Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resource Study

¹ John G. Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Corps of Engineers Professional Paper No. 20 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1871), 32-33, 82-85.

² ORA, I, Volume 5, pages 698-99, Barnard to Gen S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant General, Army of the Potomac, January 13, 1862, page 698; Barnard, A Report, 32-33; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Page 160, Frost to Colonel Cogswell, Commanding Brigade, December 29, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864 (Within–letter from Barnard to SW, January 16, 1864); RG77, Entry 18, B9332, Barnard to Kurtz, in Charge of Engineer Bureau, October 15, 1862, with this personal report–Barnard, Extract, October 6, 1862–enclosed with B9332 (B9332, Barnard to Kurtz, in Charge of Engineer Bureau, October 15, 1862; ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, February 2, 1864, 64.

³ Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, 125, 133; 0ra[ Elmer] Hunt, "Defending the National Capital," In Francis T. Miller. The Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 Volumes (New York: The Review of Reviews Co., 1911), Volume 5, 102.

⁴ ORA, Serial 71, Volume 37, Part 2, Alexander to Halleck, July 6, 1864, made examination of Chain Bridge and Aqueduct Bridge, page 85; ORA, I, Serial 91, 286, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 4, A116, 1865, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, April 6, 1865.

⁵ ORA, I, 33, page 888, Halleck to Grant, April 17,1864; Barnard, A Report, 125; RG 77, Entry 18, B9932, with this personal report– Barnard, Extract, October 6, 1862–enclosed with B9332(B9332, Barnard to Kurtz, in Charge of Engineer Bureau, October 15, 1862) after some remarks–; RG77, E556, Volume 1, No. 40, Colonel, 59th New York Volunteer, March 17, 1862.

⁶ RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 162, G5, A.A. Gibson, April 18, 1864; RG393, Part 2, E6731–Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, to DeRussy, commanding Division, July 9, 1864; RG77, Entry 554, page 33, May 6, 1862, Brightly to Captain F.E. Prime, Engineer of Fortifications; ORA, Serial 91, page 287, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864; RG393, Part 4, E1358, Volume 398/1027 DW, page 7-8, Captain Robert J. Nevin, commanding post, Fort Whipple, to Lieutenant Lyman SW Cushing, Acting Assistant Adjutant General 1st Brig, DeRussy's Division, December 22, 1864.

⁷ RG393, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, E443, Volume 207/475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, No page, General Orders 1, Fort Ethan Allen, January 4, 1864; ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, War Department, Adjt. General's Office, February 2, 1864, page 63-64; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 585, W7, Department of Washington, February 3, 1865; ORA, Serial 71, Volume 37, Part 2, Alexander to Halleck, July 6, 1864, pages 84.

⁸ ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, February 2, 1864, page 63-64; ORA, Serial 125, page 62, No. 11, February 1864; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 124-25, Barnard to Robert B. Parrot, November 6; Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992), 194; Miller, The Photographic History, "Forts and Artillery,", page 187.

⁹ Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 62, 64; E.B. Long with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861-1865 (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971), 364; Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960), 189; Frobel, The Civil War Diary, 195-98; ORA, I, Serial 87, page 992, Major Thomas Lincoln Casey, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army to the Chief of Engineers, Richard Delafield December 29, 1864; ORA, I, Serial 89, Volume 92, Part 3, Richard Delafield to Charles A. Dana, November 18, 1864, 641-42; Record Group77, Entry 18, Letters Received, B9806, Barnard to Chief of Engineers, June 25, 1863, encloses copy of Lieutenant D.F. Schenck, 50th New York Volunteer Engineers, Report of June 18, 1863, concerning magazine explosion at Fort Lyon; Record Group 393, Part 1, Entry 5412, Major J.C. Willard, Aide-de-Camp to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Assistant Adjutant General, June 10, 1863; Record Group 393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 1863- 65, Volume 189 DW, page 114, June 10, 1863.

¹⁰ ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, February 2, 1864, regulations for the care of field-works and the government of their garrisons, prepared by Brigadier General Barry, U.S. Army Inspector of Artillery, page 64.

¹¹ ORA, Serial 125, General Orders No. 42, February 2, 1864, regulations for the care of field-works and the government of their garrisons, prepared by Brigadier General Barry, U.S. Army Inspector of Artillery, page 64.

¹² ORA, I, 5, pages 698-99, Barnard to General S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant General, Army of the Potomac, January 13, 1862, page 698; RG77, E558, to S.P. Heintzelman, Endorsement of Gen Barnard on letter of Colonel B.S. Alexander dated Washington June 25th 1863 (Letters Received 250), page 65; RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 1, 1863, B10, J.G. Barnard to Major General S. Heintzelman, commanding Defenses of Washington, July 9, 1863; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 250, Alexander to Barnard, June 25, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, 1862, 63-65, Volume 21/240 5AC, Page 37-38, Headquarters, Military Defenses North of Potomac, Assistant Adjutant General to Major U. Doubleday, Ordnance Officer, April 15, 1862.

¹³ ORA, Series , Volume , Serial 91, pages 280-88, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, pages 287-88.

¹⁴ RG77, Entry 18, A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2232, Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers, December 3, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2145, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of February 1865, March 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2120, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of January 1865, February 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of April 1865, May 4, 1865; RG 393. P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6744, Fort Lyon, November 21, 1862, Colonel George Wells, commanding Fort Lyon, to Colonel Hunt, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defenses South of the Potomac; RG77, Entry 18, B196', Barnard to Totten, February 4, 1864; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, Major Andrew Washburne, Acting Ordnance Officer, Arlington, to Barnard, September 9, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864.

¹⁵ RG77, Entry 18, A1862 1863, Colonel H.L. Abbot, Captain, Engineers, near Fort Richardson, to Totten, May 26, 1863; RG 77, Entry 18, B9913, Barnard to Totten, August 20, 1863; RG 77, Entry 18, B9933, Barnard to Totten, August 29, 1863.

¹⁶ The Library of Congress, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Page 146, Edward Frost to Colonel B.S. Alexander, December 22, 1862.

¹⁷ RG77, Entry 554, page 33, May 6, 1862, Brightly to Captain F.E. Prime, Engineer of Fortifications about Washington; ORA, Serial 68, Volume 36, Part 2, A.P. Howe to Halleck, May 17, 1864, report of inspection of the works in the defenses, pages 886, 890-91, 894, 896.

¹⁸ RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of April 1865, May 4, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2120, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of January 1865, February 6, 1865; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 240, Alexander to Lieutenant D.F. Schenck, Fort Lyon, June 11, 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 241, Alexander to Lieutenant D.F. Schenck, Fort Lyon, Jun 13, 1863; ORA, Serial 91, page 281, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 287.

¹⁹ Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 25-27, Edward Frost to ________ , overseer, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, June 20, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864; RG393, Part 2, E6731, Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Colonel M.I. Ludington, Chief Quartermaster, Department of Washington, February 8, 1865; RG77, E558, page 83– Endorsement on requisition of Lieutenant Heevey, Quartermaster of 1st Mass Heavy Artillery, for lime for purpose of whitewashing forts, Office of Chief Quartermaster, April 9, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2260, Alexander to Delafield, August 2, 1865; RG77, E553, Volume 2–, Page 23, Barnard to ColonelJH Taylor, July 20, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, B196', Barnard to Totten, February 4, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; RG 77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 337, Barnard to Augur, December 2, 1863; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 62, C39, Childs, December 17, 63; RG77, E556, Volume 1, No. 31, Lieutenant M.D. McAlester, February 14, 1862; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 68, C7 [1865], Childs, February 7, 1865; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 585, W7, Department of Washington, February 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2145, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of February 1865, March 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865; ORA, Serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864–Page 282, 285.

²⁰ RG77, Entry 18, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864–sends copy of report the Secretary War of 11th October 1863, also a copy of a letter of the House of Representatives explanatory thereof, My letter to the same authority of the 14th, asking an application of $100,000 until an appropriation be made, from any funds available for "field works" has I believe communicated to you." I also send a monthly report, in conformity to paragraph 64, Engineer Regulations, for December 1863; RG77, E553, Volume 2–, Page 23, Barnard to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, July 20, 1864; ORA, Serial 91, page 280, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, submit the following report of operations on the defenses of Washington during the year ending September 30, 1864: pages 283, 287.

²¹ Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 25, Edward Frost to ________ , overseer, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, June 20, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2145, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of February 1865, March 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865; ORA, Serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 285.

²² RG77, Entry 558, Endorsements on requisition of Lieutenant Heevey, Quartermaster of 1st Mass Heavy Artillery, for lime for purpose of whitewashing forts, Office of Chief Quartermaster, April 9-10, and 18, 1864, page 83.

²³ RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 337, Barnard to C.C. Augur, December 2, 1863; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 62, C39, Childs, December 17, 1863; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 68, C7 [1865], Childs, February 7, 1865; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 585, W7, Department of Washington, February 3, 1865; RG393, Part 2, E6731, Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Colonel M.I. Ludington, Chief Quartermaster, Department of Washington, February 8, 1865.

²⁴ ORA, Series 3, Volume 4, Serial 125, General Orders No. 45, War Department, Adjutant General's Office, February 2, 1864, Article 17, page 64; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, 1863, B10, J.G. Barnard to Major General S Heintzelman, commanding Defenses of Washington, Januaryy 9, 1863; RG77, Enter 553, Volume 1, page 156-57, Barnard to Heintzelman, January [between 6 and 10], 1863; ORA, I, Volume 5, pages 698-99, Barnard to S. Williams, Army of the Potomac Assistant Adjutant General, January 13, 1862.

²⁵ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, Entry 5382, Letters Received, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A8, B.S. Alexander to A.G. Childs, Engineer in charge, South Of Potomac, September 4, 1863; Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, ORA, Serial 91, pages 280-288, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 287.

²⁶ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, 1863, B10, J.G. Barnard to Major General S.P. Heintzelman, commanding Defenses of Washington, January 9, 1863; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 1, page 156-57, Barnard to Heintzelman, January [between 6 and 10], 1863; RG393, Part 2, E6708, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 184/408 DW, no page no., ColonelA. Piper, commanding Third Brig, Defenses North Of the Potomac, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Haskins, Aide-de-Camp in charge of Defenses North of Potomac, May 29, 1863; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 250–Alexander to Barnard, June 25, 1863; ORA, Serial 91, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on the defenses of Washington During year ending September 20, 1864, page 286-87.

²⁷ RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers; Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, ORA, Serial, ar91, page 280-288, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, pages 281-85. RG77, Entry 18, A2120, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of January 1865, February 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of March 1865, April 6, 1865.

²⁸ Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, 87; ORA, Volume , Serial 91, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, 280; RG 77, Entry 558, page 86, Endorsement on letter of Honorable J.P. Hoher, Secretary of Interior, in reference to an injury done the Washington Aqueduct by travel of heavy Government wagons over it, referred to these Headquarters for report, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of Defenses Washington, April 26, 1861; RG77, Entry 558, page 56–October 25, 1862, To Major General N.P. Banks. Endorsement on memorandum of Lieutenant Colonel B.S. Alexander in relation to the repairs of the road in the District defining the nature of repairs required, dated at Washington October 24, 1862; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 1, page 123, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862 [this and letter below also in RG77, E553, pages 121-23]; RG 77, E556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 14, Alexander, November 3, 1862; RG393, PP.I. 172, art III, Military District Of Washington, 1862-64, Entry 646, Letters, 1862-64, T50–1863 & W443--1863, J.J. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, 22d Army Corps, to Brigadier General J.H. Martindale, Military Governor, DC, November 28, 1863.

²⁹ RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862[this and letter below also in RG77, Entry 553, pages 121-23.

³⁰ RG77, E553, Volume 1, page 136, Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, in charge defences North Of the Potomac, December 2,1862; RG 393, Part 2, E6610, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Aide-de-Camp, in charge of Defenses North of the Potomac, December 2, 1862 [also in RG77, Entry 553, page 136].

³¹ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, Entry 443, Volume 207/475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, Page 101-02, Special Orders No. 73, Headquarters, Second Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862, pages 101-02.

³² ORA, I, Volume 21, Serial 31, 904; Barnard, A Report, 17-32; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 1, pages 121-23, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 189 DW, Page 170-71, South of the Potomac, August 29, 1863 (Arlington) to Lieutenant Colonel Solon H. Lathrop, Assistant Inspector General; RG393, Part III, Military District Of Washington, 1862-64, Entry 646, Letters, 1862-64, T50–1863 & W443–1863, J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, 22nd Army Corps, to Brigadier General J.H. Martindale, Military Governor, DC, November 28, 1863; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, 1863, Box No. 2, A48 1863, supplement, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief Of Staff, December 17, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6708, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 184/408 DW, no page no., Headquarters, Third Brigade, Fort Baker, December 3, 1863 to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Aide-de-Camp, Charge of Haskins Division; ORA, Serial 31, December 24, 1862 Commission report, page 915; ORA, Serial 91, page 280,, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, page 286.

³³ Frobel, The Civil War Diary, 195 (Friday 5 June 1863); RG77, Entry 18, B196', Barnard to Totten, February 4, 1864; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, A, B, C, and so on, 201, H4, Halleck, March 13,1864.

³⁴ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Colonel C. McKeever, Assistant Adjutant General, November 3, 1862 [this and letter below also in RG77, Entry 553, pages 121-23]]; RG 393. P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6744, John P. Slough, Military Governor of Alexandria, November 22, 1862, To Colonel Hunt, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters, Defences South of the Potomac; RG 393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6610, B.S. Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Aide-de-Camp, in charge of Defences North of the Potomac, December 2, 1862 [also in RG77, Entry 553, page 136; RG393, Part 4, Fort Ethan Allen, Entry 443, Volume 207/ 475 DW, Orders Issued & Received, 1863-64, Page 101-02, Special Orders No. 73, Headquarters, Second Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862, pages 101-02.

³⁵ RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, vol. 162/333 DW, page 3, #7, Headquarters, Haskins Division, January 7, 1864, to Colonel Greene, Chief Quartermaster Department; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 25, Edward Frost to ________ , overseer, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac,Engineer Office, June 20, 1862; RG92, Washington, DC, 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72, J19, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864–– R.M. Jones, 1st Lieutenant, 24th Veteran Reserve Corps, Commanding Guard, Sourh End Long Bridge, Va, to A.V. Gish, Captain & Acting Assistant Adjutant General, October 27th 1864; RG92, Washington, DC, 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72, B731, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864––Colonel B.S. Alexander, Lieutenant Colonel Aide-de-Camp, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of Defences, Washington, August 18, 1864, to Captain Elisha E. Camp, Assistant Quartermaster; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6610, Captain Nesmith, Assistant Quartermaster, Hardins' Division, to Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Commanding Division, October 10, 1864–submits report in obedience to your instructions, application of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas, dated Fort Bunker Hill, October 1864; RG393, Part 2, E6731, Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff ,Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Colonel M.I. Ludington, Chief Quartermaster, Department of Washington, February 8, 1865; RG92, Washington, DC, 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72, B731, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864––Colonel B.S. Alexander, Lieutenant Colonel Aide-de-Camp, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of Defences of Washington, August 18, 1864, to Captain Camp, Assistant Quartermaster; RG77, Entry558, page 83– Endorsement on requisition of Lieutenant Heevey, Quartermaster of 1st Mass Heavy Artillery, for lime for purpose of whitewashing forts, Office of Chief Quartermaster, April 9, 1864; RG393, pt. 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 189 DW, Page 33, same command, March 4, 1863, Aide-de-Camp to ColonelGeorge D. Welles.

³⁶ RG393, Part 1, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, Volume 1–20DW, page 268, Department of Washington, to Major General M.C. Meigs, Quartermaster General, August 8, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 1863-65, Volume 189 DW, page 321, August 10, 1864 to Colonel Thomas Wilhelm (messages to at least one other to do the same).

³⁷ RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 84, to Taylor, October 13, 64; RG393, Part II, Entry 6731, H.P. Norris, 1st Lieutenant, 1st US Artillery, commanding Fort Morton, to Captain Thomas Thompson, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, De Russy's Division, near Fort Corcoran, March 13, 1865; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 84, to Taylor, October 13, 1864.

³⁸ RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, No. 79, Major D.C. Houston, August 17, 1862; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, No. 91, Captain E.L. Hartz, Assistant [or, in a few cases, Acting] Quartermaster, September 11, 1862; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 95, to Brigadier General Daniel H. Rucker, Chief Quartermaster, November 14, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, Major J.G. Benton, Ordnance, commanding Washington Arsenal, to General DeRussy, November 1, 1864; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, 18634, B86, W.F. Barry, Inspector of Artillery, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, January 9, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, Major J.G. Benton, Ordnance, commanding Washington Arsenal, to General DeRussy, November 1, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, 63-65, Volume 189 DW, page 447, Thomas Thompson, Captain & Assistant Adjutant General, De Russy's Division, to Colonel W.S. King, commanding Third Brigade, April 15, 1865; ORA, 2, pages 653-54 McDowell to Townsend, Assistant Adjutant General, May 29, 1861; ORA, Volume 37, Part 1 [S# 70], Special Orders No.123, Headquarters Department Of Washington, Twenty-Second Army Corps, May 18, 1864, page 483; ORA, Volume 37, Part 1 [S# 70], R. Chandler, Assistant Adjutant General, Hardin's Division, to Captain Conant, Company B, Maine Coast Guard, May 18, 1864, page 484; ORA, Volume 37, Part 1,[S# 70], Special Orders No. 34, Headquarters Haskins' Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, Department of Washington, May 6, 1864, page 393.

³⁹ RG393, Part 2, E6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 172, #409, Hardin, commanding Hardins Division, to Lieutenant Colonel Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, September 23, 1864; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 162, G7, Gunnell, August 13, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6610, Captain Nesmith, Assistant [or, in a few cases, Acting] Quartermaster, Hardins Division, to Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Commanding Division, October 10, 1864–submits report in obedience to your instructions, application of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas, dated Fort Bunker Hill, October 1864; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, 1863, B204, Barnard, to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskins, in charge of Defenses, July 1, 1863; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 397-98, Barnard to Augur, May 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 575, Page 18, Menorandum–Fort Mahan, July 18, 1864; ORA, I, Volume 33, pages 887-8–Halleck to Grant, April 17, 1864–page 888; ORA, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, June 29, 1863, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins, page 405.

⁴⁰ RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 162, G7, Gunnell, August 13, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 172, #409, Hardin, commanding Hardins Division, to Lieutenant Colonel Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, September 23, 1864.

⁴¹ Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, Appendix C, 137; ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, June 29, 1863, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins, page 405; RG77, Entry 575, page 18, Memorandum–Fort Mahan, July 18, 1864.

⁴² RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, 1863, B204, Barnard, to Lieutenant Colonel J.A. Haskins, in charge of Defenses, July 1, 1863; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 397-98, Barnard to Augur, May 5, 1864.

⁴³ RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, vol. 162/333 DW, page 3, #7, Headquarters, Haskins Division, January 7, 1864, to Colonel Greene, Chief Quartermaster, Department; RG393, Part 4, Entry 1358, Volume 398/1027 DW, pages 7-8, Captain Robert J. Nevin, commanding post, Fort Whipple, to Lieutenant Lyman S.W. Cushing, Acting Assistant Adjutant General First Brigade, DeRussy's Division, December 22, 1864; RG92, Washington, DC, 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72, J19, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864––R.M. Jones, 1st Lieutenant, 24th Veteran Reserve Corps, Commanding Guard, Sourh End Long Bridge, Va, to A.V. Gish, Captain & Acting Assistant Adjutant General, October 27th 1864.

⁴⁴ RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 397-98, Barnard to Augur, May 5, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Colonel M.I. Ludington, Chief Quartermaster, Department of Washington, February 8, 1865; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, A. Grant Childs, Civil Engineer, to Barnard, August 1, 1863; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Volume 189 DW, page 358, Brigadier General, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, November 14, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6610, Captain Nesmith, Assistant [or, in a few cases, Acting] Quartermaster, Hardins Division, to Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Commanding Division, October 10, 1864–submits report in obedience to your instructions, application of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas, dated Fort Bunker Hill, October 1864; ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins from Barnard, June 29, 1863, page 405; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 162, G7, Gunnell, August 13, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6725, Volume 189 DW, page 358, Brigadier General , to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & Assistant Adjutant General, November 14, 1864.

⁴⁵ ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins from Barnard, June 29, 1863, page 405; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5383, Captain G. St. Albe, Aide-de-Camp, Department of Washington, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Assistant Adjutant General & Chief of Staff, July 2, 1863.

⁴⁶ United States, War Department, Revised United States Army Regulations of 1861, with an Appendix containing the Changes and laws Affecting Army Regulations and Articles of War to June 25, 1863 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1863), 14; ORA, III, Volume 4, Serial 61, General Orders No. 42, February 2, 1864, Regulations for care of field-works.

⁴⁷ Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 37-38, April 15, 1862, Lieutenant Assistant Adjutant General to Major A. Doubleday, 4th New York Artillery, Ordnance Officer, General on April 14th; RG393, Part 2, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, 1862, 63-65, Volume 21/240 Fifth Army Corps, Page 37-38, Headquarters, Military Defenses, North of the Potomac, April 15, 1862, Assistant Adjutant General to Major U. Doubleday, Ordnance Officer; RG 77, E-553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 87-88, Barnard, Memorandum for Mr. Frost September 9, 1862; ORA, I, Volume 27, Part 3, Serial 45, Barnard's Memorandum for Colonel Haskins., June 29, 1863, page 405; RG77, Entry 575, page 5-7, Memorandum for Colonel Haskins, June 29, 1863; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 9-10, Barnard to DeRussy, June 7, 1864.

⁴⁸ RG393, PI 172, Part 1????, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864–, Volume 1–120 DW, pages 27-28, Department To Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Cmmdg. Division, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 575, Page 18-, Menorandum–Fort Mahan, July 18, 1864; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, Page 141, Department to Hardin, July 19, 64; ORA, I, Volume , Part , Serial 71, July 19, 1864, Department to Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, commanding Division; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6731, J.W. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Washington, to Brigadier General De Russy, Commanding Division, July 27, 1864; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial page 480, Headquarters, Hardin's Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, Department of Washington, to Colonel Hayward, Second Brig., July 28, 1864; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 135, #295, Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Hardin's Division, to Lieutenant Colonel JH Taylor, Chief of Stf &Assistant Adjutant General, July 28, 1864; ORA, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial , July 28, 1864, Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, Hardin's Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, to Chief of Staff and Assistant Adjutant General Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Department, page 479.

⁴⁹ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, A2023, Alexander, July 31, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, Volume 1, 20DW, page 268, Department of Washington, to Major General Meigs, Quartermaster G, August 8, 1864; RG393, PI 172, Part 1, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864, Volume 1, 20DW–, page 271, Department to Major Cutting, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, August 8, 1864; RG393, [PI 172, Part 1], Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864, Volume 1, 20DW–, page 272, Department to DeRussy at Fort Corcoran, August 8, 1864; RG393, P.I.172 , Part 2, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, De Russy's Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, 1863-65, Volume 189 DW, page 321, August 10, 1864.

⁵⁰ ORA, Volume , Serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 14, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 286; RG77, Entry 18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2120, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of January 1865, February 6, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2145, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of February 1865, March 3, 1865.

⁵¹ Barnard, A Report on the Defenses of Washington, Appendix C, 133.

⁵² ORA, I, Volume 29, Part 2, Serial, Barnard to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, October 14, 1863, makes comments on work of commission, page 316; ORA, Volume , serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, pages 284, 287.

⁵³ RG393, PI 172, Part 1, Letters Sent, E5375, Volume 3–22DW, page 228, Department to Alexander, April 14, 1865; RG393, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 191, Assistant Adjutant General R. Chandler, Hardin's Division, to Captain George P. Thyng, commanding Fort Foote, November 19, 1864; RG393, Part II, E6731, A. Grant Childs, Engineer in Chief, Defenses South of the Potomac, to Captain Thomas Thompson, Assistant Adjutant General, De Russy's Division, near Fort Corcoran, March 31, 1865; RG393,P.I. 172, Part II, Entry 6731, BS Alexander, to De Russy, commanding Division, May 26, 1865.

⁵⁴ RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of April 1865, May 4; ORA, Volume , Serial 91, Alexander to Delafield, October 4, 1864, report of operations for year ending September 30, 1864, page 285; RG77, Entry 18, A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2028, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, December 3, 1864, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers–report of operations for month of November 64; RG77, Entry 18, A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of December 1864, January 3, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2166, BS Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of March 1865, April 6; RG77, Entry 18, A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2232, Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2260, Alexander to Delafield, August 2, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2299, Alexander to Delafield, September 8, 1865.

⁵⁵ ORA, I, Volume 19, Part 2, Serial 28, Barnard to Kelton, October 6, 1862, page 391; ORA, Volume , Serial , Barnard to Stanton, December 30, 1862, in Commission's report, page 904; ORA, Volume , Serial 91, October 4, 1864, Alexander to Delafield, page 287.

⁵⁶ ORA, I, Volume 19, Part 2, Serial 28, Barnard to Kelton, October 6, 1862, page 391-93; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, A150 1864,Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, August 11, 1864; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, from F.W. Laggard (?) 1st Lieutenant, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters Artillery Brigade, Fort Albany, to Thomas M. Farroll, Aidede- Camp, September 23, 1862; Military Telegraph, Lieutenant Colonel G.D. Ramsay, Commanding Washington Arsenal, to Barnard, October 21, 1862; Military Telegraph, F.J. Porter at Fort Corcoran to Barnard, September 8, 1862; Military Telegraph, Major Andrew Washburne, Acting Ordnance Officer, Arlington, to Barnard, September 9, 1862; Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple to Barnard; Military Telegraph from A.W. Whipple to Barnard, August 28, 1862; Military Telegraph from A.W. Whipple to Barnard, September 3, 1862; Military Telegraph, G.D. Ramsay, Arsenal, to Barnard, September 13, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5412, Colonel Schrimer, commanding Second Brigade and 15th New York Volunteer Artillery Regiment, Defenses South of Potomac, Fort Lyon, to B.S. Alexander, November 21, 1863; RG77, Entry 18, A1998, 1864, BS Alexander to Chief of Engineers, Delafield, June 17, 1864; RG393, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, 1862, D19, Lieutenant W.G. Dickson, Artillery Officer, Headquarters, Military Defenses, North of Potomac, to Captain R.B. Irwin, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, September 26, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, A1989, 1864, B.S. Alexander, to Delafield, May 26, 1864; RG393, P.I. Part 2, Entry 6731–Colonel H. L. Abbott, 1st Conn Artillery, commanding Artillery Brig, to Captain Thomas Thompson, Assistant Adjutant General, Defenses South Of Potomac, July 1, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6744, Colonel Wm Bly––(?), commanding Brigade of Heavy Artillery and line of forts, Fort Albany, to Major L. Flint, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Military Defenses South of Potomac, September 24, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Emtry 6708, Letters Sent 63-65, Volume 184/408 DW, Colonel A. Piper, commanding Third Brig., Fort Baker, to Captain Conlis, Tenth New York Artillery, Fort Dupont, June 21, 1863: RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 157, Alexander to Brigadier General A.B., Chief of Ordnance, March 31, 1865; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, E6708, Letters Sent, 53-65, Volume 184/408 DW, Colonel A. Piper, commanding Third Brigade Fort Baker, to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, commanding Haskins' Division, February 27, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, vol. 162/333 DW, page 171, #397, Headquarters, Hardin's Division, 22nd Army Corps, September 21, 1864, to Colonel B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer Department of Washington; ORA, Series I, Volume 37, Part 2, Serial 71, Major General C. C. Augur, to Halleck, July 29, 1864, pages 494-95; ORA, Series I, Volume 36, Part 2, Serial 68, Brigadier-General A. P. Howe, Inspector of Artillery, to Halleck, May 18, 1864, 886-96: RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5412, Colonel Schrimer, commanding Second Brigade and 15th Regt New York Artillery, Defenses South of Potomac, Fort Lyon, to B.S. Alexander, November 21, 1863.

⁵⁷ Frobel, The Civil War Diary, 134; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6744, Colonel Wm Bly, commanding Brigade of Heavy Artillery and line of forts, Fort Albany, to Major L. Flint, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Military Defenses South of Potomac, September 24, 1862; RG 77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 87-88, Barnard, Memorandum for Mr. E. Frost September 9, 1862; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, from R.O. Tyler, Colonel Commanding, Fort Richardson, to Thomas M. Farroll, Aide-de-Camp, September 23, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6731, Colonel H.L. Abbott, 1st Connecticut Artillery, commanding Artillery Brigade, to Captain Thomas Thompson, Assistant Adjutant General, Defenses South Of Potomac, July 1, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, 18634, B86, W.F. Barry, Inspector of Artillery, to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, Department of Washington, January 9, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6731, B.S. Alexander to Brigadier General J.A. Haskins, Chief of Artillery, January 18, 1865; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6731, A. Grant Childs, Engineer in Chief, Defenses South of Potomac, to DeRussy, commanding Division, April 6, 1865; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 64-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 104, #218, R. Chandler, Assistant Adjutant General, Haskins' Division, to Colonel J.M.C. Marble, Second Brigade June 25, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, Volume 162/333 DW, page 13, #31, J.A. Haskins, Haskins' Division, to Brigadier General W.F. Barry, Chief Of Artillery, February 29, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6708, Letters Sent 63-65, Volume 184/408 DW, Colonel A. Piper, commanding Third Brigade, Fort Baker, to Captain Conlis, 10th New York Artillery, Fort Dupont, June 21, 1863; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 157, Alexander to Brigadier General A.B., Chief of Ordnance, March 31, 1865; RG393, Part II, Military Department of Washington, Entry 642, Letters Sent, 1862-64, Volumes. 98-100 DW, Volume 98, page 84, May 17, 1862, Governor to A.W. Whipple; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, from FW Laggard (?, First Lieutenant, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters Artillery Brigade, Fort Albany, to Thomas M. Farroll, Aide-de-Camp, September 23, 1862; Military Telegraph, G.D. Ramsay, Lieutenant Colonel, Commanding Washington Arsenal, to Barnard, October 21, 1862; Military Telegraph, F.J. Porter at Fort Corcoran to Barnard, September 8, 1862; Military Telegraph, Major Andrew Washburne, Acting Ordnance Officer, Arlington, to Barnard, September 9, 1862; RG77, E560, MilitaryTelegraph, from First Lieutenant T.C. Bradford, Ordnance, to Barnard, December 5, 1862; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 1, 1862, D19, Lieutenant W.G. Dickson, Artillery Officer, Headquarters, Military Defenses, North of Potomac, to Captain R.B. Irwin, Acting Assistant Adjutant General, September 26, 1862.

⁵⁸ RG77, Entry 553, Letters Sent, Volume 1, page 87-88, Barnard, Memorandum for Mr. E. Frost September 9, 1862; ORA, I, Volume 19, Part 2, Serial 28, Barnard to John C. Kelton, October 6, 1862, pages392-93; RG77, Entry 18, B9332, Barnard to Kurtz, in Charge of Engineer Bureau, October 15, 1862; RG77, Entry 575, page 11-13, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, no date; RG77, E575, pages 3-4, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, May 23, 1863; RG77, E575, Pages 4-5, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, May 23, 1863; RG77, Entry 575, page 8-9, Memorandum for Mr. Gunnell, June 30, 1863; RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple to Barnard, 5th–no other date; Military Telegraph from A.W. Whipple to Barnard, August 28, 1862.

⁵⁹ RG77, Entry 575, Page 15, Memorandum for Mr. Childs, August 1, 1863; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6708, Letters Sent, 63-65, Volume 184/408 DW, no page no., Colonel A. Piper, 10th New York Artillery, commanding Third Brig, Haskins' Division, to Lieutenant Colonel Haskins, Aide-de-Camp, charge of Haskins' Division, March 15, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6731, W.F. Barry, U. S. Army Inspector of Artillery, to Brigadier General G.A. De Russy, commanding Defenses South of Potomac, January 28, 1864; ORA, I, Volume 37, Part 2. Serial 71, C.C. Augur to Halleck, July 29, 1864, 492-93.

⁶⁰ RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, Page 115-16, July 15, 1864, Department to Brigadier General Barnard, Chief Engineer Defenses of Washington; RG77, Entry 553, Volume 2, page 43, to Lieutenant Colonel JH. Taylor, August 11, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 1, Entry 5382, Box 4, A150 1864, Alexander to Lieutenant Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, August 11, 1864; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, page 31, B9 (1864), J.G. Benton, August 8, 1864; RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, 1864-65, vol. 162/333 DW, page 171, #397, Headquarters, Hardin's Division, Twenty Second Army Corps, September 21, 1864, to Colonel B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer, Department of Washington; RG 77, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received–A, B, C, and so on, Page 202, H8, Brigadier General M.D. Hardin, September 21, 64.

⁶¹ RG77, Entry 18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2074, B.S. Alexander to Chief of Engineers, December 3, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defenses during the month of April 1865, May 4, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2232, Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2260, Alexander to Delafield, August 2, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, A2299, Alexander to Delafield, September 8, 1865.

⁶² ORA, I, Volume 5, 622, S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant General, to Barnard, Chief Engineer, Army of the Potomac, October 18, 1861; ORA, I, Volume 5, page 624, Barry and Barnard to Williams, October 22, 1861; ORA, I, 5, 626-28, Barry and Barnard to Williams, October 24, 1861; ORA, I, 5, 671-73, Barnard Memorandum for General McClellan, December 1, 1861; 678-85, Barnard to General J.G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, December 10, 1861; 698-99, Barnard to Brigadier General A. Seth Williams.

⁶³ ORA, I, Volume 15, Serial 15, 223; ORA, I, Volume 5, Serial 5, 732; ORA, I, Volume 12, Part I, 224-25; George B. McClellan, McClellan's Own Story (New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887), 163-66, 222-42, 261-70, 276-79, 534-65; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, Symbol, Sword and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War, 2nd Revised Edition (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1991), 97-119, 130-34, 149-61.

⁶⁴ ORA, I, Volume 12, Part 3, Serial 18, 782; ORA, I, Volume, Serial 28, 264; ORA, I, Volume 21, Serial , 939.

⁶⁵ ORA, I, Volume 25, Part 2, Serial 40, 3-4; ORA, I, Volume 25, Part 2, Serial 40, 177-78.

⁶⁶ Barnard, A Report, 91, 123-28; ORA, I, Volume 33, Serial , 888; ORA, I, Volume 25, Part 2, Serial 40, 499-500; ORA, I, Volume , Serial 70, 234-35, 568-70, 698-701; ORA, I, Volume 43, Part 1, Serial 90, 974-79.

⁶⁷ ORA, I, Volume 43, Part I, Serial, 846; ORA, I, Volume 46, Part 2, Serial 96, 754; ORA, I, Volume 46, Part 3, Serial 97, 1038.

⁶⁸ RG393, P.I. 172, Part II, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Volume 21/240 5AC, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, page 39, April 16, 1862, Doubleday to Colonel Peter Fritz, commanding 99th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment; ORA, I, Volume 12, Part 3, Serial 18, 752; RG77, Entry 554, Page 68, May 20, 1862, A.W. Whipple to General James Wadsworth, Military Governor.

⁶⁹ RG77, Entry 560, Military Telegraph, Major General George B. McClellan, Army of the Potomac, to J.G. Barnard, August 29, 1862: ORA, I, Volume 18,Serial , 728; ORA, I, Volume 19, Part II, Serial , 291.

⁷⁰ ORA, I, Volume 19, Part II, Serial, 291; Noah Brooks, Mr. Lincoln's Washington: Selections from the Writings of Noah Brooks Civil War Correspondent, Edited by P.J. Staudenraus (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, , 1967), 197; ORA, I, Volume 33, Serial, Major General Henry W. Halleck to U.S. Grant, April 17, 1864, page 888.

⁷¹ ORA, I, Volume 4, Serial 125, 64; RG393, P.I. 172, Part I, Entry 5818, Unidentified loose records of the Civil War Period [in box 64], "Regulations respecting the Field Works on the South of the Potomac," "Additional Regulations " Number 17; U. S., Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1971), August 28, 1861, I-23; ; U. S., Navy Department, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion Multi-volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1894-1927) (hereafter referred to as ORN), Series I, Volume 4, 565, 641-42, 655-56,707; Alfred S. Roe, The Tenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry 1861-1864 (Springfield, MA: Tenth Regiment Veteran Association, 1909), 38-39; Elden E. Billings, "Military Activities in Washington in 1861," Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C., 1960-1962, 131.

⁷² Barnard, A Report, 8, 81-85; Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865, (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960), 48, 70, 88, 151, 168, 189, 203.

⁷³ United States, War Department, Revised United States Army Regulations of 1861, with an Appendix containing the Changes and Laws Affecting Army Regulations and Articles of War to June 25, 1863 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1863), 37- 38, 490, 511, 530-31; Jeffrey D. Wert, "sutlers," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 738; RG393, Part 2, 2nd Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6695, Special Orders, September 1862-February 1864 and August 1864-September 1865, Volume 178/382 DW, page 182, Fort Reno, June 1,1863, Special Orders No. 46; RG393, Part 4, Fort Whipple, E-1360, General Orders and Special Orders, June-August 1864, and E-1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division at Fort Corcoran, September 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032 DW, page 549, Circular, 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division, October 9,1864; RG77, E- 554, pages 94-95, June 2, 1862, AADC for Whipple to Lieutenant Colonel Senges, 3d Battalion New York Artillery, Fort Ethan Allen; C.B. Fairchild, Compiler, History of the 27th Regiment N.Y. Vols. . . ., (Binghampton, NY: Carl & Matthews, 1888), 22; RG77, E-554, .page 91, May 30, 1862, AADC for Whipple to Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel Senges, 3d Battalion New York A; RG77, E553, Volume 2, page 47, to Colonel Moses N. Wisewell, Military Governor, DC, August 29, 1864; M.D. Hardin, History of the Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Corps (41st Regiment of the Line) . . . (New York: Published by the Author, 1890), 6; R.W. Rock (pseudo.), History of the Eleventh Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers, in the War of the Rebellion (Providence, RI: Providence Press Company, Printers, 1881), 23; Joseph Keith Newell, "OURS." Annals of 10th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, in the Rebellion (Springfield, MA: C.A. Nichols & Co., 1875), 46; Donald P. Spear, "The Sutler in the Union Army, Civil War History, 16 (June 1970), 121-38; Francis A. Lord, Civil War Sutlers and Their Wares (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, Publisher, 1969), 23-63.

⁷⁴ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 571, Monthly Record of Clothing Furnished Contrabands at Fortifications North of the Potomac, 1862-63; Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom and the Civil War, Edited by Ira Berlin, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland. (Edison, NJ: The Blue & Gray Press, 1997), 212-14; Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992), 90; [U.S., Engineer School. Pamphlet on the Evolution of the Art of Fortification, Engineer School Occasional Papers No. 58 Prepared Under the Direction of William M. Black (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 89; Reed Hansen, "Civil War to Civil Concern: A History of Fort Marcy, Virginia," M.A. thesis in History, George Mason University, 1973, 20; Barnard, Report, 81-85; Joseph Keith Newell, "OURS." Annals of 10th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, in the Rebellion (Springfield, MA: C.A. Nichols & Co., 1875), 46.

⁷⁵ RG393, P.I. 172, Part 2, 2nd Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6695, Special Orders, September 1862-February 1864 and August 1864-September 1865, Volume 178/382 DW Volume 178/382 DW, page 175, Fort Reno, June 2, 1863, Special Orders No. 39, "I"; RG94, Regimental Books, 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Order Books, Companies B-F, Co. B, Headquarters, 1st Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, June 2, 1863, unnumbered Circular; Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (paperback), 257-59; Charles S. Wainwright, A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, Edited by Allan Nevins (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1962), 318, 328, 437; Betty Sowers Alt and Bonnie Domrose Stone, Campfollowing: A History of the Military Wife (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991), 33-42; Robert McAllister, The Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister, Edited by James I. Robertson, Jr. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 99-100, 103, 388; Thomas P. Lowry, The Civil War Bawdy Houses of Washington, D.C. (Fredericksburg, VA: Sergeant Kirkland's Museum and Historical Society, Inc., 1997), 11.

⁷⁶ Charles H. Moulton, Fort Lyon To Harper's Ferry: On the Border of North and South with "Rambling Jour." The Letters and Newspaper Dispatches of Charles H. Moulton (34th Mass Volunteer Inf.), Compiled and Edited by Lee C. Drickamer and Karen D. Drickamer (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Co., Inc., 1987), 70 (December 28, 1862); RG393, Part 1, E5382, Box 2, 1863, T72, Colonel Thomas R. Tannatt, commanding 14th Mass Artillery, at Fort Albany, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, Assistant Adjutant General, April 3, 1863; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960, Third Edition (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1962), 329- 59; for detailed information about the Northern journalists during the Civil War and in Washington, D.C. at that time, see J. Cutler Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press,1955).

⁷⁷ Moulton, Fort Lyon To Harper's Ferry, 92.