2. Enzymes

2.1. Acid phosphatase
 
Acph-A1 [{504}]. [Acph2, Acph3 {516}, Acph-B1 {936}]. 4AS {504,516}. v: CS.
Acph-B1 [{504}]. [Acph4, Acph8 {516}, Acph-A1 {936}]. 4BL {504,516}. v: CS
Acph-D1. [Acph5, Acph6 {516}]. 4DL {504,516}. v: CS
Acph-H1 {1153}. 4H {1153}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Acph-Mv1 [{237}]. [Aph-v {237}; Acph-Mv1{985}]. 4Mv {237}. tr: H-93-33 {984}.

Also, Wehling {1559} identified four acid phosphatase loci in S. cereale, three of which are located in 7R.
 
Acph-R1.   7R {1457}; 7RS {506} ad: CS/Imperial.

Acid phosphatase gene loci were reported for 7RL in S. cereale {1251}, chromosomes L1 (= 7Agi) and L4 (= 4Agi) of Agropyron intermedium {361}, and chromosome E of Ae. umbellulata {69}. Two loci on 7R were separated by 25 + 5.2cM {1534}.
 
Acph-Ss1 {1140}.   4Ss {1140}. ad: CS/T. searsii.

2.2. Alcohol dehydrogenase (Aliphatic)
 
Adh-A1 [{502}]. [AdhB {502}, Adh-B1 {504}]. 4A {502}, 4AL {504,516}. v: CS.
Adh-B1 [{501,502}]. [Adh1 {501}, AdhA {502}, Adh-A1 {504}]. 4B {502}, 4BS {504,516}. v: CS.
Adh-B1a [{1442}].
 [Adh11 {501}, Adh-A1a {1442}]. v: CS.
tv: PI 226951 {501}, Malavika {1442}.
Adh-B1b [{1442}].
 [Adh12 {501}, Adh-A1b {1442}]. v: Rageni derivative {1443}.
tv: CI 4013 {501}, Bijaga Yellow {1442}.
Adh-B1b was the only variant Adh-1 allele detected in study of a large number of T. aestivum and T. turgidum accessions {503}.
Adh-C1 [{1278}]. [G {1278}]. ad: T. aestivum cv.Alcedo / Ae. caudata line G.
Adh-D1 {{504}}. [AdhD {502}]. 4D {502}, 4DS {504,516}. v: CS
ma: Adh-D1 [Adh1, Adh2] was mapped 4cM distal to Xpsr163-4D and closely proximal to Xcsiha114-4D.1 [XcsIHA114-1a'] {757}.
Adh-Agi1 [{560}], {374}. [Adh-X1 {361}]. 4Agi {560}. ad: Vilmorin 27/Ag. intermedium; Caribo/Ag. intermedium.
Adh-E1 {518}. 4ES {518}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
Adh-H1 {520}. 4H {520}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Adh-Mv1 {984}. [ADHµ{984}; Adh-Mv1 {985}]. 4Mv {984}. v: H-93-33.
Adh-R1 {1457}. [AdhR2 {582}].  4R {582,1457}, 4RS {506}. ad: CS/Imperial {1457,506};
FEC28/Petkus {043};
Holdfast/King II {582};.
Adh-V1 {1026,242}.4V {1026}. ad: CS/D. villosum.

Three Adh genes were identified in Hordeum vulgare and H. spontaneum {144,490,493,520}. Two of these were tightly linked at the Adh-H1 locus {144}. The third gene was tentatively located in 5H {490}.

A low-level of aliphatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity is commonly observed on zymograms in the absence of added substrate {513}; this may account for the observation of wheat lactate dehydrogenase that was reported in {1465}.

The gene series formerly designated Adh-2 and Adh-3 appear under 2.20. Aromatic Alcohol Dehydrogenase

2.3. Aminopeptidase
 
Amp-A1 {504}.   6AS {504,516}. v: CS.
Amp-A1a.
     v: CS {1533}.
Amp-A1b. 
     v: Vitka {1533}.
Amp-B1 {504}.   6BS {504,516}. v: CS.
Amp-B1a.
     v: CS {1533}.
Amp-B1b.
     v: Iskra {1533}.
Amp-B1c {703,1244}.
   Null allele v: T. spelta IPSR1220017 {703}; Sinvalocho M.A. {1244}.
Amp-C1 [{1278}].   6D {1278}. ad: T. Aestivum cv. Alcedo/Ae. caudata line D.
Amp-D1 {504}.   6DS {504,516}. v: CS.
Amp-D1a {703}.
     v: CS.
Amp-D1b {703}.
     v: Sears' Synthetic IPSR1190903.
Amp-Age1 {1575}.6Age {1575}.     ad,su: Rescue/Ag. elongatum.
Amp-Agi1 {703}.   6Agi {703}. ad: Vilmorin 27/Ag. intermedium.
Amp-E1 {518}.   6E {518}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
Amp-H1 {520}.   6H {520}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Amp-R1 {1457}.   6R {1457,1280}. ad: CS/Imperial {1457}; Holdfast/King II {1280}.
Amp-A2 {703}.   4AL {703}. v: CS.
Amp-A2a {703}.
     v: CS.
Amp-A2b {703}.
     v: T. spelta IPSR1220017.
Amp-B2 {703}.   4BS {703}. v: CS.
Amp-B2a {703}.
     v: CS.
Amp-B2b {703}.
     v: Timstein.
Amp-B2c {703}.
     v: Hope.
Amp-D2 {703}.4DS {703}.     v: CS.
Amp-D2a {703}.
     v: CS.
Amp-D2b {703}.
     v: Sears' Synthetic IPSR1190903}.
Amp-D2c {703}.
     v: Bersee.
Amp-Agi2 {703}.   4Agi {703}. ad: Vilmorin27/Ag. intermedium.
Amp-E2 {703}.   4E {703}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
Amp-H2 {703}.   4H {703}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Amp-Hch2 {703}.   4Hch {703}. ad: CS/H. chilense.
Amp-J2 {703}.   4J {703}. ad: CS/Ag. junceum.
Amp-Mv2 {235}.   4Mv {235}. su: H-93-33 {235}.
Amp-R2 {703}.   4R {703}, 4RS {702,093}. ad: CS/Imperial.
Amp-Sl2 {703}. 4SlL {703}. ad: CS/Ae. sharonensis {180}.
tr: 4DS.4DL-4SlL {660}.
Amp-V2 {703}.   4V {703}. ad: CS/D. villosum.
Amp-A3 {703}.   7AS {703}. v: CS.
Amp-A3a {703}.
     v: CS.
Amp-A3b {703}.
     v: Timstein.
Amp-H3 {703}.   7H {703}. ad: CS/Betzes.

2.4. a-Amylase
 
a-Amy-A1 {007}. [Amy6A {1082}]. 6AL {412,1082}. v: CS.
a-Amy-A1a {007}.
 [Amy 6A1 {1084}].   v: CS.
a-Amy-A1ba5  {007}.
     v: Bezostaya 1; Kavkaz.
a-Amy-A1c5.
 [Amy 6A1m {1084}].   v: Aka.
a-Amy-B1 {007}. [Amy6B {1082}]. 6BL {412,1082}. v: CS.
a-Amy-B1a {007}.
 [Amy 4, Amy 6B1,

Amy 6B2o {1084}].

 v: CS {007}. Rare.
a-Amy-B1b {007}.
 [Amy 4m, Amy 6B10,

Amy 6B2 {1084}].

 v: Mara {007}.
a-Amy-B1c {007}.
 [Amy 4, Amy 6B1,

Amy 6B2 {1084}].

 v: Sava {007}. Rare.
a-Amy-B1d {007}.
 [Amy 4m, Amy 6B1o,

Amy6B2o {1084}].

 v: Sicco {007}. Rare.
a-Amy-B1e {007}.
 [Amy 4m, Amy 6B14',

Amy 6B2o {1084}].

 v: Cappelle-Desprez {007}.
a-Amy-B1f {007}. 
 [Amy4m, Amy 6B14,

Amy 6B2o {1084}].

 v: Sappo {007}.
a-Amy-B1g {007}.
 [Amy 4, Amy 6B14,

Amy 6B2o {1084}].

 v: Cheyenne {007}.
a-Amy-B1h {007}.
 [Amy 4, Amy 6B10,

Amy 6B20 {1084}].

 v: T. macha Line 1 {007}. Rare.

Two types of nomenclature assigned to the genes encoding the a-AMY-1 isozymes. In one, allelic states are defined for individual isozymes {1084} whereas in the other, several isozymes are considered to be the products of compound loci {007,412}. This listing shows the 'alleles' described in {1084} which are assumed in {007} to be synonymous with the a-Amy-B1a through a-Amy-B1h nomenclature. Amy 4 and Amy 4 are unmapped alternatives {1084} which appear to be identical to zymogram bands [bands 9 and 9b {007}] forming part of the a-Amy-B1 phenotype. Amy 6B1 [with forms Amy 6B1o, and Amy 6B14, considered to be mutually exclusive {1084}] and Amy 6B2 [with forms Amy 6B2 and Amy 6B2o {1084}] describe further aspects of a-Amy-B1 {007}. See a-Amy1 below for further consideration of Amy 6B2 {1084}.
 
a-Amy-D1 {007}. [Amy6D {1082}]. 6DL {412,1082}. v: CS.
a-Amy-D1a {007}.
 [Amy6D1, Amy 6D2 {1084}].   v: CS.
a-Amy-D1b {007}.
 [Amy6D1, Amy 6D2 {1084}].   v: Prelude {1082}; Capelle-Desprez {007}.
a-Amy-D1c.
 [Amy6D1m, Amy 6D2 {1084}].   v: T. spelta var. duhamelianum.
a-Amy-Agi1 {374}.   6Agi{374}. ad: Vilmorin 27/Ag. intermedium.
a-Amy-E1 {013}.   6E {013}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
a-Amy-H1. [a-Amy1 {146}]. 6H {146,1051}. ad: CS/Betzes.
a-Amy-R1 {013}.   6RL {013}. su,ad: CS/Imperial; CS/King II; Holdfast/King II.
a-Amy-Rm1 {013}.   6RmL {013}. ad: CS/S. montanum.
a-Amy-S1 {598}. 6SS {598}. v: Wembley derivative 31.
al: Ae. speltoides.

It was estimated {902} that there are two a-Amy-1 genes in 6A and five or six in both 6B and 6D and three or four a-Amy-2 genes at each of the 7A, 7B, and 7D loci.
 
a-Amy-A2 {007}. [Amy7A {1082}]. 7AL {412,1082}. v: CS.
a-Amy-B2 {007}. [Amy7B {1082}]. 7BL {412,1082}. v: CS.
a-Amy-B2a {412}.
 [Amy 7B1, Amy 7B2 {1084}].   v: CS.
a-Amy-B2b {412}.
 [Amy 7B1, Amy 7B2m {1084}].   v: Hope.

The alternative states of Amy 7B2, namely, Amy 7B2 and Amy 7B2m {1084}, are identical to the variation in band 2 {412}. The complete description of the a-Amy-B2 variation also includes variation in band 11 {412}.
 
a-Amy-D2. [Amy7D {1082}]. 7DL {412,1082}. v: CS.
a-Amy-D2a {412}.
 [Amy 7D1 {1084}.   v: CS.
a-Amy-D2b {417}. 
 [Amy 7D1o {1084}].   v: Largo {007}; Sears' Synthetic {007}; VPM1 {417}.
a-Amy-Agi2 {374}.   7Agi {374}. ad: Vilmorin 27/Ag. intermedium.
a-Amy-E2 {013}.   7EL {013}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
a-Amy-H2. [a-Amy2 {146}]. 7HL {146,1051,793}. ad: CS/Betzes.
a-Amy-Hch2 {1015}.   7Hchß {1015}. su,ad: CS/H. chilense.
a-Amy-R2 {013}.  7RL {013}. su,ad: CS/Imperial; CS/King II; Holdfast/King II.
a-Amy-Sb2 {013}.   7Sb{013}. ad: Holdfast/Ae. bicornis.
a-Amy-U2 {013}.   7U {013}. ad: CS/Ae. umbellulata.

Three other a-Amy loci, namely, Amy 6B2, Amy 6D2, and Amy 7B2, were reported {1084}. No variation was observed for the products of Amy 6D2 and Amy 7B2, although nullisomic analysis located the genes in 6DL and 7B, respectively. In accordance with the Guidelines, these genes are assumed to be part of the a-Amy-D1 and a-Amy-B2 loci, respectively. Amy 6B2 was observed to produce alternative phenotypes {1084}. In a test of the segregation of these phenotypes relative to two alternative products of Amy 6B1, the two loci were found to be linked with a recombination frequency of 20.6% {1084}. However, an attempt to confirm the presence of more than one a-Amy locus in 6BL was unsuccessful {007}.
 
a-Amy1 [{1084,1083}].  [Amy 6B2 {1084},
Amy-B2 {1083}].		 6BL {1084,1083}. v: CS.
a-Amy1a [{1083}].
 [a-Amy-B1a].   v: CS.
a-Amy1b [{1083}].
 [a-Amy-B1b].   v: CS.
a-Amy1c [{1083}].
 [a-Amy-B4].   v: T. Durum ssp. georgicum.

The presence of a-Amy1 reported in {1084} was confirmed by segregational tests in a ‘CS x Jones Fife’ population and in a population derived from a tetraploid cross {1083}. The recombinations with a-AmyB1 were 9.3% and 22.3%, respectively.

A further set of a-amylase genes, Xa-Amy-5 [a-Amy3], was identified in 5A, 5B and 5D by cross-hybridization with a-Amy-1 and a-Amy-2 probes {080}. Only one gene copy appears to be present at each locus. In rye, evidence has been obtained for three a-Amy-1 genes, two or three a-Amy-2 genes and three a-Amy-3 genes {907}.

2.5. ß-Amylase
 
ß-Amy-A1 [{008,227}]. [ß-Amy-A2 {008}, ß-Amy-B1 {1331}]. 5AL {008,227}. v: CS {008}.
s: CS/Federation {227}.
ß-Amy-A1a [{008}].
 [ß-Amy-A2a {008}, ß-B1a {936}].   v: CS.
ß-Amy-A1b [{008}].
 [ß-Amy-A2b {008}, ß-B1b {936}].   v: Koga II.
ß-Amy-A1c [{008}].
 [ß-Amy-A2c {008}, ß-B1c {936}].   v: T. macha IPSR1240005.
ß-Amy-A1d [{008}].
 [ß-Amy-A2d {008}, ß-B1d {936}].   v: Holdfast.
ß-Amy-A1e [{008}].
 [ß-Amy-A2e {008}, ß-B1e {936}].   v: Bezostaya I.
ß-Amy-B1 [{628}]. [ß-Amy-A1 {008}]. 4BL {008,628}. v: CS.
ß-Amy-B1a [{1330}].
 [ß-Amy-A1a {008,1330}].   v: CS.
ß-Amy-B1b [{1330}].
 [ß-Amy-A1b {008,1330}].   v: Sears' Synthetic IPSR1190903.
ß-Amy-B1c [{1330}].
 [ß-Amy-A1b {008, -A1c {1330}].   v: Ciano 67.
ß-Amy-B1d [{1330}].
 [ß-Amy-A1c {1330,400}].   v: Manella.
ß-Amy-C1 [{1278}].   B [{1278}]. ad: T. Aestivum cv. Alcedo /Ae. caudata line B.
ß-Amy-D1 {008}.   4DL {008,628}. v: CS.
ß-Amy-D1a {008}.
     v: CS.
ß-Amy-D1b {008}.
     v: Bersée.
ß-Amy-D1c {008}.
     v: Sears' Synthetic. Rare.

Previously listed alleles ß-Amy-D1d and -D1e were found to be ß-Amy-B1 alleles {400}.

Two ß-Amy-Dt1 alleles were predominant in 60 accessions of T. tauschii {1578}.
 
ß-Amy-Agi1 [{168}], {013}. 4Agi {168}. ad: Vilmorin27/Ag. intermedium.
ß-Amy-Eb1 {661}.   5EbL {661}. tr: 5AS.5EbL.
ß-Amy-H1.   4H {1153}. ad: CS/Betzes.
ß-Amy-Hch1 {013}.   4Hch {013}. ad: CS/H. chilense.
ß-Amy-R1. [ß-Amy-R2 {013}, ß-AmyR1 {043}]. 5R {103,1280}, 5RL {043}. ad: FEC 28/Petkus {043,82}; Holdfast/King II {043,1280}.
tr: CS/Imperial 5BL-5RL {043}.
ß-Amy-Sl1 {013}. 4Sl {013}. ad: CS/Ae. sharonensis D {013}.
su: CS/Ae. sharonensis
    D {013}. ad: CS/T. longissimum.
ß-Amy-U1[{013}]. [ß-Amy-U2 {013}].  5U {013}. su: CS/Ae. umbellulata.

A second set of loci with homology to ß-Amy-1 genes was identified in 2AS, 2BS and 2DS and designated the Xß-Amy-2 [ß-Amy-2 {1331}] set. Evidence for these genes derives from cross-hybridization with a ß-Amy-H1 cDNA probe {1331}. Further members of the same set were identified in 2H {732}, and 2R and 2U {1331}.

Sixty T. tauschii lines revealed two ß-Amy-Dt1 alleles {1578}.

2.6. Endopeptidase
 
Ep-A1 {516}.   7AL {516}. v: CS.
Ep-A1a {516,708}.
     v: CS.
Ep-A1b {708}.
     v: Cappelle-Desprez {708}; Hobbit {704}; Rendezvous {1603}.
Ep-A1c {708}.
     v: Sears’ Synthetic.

An EP isozyme encoded by Ep-A1a of CS is visible on zymograms following starch gel electrophoresis {516}. The product of this allele is not observable, however, on zymograms following isoelectric focusing {708}.
 
Ep-B1 {516}. [Ep1 {516}]. 7BL{516}. v: CS.
Ep-B1a {708}.
     v: CS.
Ep-B1b {708}.
     v: Cappelle-Desprez.
Ep-B1c {708}.
     v: Ciano 67.
Ep-B1d {708}.
     v: Bersée.
Ep-B1e {708}.
     v: Sears’ Synthetic.
Ep-D1 {516}.   7DL {516}. v: CS.
Ep-Dla {708}.
     v: CS.
Ep-D1b.
 [EP-V1 {973}].   v: 5L 219 {1521}; H-93-70 {1521}; Hyak {021}; Madsen {020}; Rendezvous {708}; VPM1 {973}.
Ep-D1c {708}.
     v: Sears’ Synthetic.
Ep-D1d {1587}
 Null allele.   v: Wheats with Lr19 {1587}.
Ep-E1 {518}.   7EL {518}. al: CS/E. elongata.
Ep-H1 {520}.   7HL {520}. al: CS/Betzes.
Ep-Hch1 {708}.   7Hch {708}. su: CS/H. chilense.
Ep-Ht1 {1037}.   7Htp {1037}. ad: CS/E. trachycaulus.
Ep-Mv1 [{985}]. [Ep-Mv1 {985}]. 7MvL. su: 7Mv{7D}.
Ep-R1 {092,266,708}.   6RL {092}. ad: CS/Imperial.

An Ep locus was also located in 4RS in King II {1280}, using Holdfast/King II addition lines and in 4R in Imperial {266} using Chinese Spring/Imperial addition lines.
 
Ep-Sb1 {708}.   7Sb {708}. su: Holdfast/Ae. bicornis.
Ep-Sl1 {517}.   4Sl {517}. ad: CS/Ae. longissima.
Ep-Ss1 {1140}.    7Ss {1140}. ad: CS/T. searsii.
Ep-U1 {708}.   7U {708}. su: CS/Ae. umbellulata.
Ep-V1 {708}.   7V {708}. ad: CS/D. villosum.
Ep-B2 {599}.   6BS {599}.  

2.7. Esterase
Genetic control of esterases [carboxylic ester hydrolases (E.C.3.1.1.1)] was the subject of a comparative study {814}.

EST-1 is a dimeric enzyme that electrofocuses around pH 4.0 and is expressed in all tissues except endosperm {814}.
 
Est-A1. [EstA {061}]. 3AS {060}. v: CS.
Est-B1. [EstB {061}]. 3B {060}, 3BS {100}. v: CS.
Est-D1. [EstD {061}]. 3D {060}, 3DS {100}. v: CS.
Est-E1 {518}.   3ES {518}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
Est-H1 {814}.   3H {814}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Est-R1. [EstR {061}]. 3R {060,1254}. ad: CS/Imperial {060}; Holdfast/King II{100}; Kharkov/Dakold {100}.
Est-S11 {814}.   3S1 {814}. ad: CS/Ae. longissima.

Each of 208 hexaploid accessions carried the same Est-1 alleles except accessions of T. compactum var. rubriceps, each of which carried an Est-B1 or Est-D1 electrophoretic mobility variant {585}.

EST-2 is a coleoptile-specific monomeric enzyme that electrofocuses at low pI.
     
Est-A2. [Est-2A {585}]. 3A {585}. v: CS.
Est-B2. [Est-2B {585}]. 3BL {585}. v: CS.
Est-D2. [Est-2D {585}]. 3DL {585}. v: CS.

Among 208 hexaploid accessions, an apparent Est-B2 null allele occurred frequently in accessions of T. macha and T. sphaerococcum and occasionally in accessions T. compactum. The allele was not observed in T. aestivum and T. spelta accessions {585}.

EST-3 is a monomeric enzyme that is expressed in young seedlings (this enzyme was not observed in {814}).
 
Est-B3. [Est-3B {585}]. 7BS {585}. v: CS.
Est-D3. [Est-3D {585}]. 7DS {585}. v: CS.
Est-H3 {520}.   7H {520}. ad: CS/Betzes.

One accession carrying an apparent Est-B3 null allele and one carrying an apparent Est-D3 null allele were found among 208 hexaploid accessions {585}.

A 7AS locus encodes three esterase isozymes in immature grains {009}.

EST-4 is a monomeric, leaf-specific enzyme that electrofocuses around pH 4.5.
 
Est-A4. [Est-4A {585}]. 6AL {585,919}. v: CS.
Est-B4. [Est-4B {585}]. 6BL {585,919}. v: CS.
Est-D4. [Est-4D {585}]. 6DL {585,919}. v: CS.

Probable Est-A4 and Est-D4 null alleles were detected in several accessions of T. compactum var. rubriceps {585}; otherwise, no Est-4 variant occurred among 208 hexaploid accessions {585}.

An esterase gene was located in chromosome L7 (= 6Agi) of Agropyron intermedium {361}.

EST-5 consists of 20 or more monomeric, grain-specific isozymes that electrofocus between pH 5.6 and 7.0.
 
Est-A5 {009}.   3AL {009}. v: CS.
Est-A5a {009}.
     v: CS.
Est-A5b {009}.
     v: Kalyansona; {009}, T. compactum AUS12084 {756}.
Est-B5 {009}.   3BL {009}. v: CS.
Est-B5a {009}.
     v: CS.
Est-B5b {009}.
     v: Big Club.
Est-B5c {009}.
     v: Timstein.
Est-B5d {009}.
     v: Sears' Synthetic.
Est-D5 {009}.3DL {009}.     v: CS.
Est-D5a {009}.
     v: CS.
Est-D5b {009}.
     v: T. macha.
Est-D5c {009}.
     v: Hobbit 'S'.
Est-D5d {009}.
     v: T. macha Line 1.
Est-D5e [{756}].
     v: T. macha WJR 38548.

Encoding of the endosperm esterases of hexaploid wheat by 12-15 genes in five compound loci located in 3AL, 3BL, 3DL, 3AS and 3DS was postulated in {1204}.

Three and six alleles at Est-Dt5 (in T. tauschii) were reported in {756} and {1578}, respectively.

In S. cereale, in addition to Est-R1, genes encoding leaf esterases were located in three chromosomes {1561}. These included a gene designated Est8 in 6R in cvs. Imperial and King II, a gene designated Est2 and two genes, designated Est6 and Est7, which are part of a separate compound locus {1560}, in 5RL in Imperial, and a gene designaged Est10 in 4R of King II and 4RL of Imperial. In Hordeum vulgare, genes encoding leaf esterases were located in 3H {1071; see also, 520,580} and 7H {520}.
 
Est-Agi5 {374}.   3Agi {374}. ad: Vilmorin 27/Ag. intermedium.
Est-H5 {010}.   3H {010}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Est-Hch5 {010}.   3Hch {010}. ad: CS/H. chilense.
Est-R5 {010}. [EstA {737}]. 6R {043,1280}. ad: CS/Imperial {010,043; Kharkov/ Dakold 6RL {010,1280}; CS/King II {010}; Holdfast/King II {043,1280}.

A second S. cereale gene encoding grain esterases, designated EstB, was located in 4RL in King II and Petkus and in 7RS in Imperial {737}.
 
Est-Rm5 {010}. [EstB {737}]. 6Rm {010}, 6RmL {737}. ad: CS/S. montanum.
Est-Sb5 {010}.   3Sb {010}. su,ad: CS/Ae. bicornis.
Est-Sl5 {010}.   3Sl {010}. ad: CS/Ae. longissima.

Sixty T. tauschii lines revealed six Est-Dt5 alleles {1578}.

EST-6 is a dimeric enzyme that electrofocuses around pH 7.6 and is specific to endosperm.
 
Est-A6 {1130}.   2AS {1130}. v: CS.
Est-A6a {1130}.
     v: CS.
Est-A6b {1130}.
     v: Ceska Previvka.
Est-B6 {1130}.   2BS {1130}. v: CS.
Est-B6a {1130}.
     v: CS.
Est-B6b {1130}.
     v: Hope.
Est-D6 {1130}.   2DS {1130}. v: CS.
Est-D6a {1130}.
     v: CS.
Est-D6b {1130}.
     v: Sears' Synthetic IPSR1190903.
Est-M6 {1130}.   2MS {1130}. su: CS/Ae. comosa.
Est-R6 {370}.   2RS {370}. al: DS2 x RxL10 rye popn.

EST-7 is a monomeric enzyme that electrofocuses in the same region as EST-6 but is specific to green tissues.
 
Est-A7 {812}.   2AL {812}. v: CS.
Est-B7 {812}.   2BL {812}. v: CS.
Est-D7 {812}.   2DL {812}. v: CS.
Est-D7a {812}.
     v: CS.
Est-D7b {812}.
     v: Synthetic {IPSR 1190903}.
Est-H7 {812}.   2HL {812}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Est-R7 {812}.   2RL {812}. ad: CS/Imperial.
Est-Rm7 {812}.   2Rma {812}. ad: CS/S. montanum.
Est-U7 {812}.   2U {812}. ad: CS/Ae. umbellulata.
Est-E7 {812}.   2E {812}. ad: CS/Ag. elongatum.
Est-V7 {812}.   2V {812}. ad: CS/D. villosum.

A group of leaf esterase isozymes controlled by the long arms of the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes were reported {919}. The relationship of these esterases to EST-2 and to the leaf esterases designed EST-6 reported in {629} has not been determined.

EST-8 consists of about 10 isozymes that electrofocus between pH 4.5 and 6.5 and are expressed only in vegetative tissues. EST-8 is likely to be the enzyme previously described in {919} and {629}.
 
Est-A8 [{629}]{814}. [Est-A6 {629}]. 3AL {629}. v: CS.
Est-B8 [{613}]{814}. [Est-B6 {629}]. 3BL {629}. v: CS.
Est-D8 [{629}]{814}. [Est-D6 {629}]. 3DL {629}. v: CS.
Est-R8 [{613}]{814}.   6RL {629}. ad: CS/Imperial, CS/King II.

EST-9 is a monomeric enzyme that electrofocuses around pH 5.0 and is expressed only in embryos.
 
Est-A9 {814}.   3AS {814}. v: CS.
Est-B9 {814}.   3BS {814}. v: CS.
Est-D9 {814}.   3DS {814}. v: CS.

EST-2, EST-5 and EST-8 are controlled by genes on 3L and where a recombination test was possible between Est-D5 and Est-D8, no segregation was observed. The different gene symbols have been retained because of the different tissue specificities and polymerisation profiles of the enzymes. The same arguments surround the EST-1 and EST-6 genes located in the 3S arms {814}.

The Est-6 gene of rye was mapped {249}. The Est-6 genes of wheat were mapped comparatively in the proximal regions of chromosomes 2S {256}. The Est-2, Est-5 and Est-8 were mapped to the extreme distal regions in the 3L arms {247}.

2.8. Glucosephosphate isomerase
 
Gpi-A1 {507}.   1AS {195,507}. v: CS.
Gpi-B1 {507}.   1BS {195,507}. v: CS.
Gpi-D1 {507}.   1DS {195,507}. v: CS.
Gpi-D1a {195}.
     v: CS.
Gpi-D1b {195}.
     v: CS variant and certain CS aneuploids. Rare.

Varietal differences in GPI zymograms were noted in {1127}.

GPI zymogram phenotypes observed in Triticum and Aegilops species are reported in {456,457}.

No allelic variation at Gpi-Dt1 was found in 60 accessions of T. tauschii {1578}.
 
Gpi-Agi1 [{361}], {374}. [Gpi-X1 {361}]. 1Agi {361}. ad: Vilmorin 27/Ag.
intermedium.
Gpi-E1 {518}.   1ES {518}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
Gpi-H1 {1153}.   1HS {1153}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Gpi-Hch1 {195}.   1Hch {195}. ad: CS/H. chilense.
Gpi-R1 {195}. 1R {195},
1RS {779}.		 ad: CS/King II {195}.
al: 2a, 2b, and R14 {779}.
Gpi-Rm1 {195}.   1Rm {195}. ad: CS/S. montanum.
Gpi-Sl1 {1228}.   1S1 {517}, 1S1S {1228}.  
ma: In Ae. longissima 2 x Ae. longissima 10, Gpi-Sl1, two glutenin loci, and three gliadin loci were mapped relative to one another in as follows: Glu-Sl1 - 15.9 cM - Gpi-Sl1 - 38 cM - Gli-Sl4 - 7.1 cM - Glu-Sl3 - 0.9 cM - Gli-Sl1 - 5.6 cM - Gli-Sl5 {1228}. Glu-Sl1 is located in 1SlL and the other loci are in 1SlS.
Gpi-Ss1 {1140}.   1Ss {1140}. ad: CS/T. searsii.
Gpi-U1 {195}.   1U {195}. su: CS/Ae. umbellulata.
Gpi-V1 {1026}.   1V {1026,241}. ad: CS/D. villosum.

2.9. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
 
Got-A1 {505}.   6AS {505}. v: CS.
Got-B1 {505}.   6BS {505}. v: CS.
Got-D1 {505}.   6DS {505}. v: CS.
Got-A2 {505}.   6AL {505}. v: CS.
Got-B2 {505}.   6BL {505}. v: CS.
Got-D2 {505}.   6DL {505}. v: CS.
ma: Cent - Got-D2 - 2cm - Xpsr154-6D {757}.
Got-Age2 {1575}.   6Age {1575}. ad,su: Rescue/Ag. elongatum.
Got-E2 {518}   6Eß {518}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
Got-H2 {520}.   6H {520}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Got-R2 {1457}. [Got3 {1559}]. 6R {1457}, 6RL{1280}. ad: CS/Imperial 6R {1457}; Holdfast/King II 6RL {1280}.
Got-V2 {1026,242}.   6V {1026}. ad: Creso/D. villosum.
Got-Ht2 {1037}.   6Ht {1037}. ad: CS/E. trachycaulus.
Got-A3 {505}.   3AL {505}. v: CS.
Got-B3 {505}.   3BL {505}. v: CS.
Got-C3 [{1278}].   F {1278}. ad: T. aestivum cv. Alcedo /Ae. caudata line C.
Got-D3 {505}.   3DL {505}. v: CS.
Got-Age3 {521}. 3AgeL {521}. ad: CS/TAP 67.
su: CS/TAP 67.
tr: Certain CS 3D/Ag lines
Got-E3 {518}.   3EL {518}. ad: CS/E. elongata.
Got-H3. [Got-b3 {090}]. 3H {090}. ad: CS/Betzes.
Got-Hch3 {351}.   3Hch {351}. ad: MA/H. chilense.
Got-R3 {1457}. [Got3 {1559}]. 3R {1457}. ad: CS/Imperial {1457}; Holdfast/ King II {1253}; Kharkov/Dakold {1253}.
Got-Ss3 {1140}.   3Ss {1140}. ad: CS/T. searsii.
Got-V3 {1518,242}.   3VL {1518}. ad: Creso/D. villosum.
Got-R4. [Got1/7R {1203}; Got2 {1559}]. 7RL {1203}. al: S. cereale.

Wehling {1559} identified a GOT locus designated Got1 in 4RL of S. cereale.