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I CONTENTS UNIT I PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 MICROORGANISMS AND MICROBIOLOGY I INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 1 1.1 Microbiology 1.2 Microorganisms as Cells 1.3 Microorganisms and Their Natural Environments 1.4 The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans II PATHWAYS OF DISCOVERY IN MICROBIOLOGY 9 1.5 The Historical Roots of Microbiology: van Leeuwenhoek and Cohn 1.6 Pasteur, Koch, and Pure Cultures 1.7 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology 1.8 The Modern Era of Microbiology CHAPTER 2 AN OVERVIEW OF MICROBIAL LIFE I CELL STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY 22 2.1 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure 2.2 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells 2.3 The Tree of Life II MICROBIAL DIVERSITY 27 2.4 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms 2.5 Prokaryotic Diversity 2.6 Eukaryotic Microorganisms CHAPTER 3 MACROMOLECULES I CHEMICAL BONDING AND WATER IN LIVING SYSTEMS 39 3.1 Strong and Weak Chemical Bonds 3.2 An Overview of Macromolecules and Water as the Solvent of Life II NONINFORMATIONAL MACROMOLECULES 43 3.3 Polysaccharides 3.4 Lipids III INFORMATIONAL MACROMOLECULES 3.5 Nucleic Acids 3.6 Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond 3.7 Proteins: Primary and Secondary Structure 3.8 Proteins: Higher Order Structure and Denaturation CHAPTER 4 CELL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION I I MICROSCOPY AND CELL MORPHOLOGY 4.1 Light Microscopy 4.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging: Interference Contrast, Atomic Force, and Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy 4.3 Electron Microscopy 4.4 Cell Morphology and the Significance of Being Small II CELL MEMBRANES AND WALLS 4.5 Cytoplasmic Membrane: Structure 4.6 Cytoplasmic Membrane: Function 4.7 Membrane Transport Systems 4.8 The Cell Wall of Prokaryotes: Peptidoglycan and Related Molecules 4.9 The Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria III SURFACE STRUCTURES AND INCLUSIONS OF PROKARYOTES 4.10 Bacterial Cell Surface Structures 4.11 Cell Inclusions 4.12 Gas Vesicles 4.13 Endospores IV MICROBIAL LOCOMOTION 4.14 Flagella and Motility 4.15 Gliding Motility 4.16 Cell Motion as a Behavioral Response: Chemotaxis and Phototaxis CHAPTER 5 NUTRITION, LABORATORY CULTURE, AND METABOLISM OF MICROORGANISMS I I NUTRITION AND CULTURE OF MICROORGANISMS 5.1 Microbial Nutrition 5.2 Culture Media 5.3 Laboratory Culture of Microorganisms II ENERGETICS AND ENZYMES 5.4 Bioenergetics 5.5 Catalysis and Enzymes III OXIDATION-REDUCTION AND ENERGY-RICH COMPOUNDS 5.6 Oxidation-Reduction 5.7 NAD as a Redox Electron Carrier 5.8 Energy-Rich Compounds and Energy Storage IV MAJOR CATABOLIC PATHWAYS, ELECTRON TRANSPORT, AND THE PROTON MOTIVE FORCE 5.9 Energy Conservation: Options 5.10 Glycolysis as an Example of Fermentation 5.11 Respiration and Membrane-Associated Electron Carriers 5.12 Energy Conservation from the Proton Motive Force V CARBON FLOW IN RESPIRATION AND CATABOLIC ALTERNATIVES 5.13 Carbon Flow in Respiration: The Citric Acid Cycle 5.14 Catabolic Alternatives VI BIOSYNTHESIS 5.15 Biosynthesis of Sugars and Polysaccharides 5.16 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Nucleotides 5.17 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Lipids CHAPTER 6 MICROBIAL GROWTH I BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION 6.1 Cell Growth and Binary Fission 6.2 Fts Proteins, the Cell Division Plane, and Cell Morphology 6.3 Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Cell Division II GROWTH OF BACTERIAL POPULATIONS 6.4 Growth Terminology and the Concept of Exponential Growth 6.5 The Mathematics of Bacterial Growth 6.6 The Growth Cycle III MEASURING MICROBIAL GROWTH 6.7 Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth: Total and Viable Counts 6.8 Indirect Measurements of Microbial Growth: Turbidity 6.9 Continuous Culture: The Chemostat IV ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON MICROBIAL GROWTH: TEMPERATURE 6.10 Effect of Temperature on Growth 6.11 Microbial Growth at Cold Temperatures 6.12 Microbial Growth at High Temperatures V ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON MICROBIAL GROWTH: pH, OSMOLARITY, AND OXYGEN 6.13 Microbial Growth at Low or High pH 6.14 Osmotic Effects on Microbial Growth 6.15 Oxygen and Microbial Growth 6.16 Toxic Forms of Oxygen I CHAPTER 7 ESSENTIALS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY I GENES AND GENE EXPRESSION 7.1 Macromolecules and Genetic Information II II DNA STRUCTURE 7.2 DNA Structure: The Double Helix 7.3 DNA Structure: Supercoiling 7.4 Chromosomes and Other Genetic Elements III III DNA REPLICATION 7.5 DNA Replication: Templates and Primers 7.6 DNA Replication: The Replication Fork IV TOOLS FOR MANIPULATING DNA 7.7 Restriction Enzymes and Hybridization 7.8 Sequencing and Synthesizing DNA 7.9 Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction V V RNA SYNTHESIS: TRANSCRIPTION 7.10 Overview of Transcription 7.11 Diversity of Sigma Factors, Consensus Sequences, and Other RNA Polymerases 7.12 Transcription Terminators 7.13 The Unit of Transcription VI VI PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 7.14 The Genetic Code 7.15 Transfer RNA 7.16 Translation: The Process of Protein Synthesis 7.17 Folding and Secreting Proteins CHAPTER 8 METABOLIC REGULATION I OVERVIEW OF REGULATION 8.1 Major Modes of Regulation II II REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY 8.2 Inhibiting Enzyme Activity 8.3 Covalent Modification of Enzymes III DNA-BINDING PROTEINS AND REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION BY NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE CONTROL 8.4 DNA Binding Proteins 8.5 Negative Control of Transcription: Repression and Induction 8.6 Positive Control of Transcription IV GLOBAL REGULTORY MECHANISMS 8.7 Global Control and the lac Operon 8.8 The Stringent Response 8.9 Other Global Control Networks 8.10 Quorum Sensing IV V OTHER MECHANISMS OF REGULATION 8.11 Attenuation 8.12 Signal Transduction and Two-Component Regulatory System 8.13 Regulation of Chemotaxis 8.14 RNA Regulation and Riboswitches CHAPTER 9 ESSENTIALS OF VIROLOGY I VIRUS AND VIRION 9.1 General Properties of Viruses 9.2 Nature of the Virion II GROWTH AND QUANTIFICATION 9.3 The Virus Host 9.4 Quantification of Viruses III VIRAL REPLICATION 9.5 General Features of Virus Replication 9.6 Virus Multiplication: Attachment and Penetration 9.7 Virus Multiplication: Production of Viral Nucleic Acid and Protein IV IV VIRAL DIVERSITY 9.8 Overview of Bacterial Viruses 9.9 Virulent Bacteriophages and T4 9.10 Temperate Bacteriophages 9.11 Bacteriophage Lambda 9.12 Overview of Animal Viruses 9.13 Retroviruses V SUBVIRAL PARTICLES 9.14 Viroids and Prions I CHAPTER 10 BACTERIAL GENETICS I MUTATION AND RECOMBINATION 10.1 Mutations and Mutants 10.2 Molecular Basis of Mutation 10.3 Mutation Rates 10.4 Mutagenesis 10.5 Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis: The Ames Test 10.6 Genetic Recombination II II GENETIC EXCHANGE IN PROKARYOTES 10.7 Transformation 10.8 Transduction 10.9 Plasmids: General Principles 10.10 Types of Plasmids and Their Biological Significance 10.11 Conjugation: Essential Features 10.12 The Formation of Hfr Strains and Chromosome Mobilization 10.13 Complementation 10.14 Transposons and Insertion Sequences III III BACTERIAL GENETICS AND GENE CLONING 10.15 Essentials of Molecular Cloning 10.16 Plasmids as Cloning Vectors 10.17 Bacteriophage Lambda as a Cloning Vector 10.18 In Vitro and Site-Directed Mutagenesis IV IV THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME 10.19 Genetic Map of the Escherichia coli Chromosome UNIT II EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY CHAPTER 11 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS I EARLY EARTH, THE ORIGIN OF LIFE, AND MICROBIAL DIVERSIFICATION 11.1 Evolution of Earth and Earliest Life Forms 11.2 Primitive Life: The RNA World and Molecular Coding 11.3 Primitive Life: Energy and Carbon Metabolism 11.4 Eukaryotes and Organelles: Endosymbiosis II II METHODS FOR DETERMINING EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS 11.5 Evolutionary Chronometers 11.6 Ribosomal RNA Sequences and Cellular Evolution 11.7 Signature Sequences, Phylogenetic Probes, and Microbial Community Analyses III MICROBIAL EVOLUTION 11.8 Microbial Phylogeny Derived from Ribosomal RNA Sequences 11.9 Characteristics of the Primary Domains of Life IV MICROBIAL TAXONOMY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PHYLOGENY 11.10 Classical Taxonomy 11.11 Molecular Taxonomy 11.12 The Species Concept in Microbiology 11.13 Nomenclature and Bergey's Manual CHAPTER 12 PROKARYOTIC DIVERSITY: BACTERIA I THE PHYLOGENY OF BACTERIA 12.1 Phylogenetic Overview of Bacteria II II PHYLUM 1: PROTEOBACTERIA 12.2 Purple Phototrophic Bacteria 12.3 The Nitrifying Bacteria 12.4 Sulfur- and Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria 12.5 Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria 12.6 Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs 12.7 Pseudomonas and the Pseudomonads 12.8 Acetic Acid Bacteria 12.9 Free-Living Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria 12.10 Neisseria, Chromobacterium, and Relatives 12.11 Enteric Bacteria 12.12 Vibrio and Photobacterium 12.13 Rickettsias 12.14 Spirilla 12.15 Sheathed Proteobacteria: Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix 12.16 Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria 12.17 Gliding Myxobacteria 12.18 Sulfate- and Sulfur-Reducing Proteobacteria III III PHYLUM 2 AND 3: GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA AND ACTINOBACTERIA 12.19 Nonsporulating, Low GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria: Lactic Acid Bacteria and Relatives 12.20 Endospore-Forming, Low GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacillus, Clostridium, and Relatives 12.21 Cell Wall-Less, Low GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria: The Mycoplasmas 12.22 High GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria (Actinobacteria): Coryneform and Propionic Acid Bacteria 12.23 Actinobacteria: Mycobacterium 12.24 Filamentous Actinobacteria: Streptomyces and other Actinomycetes IV IV PHYLUM 4: CYANOBACTERIA AND PROCHLOROPHYTES 12.25 Cyanobacteria 12.26 Prochlorophytes and Chloroplasts V V PHYLUM 5: CHLAMYDIA 12.27 The Chlamydia VI VI PHYLUM 6: PLANCTOMYCES/PIRELLULA 12.28 Planctomyces: A Phylogenetically Unique Stalked Bacterium VII PHYLUM 7: THE VERRUCOMICROBIA 12.29 Verrucomicrobium and Prosthecobacter VIII PHYLUM 8: THE FLAVOBACTERIA 12.30 Bacteroides and Flavobacterium IX IX PHYLUM 9: THE CYTOPHAGA GROUP 12.31 Cytophaga and Relatives X X PHYLUM 10: GREEN SULFUR BACTERIA 12.32 Chlorobium and Other Green Sulfur Bacteria XI XI PHYLUM 11: THE SPIROCHETES 12.33 Spirochetes XII XII PHYLUM 12: DEINOCOCCI 12.34 Deinococcus/Thermus XIII XIII PHYLUM 13: THE GREEN NONSULFUR BACTERIA 12.35 Chloroflexus and Relatives XIV XIV PHYLUM 14(16: DEEPLY BRANCHING HYPERTHERMOPHILIC BACTERIA 12.36 Thermotoga and Thermodesulfobacterium 12.37 Aquifex, Thermocrinis, and Relatives XV XV PHYLUM 17 AND 18: NITROSPIRA AND DEFERRIBACTER 12.38 Nitrospira, Deferribacter, and Relatives CHAPTER 13 PROKARYOTIC DIVERSITY: THE ARCHAEA I PHYLOGENY AND GENERAL METABOLISM 13.1 Phylogenetic Overview of the Archaea 13.2 Energy Conservation and Autotrophy in Archaea II II PHYLUM EURYARCHAEOTA 13.3 Extremely Halophilic Archaea 13.4 Methane-Producing Archaea: Methanogens 13.5 Thermoplasmatales: Thermoplasma, Ferroplasma, and Picrophilus 13.6 Hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota: Thermococcales and Methanopyrus 13.7 Hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota: The Archaeoglobales III III PHYLUM CRENARCHAEOTA 13.8 Habitats and Energy Metabolism of Crenarchaeotes 13.9 Hyperthermophiles from Terrestrial Volcanic Habitats: Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales 13.10 Hyperthermophiles from Submarine Volcanic Habitats: Desulfurococcales IV IV PHYLUM NANOARCHAEOTA 13.11 Nanoarchaeum V EVOLUTION AND LIFE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES 13.12 Heat Stability of Biomolecules 13.13 Hyperthermophilic Archaea, H2, and Microbial Evolution CHAPTER 14 EUKARYOTIC CELL BIOLOGY AND EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS I EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION 14.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure and the Nucleus 14.2 Respiratory and Fermentative Organelles: The Mitochondrion and the Hydrogenosome 14.3 Photosynthetic Organelle: The Chloroplast 14.4 Endosymbiosis: Relationships of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts to Bacteria 14.5 Other Organelles and Eukaryotic Cell Structures II EUKARYOTIC GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 14.6 Replication of Linear DNA 14.7 Overview of Eukaryotic Genetics 14.8 RNA Processing and Ribozymes III EUKARYOTIC MICROBIAL DIVERSITY 14.9 Phylogeny of the Eukarya 14.10 Protozoa 14.11 Slime Molds 14.12 Fungi 14.13 Algae CHAPTER 15 MICROBIAL GENOMICS I GENOMIC CLONING TECHNIQUES 15.1 Vectors for Genomic Cloning and Sequencing 15.2 Sequencing the Genome 15.3 Annotating the Genome II II MICROBIAL GENOMES 15.4 Prokaryotic Genomes: Sizes and ORF Contents 15.5 Prokaryotic Genomes: Bioinformatic Analyses and Gene Distributions 15.6 Eukaryotic Microbial Genomes III OTHER GENOMES AND THE EVOLUTION OF GENOMES 15.7 Genomes of Organelles 15.8 Evolution and Gene Families 15.9 Genomic Mining IV IV GENE FUNCTION AND REGULATION 15.10 Proteomics 15.11 Microarrays and the Transcriptome CHAPTER 16 VIRAL DIVERSITY I VIRUSES OF PROKARYOTES 16.1 RNA Bacteriophages 16.2 Icosahedral Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages 16.3 Filamentous Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages 16.4 Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: T7 16.5 Mu: A Double-Stranded Transposable DNA Bacteriophage 16.6 Viruses of Archaea II II VIRUSES OF EUKARYOTES 16.7 Plant Viruses 16.8 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals: Poliovirus and Coronaviruses 16.9 Negative-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals: Rabies, Influenza, and Related Viruses 16.10 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: Reoviruses 16.11 Replication of Double-Stranded DNA Viruses of Animals 16.12 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses: Herpesviruses 16.13 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses: Pox Viruses 16.14 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses: Adenoviruses 16.15 Viruses Using Reverse Transcriptase: Retroviruses and Hepadnavirus UNIT III METABOLIC DIVERSITY AND MICROBIAL ECOLOGY CHAPTER 17 METABOLIC DIVERSITY I THE PHOTOTROPHIC WAY OF LIFE 17.1 Photosynthesis 17.2 Photosynthetic Pigments and Their Location Within the Cell 17.3 Carotenoids and Phycobilins 17.4 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis 17.5 Oxygenic Photosynthesis 17.6 Autotrophic CO2 Fixation: The Calvin Cycle 17.7 Autotrophic CO2 Fixation: Reverse Citric Acid Cycle and the Hydroxypropionate Cycle II II CHEMOLITHOTROPHY: ENERGY FROM THE OXIDATION OF INORGANIC ELECTRON DONORS 17.8 Inorganic Electron Donors and Energetics 17.9 Hydrogen Oxidation 17.10 Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds 17.11 Iron Oxidation 17.12 Nitrification and Anammox III III THE ANAEROBIC WAY OF LIFE: ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONS 17.13 Anaerobic Respiration 17.14 Nitrate Reduction and the Denitrification Process 17.15 Sulfate Reduction 17.16 Acetogenesis 17.17 Methanogenesis 17.18 Ferric Iron, Manganese, Chlorate, and Organic Electron Acceptors IV THE ANAEROBIC WAY OF LIFE: FERMENTATIONS AND SYNTROPHY 17.19 Fermentations: Energetic and Redox Considerations 17.20 Fermentative Diversity 17.21 Syntrophy V HYDROCARBON OXIDATION AND THE ROLE OF O2 IN THE CATABOLISM OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 17.22 Molecular Oxygen (O2) as a Reactant in Biochemical Processes 17.23 Hydrocarbon Oxidation 17.24 Methanotrophy and Methylotrophy 17.25 Hexose, Pentose, and Polysaccharide Metabolism 17.26 Organic Acid Metabolism 17.27 Lipids as Microbial Nutrients V VI NITROGEN FIXATION 17.28 Nitrogenase and the Process of Nitrogen Fixation 17.29 Genetics and Regulation of N2 Fixation CHAPTER 18 METHODS IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY I CULTURE-DEPENDENT ANALYSES OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES 18.1 Enrichment and Isolation 18.2 Isolation in Pure Culture II MOLECULAR (CULTURE-INDEPENDENT) ANALYSES OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES 18.3 Viability and Quantification Using Staining Techniques 18.4 Genetic Stains 18.5 Linking Specific Genes to Specific Organisms Using PCR 18.6 Environmental Genomics III MEASURING MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN NATURE 18.7 Radioisotopes and Microelectrodes 18.8 Stable Isotopes CHAPTER 19 MICROBIAL ECOLOGY I MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS 19.1 Populations, Guilds, and Communities 19.2 Environments and Microenvironments 19.3 Microbial Growth on Surfaces and Biofilmshwater Microbial Habitats II SOIL AND FRESHWATER MICROBIAL HABITATS 19.4 Terrestrial Environments 19.5 Freshwater Environments III III MARINE MICROBIOLOGY 19.6 Marine Habitats and Microbial Distribution 19.7 Deep-Sea Microbiology 19.8 Hydrothermal Vents IV IV THE CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLES 19.9 The Carbon Cycle 19.10 Syntrophy and Methanogenesis 19.11 Carbon Cycling in Ruminant Animals V V OTHER KEY NUTRIENT CYCLES 19.12 The Nitrogen Cycle 19.13 The Sulfur Cycle 19.14 The Iron Cycle VI VI MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION 19.15 Microbial Leaching of Ores 19.16 Mercury and Heavy Metal Transformations 19.17 Petroleum Biodegradation 19.18 Biodegradation of Xenobiotics VII VII MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH PLANTS 19.19 The Plant Environment 19.20 Lichens and Mycorrhizae 19.21 Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease 19.22 Root Nodule Bacteria and Symbiosis with Legumes UNIT IV IMMUNOLOGY, PATHOGENICITY, AND HOST RESPONSES CHAPTER 20 MICROBIAL GROWTH CONTROL Iii I PHYSICAL ANTIMICROBIAL CONTROL 697 20.1 Heat Sterilization 20.2 Radiation Sterilization 20.3 Filter Sterilization II CHEMICAL ANTIMICROBIAL CONTROL 703 20.4 Chemical Growth Control 20.5 Chemical Antimicrobial Agents for External Use III ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS USED IN VIVO 707 20.6 Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs 20.7 Naturally Occurring Antimicrobial Drugs: Antibiotics 20.8 (-Lactam Antibiotics: Penicillins and Cephalosporins 20.9 Antibiotics from Prokaryotes IV CONTROL OF VIRUSES AND EUKARYOTIC PATHOGENS 716 20.10 Antiviral Drugs 20.11 Antifungal Drugs V ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE AND DRUG DISCOVERY 20.12 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance 20.13 The Search for New Antimicrobial Drugs CHAPTER 21 MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH HUMANS I I BENEFICIAL MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH HUMANS 21.1 Overview of Human-Microbe Interactions 21.2 Normal Microbial Flora of the Skin 21.3 Normal Microbial Flora of the Oral Cavity 21.4 Normal Microbial Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract 21.5 Normal Microbial Flora of Other Body Regions II HARMFUL MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH HUMANS 737 21.6 Entry of the Pathogen into the Host 21.7 Colonization and Growth 21.8 Virulence III VIRULENCE FACTORS AND TOXINS 742 21.9 Virulence Factors 21.10 Exotoxins 21.11 Enterotoxins 21.12 Endotoxins IV HOST FACTORS IN INFECTION 749 21.13 Host Risk Factors 21.14 Innate Resistance to Infection CHAPTER 22 ESSENTIALS OF IMMUNOLOGY I I OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 757 22.1 Cells and Organs of the Immune System 22.2 The Innate Immune Response 22.3 Inflammation, Fever, and Septic Shock 22.4 The Adaptive Immune Response III II ANTIGENS, T CELLS, AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY 764 22.5 Immunogens and Antigens 22.6 Presentation of Antigen to T Lymphocytes 22.7 T-Cytotoxic Cells and Natural Killer Cells 22.8 T-Helper Cells: Activating the Immune Response III ANTIBODIES AND IMMUNITY 771 22.9 Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) 22.10 Antibody Production 22.11 Complement, Antibodies, and Pathogen Destruction IV IV IMMUNITY AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 22.12 Natural Immunity 22.13 Artificial Immunity 22.14 New Immunization Strategies V IMMUNE RESPONSE DISEASES 781 22.15 Allergy, Hypersensitivity, and Autoimmunity 22.16 Superantigens CHAPTER 23 MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY I I RECEPTORS AND IMMUNITY 788 23.1 Innate Immunity and Pattern Recognition 23.2 Adaptive Immunity and the Immunoglobulin Superfamily II THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) 789 23.3 MHC Protein Structure 23.4 MHC Genes and Polymorphism III ANTIBODIES 792 23.5 Antibody Proteins and Antigen Binding 23.6 Antibody Genes and Diversity IV T-CELL RECEPTORS 795 23.7 TCR Proteins and Antigen Binding 23.8 TCR Genes and Diversity V MOLECULAR SIGNALS IN IMMUNITY 797 23.9 Clonal Selection and Tolerance 23.10 Second Signals 23.11 Cytokines and Chemokines CHAPTER 24 DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY I I GROWTH-DEPENDENT DIAGNOSTIC METHODS 24.1 Isolation of Pathogens from Clinical Specimens 24.2 Growth-Dependent Identification Methods 24.3 Antimicrobial Drug Susceptibility Testing 24.4 Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory II IMMUNOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS 818 24.5 Immunoassays for Infectious Disease 24.6 Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies 24.7 In Vitro Antigen-Antibody Reactions: Serology 24.8 Agglutination 24.9 Fluorescent Antibodies 24.10 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Radioimmunoassay 24.11 Immunoblot Procedures III III MOLECULAR AND VISUAL CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS 24.12 Nucleic Acid Methods 24.13 Diagnostic Virology UNIT V MICROBIAL DISEASES CHAPTER 25 EPIDEMIOLOGY I I PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 847 25.1 The Science of Epidemiology 25.2 The Vocabulary of Epidemiology 25.3 Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics 25.4 Infectious Disease Transmission 25.5 The Host Community II CURRENT EPIDEMICS 858 25.6 The AIDS Pandemic 25.7 Hospital-Acquired (Nosocomial) Infections 25.8 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome III EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH 862 25.9 Public Health Measures for the Control of Disease 25.10 Global Health Considerations 25.11 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases 25.12 Biological Warfare and Biological Weapons 25.13 Anthrax as a Biological Weapon CHAPTER 26 PERSON-TO-PERSON MICROBIAL DISEASES I I AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES 876 26.1 Airborne Pathogens 26.2 Streptococcal Diseases 26.3 Corynebacterium and Diphtheria 26.4 Bordetella and Whooping Cough 26.5 Mycobacterium, Tuberculosis, and Leprosy 26.6 Neisseria meningitidis, Meningitis, and Meningococcemia 26.7 Viruses and Respiratory Infections 26.8 Colds and Influenza II DIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES 893 26.9 Staphylococcus 26.10 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Ulcers 26.11 Hepatitis Viruses III SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 897 26.12 Gonorrhea and Syphilis 26.13 Chlamydia, Herpes, and Trichomoniasis 26.14 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: AIDS and HIV CHAPTER 27 ANIMAL-TRANSMITTED, ARTHROPOD-TRANSMITTED, AND SOILBORNE MICROBIAL DISEASES I I ANIMAL-TRANSMITTED DISEASES 914 27.1 Rabies 27.2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome II II ARTHROPOD-TRANSMITTED DISEASES 917 27.3 Rickettsial Diseases 27.4 Lyme Disease 27.5 Malaria 27.6 West Nile Virus 27.7 Plague II III SOILBORNE DISEASES 929 27.8 The Pathogenic Fungi 27.9 Tetanus CHAPTER 28 WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER PURIFICATION, AND WATERBORNE MICROBIAL DISEASES I I WASTEWATER MICROBIOLOGY AND WATER PURIFICATION 935 28.1 Public Health and Water Quality 28.2 Wastewater and Sewage Treatment 28.3 Drinking Water Purification II WATERBORNE MICROBIAL DISEASES 942 28.4 Sources of Waterborne Infection 28.5 Cholera 28.6 Giardiasis and Cryptosporidiosis 28.7 Legionellosis (Legionnaire's Disease) 28.8 Typhoid Fever and Other Waterborne Diseases CHAPTER 29 FOOD PRESERVATION AND FOODBORNE MICROBIAL DISEASES I I FOOD PRESERVATION AND MICROBIAL GROWTH 951 29.1 Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage 29.2 Food Preservation 29.3 Fermented Foods II II MICROBIAL SAMPLING AND FOOD POISONING 954 29.4 Foodborne Diseases and Microbial Sampling 29.5 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning 29.6 Clostridial Food Poisoning III FOOD INFECTION 29.7 Salmonellosis 29.8 Pathogenic Escherichia coli 29.9 Campylobacter 29.10 Listeriosis 29.11 Other Foodborne Infectious Diseases UNIT VI MICROORGANISMS AS TOOLS FOR INDUSTRY AND RESEARCH CHAPTER 30 INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY I I INDUSTRIAL MICROOGANISMS AND PRODUCT FORMATION 30.1 Microorganisms and Their Products 30.2 Primary and Secondary Metabolites 30.3 Characteristics of Large-Scale Fermentations 30.4 Fermentation Scale-Up II MAJOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS FOR THE HEALTH INDUSTRY 30.5 Antibiotics: Isolation and Characterization 30.6 Industrial Production of Penicillins and Tetracyclines 30.7 Vitamins and Amino Acids 30.8 Steroids and the Biotransformation Process 30.9 Enzymes as Industrial Products III MAJOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS FOR THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES 30.10 Alcohol and Alcoholic Beverages 30.11 Vinegar Production 30.12 Citric Acid and Other Organic Compounds 30.13 Yeast as a Food and Food Supplement 30.14 Mushrooms as a Food Source CHAPTER 31 GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY I I THE TECHNIQUES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 31.1 Review of Principles Underlying Genetic Engineering 31.2 Hosts for Cloning Vectors 31.3 Finding the Right Clone 31.4 Specialized Vectors 31.5 Expression of Mammalian Genes in Bacteria II PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 31.6 Production of Insulin: The Beginnings of Commercial Biotechnology 31.7 Other Mammalian Proteins and Products 31.8 Genetically Engineered Vaccines 31.9 Genetic Engineering in Animal and Human Genetics 31.10 Genetic Engineering in Plant Agriculture: Transgenic Plants
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Microbiology.
Microbiology.