AUGUST, 1920. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 469
obtain reliable means for each month. The relations, if any esist, between the daily variability of temperature and the mean nionthly temperature have not been vpry
thoroughly investigated. For instance, it is possible t.mi in estremely cold nionths the variabi1it.y of temperature
is reater, and in wnrni monblis less, thnn the average. fTsing data compiled by Wa.hl6n from long recorcls of Russian stations, the author has unrlert,aken this in- vestigation. The Russian st.ations used are Warsaw
(101 years), Port Baltic (44 years), Brcha.nge1 (GS years), Astrakhan (44 years), Katharinenhurg (52 years). Rilr-
naul (45 years), and Ynkut.sb (37 venrsj. ’In addit.ion, data for Vienna (73 years) ancl for Pola (40 years) coiii- piled by von Hann, were used. The results of the investigabion were three fold: For Pola, which typifies the cliniate influenced by the occnn, there was no relation between the variahilit,y ancl tlie departure f r p i the monthly mean. Vitmnn, Wursnw, Port Baltic, Archa.nge1, and Ast,rakhnn fall into a second
croup, in which the following relation seenis to hold: In
b e months colder than normal the variithility of daily temperatures is greater .than the nvernge; in months warmer than normal, it IS less t.han t.he avernge. This region seenis to form a t.ransit.ion between oceanic and continental climates. At Barnnul nnd Kat.lia.rinenhur,airg in west Siberia, t.1iis rule does not hold, nnd nt, Y’c?kutsk in east Siberia the relat.ion is reversed; i. e.,, in wint.er months colder than normal there is a smnll variahility of t,emperat.urF, and in those warmer than normnl the variability IS large. The proof that these relat,ions are not, accidental is to be found in the sniooth progression of values from Poln t.0 Yakutsk. The relation is weakest in regions of most, intense cold. Great variahi1it.y of tenipmit,ure implies cold nnd warm waves following one mother rapidly. But in Yakut.sk the lower the iiionthly n i r ~n lies the more uniform the temperature, because of fewer w r m
waves.’-C! L. M.
THE LAWS OF APPROACH TO THE GEOSTROPHIC WIND-
By F. J. R’. WHIPPLE.
[Abstracted from Quor. Jour. Roy. dfWZ Sa-., 40, 39-53, Jan., lP?O.?]
In the steady state, t.he forces n t each level in the atmosphere due to rotation, radieiib, and intt~nal fric-
surface, t i e addit,ional drag clue, to frict,ion is pract,iciilly equal and opposite to the drag clue t.o t.he eddies, since it may be shown that the conihined effect of pressure t i n d
rotation is only one-thirtieth that of one of the ot.lier two forces, and hence mav be ignored. The actual wind
at any level is considered as the vector suni of the gra- dient wind and a fictitious “relative wind.” In t,he case of stra.ight,, parallel, mot,ionless isolmrs. with uni- form distribution of density, gradient, and eddy niot,ion throughout the heiuht considered, t.he above conditions
lead to three laws: ?. The relative wind fiills off w-ith in- crease of height according to the exponential law x=R,e-@Z-a), where R is tlie relative wind at t.he height z, and R, that a t height 2,; B is a constnnt., B? = w sin X (pip) . 11. The direction of the relat.ivc wind turns uniformly wit,h increase of height, the circular mensure of ita azimuth being given by 4 - +” = B (.z - 2,).
tion (edd viscosity) must ba P nnce; in the hyer nest t,he
1 The colder the air the stronger the disturbance necessary to blow it away. Rut in thecoldest ~,e ~~e r i ~c ~t i ~t a l i n t e r i o r s ,s t l c h aseeutralbiberia. the windsareusually weak. The warm wmds of wnter mav ghde over the cold surface layers for many hours and mav not reach the surface at all bdfore they cease to blow.-EI)ITOR.
2 Cf. Science dbatracts, Apr. 30, 1933, p. 518.
111. The angle between the actual wind near the sur-
face and the relative wind there is 135O. Tlie velocity curve traced out by the lines, drawn from a fised origin, representing t.he relative winds at all heights, is t.he equi- nnwlar spiral of Ekman, the constant angle between the r&us vector and t,he tungent (the latter representing transfer of moment.um by the eddies) being 45’. The Law of Dynniiiic Siniilarity t.hen lends t.o Taylor’s rcl.st.ion. V, = G (cos a - sin a).
Tlie first. two laws also hold when G changes with height: G=G,+h; then e-3ilr14 R,=n(V,-IT), where
IT =A/nB JB, and a = SpV,/pBJZ, a eneralization of Liw 111. With V,, arid IT known, 6, may be com- uted; and with tlic law of chsnge of G wibh height
!nown, V at any l e d may he computed. Tlie t8heory is applied to the case where observation shows east whds at the surface to be replaced by wst winds at 3,000
met,ew, so that the chapge of gnrlicnt wind with in- creasing height is equivnlent to the addition of a westerly component,; then for surface winds of equal st,rength, it is found t.hat the backing of the surface wind is least for south winds, greatest for north winds; the ratio of surface wind to adient wind is least for southeast graditmt wind ancrgreatt.st for northwest. This shows tdic tendency for tlie surface wind to be governed by the wost,rophic wind alof t rathrr than tlie geostrophic
winci‘at tlie suiqace. Tlie theory is applied in iletnil t80 Dobson’s Salisbury Plain observations, and again tlie fact is theoret,ically confirmed that the gradient speed is attained at about 300 meters, while the paclient direction is not attained unt,il a much ,mater lieidit. Comparisons of theory
with observat,ion are rtw&red difficult because of the influence of the anemometer exposures, but such com- tu-isons as have been made, cs ec.ially with the data of
being much lighter in compnrison with gradient winds
t,lian t,liose from northwes t . (3 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW: July, 1915, 43:
315-316; Sept., 1917, 45: 455.; Jan., 191S, 46: 33; May,
{I. Iioraen, teiid to confirm t E e theory-south winds
191S, 46: 21 1; Oct., 1919, 47: 703-707.-E. W. TV.
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES AND VARIATIONS OF LATI- TUDE.
By G. ZEIL.
-4ug. 2, 1920.1 [.\hstmrtcd from Cumpfes Rcndus, Paris Academy of Sciences, t. 171, pp. 311-313,
Omori, Milne, and Cancani found that destructive earthquakes took place at 01: near times of niasinium or niinimuni variation. of ’ l a t h h . Brillouin concluded
that, variations of lat,ltucle were caused by sudden internal movenient,s, of seismic . origin; Moiitcssus de Ballore’s former d0ubt.s about this would not now hold, since he has come to believe that earthquakes and epeirogenic movement.s are one and t,lie same. (C! R., 155, 1S33,
1914.) The present author states that on a rrrallel of labitude,
brium two by two, at the opposite estremities of dia- metrrs of the circle; if one of these molecules is dis- placed along the diameter, a seesaw movement of the dianieter will take place such that tlie displaced es-
t,reniity will be above the normal level of rotat.ion if it approaches the center, and below if it recedes from the center. On the basis of his former studies (see MONTHLY WEATIIER REVIEW, 48, 356, June, 1930), Zeil then
t,he various molecules of the lit,hosp P iere are. in equili-
470 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. AUGUST, 1920
contencis that in this manner ccn.trifuguir .earthquakes . those of subniarine or!&, esscntially centri etal, and will cause the olar axis to incline toward the read- justed arch an 2 increase the latitude of the disturbed their different met,hods of action explaln why the quakes
area; while cen.triyetaZ quakes will cause the 01) osite. occiir either at8 mnsinium or minimuni variat'ion of ~ntaqonistiic! uakes will have little or no effect. f t has lat,ituc1e.-E. 11'. W. been shown t 1 at the Japanese quakes are of two typcs-
those of continentd origin, essent8ially cent,ri .P ugal-and
BI BLIOQRAPHY.
RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE WEATHER BUREAU LIBRARY.
C. FITZEUGA TALMAN, Profeaqor i n Charge of Library.
books linve heen selec.ted from among recently received as rq>rescnting those most likely to he useful to Weather Bureau officiltls in their iiieteorological work nncl studies :
Alt, Eugen. Klimatologie von Suddeutschhncl. 11'. Teil. Luftdruckvepi- lunq uber Europa, dargestellt nach Peutadenniitteln. (Periode lSS0 bis 1909.) Munich. 1919. 12 p. 16 plates. 33 cni. (Sonderabdruck aus dem Deutschen nieteorolugischen Jahrbuch fur Bayern 1919.)
Sonn-ntiitigkeit, Sonnenstrahhng. Liifttemperatnr und erdmng- netische A k t i v h t im Verlauf einer Sonnenrotation. GottinKen. 1920. 7 p. 33 cm. (Am den Niachrichteii von der K. Gwell- schaft dsr Wissenschaften zu Gbttingen.)
Den fuktiide termometern i frostvarningarnm tjinst. Stockholm. 1920. 1 sheet. 30 cm. (Sartryk iir Landmannen, Tidskrift for landman, nr. 23 1920.) Viiderlekatjlnsten till jordbrrtkets fromnia. Stockholm. 1 E O . 8 p. 234 cm. (Siirtryck ur jordbruksticlskiften Svenskt Land 1920.)
Atkins, W. R. G . Variation of tem erature and humidity with altitude: notes on the wind and otter meteorologicnl ohscrvatiuns nm4e at Aboukir. London. [1919] 10 p. 24 cni. (Great Britain. Advisory committee for aeronautics. Rt-ports and memorando, no. 43tL
April, 1918.)
Thunderstorms i n the British Islanils durinq Janiiary, February,
and March, 1917. London. 1'319. G 11. 2-1 cni. ((;rent Brit- ain. Advisory comnuttee for aeronautics. Reports nnrl niem- oranda, no. 507. June, 1917. )
Records of temperature and altitude. Lnndon. 1319. 10 p.
2.1 cm. (Great Britain. Advisory committee for aeronautics. Reports and memoranda, no. 501.
Chile. Instituto meteoroldgico y geofisico. Instrucciones nieteorol6gicae.. Santiago. 1319. 135 p. 56 cm.
Chistoni. Ciro. Contributo a110 studio dell'altezza specifics e dclla dmsiti delle neve. Naples. 1919. 7 p. 21 cm. (.E&. dal Renil. rlella R. Accnd. delle scienze fimche e niateniatiche di Napoli. 8erie
Angenheister, G .
Angstriim, Anders.
Cave, C. J. P.
Clayton, Brian C.. & Shaw, Sir Napier.
May, 1917.)
3a, vol. 25, 1919.) Eliofanometro, eliofano rafo ed eliofania. Naples. !9?!. p. 3-7. 24 cm. fEstr. dal Bchttino dells SOC. dei nat,urillieti i n Nai~oll.
VOl. 23, i93O.j
' Notizie sulla pi0 fiia torrenziale e sulls grandine d ~1 $orno 6 di iu no 1918. gaples. 1918. 6 1). 24 cm. (Estr. dal Rend. !elfa R. Accad. delle scienze fisiche e matematiche di N:ipoli. Serie 33, vol. 24, 191s.)
Zur Fiilschung der Bahnen von Pilotballnnen durch vertikale Luftstrijmungen. Leipzig. [1914]. p. 57-79. 31i+ cm. (Son- derabdruck. Beitr5ge ziir Physik der freien Atnioephiire. Bd.
6 ; H 2.) [Cites caae of evident vprtical motion, and attempts to compute the Rpeed of the vertical currents from the erratic character of the horizontal projection based on observations with one theodolite.]
Dietzius, Robert.
Dines, W. H. Table of tem erature, pressure and density at different levels up to 20 kiEmeters. London. 1919. 1 D. 34 cm. (Great Britain. Advisory committee for aeronahics. Reports slid memoranda, no. 509. July, 1917.)
Dobson, G . B. M. Errors of the reading of nltimetcrs and air-speed indicators due to variation of tcmprrature of t,he air. London. 1919. 6 p. 24
cni. (Great Britain. ddrisory conilllittee for aeronautics. Reports and memoranda, no. 610. Observations of wind structure ni:ule at Upavon in 1914. Lon- (Inn. [I9131 42 p. 24 cni. (Great Britain. Advisory com- niittee for aeronautics. Reports and memoranda, no. 325. Anril. 1917.1
May. 1919.)
--x ~ -2
Elgie, Joseph H.
Great Britain. Advisorv committee [or aeronautics.
Elgie's wmther book. London. 1920. 251 p: 16 cm. [Re- viewed ill iVdim, dug. 12, 1930, 739.
Jlctporology. London. [n. d.] 21 p. 34 cm. (Reports and meniornuda. no. 296. Aug., 1916.)
Variation of wind speed near the ground. London. 1919. 8 p. 51 em. (Great I3ritain. Advisory committee for aeronautics. Rqwrts and mminranda, no. 531. March, 1915.)
London. 1919. 4.p. 24 cni. (Great Britain. Advisory committee for ncronantics. Rcpnrts and menioranda, no. 31. July, 1916.)
Nde on the tail nitnthod of olmrviig pilot balloons. London.
[I9191 6. p. 24 mi. (Grmt Britnin. Advisory committee for awonaiitics. Reports and memoranda. (New series) no. 309. Jan.. 1917.)
Great Britain. Naval meteorological service.
Great Britain. Royal aircraft factory. Effrrt of abnormal weather on aeroplane performance.
Great Britain. Royal flying corps.
Haeuser, Josef. Kiirze stnrke Regenfdle in Rayern, ihre Ergiebi keit, Dauer, IntensitHt. Hiiiifrekcit und Auedehnunp. Nach %a Beobach- tungvn dcr Jnhrcc1899-191B unter brsnnderer Beriicksichti ung ihrvr Bedeutung iml Verwnclbarkeit fur dir Wwerwirtacfmft. Munich. 1919. 243 !I. 253 Abbildung. 33 cm. (Abh. der B:iy. Landesstdlv f. GewiisRerkunde.)
Etude pr6liminairc siir les viLPsses dii vent e t les temp6ratures dsns l'air libre a dos hauteurs diffirentw. Upsala. 1920. p. 97-11s. 344 cni. (CiInogrsfiska anmiler 1930, H. 2.)
(Translated from the French by D. L. Ihcon. ) [Nanifolderl]. [Wnshington. lW20.1 5 p.. 28 cni. (IT. 8. Natiunal adrisorv committee for aeronautics. Tech- nic-a1 notes. No. 13.) [h s t r a c t i n later REVIEW.]
Tt~mperatiirvcrtciliin~ in InnPrn und i n clrr nHchsten Umgebung cmes freirni Durchzug gc.i;ff iietpn Geb:iudes. Munich. 1919. 3 p. 33 cin. (Sond~ral~druck aiin dem Deutsches meteorol. Sahrbuch fur Rayern 1919.)
Ocwan tcBmperatures, their relation to solar radiation and oceanic cirrulntion. Qaantitative comparisons of certain empirical rrsults with thclsr deduced by principles and methods of mathe- niatical physics. Berkdey. 1919. p. 3'27421. 27 cm. (Re- print. from a volumc of Miscrllaneous studies in a culture and biologv in the Semicentennial publications of t c University of C':alifornia. 1SG9-131S.)
c'n.pillary niovemmt of soil moisture. Washin@on. 1920. 70 p. 23 cni. (U. 6. Dept. of a p . Bull. 835.) [Effect of temperature on soil moisture conditions, p. 5G.1
Indicators for csrbon dioxide and oxygen in air and flue gas.
Washington. 19'20. 33 p. 33 cm. (U. S. Bureau of mines.
HildFbrandsson. H. H.
Idrac. P. Stxiring flight in Guinea.
Kienlc, Hans.
McEwen, George F.
McLaughlin, Walter W.
Milligan, L. H., Crites, D. O.,. & Wilson, W. S,
TechniFal papw 33S.1 - Naples. R. Universittt. lstituto fisica terrestre. Valori orarii diurni delle nreciuitazioni registrate all'Istituto. (1909-1916 inclusivi.) N6iles.- 1917. 47 6. 33 cm.
Recherchw sur le gradient du potential dectriqae de I'atmos here a Upala. Stockholm. 1917. 57 p. 30 cm. (Kiingl. Even- ska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar. Bd. 56. N:r 4.) '
Norinder, Harald.