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Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Abbreviations and Symbols ix Part I. Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The traditional view of the status of in.nitives in Old English 4 1.3 The two infinitives in competition 9 1.4 Problems with Callaway's classi.cation 12 1.5 The rise of the to-infinitive: an outline 17 1.6 Some methodological decisions 20 Part II. The to-infinitive as goal 25 2 The expression of purpose in Old English 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Purpose adjuncts in Gothic and Old English 28 2.3 Bare 'final' infinitives in the literature 31 2.4 Bare infinitives after verbs of motion and rest 34 2.5 Syntactic options for the analysis of the bare infinitive 39 2.6 The emergence of the to-infinitive as purpose phrase 40 2.7 Conclusions 42 3 The to-infinitive as goal-argument 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 The conatives 46 3.3 The verbs of persuading and urging 51 3.3.1 Introduction 51 3.3.2 Persuading versus commanding in Old English 52 3.3.3 Membership and subcategorization 56 3.3.4 The distribution of the three frames 60 3.3.5 From adjunct to goal-argument 64 3.4 Competition between the three frames 68 3.5 Conclusions 70 vi Contents Part III. The to-infinitive as theme 71 4 Intention 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 The distribution of the to-infinitive in Old English 75 4.3 Models for the distribution of the to-infinitive 78 4.3.1 The dative or genitive noun phrase 78 4.3.2 The prepositional phrase 79 4.3.3 Reanalysis of adjunct to argument 80 4.3.4 The bare infinitive 82 4.3.5 The subjunctive clause 85 4.4 The ginnan-verbs 88 4.5 Conclusions 98 5 Commanding and permitting 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 The verbs of commanding and permitting 102 5.2.1 Membership and subcategorization frames 102 5.2.2 Dual membership 109 5.2.3 Dative + genitive verbs 116 5.3 Reanalysis from adjunct to argument 117 5.4 The status of the AcI 124 5.5 AcIs and NP to VP-constructions 132 5.6 Conclusions 137 6 Commissives 139 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Membership and subcategorization frame 140 6.3 Three types of promises 143 6.4 Modals and subjunctives 146 6.5 Conclusions 149 Part IV. Syntactic Status 151 7 The category of the to-infinitive 153 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 The Old English to-infinitive is not a prepositional phrase 155 7.2.1 The evidence from etymology 155 7.2.2 Evidence from conjoined structures 157 7.2.3 Evidence from nominal behaviour of Middle English infinitives 161 7.2.4 Infinitival to inseparable from the infinitive 162 Contents vii 7.2.5 The behaviour of the Infinitival in.ection 163 7.2.6 Evidence from internal structure 164 7.2.7 Positional evidence against a PP-analysis 167 7.2.8 Conclusions 170 7.3 The Old English to-infinitive is a complementizer phrase 171 7.3.1 Introduction 171 7.3.2 The distribution of the to-infinitive 171 7.3.3 Positional evidence from objects 174 7.3.4 Evidence from to- Infinitival relatives 175 7.3.5 Scrambling: evidence against CP status? 177 7.3.6 Conclusions 178 7.4 That -clauses and to-infinitives in competition 179 7.4.1 Evidence from two manuscripts of Gregory's Dialogues 179 7.4.2 Evidence from a quantitative study 185 7.5 Conclusions 189 8 The changing status of Infinitival to 191 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 The rise of the to-infinitive 192 8.2.1 The category change from noun to verb 192 8.2.2 The category change from prepositional phrase to noun phrase 197 8.3 The status of to in Old English 203 8.4 To as a non-finite modal 208 8.5 To moves overtly to Tº in Middle English 211 8.5.1 The emergence of to V and V 211 8.5.2 The OV/VO change 215 8.5.3 The lexicalization of Tº 218 8.5.4 Conclusions 219 8.6 The emergence and subsequent loss of for to 220 8.7 The grammaticalization and degrammaticalization of to 225 8.8 Conclusions 229 Part V. Changes in Middle English 231 9 The rise of to-Infinitival Exceptional Case-Marking 233 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 The analysis of to-Infinitival ECMs in Present-day English 235 9.3 The ECM after want-verbs 239 9.3.1 Introduction 239 9.3.2 Reanalysis of object control to ECM 240 viii Contents 9.3.3 No direct competition between new ECM and old AcI 243 9.3.4 The want-verbs in the Paston Letters 245 9.3.5 Thematic differences between commanding and persuading persist 249 9.3.6 Conclusions 252 9.4 The ECM after believe-verbs 252 9.4.1 Restrictions on to-Infinitival ECM with believe-verbs 252 9.4.2 The expression of unmarked themes after the loss of verb-second 256 9.4.3 Virus Theory 259 9.4.4 ECM and the Small clause 264 9.4.5 The to-infinitive as predicate after wesan 266 9.4.6 Unaccusatives in the wesan-construction 271 9.5 Conclusions 273 10 Innocent bystander: the loss of the inde.nite pronoun man 275 10.1 Introduction 275 10.2 Traditional accounts of the loss of man 276 10.3 The four environments of man in Ælfric 277 10.4 Man in main clauses 279 10.4.1 Introduction 279 10.4.2 Man in SpecMP 279 10.4.3 The loss of V2 and information structure 281 10.4.4 Man clause-initial 282 10.4.5 Man as an ultra-inde.nite 285 10.4.6 Conclusion 289 10.5 Man in subjunctive that -clauses: competition from arbitrary PRO 290 10.6 Man in other subclauses 293 10.7 Conclusion 294 Part VI. Summary and Conclusions 295 11 Summary and conclusions 297 11.1 Introduction 297 11.2 Origin of the to-infinitive 298 11.3 Competition between subjunctive clause and to-infinitive 300 11.4 The categorial status of the to-infinitive 301 11.5 The position of to 303 11.6 The value of extra-syntactic evidence 303 Contents ix Appendix I: List of corpora used 307 Appendix II: Tables of complementation patterns 309 Appendix III: Functions of the to-infinitives in the C and H manuscripts of Gregory's Dialogues. 313 References 315 Index 333
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
English language -- Middle English, 1100-1500 -- Infinitive.
English language -- Old English, ca. 450-1100 -- Infinitive.