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PART I Section 1 Breast Breast Overview I - 2 Mark D. Kettler, MD Embryology and Normal Development I - 8 Mark D. Kettler, MD Nipple Areolar Complex & Skin I - 12 Mark D. Kettler, MD Segmental Anatomy I - 16 Mark D. Kettler, MD Chest Wall and Axilla I - 22 Mark D. Kettler, MD Neurovascular Supply I - 26 Mark D. Kettler, MD Lymph Nodes and Lymphatics I - 30 Mark D. Kettler, MD Part II SECTION 2 Imaging Modalities Mammography: Positioning II-2 Anne Kennedy, MD & Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Mammography: Screening II-6 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Mammography: Diagnostic II-12 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Mammography: Audit Benchmarks II-18 Michael Linver, MD High Risk Screening & Surveillance II-24 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Double Reading/CAD II-28 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Ultrasound II-32 Anne Kennedy, MD & Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Magnetic Resonance Imaging II-36 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & R. Edward Hendrick, PhD, FACR PET and Other Nuclear Medicine II-40 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Laura Amodei, MD Gamma Camera Imaging II-44 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Laura Amodei, MD Part III SECTION 3 Breast Cancer: Basic Treatment, Basic Tenets Staging III-2 Juan Godinez, MD & Eva C. Gombos, MD Pathology III-6 Eva C. Gombos, MD Surgery III-12 Gauri Bedi, MD Radiation Therapy III-16 Jennifer R. Bellon, MD & Arthur Elman, MD Oncology III-20 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Ann H. Partridge, MD, MPH PART IV Diagnoses Introduction and Overview Mammography BI-RADS® Lexicon and Usage IV-0-2 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Robyn L. Birdwell, MD One-View-Only Findings IV-0-6 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Ultrasound BI-RADS® Lexicon and Usage IV-0-10 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Robyn L. Birdwell, MD MR BI-RADS® Lexicon and Usage IV-0-14 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR SECTION 1 Lesion Imaging Characteristics Mass, Favoring Benign Circumscribed Margins IV-1-2 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Intramammary Lymph Node IV-1-8 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Oil Cyst IV-1-10 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Mass, Intermediate Concern Microlobulated Margins IV-1-14 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS & Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Obscured Margins IV-1-16 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS & Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Mass, Favoring Malignant Indistinct Margins IV-1-22 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Spiculated Margins IV-1-28 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Mass, Cystic Benign Complicated Cyst IV-1-34 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Clustered Microcysts IV-1-40 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Duct Ectasia IV-1-44 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Simple Cyst IV-1-48 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Mass, Cystic, Indeterminate Complex Cystic Mass IV-1-52 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Intracystic Mass IV-1-56 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Thick-Walled Cystic Mass IV-1-60 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Calcifications, Benign Morphology Dystrophic Calcifications IV-1-66 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Milk-Of-Calcium IV-1-68 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Round Calcifications IV-1-72 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Secretory Calcifications IV-1-74 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Vascular Calcifications IV-1-76 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Calcifications, Morphology Favoring Benign Coarse Heterogeneous Calcifications IV-1-80 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Punctate Calcifications IV-1-82 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Calcifications, Intermediate Concern Amorphous Calcifications IV-1-86 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Calcifications, Suspicious Morphology Fine Linear Calcifications IV-1-90 Eva C. Gombos, MD Pleomorphic Calcifications IV-1-94 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Calcifications, Distribution Favoring Benign Diffuse Distribution of Calcifications IV-1-98 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Calcifications, Distribution of Intermediate Concern Clustered Distribution IV-1-100 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Regional Distribution IV-1-104 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Calcifications, Distribution Favoring Malignant Linear Distribution IV-1-110 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Segmental Distribution IV-1-116 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Special Findings Architectural Distortion IV-1-122 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Asymmetries IV-1-126 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Trabecular Thickening IV-1-132 Eva C. Gombos, MD Tubular Density IV-1-136 Eva C. Gombos, MD Ultrasound Lesion Characteristics Anechoic (US) IV-1-138 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Hyperechogenicity (US) IV-1-144 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Hypo & Isoechoic Masses (US) IV-1-150 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Lesion Orientation (US) IV-1-154 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD & Dianne Georgian-Smith, MD Posterior Enhancement (US) IV-1-158 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Posterior Shadowing (US) IV-1-162 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Dianne Georgian-Smith, MD MR Enhancement Patterns Clumped (MR) IV-1-166 Sughra Raza, MD Foci (MR) IV-1-168 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Nonenhancing Internal Septations (MR) IV-1-172 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Rim-Enhancement (MR) IV-1-174 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS SECTION 2 Histopathologic Diagnoses Benign Lesions Adenomas, Other IV-2-2 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Adenosis, Sclerosing Adenosis IV-2-4 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Apocrine Metaplasia IV-2-8 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Columnar Cell Lesions IV-2-12 Sughra Raza, MD Cysts, Ruptured/Inflamed IV-2-16 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Fat Necrosis IV-2-22 Anne Kennedy, MD Fibroadenolipoma IV-2-28 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Fibroadenoma IV-2-32 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Fibroadenomatoid Change IV-2-38 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Fibrocystic Changes IV-2-40 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Fibrosis IV-2-46 Sughra Raza, MD Hematoma IV-2-50 Anne Kennedy, MD Lipoma IV-2-56 Eva C. Gombos, MD Myoepithelial Neoplasms IV-2-58 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Papilloma IV-2-60 Anne Kennedy, MD PASH IV-2-66 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Risk Lesions Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia IV-2-70 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia IV-2-74 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Lobular Carcinoma in Situ IV-2-76 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Mucocele-Like Lesions IV-2-80 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Papilloma, Atypical IV-2-82 Eva C. Gombos, MD Radial Scar IV-2-84 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Locally Aggressive Lesions Fibromatosis IV-2-90 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Granular Cell Tumor IV-2-94 Eva C. Gombos, MD Phyllodes Tumor IV-2-96 Anne Kennedy, MD Malignant Lesions Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma IV-2-102 Brett T. Parkinson, MD DCIS, General IV-2-104 Sughra Raza, MD DCIS, Low Grade IV-2-108 Sughra Raza, MD DCIS, Intermediate Grade IV-2-114 Sughra Raza, MD DCIS, High Grade IV-2-118 Sughra Raza, MD Infiltrating Ductal NOS, Grade I IV-2-122 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Infiltrating Ductal NOS, Grade III IV-2-128 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Inflammatory Breast Cancer IV-2-134 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Interval Cancers IV-2-140 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Invasive Lobular Carcinoma IV-2-144 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma IV-2-148 Eva C. Gombos, MD Medullary Carcinoma IV-2-150 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Metaplastic Carcinoma IV-2-154 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Missed Cancers IV-2-158 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Mixed Invasive Ductal and Lobular IV-2-162 Eva C. Gombos, MD Mucinous Carcinoma IV-2-166 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Papillary Carcinoma, Invasive IV-2-170 Eva C. Gombos, MD Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma IV-2-174 Eva C. Gombos, MD Sarcomas IV-2-176 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Tubular Carcinoma IV-2-178 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Tubulolobular Carcinoma IV-2-182 Brett T. Parkinson, MD SECTION 3 Anatomic Considerations Nipple Nipple Discharge IV-3-2 Eva C. Gombos, MD Nipple Retraction IV-3-6 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Paget Disease of the Nipple IV-3-10 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Skin Dermal Calcifications IV-3-14 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Epidermal Inclusion Cyst IV-3-16 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Sebaceous Cyst IV-3-20 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Skin Lesions, Non-Cystic IV-3-22 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Skin Thickening and Retraction IV-3-26 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Axilla Axillary Adenopathy IV-3-30 Sughra Raza, MD Axillary Breast Tissue IV-3-34 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Axillary Nodal Calcification IV-3-36 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Chest Wall Pectoralis Muscle Variants IV-3-38 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Sternalis Muscle IV-3-40 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Vascular Entities Mondor Disease IV-3-42 Eva C. Gombos, MD Vascular Malformations IV-3-44 Sughra Raza, MD SECTION 4 Post-Operative Imaging Findings Results of Benign Intervention Cosmetic Augmentation Injections IV-4-2 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Benign Surgical Biopsy, Post-Op Imaging IV-4-6 Eva C. Gombos, MD Clip Placement, Post Procedure Findings IV-4-12 M. Raquel Oliva, MD & Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Implant Multiple Lumens IV-4-18 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Anne Kennedy, MD Implant Saline IV-4-24 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Implant Silicone IV-4-28 Anne Kennedy, MD & Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Reduction Mammoplasty IV-4-32 Cheryl A. Sadow, MD & Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Silicone Granuloma IV-4-36 Anne Kennedy, MD Results Following Treatment for Malignancies Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation IV-4-38 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD & Phillip M. Devlin, MD Myocutaneous Flap Reconstruction IV-4-42 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Positive Margins IV-4-46 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Post-Treatment Changes IV-4-50 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Recurrent Breast Carcinoma IV-4-54 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Treated Hodgkin Survivor Surveillance IV-4-58 Brett T. Parkinson, MD SECTION 5 Special Topics Hormonal Changes Hormone Replacement Therapy IV-5-2 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Pregnancy Galactocele IV-5-6 Eva C. Gombos, MD Lactation IV-5-10 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Lactating Adenoma IV-5-12 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Malignancy in Pregnancy IV-5-16 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Trauma Trauma IV-5-20 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Multiple Bilateral Findings Multiple Bilateral Similar Findings IV-5-22 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Breast Manifestations of Systemic Conditions Amyloid IV-5-26 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Collagen Vascular Disease IV-5-28 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Diabetic Mastopathy IV-5-30 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Leukemia IV-5-32 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Metastases to Breast IV-5-34 Sughra Raza, MD Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma IV-5-38 Sughra Raza, MD Renal Disease IV-5-42 Eva C. Gombos, MD Sarcoid IV-5-44 Eva C. Gombos, MD Weight-Fluctuations IV-5-48 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Male Breast Gynecomastia IV-5-50 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Male Breast Cancer IV-5-54 Brett T. Parkinson, MD SECTION 6 Infections and Inflammation Abscess IV-6-2 Sughra Raza, MD Granulomatous Mastitis IV-6-6 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Mastitis IV-6-10 Sughra Raza, MD Unusual Infections IV-6-16 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS SECTION 7 Artifacts Analog Mammography Artifacts IV-7-2 R. Edward Hendrick, PhD, FACR & Eric A. Berns, PhD Digital Mammography Artifacts IV-7-6 R. Edward Hendrick, PhD, FACR & Eric A. Berns, PhD Object Artifacts IV-7-10 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Ultrasound Artifacts IV-7-12 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR MR Artifacts IV-7-18 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR & R. Edward Hendrick, PhD, FACR PART V Management and Procedures SECTION 1 Treatment Planning Issues Advanced & Metastatic Breast Cancer V-1-2 Anne Kennedy, MD Axillary Adenopathy, Occult Primary V-1-8 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Contralateral Breast Cancer V-1-10 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Extensive Intraductal Component (EIC) V-1-14 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Multifocal Breast Cancer V-1-18 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Multicentric Breast Cancer V-1-22 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy V-1-28 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD SECTION 2 Procedures, Image-guided Cyst Aspiration V-2-2 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Ductography V-2-4 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy V-2-6 Brett T. Parkinson, MD MR-Guided Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy V-2-8 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Pre-Op Lesion Localization, Bracketing V-2-12 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Pre-Op Lesion Localization, Mammo V-2-14 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Pre-Op Lesion Localization, MR V-2-16 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Pre-Op Lesion Localization, US V-2-20 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Skin Localization V-2-22 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Specimen Imaging V-2-24 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS Stereotactic Biopsy, Prone V-2-28 Brett T. Parkinson, MD Stereotactic Biopsy, Upright V-2-32 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS Image-guided Thermal Ablation V-2-36 Eva C. Gombos, MD & Daniel F. Kacher, MS US-Guided Core Biopsy V-2-40 Shih-chang Wang, BSc(Med), MBBS, FRANZCR, FAMS US-Guided Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy V-2-44 Brett T. Parkinson, MD SECTION 3 Procedures, Surgical Axillary Dissection V-3-2 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR Lumpectomy V-3-6 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD & Roger L. Christian, MD Mastectomy V-3-10 Robyn L. Birdwell, MD & Roger L. Christian, MD Reduction Mammoplasty, Procedure V-3-14 Cheryl A. Sadow, MD & Robyn L. Birdwell, MD Sentinel Node Biopsy V-3-18 Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR TRAM and Other Flap Procedures V-3-22 Gretchen E. Green, MD, MMS
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Breast -- Imaging -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Breast -- Cancer -- Diagnosis -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Breast Neoplasms -- diagnosis -- Handbooks.
Diagnostic Imaging -- methods -- Handbooks.
Mammography -- Handbooks.