566 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1907 quake was felt; the rain poured down in torrents; few who have read, few who have heard related what a hurricane is, can form but a very imperfect idea of the horrifying contention of the elements. About noon the wind suddenly chopped round to ENE; the gale at this time was more moderate: the rain had subsided. Before 4 p. m. the gale was from the SE in dreadful gusts;ll at 7 p. m. the rain poured down in torrents, t h e lightning was vivid, incessant, and territic; a more dismal night could not be pictured in any mind; the sudden blasts of wind and rain betokened a continuation of this most frightful storm; luckily, however, before the dawn of day it moderated; at daylight on the 20th the wind was SE fresh and strong, and continued so till noon when it moderated. Between figs. 8 and 9 another might have been inserted showing an oscillation of the center to the south of Port Antonio about noon, but it was not considered necessary. It is greatly to be hoped that thepublication of these notes may bring to light further information. For instance, we want to know how Annotto Bay and Port Maria, 30 and 40 miles west of Port Antonio, respectively, fared under a gale from the north for a t least twenty-four hours. The last hur- ricane, in 1903, was moving rapidly, at the rate of 20 miles an hour, yet during the short time the wind was north at these places i t drove the sea ashore in a most threatening manner. Pending further inquiry, it may be remarked that without barometers, or without barometers in proper order, it would seem impossible for people in those days to arrive a t any con- clusion as to the nature of a '( hurricane " by noting, however carefully, the varying directinns of the wind. - CLIMATOLOGY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA., AND VICINITY. Jauuary 31, 190s By T. FRRDERI~ K Davrq, Olirerver, U. S. Weather Buiesri. U.rtrd JaLh-onville, l- la , Situation and general re)~inrXs.-To Jacksonville belongs the distinction of being the farthest west of any city on the Atlantic seaboard. Its longitude and latitude are 81" 39' W. and 30" 20' N. The city is situated on slightly rolling ground on the north bank of the St. Johns River, and has a river frontage of 2; miles. I u a direct line the city is 16 miles from the ocean. Under normal conditions the climate is equable, altho there are often clear, cold, bracing days in winter and high midday temperatures in summer. Early spring and late autumn are the most pleasant seasons of the year, as they are characterized by pleasant temperatures and a greater percentage of clear skies. The changes in weather conditions in this vicinity are due chiefly to the shifting of the areas of high and low barometric pressure over the country, the amount of the change depend- ing upon the proximity and strength of the influencing factor. I n winter a spell of rainy weather isanearly always followed by a shift of wind to westerly, thru the south quadrant, and by colder weather within twelve to twenty-four hours. The storms that give these winter rains are principally of the southwestern type, originating in the west Gulf of Mexico, or in Mexico. Their normal course is northeasterly, and their influence upon local weather conditions begins when they are not more than 400 miles distant, or, in other worcls, about as far away as the State of Mississippi. The wind here is then northeasterly, and, as the storm progresses northeastward, i t veers gradually to southeast and south, when with a rapid shift it goes to westerly, and the cold air of the advancing high-pressure area is ushered in. These conditions typify our cold waves. The pres- ence in this vicinity of the West Indian storms, known as hurricanes, always produces a marked departure from norrnal weather conditions. These storms, fortunately, are not of "Fig. 9-The wind remained southeast all night, showing t h a t the center continued to niove southwestward.-M. H. The back country is generally flat. I n summer stagnant pressure conditions prevail. ~~- ~ - ~__ ~ ~~ ~~ . frequent occurrence. So far as they affect local weather con- ditions, they may be divided into two classes: (1) those that recurve into the Atlantic Ocean over the lower peninsula and (2) those that enter the east Gulf and recurve about latitude 29". Storms of the former class seldom affect conditions here, except occasionally by causing heavy rains; but with those of the second class there are experienced all the phases connected with storms of the tropical type. Neteorological records-The data in the tables for the period June, 1829, to August, 1833, are from the records of Judge F. Bethune, made at his plantation some 5 miles south of Jacksonville. Terdaily readings were made-about the hours of sunrise, 1 p. m., and 8 p. m., local mean time-of a ther- mometer that was exposed on his front porch, but unfortu- nately no more is known of this exposure. The record from 1838 to January, 1872, was made by Dr. A. S. Baldwin, a man of scientific turn of mind, with a leaning toward meteorology. The lapses in this record were due to the Indian and the Civil wars. The best thermometers then obtainable were used. Doctor Baldwin's observations were made terdaily-at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m., local mean time. The thermometer was exposed on the front door facing of his porch, ancl the instrument was well sheltered from the direct and reflected rays of the sun. Until December, 1861, the eleva- tion was 13 feet 11 inches above sea level; beginning February. lSGG, it was 20 feet, probably due to his removal to another residence two blocks farther north. I n both locations the instrument was about 7 feet above the ground. On September 11, 1871, the United States Signal Service (whose meteorological work was transferred to the United States Weather Bureau on July 1, 1891) established a station here, in the Masonic Hall Building, occupied until September 19, 1871, during which time partial observations, only, were taken. September 20, 1871, the station was removed to the Freedman's Bank Building, Pine ancl Forsyth streets. This ofice was occupied until July 21, lS80. Here the thermome- ters were esposecl in the regulation window shelter, 20 feet above the ground. The rain gage was on the top of the building, 64 feet above the ground and 69 feet above sea level. The third oflice was in the Astor Building, Bay and Hogan streets, ancl was occupied from July 22, 1880, to July 31,1902. The elevations of the instruments above ground were: Ther- mometers, 37 feet, exposed in a window shelter until October 1, lS86, when they were placed in a roof shelter 69 feet above ground; rain gage, 57 feet; anemometer, 84 feet. To reduce to sea level add 79 feet. On August 1, 1902, the station was removed to its present location, Dyal-Upchurch Building, Bay and Main streets. Here the elevations of the instruments above the ground are: Anemometer, 139 feet; therinometers, 101 feet; rain gage, 88 f e e t t h e ground being about 7 feet above sea level. In Table 3 the annual minimum temperatures for the years not covered by Judge Bethune's and Doctor Baldwin's records were compilecl by Maj. George R. Fairbanks, historian, who collected these data from various reliable sources. Time uxed.-The entries of time until January 1, 1885, were local mean time; after that date, etandard ninetieth meridian time, which is thirty-three minutes slower than local mean time, is used. Discirssioii of i w a i i temperatures.-The mean temperatures, Table 1, prior to January, 1874, were obtained by the formula (7+2+9)+3, but this gives a mean somewhat higher than the true mean. The formula (7+2+9+9)+4 gives a result very near the true mean temperature. The (' Correction " line in the middle of Table 1 represents the ten-year mean of actual differences for each month between these two formulas, and these values should be applied to the Bethune and Bald- win means, and to the means of the first section, as a reduc- tion to the true mean temperature. In finding these correc- . DECEMBER. 1907 . MONTHLY WEBTHER REVIEW.' 567 ~ Y 1 89 88 89 tions the formulas were applied directly to the Bethune rec- ords. 1829-1833; the Baldwin records. 1844-1846 and 1871. and to the Signal Service records of 1872 and 1873 . Since January. 1874. the mean monthly and annual temperatures have been obtained by the formula (mean ma9 . + mean min.) + 2 . ~ .. 0 0 82 62 87 84 ma; the highest mean pressure is in January. with a second- ary maximum in July; the lowest mean pressure is in May. with a secondary minimum in September . The highest pres- sure ever recorded at this station was 30.70 inches. on January 2.3. 1883; the lowest. 29.06 inches. occurred during the prevalence of a hurricane. at 6 p . m., August 27. 1893 . TABLE !l.-iUaximum temperatures (Fahrenheit) . 1829 1830 .... 1831 .... IS32 .... 1833 .... TABLE I.-ilIean temperatures (Fahrenheit) . ......... 61.1 53.1 56.2 60 . 0 0 s. r. 2 2 ~ 0 .... 61.6 56.8 66 . 9 61.4 63.2 56.7 6u . 2 51.0 56.6 56.5 57 . 6 58.0 54.0 54.1 56 . 4 63.2 61.2 60.9 60 . 4 54.9 53.4 62.4 57 . 5 60 . 1 62 . 3 60 . 3 50 . 4 61.4 55.4 58.5 54.4 63 . 1 ..... 5q.5 -0.5 53 . 9 59 . 0 58 . 6 55 . R 60 . 0 55.6 56 . 4 55.4 61 . 5 58 . 4 61 . 8 65 . 2 63 . 1 55.0 54.2 66 . 2 61.0 5% 4 64.8 65.6 59.0 61.6 5s . 8 47.6 57 . 2 60 . 11 53 . 6 54 . I 52 . 4 50.6 59.2 56.6 53.8 54 . 3 58.2 57.7 66.9 47.6 ..... 53.2 ~ 1829 1830 ..... 1831 ..... 1832 ..... 1833 ..... ................ 74 81 72 ! 79 77 78 74 , i?.? i 2 .2 73.1 73 . 3 ~ 69.0 67.3 ' 1.5 . :: 63.0 1844 .... 1845 .... 1846 .... 1847 .... 1648 .... 1849 .... 1850 .... 1851 ... 18.52 .... 18 53 .... ISM .... 1855 .... 1856 .... 1857 .... 1858 .... 1859 .... 1860 .... 1861 IS66 1867 ..... 1868 .... 1469 .... 1870 .... 1671 .... 1S7? .... Means* 55.7 57.2 54.6 59.3 58.0 54.7 64.1 57.4 47.6 52.6 57.5 55.3 47.7 48.7 59.4 54.5 55.4 ......... ......... 51.6 56.8 58.8 57.6 55.5 51.9 55.6 1844 ..... 1845 ..... 1846 ..... 1Y47 ..... 1848 ..... 1849 ..... 1850 ..... 1851 ..... 1852 ..... I853 ..... 1854 ..... 1855 ..... 1656 ..... 1857 ..... 1858 ..... 1859 ..... 1860 .... 1861 76 73 71 76 75 73 7Y 83 70 74 76 74 70 72 77 76 76 .......... 84 86 87 84 88 89 93 8a 1866 1667 ..... 1868 ..... 1869 ..... .......... 79 S I 79 1871 187'2 ..... 1873 ..... 1874* .... 1876 ..... 1476 ..... 187i .... 1Y78 ..... 18i9 ..... 1A80 ..... 1881 ..... 1s52 ..... 1883 ..... 10x4 ..... 1835 ..... 1836 ..... 1887 ..... 188s ..... 1889 ..... 1890 ..... l S 9 l ..... I892 ..... 1893 ..... 18YJ ..... 1895 ..... 1896 ..... 1897 ..... 1898 ..... 1899 ..... 19W ..... 1901 ..... 1902 ..... 1903 ..... 1904 ..... 1905 ..... 1%16 ..... 1907 ..... .......... 76 76 77 I871 .... 1X7? .... 1873 ... 1874 .... 1875 .... 1876 .... 18i7 .... 187% ... la73 .... 1880 .... 1 S S l ... 1YR2 .... 18S3 .... 1S& .... 1SS5 .... 1586 .... 1887 .... 1sBB .... 1849 ... 1890 .... la91 .... 1492 .... 1x93 .... IS94 .... 1895 .... 18Y6 .... 1x97 .... 189s .... 1S9Y .... 19 00 .... 1901 .... 19n2 .... 1903 .... 19 BL .... ! .... BO . 6 51.9 54.4 57.4 59.2 57.2 52.6 54.2 62.8 53.2 62.8 58.2 32.0 56.7 51.3 511.4 58.0 55.2 63.4 54.2 52.0 49.2 58.6 56.1 53.5 52.1 59.2 53.2 52.7 54.2 5 2 2 52 . 8 50.3 1906 .... 1907 .... 56.0 61.1 ~ . .. . + ._ 0 .... 70.4 70.7 70.3 71.1 i 0 . 2 66.3 711 . 0 72.0 72 6 74.2 69.3 72.8 70.2 69 . 7 71 . 1 i o . 1 69.6 71.6 65.2 70.3 70.7 63.6 69.9 71.2 72 . 3 69.6 71 . 2 69.0 71.0 67 . 5 66 . 3 72.0 $0.1 -0 . 9 70.6 .... .... fiz f 65.8 69.4 67.5 71 . (1 67 . 2 72 . 3 67 . 4 71 . 4 71 . 0 68 . 8 64 . 6 67 . 0 67.8 71 . 3 67.8 69 . 8 67.4 69.4 72.6 68.6 67.2 70 . 0 69.0 66 . 7 66 . 0 69.4 63.2 67.2 w . 5 66.4 68 . 7 68.6 6-4 . 0 68.4 74 . 2 63.2 - ~ . _- I . r' . 4 j7 . . . .L * . . 0 80.3 78.3 77 . Y 79.6 .... 76.5 75.9 i 9 . 5 .... 77.6 7Y . 2 79.9 75.8 78 . 3 76.3 80.7 76.4 7s . 6 77.6 SO . 9 so . 6 76.3 78.7 75.5 80 . 2 7Y . 2 79.2 so . 7 79.3 80 . 5 i7.9 77.9 77 . 4 .... i Y . 6 -0.4 .... 77 . 5 7s . 3 77 . 2 77.9 RIJ . 0 79.8 78 . 0 77 . ? 77.8 $0.9 78.8 77.2 77 . Y 7Y . 5 i9.4 76 . G 77.0 78 . 1 79 . 1 77.6 76 . 8 78 . 9 78.6 79 . 1 79 . 2 76.9 79.9 i7.4 80 . 4 i 8 . 0 77.4 76.8 78.0 79 . x 79.0 7s . 4 60.9 75 . 5 4n . 1 ~~ -~ *' 0 D 0 .. F? . 0 78 78 78 80 ... 79 7Y .... 79 76 79 so 73 74 77 83 77 79 81 82 84 82 79 79 80 79 84 86 85 78 85 86 82 81 83 83 84 82 84 80 83 82 83 80 83 79 81 a2 78 83 86 84 80 85 84 82 84 85 83 81 81 85 79 81 81 SO 81 83 83 86 73 dat .... . I. z z E u . 0 so 76 68 74 68 76 .... .... 76 74 76 78 78 74 80 77 79 71 7% 78 76 80 78 79 72 74 77 80 72 78 73 80 76 78 79 79 a1 71 74 74 79 78 79 76 78 75 76 76 76 74 80 80 80 80 i 7 80 80 74 80 78 76 77 76 79 76 76 78 77 78 81 68 .... ... . a 2 9 . 0 ... 96 92 92 ... 101 98 ... 96 95 95 92 93 93 97 96 93 93 96 101 95 95 96 95 98 98 102 98 101 LOO 97 96 ... ... 104 96 100 101 101 100 98 104 100 99 96 98 96 06 94 100 98 97 97 100 96 100 96 97 LOO 99 98 98 IO1 97 I O 1 97 94 95 96 97 104 91 . a. b . i) 92 95 90 90 92 101 98 ... 89 94 95 92 88 91 91 95 92 91 94 89 93 91 92 94 97 98 100 97 98 97 Y5 Y5 ... ... 101 96 $9 99 99 99 96 96 100 99 96 95 92 96 91 95 96 95 97 100 94 95 92 96 97 Y9 96 97 94 94 98 90 91 95 95 94 101 88 d M < z c . 0 92 95 89 89 92 96 94 .... Y4 Y3 90 90 91 93 95 90 90 93 96 92 95 95 94 91 93 91 102 94 Y7 100 94 95 .... .... 99 95 100 95 98 95 98 96 96 96 Y6 91 94 94 94 97 96 94 91 97 96 95 96 97 96 99 94 98 101 93 98 97 93 31 96 95 103 89 ~~~ , IS7 OS . i . I x b e . 0 93 YG 92 92 90 97 Y6 ... 96 Y5 93 91 91 91 97 94 90 91 95 96 92 89 96 95 98 92 ... 98 101 96 97 96 ... ... 104 96 93 101 101 100 97 104 97 99 94 Y8 96 95 94 100 98 97 96 85 95 100 93 96 100 99 98 96 97 97 101 97 94 94 91 97 104 89 ~~ L a; . 0 .... 67 . 6 65.5 62.2 63.8 62 . 2 62.2 67 . 0 GY . 8 63.4 64.3 64.2 61.8 65 . 2 67.6 65.0 63.3 61.7 65.0 68 . 2 60 . 5 61 . 7 61.9 66 . 9 63.0 64.0 61.6 62 . 7 65.9 62 . 7 60 . 4 67.0 64.0 .u . 5 59.0 59 . 0 G5 . 9 nl . 2 611 . 0 60 . 0 65 . 0 65.3 69.0 59 . 7 67 . 4 60 . 6 67 . 0 58 . 2 60 . 2 60 . 2 60 9 59 . 1 60.2 61 . 6 60 . 0 60.6 66.0 63 . IJ 60 . 8 GS . 4 66 . 7 64.6 61.2 60.4 62 . 4 66 . 8 65 . 6 63.4 60 . 6 69.8 62.3 69 4 58.2 59 . 0 .... .... - . . r; . 0 1 0 84 90 86 ~ 88 2.4 90 83 91 88 93 94 92 90 .... ........ SY 84 ' 93 87 8fi 4 m T . * . 0 ... e4 84 7s 82 84 85 84 87 81 80 81 E4 Y4 82 79 85 84 87 86 83 85 83 84 83 83 0 .... 7ti . 7 73.3 76 . 5 75 . 0 i 6 . ? 78.5 76 . (J ..... 80.6 76.0 77 . 8 75.1 77.3 75.8 76 . 7 76.2 78.6 77 . 3 76.4 76 . 5 76.8 72.9 75.9 78 . 4 77.0 74.4 77.3 7? . 3 74.8 i 4 . 6 76 . 3 -0 . 7 78 . 1 75.4 74.6 74 . 6 10.2 ?2 . 2 77 . 4 i 4 . 2 74.2 75. s 74.8 73 . 8 77.2 74.8 76.0 74.1 d d .0 74.6 i4.4 72 . 8 75 . 2 i 5 . 3 75 . 3 73 . 6 77 . 7 73 . 2 76.5 7s . 3 74.6 75.4 77 . s 72.5 i3.O . 1 13 . 2 74 . 8 75 . 1 72 . 3 25 . 10.3 ..... ..... -r "C so . G "I D 0 84.4 52 . ? 81 . 4 YO . 3 82.3 82 . 4 63.4 84 . 0 0' 1 0 n o I o 81 .(I 79 . 8 i8.3 81 . 7 so . 0 S6 . 0 83 . 5 82.0 s2. 3 80 . ? 81 . 1 19.3 76.2 80.3 78 . 3 78 . 9 SO . 5 i s . 4 SI . 6 80 . 3 79.3 80 . 7 SI . 5 SI . 6 79 . 2 79 . I j 78 . 9 79.0 78 .l i SO . 2 so . 4 -0 . 6 81.0 so . 1 81 . 6 YO . 0 81 . s Y1.8 so . 4 79.5 82 . 2 43 . 2 81.2 S l . 8 77 . 2 81.0 s1.2 i 8 . 8 80.6 78 . 2 81.4 81.1 77.8 80 . n 78.11 so . 2 59.9 83.4 SI . 4 so . 1 79.6 78 . 9 80 . 3 77 . 9 77 . 6 i9.6 811 . 8 78 . 3 80.2 7i.2 .... 81.3 .... .... s6 . n - 82 . 8 82 . 8 8.3 . 0 h l . 9 81 . 5 82 . 9 85 6 85 .I) 84 . 5 84.0 80 . 4 so . 0 80 . 8 SO . 2 82.9 82 . 8 81.2 s1.7 83.3 81 . 3 82 . Y 79.4 82 . 3 80 . 6 83.4 so . 5 .... .... 85.9 82. 1 51 . 1 43.2 81.8 .... 52 . ? -0.5 so . 8 Y?.? 79 . s 85 . 3 81 . 4 83.0 83 . 2 6 4 .2 83.5 s4 . 4 82.0 s4 . 4 8% ? 53.3 81.9 52 . 8 41.9 81 . 9 81 . I1 s1.2 81.7 83.6 SO . 5 81 . 8 92 . 2 82.4 82.0 81.2 82.2 82.6 83.0 81.2 SO . 4 82.0 so . 4 81.7 82 . 4 85.5 79.4 .... - 64.1; ..... 61.11 i l .8 31.6 6% 4 61 . 3 711.8 .... 71.6 do . 0 71.0 .... 70 . 2 69.3 70.6 73 . 0 70.6 io . 2 69.2 71 . 5 73 . rj 69.3 71.2 66.1 66 . 1 67.0 73.0 70 . 1 69 . 7 53.4 i l . 2 70.4 72 . 3 67.3 72.4 74.6 .... 71.0 4 .4 71.3 67 . 8 66 . 2 69. 1 66 . 4 65.4 71 . S 69 . Y 74 . 2 60 . 7 75 . 6 73.5 75.4 73 . 1 68.4 70 . 2 70 . 6 69 . 9 67 . 3 71 . 3 66.9 69.2 50 . 9 71 . 5 69 . 7 i o . 4 71 . 7 70 . 0 i1.8 74.4 69.5 71 . 9 68 . 8 70 . 3 70.4 ti8 . ? 68.3 70.3 75.6 65.4 ..... 63.7 60.0 5 i . 0 ...... 66.2 69.3 G1.1 64.4 55.4 61.6 62.5 69.0 63.0 64.3 5Y . 3 68.9 64.4 57.6 64.0 61.4 63.3 60.6 63.2 58 . 8 57.3 61.9 64.5 6n . 7 ..... 62 2 -11 . 4 63 . 7 56.5 5% 9 64 . 6 64.6 59 . 2 62.4 61 . S 64.0 G2 . 0 66 . 4 RIJ . 8 64 . 1 6? . 3 61.0 60.1 60 . Y 61.6 63 . 9 65.6 60 . 0 5Y . 9 62.0 61.4 61.0 67 . 4 fi5 . :+ 6'. 6 64.6 63 . 5 56.4 65 . 9 59 . G 60.6 63 . 8 61.9 62.2 62 . 3 69.0 55.4 .... 7lJ . 1 69 . 4 69 . s .... i 0 .2 69 . 4 .... 54.4 49.0 63 . 3 .... 52 . 6 81 YO 79 79 78 78 79 76 78 82 83 77 76 77 $9 81 77 79 79 75 78 66 78 79 &a 84 78 6n ........... 1888 .... 57 4 1839 .... / 5416 1840 .... / 51.5 88 91 ... 84 85 82 84 80 82 86 83 87 84 85 86 81 81 85 84 87 86 88 88 88 87 87 90 84 86 83 86 83 85 85 86 85 80 86 92 92 85 87 88 86 90 90 89 88 88 90 89 87 8Y YO 87 86 84 87 86 92 86 89 87 92 80 0 tll ... 86 95 9 4 .... 90 92 90 86 89 85 94 84 Y 1 89 93 91 88 92 86 92 89 92 99 93 94 91 93 93 .... .... 92 95 92 98 97 96 92 90 91 94 94 90 89 92 92 95 92 95 92 89 92 96 96 94 96 94 93 '33 96 92 91 92 93 94 93 94 99 84 yril 1839 ..... 80 184U ..... 74 1811 ..... 80 1841 .... 159.2 SO . 4 82.0 61 . 4 82.4 so . 0 82.2 84 . 7 82 . 5 SO . 5 81 . 6 92 . 7 82 . 2 52.3 40 . 4 82.0 80.3 80.5 so . 3 83.0 81.0 S? . 9 52 . 3 8? . 4 a0 . 8 54.0 60 . 4 53.4 49.4 59.0 54 . 5 61 . 5 G? . 0 58.4 53.5 59.1 69 . 5 69.6 69.6 69.5 68 . 4 67.9 69 . 7 70.2 69 . 8 ..... so 83 89 87 81 86 SY 92 85 96 88 92 91 91 92 92 90 101 88 91 91 92 92 94 96 92 97 92 95 YO .... .... 96 94 98 94 95 96 98 91 95 Y6 90 90 91 89 92 91 93 94 89 92 91 93 95 90 95 93 97 96 90 93 93 93 92 92 91 89 101 Y2 52.0 59.8 51.5 51.7 52.8 55 . 6 ..... 69 . 7 69.4 68 . 3 6% 6 70.6 86 89 !IO 84 87 s7 1870 ..... W2 1571 ..... SO 1372 ..... 81 .......... 56.3 lt69.8 -0.4 ' 4 1 .5 ......... s1 . 9 -0.5 RU . 9 81 . 3 $1.0 78 . 9 s2.4 81.4 44.4 82.0 91 . 6 82.2 $2 . 8 81.4 90.2 82 . 2 81 . 6 81.8 Y2.5 79.7 su.4 82 . 3 81.4 81.4 82 . 2 82.9 s2 . 8 82 . ? s2 . 1 82 . 8 8 4 2 80 . 5 81 . 0 82.0 80.4 79.9 $1 4 S l .8 81.7 h4 . 7 7s . 9 ..... ... Y l l 89 91 86 88 85 87 88 91 88 85 86 88 88 86 89 88 88 88 86 88 90 85 85 92 $S 86 85 87 85 86 82 86 88 89 83 96 80 .... 79 7Y 81 82 .... 82 42 E ' 82 81 86 86 86 80 88 79 85 79 81 80 84 81 85 1 82 84 84 88 82 84 j a7 51 . 7 50.1 50 . 9 59.0 5 i . 8 48 . 6 56 . 2 53.4 62 . B 55.2 62.0 54 . 3 61.4 5s . 6 s4.0 53.6 55.6 53 . 6 62 . (I 55.9 59.6 57 . 6 54 . 8 57 . 7 53.5 53.8 5s . 5 51.8 54.9 56 . 1 52 . 6 5 ; . 1 50 . 4 55 . 6 53 . 5 55.6 55 . 9 64 . 6 48 . 4 56 . n .... 67 . 2 GS . 2 69 . C 69 . 1 68 . S 69 . 1 69 . 4 i l . 0 70.8 71.0 71 . 3 ill . 0 6S . 6 64.1 GJ . 8 69 . 4 64.4 i0 . 6 69 . 2 6s . 3 69.6 69 . S 68 . I1 69.6 7u . 2 69 . .S 69.4 6%.4 6i . 0 64 . 9 67 . 8 67 . 9 68 . 5 68 . 5 69 . 6 69.2 i l . 8 6 i . 0 70 . n - so 80 80 74 so 77 72 78 76 72 78 73 76 81 74 SO 80 77 72 79 79 75 76 a1 78 73 76 77 7s 75 75 80 77 83 70 83 75 74 79 81 is 79 83 79 73 73 84 82 81 83 86 78 52 80 76 79 84 76 81 79 75 77 h1 80 79 75 77 87 86 79 8? 83 80 86 81 81 91 91 78 Higtiest . 1 L,,west .. 86 68 *Maximum thermometers were mum te~nperatiires lu the table ar ~ 'st used January rom eye ohservat he maxi- Tetiipernlwe.-On the average January is the coldest month of the year. altho the annual minimum temperature occurs most frequently in December. and the lowest temperatures ever recorded were in February . The mean temperature reaches its lowest point during the first week of January. and its highest in the second decade of July . The daily minimum temperatures thruout the year nearly always occur about the * Bethune arid Baldwin records . t Average of the iiionthly incalls appearing on this line . bee "I)iscnssiou of meau temperatures." io text . 4i ual Service and Weather Bureaa records . records . a 1 148 Barometric pressicre.-The mean pressure for the year, at sea level and under standard gravity, is 30.06 inches . In the curve of monthly means there are two maxima ancl two mini- 668 'MONTHLY WFATHER RFJIEW. DECEMBER, 1907 1829.. 1831. .... 1R30 .... Precipitation.-There are two rainy and two dry seasons. The principal maximum occurs in SQptember, with a second- ary maximum in March. The dry months are April and No- vember. The winter rains are generally due to the influence of storms of the southwestern type. The summer afternoon rains are largely in the form of thundershowers. Abnormally high temperature in minter is usually followed within thirty-six hours by rain. In summer high midday tem- peratures are followed in the afternoon by thundershowers. Snow occurs seldom, the low temperatures of winter being clue to the cold, dry, non-moisture-bearing minds of anticy- ........ 3a 28 time of sunrise; the daily maximum temperature in winter occurs about 2 p. m., in spring and late autumn a t 1 p. m., and in Auguet and September about noon. The greatest number of consecutive days with the maximum temperature 90°, or above, was 31 days, in 1896, from July 20 to August 19, inclusive. The greatest number of consecutive days with the minimum temperature 32", or below, was 8 days, in De- cember, 1901, from the 16th to the 23d, inclusive. TABLE 3.-Minimum temperaturea (Fuhrenheit ). ~~ 18.51.. 1% x... 1853 ... 1854.. , l b 5 5 .. Is57 ... 1353.. . Is59 ... IS61 IS x... 1561). .. __ 2 - 0 ... 46 52 52 61 ... ... ... .... 52 56 52 .. ... 52 49 52 59 51 42 50 54 53 47 47 53 51 42 49 53 58 54 .... .... .... .... 52 50 50 43 39 55 .... .... 56 62 $2 41 47 45 50 39 $2 37 56 52 47 47 44 38 49 44 47 34 43 53 48 45 43 44 41 41 4 2 4: 4E 4; 5c 4': 41 4( 61 34 - ~~ ..... 0.75 2.00 3.02 1.45 1.17 3.15 1.94 ....... 5.90 0. 35 ~ 3 r: 3 .. :ill 28 22 25 S 33 33 23 "9 30 25 2 i 27 24 "I1 2s 25 32 22 82 23 20 32 24 3u 24 16 34 311 25 32 31 29 27 24 32 20 32 19 29 30 ... ... 27 24 35 2s 24 29 27 5 I9 32 28 29 21 :, 2 15 22 28 27 30 29 2.1 14 14 24 ?I 24 10 18 20 ?* 26 ?8 17 24 31 35 8 :;n ~ ~- 9.97 I.?.; 7. M 4.47 3.24 7.40 5.80 6.67 5.*? 2.15 4.42 10.35 3.75 9.20 1.116 i. 613 1.95 6.75 3.40 6.40 _. b e 2 - 0 .... 40 32 40 34 8 .... .... .... 36 32 28 .... .... 29 30 43 34 32 2'. 36 42 32 35 30 26 44 38 39 44 42 3a ... ... ... ... 2-1 32 36 39 28 42 ... ... 33 38 37 32 3fi 37 32 35 42 34 38 4IJ 37 32 24 38 32 81 44 31 36 41 33 14 27 34 27 10 18 2Y 30 29 33 26 33 33 44 8 - ~~ 9. 95 7. 72 6.70 9.60 2. 70 9.45 8.90 10.40 6.15 4.34 7.25 1. I@ 10.55 , 3.78 3. 51 10. 48 12.15 I 5.05 S.05 17.50 -. i E ~ 0 .... 66 56 64 62 .... .... ... .... 64 66 .... ... ... .... 60 66 60 57 59 64 62 63 58 56 61 65 54 66 64 58 61 ... ... ... ... 64 57 64 53 60 55 ... ... 57 61 52 62 54 48 55 60 58 63 54 54 62 56 56 55 56 50 53 54 52 57 46 55 53 53 52 61 59 55 64 60 59 63 49 59 66 46 - 1835.. 1896.. 1837.. 1838.. 1539..... IW..... 1841 ..... 1842.. 1643 .......... 1844. ... 1845. .... 18%. .... 18.17. .... 1843 ..... 1 W ..... 1850. .... 1851. .... 1852 ..... 1853. .... 1851 ..... 1855. .... 1856 .... 1857 .... 1858 .... 1860. ... 1861 ..... 1862.. 1863.. 1864. 1665.. 1866. 1867 ..... 1868 ..... 1869 ..... 1870 ..... 1871 ..... 1872 ..... 185 g ..... ~ ~~ i c h ~ 0 74 64 i o 66 71 .... .... ... .... 71 69 ... .... ... i5 70 io 75 7'2 74 66 7'2 i o 69 61 68 73 72 i0 70 69 73 .... .... .... .... 65 72 70 70 71 72 .... .... 70 6.4 68 62 66 63 66 62 69 66 65 68 62 6S 67 64 ti4 54 66 63 6 i 68 62 62 66 63 64 60 67 65 65 62 64 66 68 61 75 54 - ........ ........ ........ ...... 40 30 25 ........ 24 34 30 25 42 32 44 32 20 35 34 33 26 16 38 40 32 ....... ......... ...... ...... 32 29 36 32 33 29 30 ....... - i. c, I - _. 0 76 7fi 75 i 6 75 ... ... ... ... 71 74 ... ... ... 74 76 67 73 71 7'2 76 70 i u 53 73 74 73 74 74 io 74 70 .... .... .... .... .... 74 74 72 75 6& .... .... 75 74 69 70 71 65 72 64 70 50 71 69 71 70 fi9 68 70 66 66 66 68 68 7c i l l 6e 67 67 6@ 7c 69 69 69 69 6f 7C if 6f i n - ...... 51 66 66 ti8 63 66 64 I - m tD 4 ~ 17 82 i o 75 74 .... .... ... ... 74 74 .... .... .... fi9 71 75 73 72 i 4 74 72 70 74 71 i 4 74 72 i 5 i 5 73 73 .... ... .... ... 72 72 74 73 77 7'2 ... ... 74 74 66 66 70 70 63 64 71) ill 69 70 70 70 65 68 67 65 64 i 0 68 69 68 70 64 6M 69 i o 6S 66 69 68 69 i 0 70 70 r" ,I 64 - 4b 50 54 56 52 32 46 4' i-1 2 a. , i - 0 3'3 4s 41 38 ... ... ... ... ... 33 34 ... ... ... S2 33 ?S 30 34 44 32 3s 51 53 45 27 3R 35 25 45 4ri 4n ... ... 3 i 42 35 31 40 41 ... 42 31 30 46 43 36 31 41 34 3Y 3 2 3q 42 33 36 36 ?E 38 3c 39 39 35 82 33 33 45 4t 3t 4: 3E 33 3f 2f 4( 4: 3: 4: 5: 2: I %6.. IS67 ... 1868.. . 1869.. . 1470 ... 4 s 6 $ - 0 ' 4: 3( 3- 3- ... ... ... ... ... 2! 3: ... ... ... ?! ?I 3: 4. 4 3: 2: 3' 3. 21 3. 2, 3' 41 AI 3 3: 9% 31 3. 21 3 1' 2 3' 2 3 3 2 2 ? 2 3 1 4 d 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 ~ ...... 4.62 3.80 4.05 1.05 6.67 8.41 5. 92 5.41 4.17 0.4; 5.03 1.25 3.00 2.32 5. 14 ...................... 2.92 6.41 10.i9 t.75 6.21 10.47 7.44 6. 69 7. 07 0.14 10.19 j.50 2.82 8.07 A. 73 4.Y2 4.32 5.15 4.63 2.85 21.12 5.41 8.39 3.24 S. 94 8.96 5. 21 7.61 10.23 4.58 5.75 5.65 4.39 187s ... ISi9.. . isso.. . 1s81...l 1386.. .I 184?.. . lS83.. . 1884.. . 1335. .. 1857 ... 1884 ... 1889.. . 18!)0. : 3.14 0.63 a. 17 9.12 2.58 4.77 4.78 7.18 2. $1 4.34 0.49 5.89 0.63 9.68 2.92 6.89 1. SO 8.90 5 76 9.40 8.30 14:89 11.15 E.24 5.25 8.49 9.70 4.26 4.88 3.31 4 ne 3.67 6. 38 1 :<:I6 4.84 4.66 4 51 10.02 4.93 I 7:10 9.24 4.98 ,11.21 2.54 9.41 4.23 6. 16 5.01 1 3.87 6.27 3.13 12.03 5.44 4.52 6.12 3.90 3.45 3. S3 ?.07 9.64 4.26 6.12 4.74 6.60 2.74 10.97 5.38 6.53 6. 19 110.83 14.04 6.09 16.63 4.66 2.19 16.23 3.46 5.10 4.33 7.34 12.73 2.80 6.09 6.14 2.29 10.44 e.01 1871.. I872 ..... 1873 ..... 1874* .... 1875 ..... 1876 ..... 1877 ..... 1378 ..... 1879 ..... 1380 ..... 1881. ... 1882 ..... 1883 ..... 1884 ..... 188s ..... 1886 ..... 1887 ..... 1883 ..... 1889 ..... 18 go..... 1891 ..... 1892 ..... 1893 ..... 1894... .. 189 5 .... . 1896 ..... 1897 ..... 1896 ..... 1899 ..... 1901 ..... 19 m..... 1903 ..... 1904 ..... 1905. ... 1906 ..... 1900 ..... ........ 28 24 35 40 30 31 33 29 45 33 32 29 21 32 15 ?? 2?1 31 Jo 30 32 24 36 2E 24 21 24 3E 31 2; 25 2E 1; 3; 22 5.35 6. i 5 1.06 6.22 14.97 0.14 clones. TaBLE 4.- Precipifo1io)i. i n iwhex. - c. ? - - - 2 & ~~ .... 1.60 0. 6U 2. 15 1.50 3. 05 0. 60 5. 38 2. 30 4.60 1. 55 4. 20 1. 95 2.25 7. 15 2. 25 1.80 3. 14 2. i o 0.59 7.33 8.93 3. u5 1. lw 5.82 3.51 6.17 1. 12 1.09 0. 43 3.45 5.23 1.87 0.34 4.38 3. KF) 0.51 0.32 0. 77 6.87 3. 44 3.61 1. 6fi 7.10 .>. 38 3. l i 6. 76 3. 64 5. 23 2. 70 4.65 3.06 c. 55 ... 3. 10 - b. 3 - .... 7.00 1.52 4.45 1.00 4.05 2.40 3.00 1.45 3. 75 3.43 2. 95 2. 85 3. 85 0.81 1.50 4.65 3. 1.25 5.52 s. 38 9.08 1.87 2. 47 1.52 4. 26 6.24 2.61 2. 20 3.16 5. 45 7.74 2.81 7.15 5.46 0. 51 9.20 2. 78 1.34 1. 1s 1.4Y 2.26 1.21 1.35 1.31 1.86 5. 31 1. 82 .... 2. go 14. sa 2. go 6. 69 14.31 5.4c 4. 34 1-1. 8C 0. 51 - ? 5 z ~ ..... 3. BO 2.50 1.31 5. 35 5. i 5 2. 92 3. &5 5. 45 2. i o 0.60 3.65 4.10 1.35 2.40 5.40 7. 15 3.62 .... 7. 32 5. 29 2.13 1.30 5.41 2.53 2. 37 1.35 1.69 2.89 0.89 3.84 2. (;3 5.66 6. i 4 3.51 1.57 1.38 2. 89 4. 02 0. i 6 8.90 3.12 3. fi3 2.51 1.60 2.04 1.35 7. 95 6.57 4. Po 2.55 1.35 6.47 1. 03 0. 76 3. :E 8.90 0.76 ~ _. 4 2 E l. 2 - 3. 82 1.25 2.25 3.55 2.72 3.43 1.45 2.15 3.35 0.55 0. 80 0.10 0.40 0. 25 1.65 5.29 .... 2.07 3.53 1. 76 2. 43 2.94 2. 18 2.60 4. 49 1.39 1.24 6. 09 3. 41 5. 70 0.09 5.43 0. 511 0.57 0.10 4. 16 0: 51 2. 26 1.53 0.64 1.76 3.72 A. 12 4.55 1.56 2.34 0. 07 1.06 0.36 4. I8 3.82 2.26 0. 60 0. 01 1.96 2. 32 6. 09 0. 01 ~ i Y - c - 3d 0 Y G I. 24 3. 75 3. 95 1. 20 i. 10 2.93 6. 30 2.35 1.80 2. 05 1. 00 1.60 D. 93 2. 05 3.65 1.95 2. 55 2. 65 4. 81 3. 33 0.65 3. 42 6. 12 3. ::2 3. 46 1.?9 2.86 4.34 0.42 4.04 7. i 6 3.70 2. ss T. 1.37 3.46 2.5? 3. 08 O.81 1. l e 2. 17 4. 89 4.74 2. 35 3.9c 2. 78 5. S? 1.66 1.69 5. 65 1.0: 4.3: 3. 01 7. i t T. - .... n. 46 3.20 0 .... 40 4fi 0 0 52 60 64 52 60 56 i l 52 ......... ~ ; d 8 - 2 21 3.60 9. i o 1.50 2.55 2.20 9. ni 2.00 2. m 7.95 3.20 3.15 4.711 3.20 4.15 7.10 3.86 3.62 6.37 5.65 0.10 4.49 8.92 6. 75 3.81 9.45 6. 25 2. 87 0. 30 7.26 -1.12 2.47 1. 57 6. 00 1.26 9.07 4.43 3.34 4.48 3.24 0.03 6.00 6 74 2. 73 7. 14 1.37 5.90 2.k3 1. 50 2. 89 2.39 1. 37 4.97 IF. 25 IJ. 10 .... 3 3 6 $5 8 - .- 4 - -? ~ .... 3.80 0.43 4.35 1. 15 1.23 2.81 1.25 2. 15 3. 70 3.95 1 . 70 1.85 2.32 4.25 3.20 0.60 2.46 2.43 0.59 1.60 2.98 7. 89 3. 01 5.38 2.97 1.50 4. 57 5.23 4.4s 2. 32 1. ?4 4. 15 0.93 3.9s 0.95 1.72 0.11 2.6i (1. 83 4.40 0.4Y 5. 18 2. 45 3.21 7.34 1.08 2. o? 1.54 0. x t 2.02 0.30 5. 2i 2. YO 7. s9 0.11 .... 3.08 .. 30 82 ....... 53.62 45.76 56.30 37. 88 52.31 46.94 45.54 46.88 61.00 ..... ..... 68.56 49.52 M.18 52.29 ..... 51.81 56.87 GO. 67 48.31 57.60 55. '16 51.57 60. $2 47.18 65.51 54. A9 53.26 53.34 55.02 82.00 54.86 58.60 53.13 46.22 47.52 41.34 41.89 58.23 56.81 46.80 40.19 60.69 45. i l 38.57 53. R5 54.22 55.52 52.03 4Y. 17 55. i 7 46. 86 45.07 152.91 82.00 37.88 ..... .... .... ... .... , .... ......... .... ..... .... 32 40 34 ... ... 38 40 4.4 42 40 46 46 46 40 44 47 33 *2 42 34 45 40 43 ... ... .. ... 39 $2 44 32 44 52 ... 1.56 19.95 I7.85 14.45 ...... 6.33 6 .5 8. l r 7.69 I L~ -~ 70 65 59 ... ... ... ... 68 73 62 68 72 59 ... ... 70 7IJ 56 59 66 67 67 61 62 69 65 62 64 68 66 55 55 57 65 65 66 61 53 5i .... .... .... .... 48 52 55 44 52 53 ... 59 4fi 41) 49 43 4Y 50 46 52 46 54 51 59 -19 49 44 40 50 45 43 45 42 45 52 52 50 54 40 54 59 61 47 41 M 51 41 46 61 32 .... 42 31 37 40 31 36 39 44 43 39 47 40 42 38 3 7 36 35 39 27 38 29 23 32 40 35 48 42 26 38 30 37 48 42 44 .% 53 53 26 - 3. 65 6. 69 3. "? 2.54 4.92 5.25 2.72 5. 14 4.5s 8.96 2.71 1 5.55 1904 ... 6 .7 7 1905.. . 1.80 1!406 ... 3.46 I Y I l i ... 0.14 13.i0 21.12 2.07 1.10 .. 62 64 58 , 49 69 51 63 64 65 61 6-5 65 68 ' 73 70 1 I Seasonal 1 : Wiuter. 8.98; spriup, 10.07; summer, 18.64; sut.umu, 14.77. T Iudicnter aiuouut tou small to iuvasurc. * Baldwin recon1 t Sieusl Pervice mid lV%itlier Bureau rerords. 1 All rc<.ords. $Total of moutlilg means 011 t h i s line. In July per cent of the rains occur between 7 a. 111. and 7 p. m., and Sl per cent of these, or G6 per cent of all the rrtius of the month, occur in the afternoon-between noon and 7 p. m. Only 18 per cent are a t night-7 p. m. to T a. m.- 65 per cent of which are between midnight and T a. m. I n January the rains are more equally distributed between day and night. I n this month 64 per cent occur in the daytime- between 7 a. m. and 7 p. m.-f23 per cent of which are between Highest. 4: Lowest.. 1: * Miuirnum therniomrters wvrc first urrccl January II,lRi4; p r i o r t o t l i n t llatetliclilinillllll~l ternperaturei i o the ruble a r c frolu eye otiserrntions DECEMBER, 1907. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.' 569 noon and 7 p. m.; while of the 36 per cent that occur a t night, 67 per cent are between 7 p. m. and midnight. This computation is based on the time of occurrence and not on the amount of fall. Damaging droughts have been known in all the months of the year, except August and September. On an average of one year in four precipitation is quite insuEcient a t some stage of the crop-growing season. The greatest drought in the history of the station prevailed from October 27, 1SS9, to February 28, 1890, during which period there fell only 1.66 inches of rain, this being a minus departure from the normal of 10.5 inches. Between November 33,1H89, and Jan- uary 1,1890, merely a sprinkle (amount too siiiall to measure) fell. Relaliur Hirniidity.-The mean relative humidity, a t three different hours of observation, computed from records for 17 or 20 years, is given in Table 5, ancl is plotted in fig. 1. The mean of the three series is ais0 computed ani1 plotted. FIG. 1.-Mean relative humidity at Jacksonrille, Fla., a8 given in Table 5. lli',ici.-The prevailing winds are from the northeast during the colder months of the year, and from the southwest in summer. For the year, as a whole, -10 per cent of the winds are from the northeast and 25 per cent from the southwest, the remaining 35 per cent being more or less equally (lis- tributed among the six other principal directions of the compass. During winter 75 per cent of the winds are from a nortli- erly quadrant, northeast to northwest. I n spring 55 per cent are from a southerly quadrant, southeast to southwest. I n summer 80 per cent of the winds are southerly, southeast to southwest, with southwest largely predominating. I n autumn fully 90 per cent of the winds are northerly, northeast to northwest. During periods of abnormally high temperature in late spring, summer, and early autumn, the winds are light and from a westerly quadrant; a t other seasons from northeast to southeast. During periods of abnormally cold weather the winds are from the north or northwest in spring; from west to northwest in winter; and from northeast in summer and autumn. The wind velocities are least about sunrise, when the tem- perature gradients are weakegt. After 6 a. m. there is a gradual increase in velocity until the afternoon maximum is attained a t :3 o'clock; thereafter there is a gradual decrease in velocities until about midnight. I n summer the highest wind velocities are generally from the south or southwest, and occur iu short thundersqualls. In winter the maximurn veloci- ties, as a rule, are from the southwest and west. lfit.nth~r.-The highest percentage of sunshine occurs during the months of least rainfall-April and November. I n January ani1 February cloudiness is greatest in the early morning and late in the afternoon, the skies being usually clear to cloud- less a t tuidtlay. Long, drizzling rains are of greatest frequency during December. The average yearly sunshine is 50 per cent. Frost.--T\'ith cloudless sky, caliu or very gentle breeze, and relative humidity 65 per cent or more, a light frost will form when t,he air temperature near the ground is as high as 45", aud with a temperature of 36O the deposit mill be heavy. There is practic,ally no danger of frost in this vicinity be- fore the last decade of October. and a killiug frost has never occurred in autumn before the second decade of November. The latest light frost in spring in the past fifty years m-as April 38, and the latest killing frost April 6. (~J Z (Z m7iw at Juc.X.so~ idle.-Notable freezes and minimum temperatures: July is the iiionth of least sunshine. " F. 1835, February8.. ................................ H 1657, *January 1 9 . ......................... 16 1870, December 2 4 .. ............................ 19 1880, Deurlnber 31). ............................... 1 9 ................ 15 ................ 14 ................ 14 1899. February 13. ................................ 10 lWJl!, February 1 8 .. ............................... 18 1905, January 2 6 .. ................................ 17 1766. ;Tohn Bartram, the botanist, says the night of January 5 was the fatal night that destroyed the lime, citron, ancl banana trees in St. Augustine, together with many curious evergreens up the river that were nearly twenty years old, and many flowering plants aucl shrubs that were never before hurt. Bertram, who was then camping on the St. Johns River above Volusia, sags the morning of January 3 was clear and cold; thermometer at;", ancl wind northwest. The ground was frozen an inch thick on the banks of the river.' 1799. The temperature was very low.' 18915. On April C; a heavy frost was very destructive to vege- tation; the temperature a t Picolata, Flrt.; was as low as r2So.' 1835. The great freeze, par excellence, occurred on Febru- ary 8 of this year, when the temperature went as low as So at dacksonville. The St. Johns River was frozen several rods from the shore and afforded a spectacle as new as i t was dis- tressing. 811 fruit trees were killed to the ground and many of them never started again, even from the roots.' 184.5. On December 51 a temperature of 20' was recorded a t Jacksonville. 1x53. January 1 3 a cold wave prevailed and the temperature was as low as 20'. 1657, Jauuary 19 and 20. Ice two inches in thickness formed on pools and along the margin of the river on the morning of the 19th, when the temperature fell to 16"; some people tried to skate. 'It was the coldest day since the great freeze of 1835. On the morning of the 30th the temperature was as low 8s 18". MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. TABLE 5.-Means, avernges, and extrema. DECEMBER, 1907 570 Feb. April. ~~~ ~. hfay. ~~~ 83. 9 66.2 18 33 17 37 49 29 4 U (I n 79 55' 7.3 69 Y.IIG 5. 2 56 5 ,' . I W . 12 14 5 4. .I I O 16 3 6 18 Jan. lune. July. A u g. ~ 89.9 73.6 16 30 17 27 34 81 15 3 0 0 84 64 bo 76 ti. 18 i . 3 55 st. $\I.. 8 l i 6 5.5 15 22 6 11 8 i Sept. Oct. h'ov. Dec. Annual. Meteorological conditions. I Temperature-1874-1907 : Mean daily maximum ................ Mean daily luiniiuum ................ Maximum greatest daily range.. ..... Minimum reatest daily range ........ Maximum monthly range. ........... MiniluilN monthly range.. ........... Average number of days with maxiiuuni goL' or alwve.. ............. Average number of days with iuasiluiim 95" or above.. ............. Average numlBer of days with miniiiiulu 36O or below.. ............. Average nulu1,er uf days with minimuin 3ZC' i ~r Itelow ............... Nean daily range.. .................. ~e a n monfh~y range .................. Rrlntivn huiuirlitv: 64.1 46.1 18 38 16 48 5M 32 0 11 5 2 85 1% 1 I, i 5 -. 3. 09 i. 9 57 CW. ne. 111 I 1 10 5.3 9 17 3 1 3 61;. 6 48. 9 IS 40 24 47 i l 38 0 0 3 1 h.; 5$ i 4 i? 3. 99 b. 9 75 "\f . I,*. 1 (I 9 J 5.4 9 14 d 1 5 ~ 72.3 54.0 18 36 23 4ti 60 ^., .I _ 11 fJ 1 0 s2 5:' i 2 69 4 .4 i 8. i 1; 1 S sw. I" 12 4. i 9 1 !I 3 6 77.5 5Y. 1 18 34 17 42 52 89 0 0 0 0 77 53 65 R7 4.31 9.9 51 >\V. .\f . 13 I 1 6 4. 3 , > 13 3 11 83.5 72.0 16 25 19 29 11 2 i I? U 0 91 I fiU ,2 5 . I:! i. 9 62 '4w. 9\F. 77 8 15 5.3 13 19 5 12 "0 , 90.7 74.1 17 30 19 26 36 ?2 l i 5 0 0 sa 62 77 74 4. M 7.; 4; .i\. sw. 6 16 7 5. 7 15 ?G 2 14 23 Si. 7 71. 1 15 28 16 ?dl 45 22 4 U 0 0 86 67 8:! 78 !a. 96 "" I . 1 i l l hW. I1C. 9 12 9 5.5 14 "I I 5 l i 78.2 m .7 16 34 21 39 48 26 0 0 0 0 94 64 79 ili 6. 15 s. 5 62 *-. 1lP. 12 11 s 5. I 10 18 1 2 6 i l . 0 54.0 17 33 '22 b 46 56 36 0 0 1 0 85 ti3 75 7s 3. 75 i. 5 40 sw. Ill!. 11 11 6 4. !I S 17 1 1 7 65. 1 47.2 18 41 21 47 66 3s 0 0 4 2 96 ti4 7s i 6 4. 43 7.8 51 aw. n. 11 11 9 5. 1 3 15 0 1 6 77.8 60.8 17 41 16 39 71 21 52 11 14 5 83 . 6U 76 73 9.86 8. 1 75 S U . ne. 124 I50 91 5. I 126 148 96 59 95 ~~ ~~~ ~~ &lean 7 a. ~.*(I s s &I ~o ;)... .............................. .per veut.. . Mean: 2 p. IU. (15i2-1888). ................................ .per ceut.. Mean, 7 p . 111. (18RS-lW7). ................................ .per cent.. Mean; 7 a. m., 2 p. in., a n d 7 p. 111.. ...................... ~~e r r e n t .. Greatest auiount in auy twenty-hiir hours; in<,lws auil Iiuudredtlis. Preripitation--lSi?-lYO7: Wind-18Y1-190i: Average hourly velocity.. ........................ .iiiiles per hcur . Maximum velocity for tive minutes (1872-1!107) ... ..iniIes per hour.. d i rwtiou ....... Prevailing wind direction (1372-1907) .............................. Weather- 1872-1907: Average nuiiiber of clear days. Average nuinher of partly cloud Average nuiiiher of cloudy days.. ................................. Average clnudiness, suurise to sunset (1891-lWi). .... .&ale 0 to 10.. Average number of rainy d a y s .. ................ .0.01 inch or wore. Greatest nuiuher of rainy (1. Least nuiiilter of rainy days Average iiuiiiher of Ihuuderstorma ................... Greatest. number of thonderstur~iis. ................................. ..................................... .................................... . :emnerature of 24' was 1868 and 1870. On December 25,1868, and again on Decem ber 24, 1870, freezes occurred with temperatures of 20' ani 19O, respectively. During these freezes many young buds were killed, young orange seedlings were frozen to the ground, and much fruit WRS destroyed. 1873, 1876, and 1879. The freezes of January 19,1873, mini- mum temperature 24'; December 3, 1876, ininimuin 24'; and January 7, 1879, minimuin 25', wrought havoc to fruit, but did no lasting harm to trees. 1880. On December 30 the temperature fell to 19O, and great damage resulted to oranges, lemons, limes, guavas, and other fruit then on the trees. 1886. Very great damage was done to fruit and young trees by the freeze of January 12. 1894. The freeze of December 29 killed all fruit on the trees, together with many young trees. Some of the more hardy fruit trees, altho damaged greatly, shortly after the freeze showed signs of recovery. * 1895, February 8. This freeze was remarkable in that it fol- lowed so closely that of December 29 of the previous pear. There was little fruit left to be injured. but all fruit trees were killed to the ground. 1897. On January 28 the temperature fell to 21', and young fruit stock was damaged and vegetables nearly destroyed. 1899, February 13. The minimum temperature on the morn- ing of the 13th was loo, and all fruit trees, many of wliich were just beginning to recover from the freeze of 1895, mere killed. Young stock and vegetables of every description were destroyed. Some forest trees mere also killed. The tempera- ture was below freezing all day, the highest point reached being 27'. The facilities in hand were insufficient to protect vegetables against such severe cold, altho the low tempera- tures were accurately forecast. 1900. On February 18 the minimum temperature was 18', and much damage resulted to early vegetables. 1901 and 1905. The freezes of December 21,1901, minimum temperature 20°, and of January 26,1905, minimum 17O, clam- aged vegetables very much. The trees were not greatly injured. 1906. On December 24 a minimum recorded, ani1 co&derable damage resuited to plants and vegetables. Notes O )L s w w and dwt.-In 1774 there was a snow storm that extended over most of Florida. The inhabitants long afterwards spoke of it as an extraordinary white rain.' 1852, January 13. Snow fell all the forenoon. The total amount was one-half inch (unmelted). 1855, February 28. lSGS, January 29. 1869, February 28. 1873, January 10. 1875, February4 and 5. 1879, January 4. A few flakes of snow fell. There was a flurry of snow in the fore- Light sleet fell during the night. noon. A few flakes of snow fell a t 7:!?5 a. m. Light sleet occurred between mid- night and sunrise on both these dates. Sleet began at 7 p. m. and turned to rain at 8:30 p. m. On the followingmorning (the 5th) everything out of doors, such as trees, shrubbery, etc., mas covered with ice. The weight of the ice broke the limbs of many orange trees. 1802, December 27. Light snow flurries occurred a t inter- vals during the day. 1893, January 18. Sleet and snow fell in this city shortly after midnight. It began as sleet, turned to snow, and then to rain. 1895, February 14. At 6322 p. in. light sleet began to fall, continuing about five minutes, when it turned to snow; snow ended in five minutes. Light snow beganagain a t 7 3 0 p. m., and ended a t 8 p. m. At 9 4 5 p. m. of the 12th, rain changed to sleet, and this to snow a t 10:15 1). m. Snow con- tinued during the night, ceasing before sunrise on the 13th. At 7 a. m. of the latter date snow on the ground was 2 inches deep, with a temperature of 10'. I n shelteredplaces the snow remained unmelted for several days. 1899, February 12 and 13. 1 Extracts from a paper read before the Florida State Horticultural Society by Maj. Geo. R. Fairbanks, May 8, 1895. DECIEWBER, 1907. M O m Y WEATaER REVIEW. 571 ...................... 1858 ...................... 1859 ...................... 1860 ................. 1861 .................... 1868 ..................... 1869 ...................... is70 ...................... 1871 ...................... 1872. ..................... 1873. .................... ., 1901, December 16. Light snow flurries occurred a t 1 p. m., and sleet :fell a t intervals during the afternoon. 1907, February 7. A light snow flurry occurred in the im- mediate vicinity of the city during the early afternoon. Hiirricanes.-!l'he season of greatest frequency of hurricanes is from September 1 to October 15. During September the mean track of these storms lies near and almost parallel to the east Florida coast. The dates on which severe tropical storms prevailed in the vicinity of Jacksonville are given below. It will be noted that since 1841 nineteen hurricane years have oc- curred, and in seven of these two or three hurricanes have visited this section within one season: 1842, October 5 -6 .. ........... ,1881, August 27. 1846, October 1 2 .. ............ ,1881, October 6. '1848, October 12. ... N~~veNber 2 October 28 November 16 Novetiiher 17 November 16 Octoher 21 1851, August 1 8 .. ... 1853, October 9 .. .... 1854, September 8 1871, August 17-18 . 1871, August 24 .... 1874, September 28. 1876, September 1 6 . 1878, July 11-13., . . 1878, September 9-1 1878, October 21-22. 1880, August 49-30 . TABL ~~~~ ~ I 1878 ..................... 1379 ...................... 1880. ..................... ips1 .................... 1882 ...................... 1883 ...................... .......... ,1884, September 10-11. ......... ,1582, October 11. ......... .1885, October 10-11. ......... ,1888, September 9. ......... .188H, October 11. ......... .1893, Juue 16-16. ......... .1893, August 27. ......... ,1893, October 14. ......... .1894, September 46. ......... ,1894, October 9.' .......... lt49G, September29. ........ ,1899, October 5 . G.-D(iten qf froat. November 29 Noveiulrer 4 November 16 Nqwetuber 4 November 15 November 3 ~~ I Light frost. 1836 ...................... 1887 ..................... 1888 ..................... 1889 ..................... Year, October 29 Octuber 31 November 11 November 29 First iii autumn. .... 1896.. .................... 1897.. ............. .:. ... 1898 ..................... le99 ..................... October 19 November 4 Octoher 23 NoveiiilJer 6 October 30 Noveuiber 4 Noveiiiher 20 Norember 14 (lctobrr 26 Ileccmber 8 October 26 November In November 3 Drcemher 24 No\ ember 24 Nvvernber 13 Norriuber 2 1902 ...................... 1903.. .................... 1901 ...................... 1905.. .................. 1906. ..................... November 28 October 25 Noremher 14 November 2 Novetuher I? 1900. .................... November 10 1901 ..................... .I Octvber 17 1907 ...................... Averaxe. ................ OctolJer 29 Noveiuber S ~ Last iii spring. %larch 2'2 Frlrruary 9 Jauuary 22 April 19 March '13 March 29 A1,riI ?'! April ?B March 20 March 14 April 18 March 30 Murb 16 hIarch 5 April 14 April 18 February 20 March 4 n m c h 6 Jnuuary 15 February 12 March '32 February 21 hlarch 5 April 6 4pril 13 .4pril 5 February 6 March 23 February 21 March 19 March 11 April 2 March 15 April 4 hlarcb 17 April 6 April 16 March 20 March 31 April 5 April 5 Jauuary 30 April 8 April 11 April 14 April 22 April 1 Fehrimry 2:' March 15 April 17 Aprll 15 March 19 niarcb 23 ~~~~~~ Killing frost. First in autumn. Decrmlirr 12 Nwewlier PS Noveuiber '16 Nu\?inlier 25 Dweiii her 11 Uecwii ht.r 17 Noveiuber 20 Noue Noveiubcr 15 Noveiu1it.r 25 Noue Deceiuher 11 N w e N ~e m b e r 21 h'oreuiber ?1 De1 emlwr 23 Dewmber 5 Novemhrr 16 Noreiuher 20 Iiecelulwr S Decemher 15 Deceiulier I Noveiirlw XI IiecPiu her 2s NovemlJer 21 Noveurher 16 November 25 Decemhrr 1 7 Dei emlper 11; 1)ewniber 3 Nuvemher 26 Ikcember 6 November 21 Uecetulrer 20 Noieiirher 30 December 29 Nnveruber 14 Noveinher 12 Nobetuber 25 Dectwber 4 Decelulier 22 December 6 DerPmlw 6 IJeceiiiler 30 Nouu Deceml,rr 16 Iiecember 26 Nsbreinher 1!1 Deceniher 29 Noue. November 1X Deceniber 5 November 12 December 4 Last i i i spriiig, ~ ~ ~~ Fchriiary 11 February 8 .lanuarv 25 .Tauiia