thickness. Again, on facing the sun
from the bridge, a vertical illar of light was seen, some-
against the dar1 bactFound, being obscure in the sky by the general glare o light. The ice crystals in the an were visible to the eye as dancing particles of light mov-
ing in all directions, up, down, and sideways. No p r e dominant direction of motion could be observed and it was evident that if they were spicules or prisms their planes must lie in all directions. No traces of the halo could be seen at 9:30 a. m., though fo was still present near the surface and did not entirely % isappear all day. The appearance of the sky during the day was such as to
a parently favor halo formation, but a close watch dis.
The average
along the brid e to place the building g etween t rl e appar- ent position o K the northern half of the halo and the ob-
an ti looking at an angle downward toward the ground
what faint but laid visib P e. This was onl noticeable
d
c f osed none.