Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resource Study

¹ Barnard, A Report, 6; Jacqui Handly, Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C.: A Cultural Landscape Inventory (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office [Falls Church Office, Denver Service Center, National Park Service], 1996), 41.

² Barnard, A Report, 33

³ Barnard, A Report, 86; Kelly, Fortification, 35; Joseph Mills Hanson, Bull Run Remembers . . . The History, Traditions and Landmarks of the Manassas (Bull Run) Campaigns Before Washington 1861-1862 (Manassas, VA: National Capitol Publishers, 1961), 29; Chapter Three, "Defenses of Washington," In Engineer Operations in Past Wars, Part One (Fort Humphrey, VA: The Engineer School, 1926), 31.

⁴ Barnard, A Report, 63; Gustave J. Fiebeger, A Text-Book on Field Fortification, Third Edition (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1913), 73; John M. Wilson, "The Defenses of Washington, 1861-1865," #38 in The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, The Washington, DC Commandery, War Papers (Washington, DC: The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, 1901), 16; Kelly, Fortification, 27; U.S., Engineer School, Pamphlet on the Evolution of the Art of Fortification, Engineer School Occasional Paper No. 58, Prepared Under the Direction of William M. Black (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 89; for Barnard's lengthy description of the forts, see the Appendices.

⁵ George B. McClellan, McClellan's Own Story — The War for the Union, the Soldiers Who Fought It, the Civilians Who Directed It And His Relations to It and to Them (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887), 72; Chapter Three, 30; Pamphlet, 89; Barnard, A Report, 33, 86; Hanson, Bull Run Remembers, 29.

⁶ Barnard, A Report, 72-73

⁷ Barnard, A Report, 76; David V. Miller, The Defense of Washington During the Civil War. (Buffalo, New York: Mr. Copy, 1976), 7; Fiebeger, A Text-Book, 73; Kelly, Fortification, 29.

⁸ Barnard, A Report, 76-77

⁹ History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery (Boston, MA: Luther E. Cowles, Publisher, 1902), 67; Alfred Bellard, Gone for a Soldier: The Civil War Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard, Edited by David Donald (Boston, MA, 1975), 274; ORA, I, 46, Part 3 (serial 97), Memorandum of C.C. Augur, May 10, 1865, 1130; RG77, E-18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers; RG77, E-18, A2120, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, February 6, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2145, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, March 3, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, May 4, 1865; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2, organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 588, W21, Department of Washington, April 8, 1865.

¹⁰ RG77, E-18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; RG77, E-18, A2120, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, February 6, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2145, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, March 3, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1865; RG77, E-18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, May 4, 1865.

¹¹ Pamphlet, 89; Barnard, A Report; 33, 86; Hanson, Bull Run Remembers, 29

¹² Barnard, A Report, 73-74

¹³ Barnard, A Report, 58-62; "Defenses of Washington," in DeB. Randolph Keim, Keim's Illustrated Hand-Book. Washington and Its Environs: A Descriptive and Historical Hand-Book to the Capital of the United States of America, Fourth Edition–Corrected to July, 1874 (Washington, DC: For the Compiler, 1874), 230; Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 225-32; T. Michael Miller, "Jones Point: Haven of History," The Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia Yearbook, 21 (1986-1988), 15-73; Ames W. Williams, "The Location of Battery Rodgers," Echoes of History, 5, April 1975, 33-34; ORA, I, 39, Part 2 (serial 49), J.G. Barnard to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, October 13, 1863, 310-11; for a great amount of information pertaining to Fort Foote and Battery Rodgers see: Leonard E. Brown, National Capital Parks: Fort Stanton, Fort Foote, Battery Ricketts (Washington, DC: Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center, National Park Service, 1970) and William J. Dickman, Battery Rodgers at Alexandria, Virginia (Manhattan, KS: MA/AH Publishing, 1980).

¹⁴ Barnard, A Report, 32-33 [see footnote at bottom of pages], 62; Brown, Fort Stanton, 119-21.; Cooling, Mr. Lincoln's Forts, 225-32; Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, (1991 edition), 236; Statutes at Large, 38th Congress, 1863-65, Volume 13 [(Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1866), 354; RG77, E-36, A4354, Brevet Lieutenant Colonel William P. Craighill, Baltimore, Maryland, to Chief Of Engineers, December 1, 1870; ORA, I, 39, Part 2 (serial 49), J.G. Barnard to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, October 13, 1863, 310-11.

¹⁵ ORA, I, 19, Part 2 (serial 28), Nathaniel P. Banks to Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, September 11, 2862, 264; ORA, I, 43, Part 1 (serial 91), 281, October 4, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, 281; Barnard, A Report, 86; ORA, I, 46, Part 3,(serial 97), Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, May 6, 1865, 1099-1100.

¹⁶ Barnard, A Report, 16-17

¹⁷ ORA, I, 29, Part 2 (serial 49), J.G. Barnard to John C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant General, U.S. Army, October 27, 1863, 393; RG77, E560, Military Telegraph, G.D. Ramsay, Arsenal, to Lieutenant Thomas M. Farrell, Aide-de-Camp, September 8, 1862; ORA, I, 37, Part 2 (serial 71), C.C. Augur to Henry W. Halleck, Chief Of Staff, July 29, 1864, 492-95; ORA, I, 25, Part 2 (serial 40), R.O. Tyler to Brigadier General Henry J. Hunt, October 22, 1862, 129-30; RG393, Part 2, E6744, Colonel William Bly(?) To Major L. Flint, September 24, 1862; ORA, I, 19, Part 2 (serial 28), J.G. Barnard to Major General Fitz John Porter, September 8, 1862, 212; RG393, Part 2, E6731, B.S. Alexander to Brigadier General J.A. Haskin, Chief of Artillery, January 18, 1865; RG393, Part 2, E6731, A. Grant Childs, Engineer in Chief, Defenses South of the Potomac, to Gustavus A. De Russy, commanding Division, April 6, 1865; RG77, E575, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, May 23, 1863, pages 3-4; RG77, E575, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, May 23, 1863, pages 4-5.

¹⁸ ORA, I, 29, Part 2 (serial 49), Special Orders No. 497, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, November 9, 1863, 443; ORA, I, 29, Part 2 (serial 49), J.G. Barnard to John C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant General, U.S. Army, October 27,1863, 393-94; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 4, 1864, B86, W.F. Barry, Inspector of Artillery, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, January 9, 1864; RG393, Part 2, E6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 13, #31, J.A. Haskin, Haskin's Division, to Brigadier General W.F. Barry, Chief Of Artillery, February 29, 1864 RG77, E553, Volume 2, pages 141-42, B.S. Alexander to Brigadier General A.B. Dyer, Chief of Ordnance, February 17, 1865.

¹⁹ RG77, E560, Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple to J.G. Barnard, September 5th, 1862; ORA, I, 25, Part 2 (serial 40), J.G. Barnard to Major General S.P. Heintzelman, March 31, 1863, 177-80; RG393, Part 1, E5412, Chief of Ordnance, Department of Washington, February 10, 1864; RG77, E553, Volume 2, pages 154-55, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, March 14, 1865; ORA, I, 43, Part 1 (serial 91), B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, October 4, 1864, 281; RG393, Part 1, E5412, Colonel L. Schrimer, commanding 2nd Brigade and 15th Regiment New York Artillery, Defences South of Potomac, Fort Lyon, to B.S. Alexander, November 21, 1863; RG393, Part 2, E6708, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 184/408 DW, Colonel A. Piper, commanding 3rd Brigade, Fort Baker, to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskin, commanding Haskin's Division, February 27, 1864; RG94, E-65, Returns of Civil War Army Corps, Divisions, and Departments, 1861-65, Defenses of Washington, Box 143, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Semi-monthly Tabular Statement, showing the strength of the Garrisons and Armament of the forts . . . on the 15th June 1863; ORA, I, 36, Part 2 (serial 68), A.P. Howe to Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, May 17, 1864, 883-96; ORA, I, 12, Part 3 (serial 18), Lieutenant.Colonel N.B. Sweitzer to Colonel D.B. Sacket, Inspector-General, March 29, 1862, 29- 30; Barnard, A Report, at the end of the plates at the end of the report are two pages of "Tables of Armaments" in the works of the Defenses of Washington.

²⁰ Henry L. Scott, Military Dictionary: Comprising Technical Definitions; Information on Raising and Keeping Troops; Actual Service Including Makeshifts and Improved Material; and Law, Government, Regulation, and Administration Relating to Land Forces (New York: D. Van Nostrand, l86l), 393-94; U.S., Department of Defense, The Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dictionary of United States Military Terms for Joint Usage (Short Title: JD); JCS Pub. 1 (Washington, DC: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, February 1, 1962),129; The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Edited by William Morris.(New York, NY: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. and Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973), 767.

²¹ U. S., Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1971), I-23.

²² James A. Huston, The Sinews of War: Army Logistics 1775-1953, Army Historical Series (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1966), 168-69; Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775-1939 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1962), 333-87; Richard M. Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City: An Illustrated Guide to the Civil War Sites of Washington (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1981), 14-17; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), 186, 189-90, 213-14; United States Army Logistics 1775-1922: An Anthology, Selected and Edited by Charles R. Shrader, Volume 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1997), 191, 194-95; Miller, The Defense, 47; Handly, Civil War Defenses, 18-20; Marvin A. Kreidberg and Merton G. Henry, History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army 1775-1945; Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 20-212 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1955), 85-86, 123-29.

²³ Huston, The Sinews, 173-75; Risch, Quartermaster Support, 389-92.

²⁴ RG393, Part 2, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Volume 21/240 5AC, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, page 1, Colonel Thomas D. Doubleday to General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant General, U.S. Army, February 26, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Volume 21/240 5AC, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, pages 22-24, Thomas D. Doubleday to Major Julius P. Garesche, Assistant Adjutant General, U.S. Army, March 22, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Volume 7/48, 1 AC, General Orders & Special Orders, E 3722, page 341, General Orders No. 3, March 2, 1862; Frank J. Welcher, The Union Army, 1861-1865: Organization and Operations, Volume 1, The Eastern Theater (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1989), 495,546-62; Huston, The Sinews, 170-71, 173-75; Risch, Quartermaster Support, 389-92.

²⁵ Risch, Quartermaster Support, 384; Huston, The Sinews, 174

²⁶ Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 14

²⁷ Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 14-16; Stephen M. Forman, A Guide to Civil War Washington (Washington, D.C.: Elliott & Clark Publishing, 1995), 77-80

²⁸ Huston, The Sinews, 174-75; Thomas J. Owen, "Dear Friends at Home . . .": The Letters and Diary of Thomas James Owen, Fiftieth New York Volunteer Engineer Regiment, During the Civil War, Edited with an Introduction by Dale E. Floyd (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1985), xiii and xvi, footnote 7; Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 16; Risch, Quartermaster Support, 384, 427, 430.

²⁹ Brown, Fort Stanton, 87, 108, 110-11; Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 39, 48-49, 123-25; 151-53; B.S. Alexander D. Mitchell, IV, Washington, D.C.: Then and Now (San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press, 2000), 66-67; Forman, A Guide, 21; William D. Haley, Philp's Washington Described, A Complete View of the American Capital, and the District of Columbia; with Many Notices, Historical, Topographical, and Scientific, of the Seat of Government (Washington, D.C.: Philp & Solomons, circa 1861), 224-25; RG77, E560, Military Telegraph, J.G. Benton to J.G. Barnard, October 10, 1863; RG393, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, E5382, Letters Received, 1863, supplement B Appendix, Box 2, J.G. Barnard to S.P Heintzelman, commanding Department Washington, May 27, 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 226, J.G. Barnard to S.P Heintzelman, May 27, 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 133, B.S. Alexander to Major Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, December 1, 1862; ORA, I, 51, Part 1 (serial 107), Special Orders No. 15, Headquarters, Defenses of Washington, September 24, 1862, 862; Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Edited by Janet B. Hewett; Assistant Editors. Jocelyn Pinson, Julia Nichols and Katherine Hill (Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, Volume 42 (serial 54), Part 2-Records of Events, 1997), Ninth New York Heavy Artillery, Field And Staff, August 1863, page 34; RG393, Part 1, E5382, 1863, Box No. 2, A 48 1863, supplement, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant. Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, December 17, 1863; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 1, B132 1862, J.G. Barnard to Colonel Chauncey McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862 including a letter filed with it–B.S. Alexander to J.G. Barnard, October 20, 1862 [copies found in RG77, E553, pages 121-23].

³⁰ Barnard, A Report, 77

³¹ Barnard, A Report, 78

³² Barnard, A Report, 33, 85; ORA, I, 19, Part 2 (serial 28), October 6, 1862, J.G. Barnard to J.C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant General, 392; Black, The Evolution of the Art of Fortification. 89.

³³ Barnard, A Report, 77, maps following page 152; Joseph B. Mitchell, Outlines of the World's Military History (Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Company, copyright 1931, 4th Edition, August 1940), 468; RG 393, Part 2, E6610, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel Haskin, Aide-de-Camp, in charge of Defences North of the Potomac, December 2, 1862 [also in RG77, E553, page 136]; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 226, J.G. Barnard to S.P. Heintzelman, May 27, 1863; RG77, E18, B314', J.G. Barnard to J.G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1864; RG 77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, pages 397-98, J.G. Barnard to C.C. Augur, May 5, 1864; RG393, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, E443, Volume 207/475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, pages 101-02, SO 73, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, 201, H4, Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, March 13, 1864; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 133, B.S. Alexander to Major Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, December 1, 1862; RG 393. Part 2, E6744, Fort Woodbury, November 21, 1862, to Colonel Leavitt Hunt, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac–In obediance to Circular November 21 referring to General Order No. 6 of October 29, 1862; RG 393. Part 2, E6744, Fort Woodbury, November 21, 1862, to Colonel Leavitt Hunt, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac; RG 393. Part 2, E6744, Fort Lyon, November 21, 1862, Colonel George Wells, commanding Fort Lyon, to Colonel Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac; RG 393. Part 2, E6744, Headquarters, Artillery Defenses of Alexandria, November 21, 1862, Colonel R.O. Tyler, commanding Artillery Defenses of Alexandria, to Colonel Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac; RG393, Part 3, Military District Of Washington, 1862-64, E646, Letters, 1862-64, T50–1863 & W443–1863, J.W. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, 22 AC, to Brigadier General J.H. Martindale, Military Governor, Washington, DC, November 28, 1863; RG393, Part 2, E6708, Letter Sent, 1863-65, Volume 184/408 DW, n page number, Headquarters, 3rd Brigade, Fort Baker, December 3, 1863 to Lieutenant. Colonel Haskin, Aide-de-Camp, Charge of Haskin's Division; RG393, Part 1, E5382, 1863, Box No. 2, A48 1863, supplement, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief Of Staff, December 17, 1863; ORA, I, 43, Part 2 (serial 91), October 4, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, 280, 283, 287; ORA, I, 21 (serial 31), December 24, 1862 "Commission Report," 915; Viator [Joseph Bradley Varnum], The Washington Sketch Book (New York: Mohyn Ebbbs & Hough, 1864), Chapter XXXV. FORTS, 267[268], 270-71; RG393, Part 2, E6744, Headquarters, Casey's Division, to Major Leavitt Hunt, Aide-de-Camp, Defences South of the Potomac, November 24, 1862; ORA, I, 33 (serial 60), Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, March 13, 1864, "Memorandum for General J.G. Barnard, Chief Engineer Defenses of Washington, 673; RG393, Part. II, E6610, Headquarters, Defences of Washington, June 28th, 1863, J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff Assistant Adjutant General to Colonel J.A. Haskin in charge of Defences North of Potomac; RG 393, Part 2, E6610, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskin, Aide-de-Camp, in charge of Defences North of the Potomac, December 2, 1862 [also in RG77, E553, page 136]; RG393, Part 1, E5382, 1863, Box No. 2, A48 1863, supplement, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant. Colonel J.H. Taylor, Department Chief Of Staff, December 17, 1863; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 1, A46 1862, B.S. Alexander to J.A. Haskin, Lieutenant. Colonel, A.D.C., Sep 30, 1862; RG77, E560, Military Telegraph, Lieutenant Daniel F. Schenck, Fort Lyon, to J.G. Barnard, May 28, 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 133, B.S. Alexander to Major Leavitt Hunt, Assistant Adjutant General, December 1, 1862; RG77, E575, page 18, Memorandum–Fort Mahan, July 18, 1864; RG77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 397-98, J.G. Barnard to C.C. Augur, May 5, 1864; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, No. 76, John Collins, August 6, 1862; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 365, N2, C.H. Nichols, Superintendent, Insane Asylum, December 16, 1863; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 416, P17, C.H. Potter, Assistant Adjutant General, June 1, 1863; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 201, H4, Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, March 13, 1864; RG77, E18, B314', J.G. Barnard to J.G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1864; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 136, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskin, in charge Defences North of the Potomac, December 2,1862; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 136, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskin, in charge of Defences, North of Potomac, December 2, 1862; RG393, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, E443, Volume 207/475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, page 101-02, Special Orders No. 73, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862; RG 77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 388-89, J.G. Barnard to Colonel T.R. Tannatt, April 5, 1864; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, No. 76, John Collins, August 6, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Volume 178/382 DW, page 34, Special Orders 39, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, October 19, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Volume 178/382 DW, page 73, Special Orders 59, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, November 17, 1862; RG393, Part 2, Volume 178/382 DW, page 305, De Russy's Division, to Colonel J.C. Lee, July 3, 1864.

³⁴ Barnard, A Report, 77-78; Pamphlet, 89; RG77, E18, A2057, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, November 1, 1864; RG77, E-18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Richard Delafield, Chief of Engineers, January 3, 1865; Viator, The Washington Sketch Book, 273.

³⁵ Pamphlet, 89; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 1, B132 1862, J.G. Barnard to Colonel Chauncey McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862 [this and letter from B.S. Alexander to J.G. Barnard, October 20, 1862 are also in RG77, E553, pages 121-23], B.S. Alexander to J.G. Barnard, October 20, 1862; RG 77, E558, page 86, endorsement on the letter from the Interior Department in re: to injury done the Washington Aqueduct by travel of heavy government wagons over it, referred to these Headquarters for a report, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of the Defenses of Washington, April 26, 1861; John Tidball, 3rd Brigade, De Russy's Division, Fort Ethan Allen, November 27, 1863, to Captain C.H. Potter, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington.

³⁶ Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992), 195; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, 201, H4, Henry W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, March 13, 1864; ORA, I, 33 (serial 60), 673, J.G. Barnard's Memorandum, March 13, 1864; RG77, E18, B314', J.G. Barnard to J.G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, April 6, 1864; Barnard, A Report, 126.

³⁷ Barnard, A Report, 78-81; Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, 157-58; Mitchell, Washington, D.C, 136-37; Stanley Kimmel, Mr. Lincoln's Washington (New York, NY: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1957), 40-42, 133; Haley, Philp's Washington Described, 193-95.