In the Matter of Implementation of Section 6002(B) of the Omnibus Budget 
Reconciliation Act of 1993 Annual Report and Analysis of Competitive Market 
Conditions with Respect to Commercial Mobile Services 

[NO NUMBER IN ORIGINAL] 

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 

10 FCC Rcd 8844; 1995 FCC LEXIS 5613; 78 Rad. Reg. 2d (P & F) 1322 

RELEASE-NUMBER: FCC 95-317 

August 18, 1995 Released; Adopted July 28, 1995 

ACTION:  [**1]  FIRST REPORT 

JUDGES: 
By the Commission 

OPINION: 
 [*8844]  I. INTRODUCTION 
1. CMRS, or "Commercial Mobile Radio Services," is a category of services that Congress created n1 to encompass 
all mobile telecommunications services that are provided for profit and make interconnected service available to the 
public (or to such classes of eligible users as to be effectively available to a substantial portion of  [*8845]  the public, 
as specified by Commission regulation). n2 The creation of CMRS was one of several Congressional actions that have 
the effect of promoting the consistent regulation of similar mobile radio services. Congress also required the 
Commission to submit an annual report reviewing competitive market conditions with respect to CMRS. n3 This Report 
("Report") is the first of the Commission's annual reports. 
n1 The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-66, Title VI, §  6002(b), amending the 
Communications Act of 1934 ("Communications Act") and codified at 47 U.S.C. § §  153(n), 332(c)(1) (hereinafter, the 
"Budget Act"). 
n2 See 47 C.F.R. §  20.3; Implementation of Sections 3(n) and 322 of the Communications Act - Regulatory 
Treatment of Mobile Services, Second Report & Order ("Second CMRS R&O"), 9 FCC Rcd 1411, 1425-42 (PP 39-70) 
(1994). CMRS providers include "all cellular licensees, common carrier paging licensees and private carrier paging 
licensees..., all wide-area SMR providers and most SMR providers." Id. at 9 FCC Rcd at 1468 (P 139) (footnote 
omitted). [**2]  
n3 Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. §  332(c)(1)(C). 
A. Executive Summary 
2. CMRS is a part of the telecommunications business that is undergoing major changes that have resulted in 
growing competition, convergence and popularity, all under a system of reduced regulation. Traditionally, CMRS was 
composed of discrete services that did not compete with each other to any significant degree, were used by relatively 
few customers, and were regulated in a traditional public utility manner by this Commission and most states. 
3. Major change began in the mid-1980s with the first commercial offering of cellular mobile telephone service. 
Originally, in the 1970s, the Commission had planned to have only one cellular system, which would be operated by 
local telephone companies. But in 1981, to ensure competition in the cellular business, the Commission decided to 
license two competing cellular systems in every area. The Commission determined that one would be operated by a 
separate subsidiary of a local telephone company and the other would be totally unaffiliated with any local telephone 
company. At the time, no one predicted that the service would be as popular as it has become. The [**3]  service has a 
ten percent penetration rate among American consumers. Cellular service in automobiles and via portable telephones 
has become a universally recognized business tool, and its providers have recently begun to target their marketing 
strategies towards the mass consumer market. Paging service has even more subscribers than cellular, and dispatch 
service has grown steadily in popularity among business and government entities. 
4. The duopoly nature of cellular service made it less than fully competitive, however. Therefore, in the early 
1990s, the Commission allocated 143 MegaHertz ("MHz") of spectrum, almost three times the spectrum allocation for 
cellular service, to create Personal Communications Services ("PCS"). The Commission is awarding licenses for PCS 
by auctions. In June 1995 the Commission issued two licenses of thirty MHz each for the most significant form of PCS, 
broadband PCS, in every locality in the country (except for three markets in which one license had already been 
awarded to a technical "pioneer"). n4 Broadband PCS is expected to be available on a widespread basis by 1996 and the 
Commission's spectrum allocation provides sufficient spectrum to ensure [**4]  at least three, and possibly as many as 
six, new competitors to the cellular carriers in each market. Broadband PCS will have many times the capacity of 
today's cellular systems and its offerors will be able to provide any mobile service that consumers demand, free of 
traditional classifications such as "telephone,"  [*8846]  "dispatch," and "paging." Investors believe the prospects for 
broadband PCS are bright enough that they bid over $ 7 billion at the recent auctions. Already, the approach of 
broadband PCS appears to be influencing incumbent wireless providers to lower prices and increase features. The 
Commission's implementation of PCS is an example of regulation that promotes the private marketplace over 
government mandates, the most efficient use of the nation's natural resources (in this case, spectrum), and competition 
(with the attendant benefits for consumers of low prices, high quality, and innovation). 
n4 See Public Notice, Auctions (Mar. 13, 1995) and authorities cited infra note 90. The three "pioneer" licenses 
were issued to American Personal Communications (for Baltimore/Washington, D.C.), Cox (for Los Angeles), and 
Omnipoint (for New York City). 
5. The Commission has [**5]  also systematically removed regulatory barriers, thus allowing dispatch systems to 
provide mobile telephone service and vice versa. Other regulatory barriers were removed recently when the 
Commission forbore from regulating CMRS under several sections of Title II of the Communications Act n5 and pre-
empted state regulation of entry into and rates for CMRS. This trend towards reduced regulation is continuing, as the 
Commission is considering the most efficient way to license wide-area dispatch systems that can compete on an equal 
footing with cellular service and PCS. Finally, the Commission recently licensed several satellite-based systems that, 
upon commencement of service in future years, may greatly increase the availability of CMRS that is provided by 
competing carriers and in the forms the Commission believes will meet consumer demand. 
n5 Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § §  201-29. 
6. Under this system of increasing spectrum allocations and flexibility, CMRS has already become a significant part 
of the nation's economy. CMRS has shown steady growth n6 and double digit annual growth rates should be anticipated 
for CMRS during the next several years. n7 
n6 See Tbl. 1. 
n7 Last year, the cellular industry by itself added about 8 million subscribers. Cellular Industry Hits Historic 
Landmark: One Out of 10 Americans Now Use Cellular, Total Subscribers Reach 25 Million Milestone, Cellular 
Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) Press Release ("CTIA Press Release"), Feb. 24, 1995, at 3-4. [**6]  
7. The combination of these events is leading to several trends that are discernible from the data analyzed in this 
Report. First, the previously discrete categories of services within CMRS are beginning to compete with each other, and 
CMRS may become a single market for telecommunications for "people on the move." Second, it is predicted that the 
availability and popularity of CMRS should increase several-fold in the next few years. Third, with the Commission's 
spectrum allocations for PCS and satellite-based systems multiplying the amount of spectrum available for wireless 
services, prices to consumers and carriers' profits will be lower, entry by new competitors and services will be easier, 
and competitive forces will generally be much stronger than they have been in the cellular duopoly and elsewhere in 
CMRS. 
8. The Commission believes that these trends all improve consumer benefits and should be encouraged. At the 
same time, the Commission will keep intact its regulatory authority to monitor the conduct of incumbent providers for 
such services as interconnection and resale, n8 to ensure that no abuse of market power occurs that could frustrate or 
delay the achievement of its [**7]  goals. 
n8 Interconnection and Resale Obligations Pertaining to Commercial Mobile Radio Services, Second Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking, CC Docket No. 94-54 (FCC 95-149) (Apr. 20, 1995). 
* * * 
 [*8847]  9. This Report is organized in four parts. Because this is the Commission's first report, as a frame of 
reference, Part II describes the various forms of mobile services that exist today in this country or may be offered in the 
next few years. Most of these services are CMRS. Part II also describes private mobile radio services that are not 
CMRS. However, private mobile radio services could have some substitutability with CMRS or could be reclassified as 
CMRS in the future based on the type of service provided. Part III describes competition in CMRS, summarizing 
conclusions reached by the Commission and other governmental bodies in the past and making some additional 
tentative findings about CMRS competition. Part IV addresses administrative matters. Because the greatest amount of 
available data concerns cellular service, the sharpest focus of this Report pertains to it. 

II. MOBILE RADIO SERVICES 
10. This Report, being the Commission's first on CMRS, begins with short factual descriptions [**8]  of each major 
mobile radio service regulated by this Commission. Currently, there are over seventy-five million mobile radio users, 
most of which subscribe to CMRS providers. n9 
n9 CMRS encompasses approximately 25 million cellular subscribers, 25 million pagers, and 2 million SMR 
transmitters. Other mobile radio users include approximately 15 million private land mobile radio users. 
11. The common element of all mobile radio services is that they use a radio frequency or channel instead of a wire 
to communicate to and from one or more mobile locations, such as motor vehicles. Beyond that, there are many 
differences. This Section of the Report relates information about each major mobile radio service to the extent it is 
available. This Section focuses on the key aspects of each service that makes it competitive with or distinct from the 
others: the capabilities it gives the user (e.g., one- or two-way voice communication, data transmission, etc.); the area(s) 
within which it is provided; the amount of spectrum (capacity) that is available for it; the number of companies that 
provide it and other basics of market structure; the nature and number of its users; basic facts about [**9]  prices and 
rates; any federal and state regulation; n10 and the ease or difficulty of users changing suppliers and of new providers 
entering the business. 
n10 This discussion omits regulations affecting technical operation, safety, and other matters of marginal 
importance to competition. 
12. Of the mobile radio services described in this Section, the following are CMRS: cellular mobile telephone 
service, non-private paging service, SMRs that are interconnected to the public switched telephone network ("PSTN"), 
air-ground service, satellite systems for mobile communications, maritime service, and PCS. Not included within 
CMRS are SMRs that are not interconnected to the PSTN, and other private mobile radio services unless they are 
interconnected and offer commercial service. n11 
n11 See authorities cited in note 2, supra. In addition, Congress has provided that systems that are currently 
classified as private, such as certain SMR systems (see infra paras. 51-55), shall remain so classified until August 10, 
1996, whereupon they will be classified as CMRS. Budget Act, §  6002(c)(2)(B). 
A. Commercial Mobile Radio Services ("CMRS") 
1. Cellular Mobile Telephone Service 
13.  [**10]  In 1975, the Commission allocated forty MHz of spectrum to the "Domestic Public Cellular Radio 
Telecommunications Service" for the  [*8848]  development of a nationwide cellular mobile radio communications 
system. n12 The Commission viewed this as an allocation for mobile radio systems with a high capacity to serve 
subscriber units by the coordinated reuse of a group of radio channels. n13 Cellular service to the public began in late 
1983 and has achieved great popularity. Each year, cellular subscriber growth has approached or exceeded fifty percent 
n14 -- an amazing record of sustained growth. Approximately twenty-five million n15 persons subscribe to cellular 
service. The Commission recently estimated that "cellular service is expected to reach twenty percent penetration, or 
approximately 54 million customers, by the year 2000." n16 Service revenues totaled over $ 14 billion in 1994. n17 
Table 1 shows the growth of cellular subscribers and revenues through 1994. 
n12 Inquiry Relative to the Future Use of the Frequency Band 806-960 MHz; and Amendment of Parts 2, 18, 21, 
73, 74, 89, 91, and 93 of the Rules Relative to Operations in the Land Mobile Service Between 806-960 MHz, 
Memorandum Opinion & Order ("Docket No. 18262"), 51 FCC 2d 945 (1975). Concerning the evolution of cellular 
service, see John Berresford, The Impact of Law and Regulation on Technology: The Case History of Cellular Radio, 
44 BUS.LAW. 721 (1989). [**11]  
n13 Inquiry Into the Use of the Bands 825-845 MHz and 870-890 MHz for Cellular Communications Systems; and 
Amendment of Parts 2 and 22 of the Commission's Rules Relative to Cellular Communications Systems, Notice of 
Inquiry and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 78 FCC 2d 984 (P 2) (1980). 
n14 See Tbl. 1. 
n15 CTIA Press Release, supra note 7, at 1. 
n16 Implementation of Sections 3(n) and 332 of the Communications Act - Regulatory Treatment of Mobile 
Services; Amendment of Part 90 of the Commission's Rules to Facilitate Future Development of SMR Systems in the 
800 MHz Frequency Band; Amendment of Parts 2 and 90 of the Commission's Rules to Provide for the Use of 200 
Channels Outside the Designated Filing Areas in the 896-901 MHz and 935-940 MHz Band Allotted to the Specialized 
Mobile Radio Pool, Third Report & Order ("Third CMRS R&O"), 9 FCC Rcd 7988, 8017-18 n.89 (P 54 n.89) (1994). 
n17 CTIA Press Release, supra note 7, at 2. 
Table 1
Cellular Growth


Subscribers at
% Subscriber

% Revenue
Year
Year End
Growth
Revenues
Growth
1984
91,600

 * $ 178,085,000
1985
340,213
271.41%
$ 482,428,000
170.90%
1986
681,825
100.41%
$ 823,052,000
70.61%
1987
1,230,855
80.52%
$ 1,151,519,000
39.91%
1988
2,069,441
68.13%
$ 1,959,548,000
70.17%
1989
3,508,944
69.56%
$ 3,340,595,000
70.48%
1990
5,283,055
50.56%
$ 4,548,820,000
36.17%
1991
7,557,148
43.05%
$ 5,708,522,000
25.49%
1992
11,032,753
45.99%
$ 7,822,726,000
37.04%
1993
16,009,461
45.11%
$ 10,892,165,000
39.24%
1994
24,134,421
50.75%
$ 14,229,921,000
30.64%

* Six month revenues.

Source: Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association,
1994 Wireless Industry Survey
Results: "American Success Story" Continues (1995).
 [**12]  
14. For licensing purposes, the Commission designated 734 markets, (306 Metropolitan Statistical Areas ("MSAs") 
and 428 Rural Statistical Areas ("RSAs")). One of the major early decisions made by this Commission was that cellular 
service would be competitively provided by two "facilities-based" carriers per market. n18 Since the Commission 
allocated an additional 10 MHz to cellular service in 1986, a total of fifty MHz has been allocated to cellular service, 
twenty-five MHz to each carrier. n19 In each market, the cellular system  [*8849]  using frequency Block B was 
initially affiliated with a local "wireline" telephone company and the system using Block A (the "nonwireline" system) 
was licensed to an entity unaffiliated with the local telephone company. n20 
n18 Inquiry Into the Use of the Bands 825-845 MHz and 870-890 MHz for Cellular Communications Systems; and 
Amendment of Parts 2 and 22 of the Commission's Rules Relative to Cellular Communications Systems, Report & 
Order, 86 FCC 2d 469 (1981), Memorandum Opinion & Order on Reconsideration, 89 FCC 2d 58 (1982), petition for 
review dismissed sub nom. United States v. FCC, No. 82-1526, Slip Op. (D.C. Cir. Mar. 3, 1983) ("Cellular R&O"). 
Although the Commission had initially planned to license one cellular carrier in each market, which would be a local 
telephone company, the Commission soon afterward realized that two cellular carriers, splitting the spectrum, would 
foster a certain amount of competition. See id. at 474, 476. [**13]  
n19 Initially, each cellular carrier was given 20 MHz. An Inquiry Relative to the Future Use of the Frequency 
Bands 806-960 MHz and Amendment of Parts 2, 18, 21, 73, 74, 89, 91, and 93 of the Rules Relative to Operations in 
the Land Mobile Service Between 806-960 MHz, First Report & Order and Second Notice of Inquiry, summarized in 35 
Fed. Reg. 8644 (June 4, 1970); Second Report & Order, 46 FCC 2d 752, 757 (1974), on reconsideration, Memorandum 
Opinion & Order, 51 FCC 2d 945 (1975), aff'd sub nom. NARUC v. FCC, 525 F.2d 630 (D.C. Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 
425 U.S. 992 (1976). Because the demand for cellular service was greater than expected, in 1986 the Commission 
allocated each cellular carrier an additional 5 MHz. Amendment of Parts 2 and 22 of the Commission's Rules Relative 
to Cellular Communications Systems - Amendment of Parts 2, 15, and 90 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations to 
Allocate Frequencies in the 900 MHz Reserve Band for Private Land Mobile Use - Amendments of Parts 2, 22, and 25 
of the Commission's Rules to Allocate Spectrum for, and to Establish Other Rules and Policies Pertaining to the Use of 
Radio Frequencies in a Land Mobile Satellite Service for the Provision of Various Common Carrier Services, Report & 
Order, 2 FCC Rcd 1825, 1826, 1828 (PP 10, 25)(1986). [**14]  
n20 As orginally licensed by the Commission, one cellular system in each area was a corporate affiliate of a local 
"wireline" telephone company and the other was not. In 1986, the Commission and the courts allowed an affiliate of a 
local telephone company in one area to buy the "non-wireline" system in another area. James F. Rill, Order on 
Reconsideration, 1 FCC Rcd 918 (1986); United States v. Western Electric Co., 1986-1 Trade Cas. P 66,987 (D.D.C. 
1986). This provoked a wave of acquisitions of "non-wireline" systems by non-market telephone companies. See, e.g., 
Applications of Metromedia Co. for Consent to Transfer of Control of Metromedia Co., Memorandum Opinion & 
Order, 1 FCC Rcd 1227 (1986). This trend towards concentration of the cellular business in the hands of telephone 
companies was somewhat blunted when, in 1992, Pacific Bell divested its cellular properties to a new entity, AirTouch. 
15. Initially the Commission issued licenses using comparative hearings and encouraged competing applicants to 
settle their differences and form partnerships. In 1982, Congress provided the Commission with the authority to award 
licenses by lottery. n21 The Commission's initial methods [**15]  of licensing, which are not as efficient as auctions, 
had at least two important consequences. First, many licenses are currently held by partnerships that resulted from 
settlement agreements. n22 Second, because lotteries are not necessarily won by the applicants that value the licenses 
most, many licenses, particularly for Block A, were initially won by persons who later sold their licenses to more 
experienced telecommunications providers for substantial sums of money. n23 
n21 H.R. Rep. No. 765, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. (1982). See also Amendment of the Commission's Rules to Allow the 
Selection from Among Certain Competing Applications Using Random Selection or Lotteries Instead of Comparative 
Hearings, Second Report & Order, 93 FCC 2d 952 (1983). 
n22 See, e.g., Chicago SMSA Ltd. Partnership, Memorandum Opinion & Order, 95 FCC 2d 538, 540 (1983); 
Advanced Mobile Phone Service, Inc., Memorandum Opinion & Order Granting Application, 93 FCC 2d 683, 690 
(1983). 
n23 See generally, Implementation of Section 309(j) of the Communications Act Competitive Bidding, First Report 
& Order, 9 FCC Rcd 7373 (1994). 
16. Until 1987, the Commission required that all cellular systems and [**16]  telephones meet a specific analog 
technical standard. n24 This specificity, coupled with the Commission's requirement that cellular telephones be capable 
of using either licensee's frequencies, made it easy for subscribers to switch carriers without having to buy new 
equipment, thus enhancing competition between carriers. In 1988, the Commission relaxed  [*8850]  its requirements 
and permitted cellular carriers to adopt new technologies, provided the carriers continued to support the current 
technical standard. n25 This decision encouraged the development of new digital equipment that should enable the 
industry to increase capacity of existing channels to serve an ever-increasing number of customers on a finite amount of 
spectrum. 
n24 Cellular R&O, 86 FCC 2d at 505-09 (1981). 
n25 Amendment of Parts 2 and 22 of the Commission's Rules to Permit Liberalization of Technology and Auxiliary 
Service Offerings in the Domestic Public Cellular Radio Telecommunications Service, Report & Order, 3 FCC Rcd 
7033 (1988). 
17. Although an individual cellular carrier may hold licenses in many areas, each customer takes service from a 
carrier with a license for a specific MSA or RSA. While some wide-area [**17]  service options exist, n26 they are 
relatively rare. However, for a fee, all cellular customers may use their cellular telephones in markets other than their 
"home" market through a service known as "roaming." n27 This effectively makes cellular service available nationwide 
to all customers. 
n26 See, e.g., Application of Craig O. McCaw, Memorandum Opinion & Order, 9 FCC Rcd 5836, 5852 n.55 (P 23 
n.55) (1994), aff'd sub nom. SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC, 56 F.3d 1484 (D.C. Cir. 1995), petition for 
reconsideration pending on other grounds ("Craig O. McCaw") (cellular carrier offered an option named the "City of 
Florida," in which customers could have flat-rate calling on all its systems in one state). 
n27 Roaming agreements between the "home" carrier and the "serving" carrier are required. Such agreements are 
common between carriers. 
18. A cellular call is initiated by a cellular subscriber when he or she pushes the "send" button on a cellular 
telephone to place a call. The cellular telephone emits a radio signal on a specific frequency (channel) and automatically 
transmits information identifying the subscriber, the specific cellular telephone, and the telephone number [**18]  the 
subscriber is trying to reach. Nearby cellular base stations (each consisting of an antenna, transmitter, receiver, and 
other equipment) receive this signal. One base station sends the call to the nearest Mobile Telephone Switching Office, 
where it is determined, among other things, if the call was placed by a valid subscriber, which base stations will handle 
the call, and on which of several radio channels the telephone call should be handled. The base station broadcasts 
information to the subscriber's telephone about which channel the telephone call will be placed on, and ultimately 
connects the call through the PSTN. 
19. A typical cellular system consists of many "cells," each of which contains a base station that provides coverage 
over a particular geographic service area. Each system's cells are connected to each other and to the PSTN by facilities 
that are either leased from a local telecommunications carrier or are owned and operated by the cellular system licensee 
itself. As the call by the subscriber progresses, the base station checks to see if the radio signal remains adequate. If the 
subscriber moves far enough away from the base station, or if there are obstructing [**19]  buildings or poor weather 
conditions, the signal will grow weak. Rather than end the call, the base station hands-off the call to a different 
frequency on another, closer or more suitable, base station, thus allowing the call to continue. 
20. A call from outside the cellular system to a cellular subscriber begins with a caller dialing the telephone number 
of a cellular subscriber. The PSTN recognizes that the exchange is associated with a particular cellular carrier and routes 
the call to that carrier's network. The cellular network knows, via a database, if the called party's number is a valid 
subscriber's telephone number. If it is, base stations covering the entire cellular network emit a signal on the designated 
control channel with the cellular subscriber's unique identifier. If the user has the cellular telephone turned on, the 
telephone will receive and respond to  [*8851]  that signal. From that point on, the call is the same as a subscriber-
initiated call. n28 
n28 See GEORGE CALHOUN, Digital Cellular Radio (1988), for a fuller explanation of cellular technology. 
21. Initially, the primary use of cellular service was for voice communications from cars. Currently, however, about 
[**20]  half of new service is for portable (hand-held) cellular telephones. n29 One of the major industry trends has 
been towards lower cost and lighter weight hand-held cellular telephones. n30 In addition, the capabilities of cellular 
systems have improved significantly, making data and facsimile communications increasingly common. 
n29 HERSCHEL SHOSTECK ASSOCIATES, LTD., 11 The Retail Market of Cellular Telephones 3, at Fig. 7.2 
(Dec. 1994) ("Shosteck Cellular"). 
n30 Small pocket devices and miniature wrist models are currently being tested. Bart Ziegler, Telecommunications: 
Future Phones Anytime, Anywhere: The Phone in the Dishwasher and Other Predictions on Where Technology is 
Heading, WALL.ST.J., Mar. 20, 1995, at R18. 
22. The Commission does not regulate cellular prices. n31 The basic charges for cellular service usually consist of a 
flat monthly fee for "access" to the cellular system (sometimes including a number of minutes of "free" usage), per 
minute charges for usage during "peak" day periods, and per minute charges for "off peak" night and weekend usage. 
n32 Carriers typically offer a variety of pricing packages. For example, one package might be aimed at people who 
[**21]  expect to use their cellular telephone for emergencies only. Such a package would have a relatively low monthly 
fee and high per minute charges. Another package might be aimed at people who want to use their cellular telephones a 
substantial amount each month. That package will probably have a high monthly access charge in exchange for a large 
number of "free" minutes or a low per minute charge. Many packages require customers to sign a contract for one year 
or more. 
n31 Some states have exercised their jurisdiction to regulate cellular entry, rates, and terms and conditions of 
service. More recently, however, Congress generally prohibited states from regulating CMRS entry and rates, except 
pursuant to special authority granted by this Commission. 47 U.S.C. §  332(c)(3). The Commission recently denied such 
authority. See, e.g., Petition of the People of the State of California and the Public Utilities Commission of the State of 
California to Retain Regulatory Authority Over Intrastate Cellular Service Rates, Report & Order, PR Docket No. 94-
105, (FCC 95-195)(May 19, 1995) ("California State Petition R&O"), reconsideration denied, Order on Reconsideration 
(FCC 95-345) (Aug. 9, 1995). [**22]  
n32 For a discussion of the price levels and structure of cellular service, see GEN. ACCT'G OFF. REP., 
Telecommunications: Concerns About Competition in the Cellular Telephone Service Industry, GAO/RCED-92-220, at 
22-23 (July 1992). 
23. Cellular pricing has begun to reflect in part the impending introduction of PCS. n33  [*8852]  Cellular carriers 
are reducing prices and beginning to offer packages that resemble expected PCS offerings. n34 For example, Bell 
Atlantic offers a package with a low monthly fee ($ 14.99) and relatively modest per minute charges (thirty-five cents) 
for calls made in, and received from, a relatively small geographic area. However, calls outside the defined area are 
significantly more expensive (ninety-nine cents per minute). n35 
n33 See, e.g., Cellular Industry Eyes Further Cuts, Adjustments to Challenge PCS, COMM. DAILY, Apr. 24, 1995. 
Herschel Shosteck believes that "tariff declines also reflect the initial steps of carriers to counter the impending 
competition from PCS." Id. See also Mike Mills, Wireless: The Next Generation, WASH. POST, Feb. 20, 1995, at 
Wash. Bus. 1 ("most major cellular carriers across the country...have been busy neutralizing their future competition by 
adopting most every perceived advantage that PCS was supposed to bring. Cellular prices have been dropping recently 
in anticipation of the competition. Phones continue to get lighter and their batteries last longer. New 'wireless data' 
applications already allow instant credit card verifications....And signal quality is better than ever"). [**23]  
n34 Another effect that the approach of PCS is having on cellular carriers is to hasten the conversion of cellular 
networks from analog to digital technology. Digital technology, though relatively expensive, is efficient, and is the 
technology with which PCS will enter the market. See infra para. 47. 
n35 Mike Mills, At Bell Atlantic, Bringing Wireless to the Masses, WASH. POST, Apr. 24, 1995, at WASH. BUS. 
9. 
24. While prices may vary substantially from city to city, n36 a typical monthly cellular bill in 1994 was 
approximately $ 60. n37 As discussed in the preceding paragraph, cellular service prices have been decreasing, partly in 
anticipation of the arrival of PCS. The Commission expects cellular prices to continue to decline. n38 
n36 See Comments of CTIA, Affidavit of Professor Jerry A. Hausman, Petition of the People of the State of 
California and the Public Utilities Commission of the State of California to Retain Regulatory Authority over Intrastate 
Cellular Service Rates, Tbl. 1, at 4 (Sept. 9, 1994). 
n37 Mid-Year Results Show Wireless Customers Near 20 Million Mark; Monthly Bills Drop, Cellular 
Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) Press Release, Sept. 6, 1994. Also, Tbls. 3, 4, and 7 provide some 
data on cellular prices in the State of California and for 29 large markets. [**24]  
n38 Indeed, one analyst predicts that cellular prices will decrease by about six to eight percent during the next two 
years, and that if PCS deployment is accelerated, rates could drop even more precipitously in 1996. Price Elasticity in 
Cellular Will be Tested by Greater Competition, WIRELESS BUS. AND FIN., Mar. 29, 1995. 
25. In addition to the cost of cellular service, subscribers must also buy or lease cellular equipment (generally a 
carphone or portable hand-held cellular telephone). Purchase prices for cellular telephones range from approximately $ 
100 to $ 500. n39 Bundled sales whereby cellular telephones and service are purchased together are very common, n40 
though. This, in turn, makes estimation of the cost of a stand-alone telephone difficult in many cases. 
n39 See Shosteck Cellular, at Fig. 6.1, and Fig. 14.4. 
n40 Bundling of Cellular Customer Premises Equipment and Cellular Service, Report & Order, 7 FCC Rcd 4028 
(1992). 
26. As of February 1995, there were approximately 1,581 cellular systems in the United States. n41 Roughly sixty 
percent of cellular customers are served by systems that are controlled  [*8853]  by wireline telephone companies. n42 
As of the middle [**25]  of 1994, the top five cellular operators, measured by reported subscribers, were McCaw 
Cellular (acquired by AT&T in September 1994), GTE/Contel, BellSouth, Southwestern Bell, and Bell Atlantic. n43 
Two major horizontal consolidations involving telephone-affiliated cellular companies are underway. n44 
n41 Commission Cellular Database, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau. The number in the text above is greater 
than twice the number of license areas stated in paragraph 14, because some licensees chose not to serve their full 
licensed areas. The Commission's rules include provisions for "fill-ins" by other persons in such circumstances. See 
generally, Applications of McElroy Elec. Corp., Memorandum Opinion & Order, File # 01758-CL-MP-88 (Mar. 23, 
1995). Thus, within some Commission-defined areas, there are more than two systems, although in any one place there 
are only two systems. 
n42 See authorities cited supra note 20. 
n43 SALOMON BROS., The Wireless Telecommunications Review ("Wireless Review"), Spr. 1994 at 8, Fig. 10. 
n44 Bell Atlantic Mobile Systems, Inc. and NYNEX Mobile Communications Co., Order, DA 95-1129 (May 19, 
1995) (WTB), application for review pending, Transfer of U S West, Inc. Cellular Licenses to WMC Partners, L.P., 
Public Notice No. 53875, Report No. LB-95-14, May 12, 1995. The other major change in the corporate structure of the 
cellular business that occurred in recent years was Pacific Bell's divestiture of its cellular systems into an unaffiliated 
company, AirTouch, in 1992. [**26]  
27. Marketing of cellular service occurs in three basic ways. Each cellular carrier operates its own retail division 
that provides service and cellular equipment to customers directly. Also, many retail outlets that are unaffiliated with 
any carrier sell cellular telephones and either send customers to a carrier for service or act as a sales agent for one 
carrier's service. Finally, Commission rules prohibit restrictions on the resale of cellular service, which makes possible 
cellular "resellers," another class of competitors at the retail level. n45 Resellers may subscribe to any bulk-rate 
discounts or wholesale rates offered by the two facilities-based carriers, and provide additional retail competition to the 
two facilities-based carriers. n46 In practice, resellers have little market share except in markets where they are 
protected by state regulatory commissions. n47 
n45 Petitions for Rule Making Concerning Proposed Changes to the Commission's Cellular Resale Policies, Report 
& Order, 7 FCC Rcd 4006 (1992). 
n46 While cellular resellers do provide competition on price to facilities-based cellular carriers, they may not be 
able to mitigate whatever market power such carriers have due to the current duopolistic nature of the Commission's 
frequency allocation. [**27]  
n47 For example, California mandates specific margins between retail and wholesale prices. As a result, market 
share of resellers in the largest California markets exceeds 10%. See California State Petition R&O PP 45-51, 62. 
28. Cellular is generally a highly profitable business in large cities. n48 Carriers may be less successful in some 
other markets, however. n49 Stand-alone cellular companies generally do not pay dividends, and some firms carry a 
burdensome debt. n50 Profitability is discussed in more detail in paragraphs 76-81 below. n51 
n48 See Tbl. 9. 
n49 See Tbls. 9, and 10. 
n50 See, e.g., Craig O. McCaw, 9 FCC Rcd at 5856 (P 30) (references to the financial situation of McCaw Cellular 
Communications, Inc., the largest stand-alone cellular company, before it was acquired by AT&T). 
n51 Mobile telephone services using technologies which pre-dated cellular service are still available, but in an ever-
diminishing number of areas. These older services use approximately two MHz (compared to twenty-five MHz for each 
cellular system). 47 C.F.R. §  22.561. 
 [*8854]  2. Paging Service 
29. In terms of customers, paging or "beeper" service is currently the most popular [**28]  segment of CMRS. In 
1994, there were 27.3 million paging subscribers, a thirty-eight percent increase over the previous year. n52 In its 
simplest form, a pager is a small portable receiver that vibrates or beeps when its telephone number has been called. The 
pager, in effect, alerts the subscriber to call a telephone number in order to receive a recorded message that the caller 
left or to view on the pager the telephone number of the caller. With more sophisticated pagers, a short written or audio 
message is conveyed via the portable receiver along with the signal. n53 
n52 Telephony, COMM. DAILY, May 15, 1995 (study by Economic & Management Consultants International, 
Inc. (EMCI)). At approximately $ 15 per month (see infra para. 32), annual paging service revenues would be 
approximately $ 5 billion. 
n53 Paging and cellular services are related to each other, as competitors or complements or both. For example, 
approximately 31 percent of cellular customers also use paging service. Celltrac: Cellular and PCS User and Potential 
User Profiles, EMCI Report, March 1995. 
30. Paging service is provided by several carriers in most areas. In large metropolitan areas, twelve or more [**29]  
providers are typical. Most paging customers take service in a specific local geographic market, but several licensed 
regional and nationwide carriers exist. The trend in paging is towards regional and national coverage. n54 While there 
are between 500 and 600 paging carriers in the United States today, fifteen large companies account for approximately 
sixty percent of the customers. n55 The largest of them are MobilComm and PageNet, which are not affiliated with 
other telecommunications companies. n56 A period of consolidation of paging companies has begun. n57 Local 
telephone companies or their corporate affiliates typically provide paging service where the former provide telephone 
service, but are not dominant providers of the service. 
n54 Third CMRS R&O, 9 FCC at 8019 (P54). 
n55 Wireless Review, supra note 43, at 21. 
n56 The State of the U.S. Paging Industry: 1994, EMCI ("EMCI Paging Report"), June 1994. 
n57 See, e.g., Telephony, COMM. DAILY, June 6, 1995 (A+ Communications and Network USA Paging of Fla. 
plan $ 77-million cash-stock merger to create A+ Network Inc.); Cash Flows and Revenues Up at Arch and USA 
Mobile, Net Income Down, COMM. DAILY, May 3, 1995 ("USAM had been target of unsolicited takeover by 
Metrocall last year, and earlier this year agreed to merge with Arch by 3rd quarter"); Telephony, COMM. DAILY, Apr. 
13, 1995 ("Arch Communications bought Professional Paging & Radio in Fla. for $ 3 million"); Telephony, COMM. 
DAILY, Jan. 13, 1995 (Paging Network acquires ComTech, plans to buy assets of Southern New England Telephone 
Paging); Metrocall Makes $ 400 Million Bid for USA Mobile and Premiere Page, COMM. DAILY, Dec. 8, 1994, at 2. 
[**30]  
31. Approximately three MHz of spectrum is assigned to paging service; in addition, approximately 1.5 MHz is 
now used for paging service that was formerly used for the pre-cellular mobile telephone services. n58 Subcarriers on 
some FM radio stations also may be used for paging service, n59 providing additional capacity for new entry into this 
business. In addition, the Commission recently proposed allowing Interactive Video Data Service licensees to use their 
systems  [*8855]  for limited mobile use, including paging. n60 Since paging service consists mostly of momentary 
signals rather than continuous two-way conversations, this relatively small amount of spectrum easily accommodates all 
27.3 million subscribers and could accommodate several times that. n61 
n58 See generally, 47 C.F.R. §  22.561. 
n59 Second CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 1507 (P260) (1994). Some such subcarriers are being used for paging 
service. 
n60 Amendment of Part 95 of the Commission's Rules to Allow Interactive Video and Data Service Licensees to 
Provide Mobile Service to Subscribers, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC 95-158 (May 5, 1995). 
n61 See authority cited supra note 52. 
32. Charges for local paging [**31]  service usually consist of a flat monthly fee, averaging between $ 9 and $ 17, 
depending on the number of features and functions the customer desires. n62 Regional and nationwide service is more 
expensive. n63 
n62 See EMCI Paging Report, supra note 56, at 57; Paul Kagan & Associates, Wireless Market Stats, Nov. 30, 
1994, at 7. 
n63 See, e.g., Telephony, COMM. DAILY, Aug. 2, 1995 (daily rate for nationwide paging service is $ 5); 
Windows Paging System for Auto E-Mail Forwarding, Newsbytes News Network Newsbytes, Aug. 18, 1994 (monthly 
rate for nationwide paging is $ 50); Notable Technologies Shifts Plans from Penpoint to Paging, Mobile Data Report 
Capitol Publications, May 23, 1994 (company's lowest monthly rate for regional paging service is $ 40, and for national 
paging service is $ 50); Bell Atlantic Adding Skytel Mobile Paging, AUSTIN AMER.-STATESMAN, May 18, 1994, at 
F-8 (monthly rate for regional paging is $ 31). 
33. Regulation by this Commission is minimal, consisting of allocating frequencies and licensing individual 
carriers. There is no state regulation of paging services. n64 The Commission has never imposed a numerical limitation 
on paging systems, unlike the  [**32]  cellular market. 
n64 See authorities cited supra note 31. 
34. Prices for paging receivers range from $ 60 to $ 200, depending on the sophistication of the receiver, n65 and 
receivers are sold and rented through carriers and many retail outlets. While the typical paging receiver can use only one 
or a few of the frequencies allocated to paging service, the receiver's simplicity (and resultant low cost) makes changing 
carriers inexpensive. 
n65 EMCI Paging Report, supra note 56, at 106. 
3. Specialized Mobile Radios ("SMRs") 
35. SMRs began in the mid-1970s as a commercial dispatch service providing two-way voice communications 
between business vehicles (e.g., taxicabs, delivery trucks) and central dispatchers. n66 SMRs were initially created to 
promote a new, spectrum-efficient technology called trunking, which enables customers to share many channels instead 
of each customer using a channel on an exclusive basis. n67 SMRs are primarily used for voice communications, but 
there are SMR systems devoted primarily to data communications, including providing facsimile services. n68 The 
growth of SMRs has been healthy, with consistent double-digit growth rates. At the end of 1994,  [**33]   [*8856]  
approximately 1.8 million vehicles and portable units were served by SMR systems. n69 
n66 See Docket No. 18262, 51 FCC 2d 945 (1975). 
n67 See Dr. Doron Fertig, Specialized Mobile Radio, Private Radio Bureau, Federal Communications Commission, 
at 4 n.2, and App. (Mar. 1991) ("Commission SMR Report"). Although SMRs were created to exploit trunking 
technology, they may be assigned channels to use conventional single-channel technology. 
n68 See Maxon Selected as U.S. Manufacturer of Low-Cost Mobitex OEM Modem, PR NEWSWIRE, Apr. 25, 
1995. For example, RAM Mobile Data provides the most advanced nationwide wireless data communications service in 
the United States, reaching 92 percent of the urban business population. Id. 
n69 The State of SMR and Digital Mobile Radio (1994 and 1995) at 138, EMCI ("EMCI SMR Report"), Jan. 1995. 
36. One of the main differences between cellular and SMR is that not all SMRs are connected to the PSTN. Rather, 
base stations generally serve as "repeaters," permitting multiple mobile units in a group to talk to each other. n70 Unlike 
cellular, this Commission has never required a specific technical standard for SMRs. As a result, several different,  
[**34]  non-compatible protocols exist. Most SMR telephones can use only one technical protocol for signalling. This, 
combined with the cost of a new telephone (up to $ 900), inhibits a customer changing from one SMR system to 
another. Several SMR providers are in the process of adopting a single digital standard. n71 This could have the effect 
of largely consolidating technical protocols, at least in the 800 MHz band, and of facilitating customers switching from 
one SMR to another. 
n70 Commission SMR Report, supra note 67, at 6. 
n71 See Nextel Communications, Inc., Order, DA 95-263 (P5) (Feb. 17, 1995) (WTB), reconsideration denied, 
Order, DA 95-1677 (July 28, 1995) (WTB); Celsmer, Order, DA 95-1537 (P2) (released July 10, 1995) (WTB); Nextel 
Hopes to Take Lead in Wireless Competition, SEATTLE TIMES, Nov. 10, 1993, at D-6 ("Nextel and other SMR 
operators also have learned from cellular's mistakes, Elling said, by adopting a single digital standard"). 
37. Traditionally, SMRs were small, independent companies, unaffiliated with larger communications companies. 
This is rapidly changing. The Commission recently changed its rules to permit telephone companies and their affiliates 
(e.g.,  [**35]  cellular companies) to own SMRs. n72 The Commission is also replacing its traditional licensing of 
individual base stations by regulations that allow wide-area licensing similar to that for cellular systems. n73 For 
example, the Commission recently changed its Rules to allow 900 MHz SMRs to be licensed on a Major Trading Area 
("MTA") basis. n74 The Commission is also considering changing the 800 MHz SMR licensing rules to facilitate the 
consolidation of small SMRs into wide-area SMRs. n75 Thus, while SMRs' service areas generally encompass local 
markets, they will increasingly be able to expand easily to serve regional and nationwide markets. Moreover, while 
there are thousands of SMRs in the United States, there is a trend towards consolidation which may  [*8857]  leave one 
to three large SMRs per market, plus a fringe of smaller SMRs. n76 
n72 Eligibility for the Specialized Mobile Radio Services and Radio Services in the 220-222 MHz Land Mobile 
Band and Use of Radio Dispatch Communications, Report & Order, GN Docket No. 94-90 (Mar. 7, 1995). 
n73 Amendment of Part 90 of the Commission's Rules to Facilitate Future Development of SMR Systems in the 
800 MHz Frequency Band, Notice of Proposed Rule Making, 8 FCC Rcd 3950, 3952-53 (PP11-15) (1993). [**36]  
n74 Amendment of Parts 2 and 90 of the Commission's Rules to Provide for the Use of 200 Channels Outside the 
Designated Filing Areas in the 896-901 MHz and the 935-940 MHz Bands Allotted to the Specialized Mobile Radio 
Pool; Implementation of Section 309(j) of the Communications Act-Competitive Bidding; Implementation of Sections 
3(n) and 332 of the Communications Act, Second Report & Order and Second Further Notice of Proposed Rule 
Making, FCC 95-159 (Apr. 17, 1995). 
n75 Amendment of Part 90 of the Commission's Rules to Facilitate Future Development of SMR Systems in the 
800 MHz Frequency Band, Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making, 59 Fed. Reg. 60,111 (Nov. 22, 1994). 
n76 The largest SMR, Nextel, would like to consolidate SMRs into a nationwide system whose technology will be 
similar to digital cellular and PCS. See, e.g., Nextel Communications, Inc., Order, DA 95-263 (P6) (Feb. 17, 1995) 
(WTB), reconsideration denied, Order, DA-95-1677 (July 28, 1995) (WTB). 
38. A total of approximately nineteen MHz of spectrum is available for use by SMRs, fourteen MHz in the 800 
MHz band and five MHz in the 900 MHz band. n77 Most of these frequencies were entirely occupied in [**37]  the 
larger markets years ago. 
n77 Due to technical reasons, 800 MHz and 900 MHz systems tend to be independent of each other. Commission 
SMR Report, supra note 67, at 13-14. 
39. Although charges are often on a flat monthly fee basis, some SMRs have rate structures similar to those of 
cellular carriers. Almost all customers buy a telephone or other transceiver from their SMR provider, with typical 
purchase prices ranging between $ 600 and $ 900. n78 Average monthly service fees are approximately $ 15 for 
dispatch service, and $ 50 extra for interconnection to the PSTN. n79 
n78 See EMCI SMR Report, supra note 69, at 73. In contrast to the general rule in cellular service, rental and 
financing of telephones by service providers is the exception with SMRs. 
n79 Id. 
4. Air-Ground Service 
40. Air-ground service is telephone service on airplanes. It started in the mid-1960s as a service on private 
airplanes. A more recent and more popular form of the service has been introduced on commercial airplanes, which 
allows air travellers to place calls by using a credit card, but not to receive calls. This latter service currently is provided 
by GTE/Airfone, Claircom (affiliated [**38]  with AT&T/McCaw), and In-Flight (affiliated with MCI). n80 
n80 For technical and safety reasons, regulations of the Commission and the Federal Aviation Administration 
forbid the operation of cellular telephones on airplanes that are airborne. 47 C.F.R. §  22.925(a)(1). 
41. Approximately 4.5 MHz of spectrum is allocated to these two types of air-ground service. Service arrangements 
on commercial planes are akin to those for pay telephones in stores and restaurants. The premises owner (in this case, 
the airline) chooses one of the three carriers for some or all of its planes. The individual passenger has no choice of 
carrier or the associated telephone and pays on a per call basis. A typical charge is $ 1.50 per minute for this service 
from an airplane to any point in the United States, regardless of distance. n81 The overwhelming use of air-ground 
service is for voice communications, but data and facsimile applications are being introduced. n82 Regulation by this 
Commission consists of frequency allocation and licensing of the carriers; there is no state regulation. Of six available 
licenses, only three are in use, so there is room for entry by three new carriers. 
n81 This charge is for both the "radio link" and for completing the call over the "landline" network. [**39]  
n82 Robert E. Calem, A New Digital Air-to-Ground Link Gets an In-Flight Test, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 15, 1994, at 
Sec. 3, p.7. 
 [*8858]  5. Satellite Systems for Mobile Communications 
42. Mobile telecommunications service is provided by several satellite-based systems throughout the United States. 
The existing systems are mostly oriented towards unpopulated or lightly populated areas, where cellular service is often 
unavailable. The primary use of these systems is for voice communications, although data and facsimile 
communications are possible. Customers subscribe to a particular service, which is provided on a specific satellite. 
Subscribers to these satellite-based services are few at present. Charges are relatively high, which is one reason why the 
present satellite-based mobile telephone service is attractive only in rural areas. n83 Most telephones for satellite-based 
systems can use only the frequencies assigned to one satellite; this, combined with the cost of a new telephone, inhibits 
a customer changing from one service to another. 
n83 As the Commission stated in the Third CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 8112 (P269), "currently, providers of MSS 
(mobile satellite systems) expect to serve as a complement to terrestrial services for the most part since their service will 
be relatively expensive and therefore generally will not be a constraining factor on the price of terrestrial services." 
[**40]  
43. The Commission has recently licensed several systems of "Low Earth Orbit" satellites ("Little LEOs" and "Big 
LEOs"), which the licensees have asserted will provide a variety of mobile voice and data services. n84 Little LEOs 
have been allocated approximately three and one-half MHz of primary spectrum. They are expected to be more oriented 
towards non-voice communications for businesses and government entities. n85 Big LEOs are expected to be 
competitive for voice and other services in all geographic markets (rural and urban), and have been allocated thirty-
three MHz of spectrum. Both kinds of LEO systems are not expected to provide service until the late 1990s, which 
makes their impact on the present marketplace minimal. 
n84 The Commission recently licensed Orbital Communications Corp. to operate a Little LEO system. In addition, 
the Commission recently issued Big LEO licenses to Motorola ("Iridium"), TRW ("Odyssey"), and Loral/Qualcomm 
("Globalstar"). See, e.g., Application of Orbital Communications Corp. for Authority to Construct, Launch and Operate 
a Non-Voice, Non-Geostationary Mobile Satellite System, Order & Authorization, 9 FCC Rcd 6476 (1994) 
("ORBCOMM"); Amendment of the Commission's Rules to Establish Rules & Policies Pertaining to a Mobile Satellite 
Service in the 1610-1626.5/2483.5-2500 MHz Frequency Bands, Report & Order, 9 FCC Rcd 5936 (1994). [**41]  
n85 See, e.g., ORBCOMM, 9 FCC Rcd at 6476-77 (P4). 
6. Maritime Services 
44. Communications services to ships and fixed offshore installations such as oil rigs are provided by stations on 
land ("public coast stations") and by satellites other than those mentioned in the preceding section. Public coast stations 
use approximately fifteen MHz of spectrum and satellites use nineteen MHz of spectrum, for a total of almost thirty-
four MHz. Both provide the full range of voice, data, and other capabilities featured in services for land-based units. 
While these services are necessary for the protection of life and property on the water, much of their actual use is for 
business and personal communications. n86 Federal regulation consists of frequency allocation, licensing, and various 
rules to promote safety. 
n86 See generally, Amendment of the Commission's Rules Concerning Maritime Communications, Notice of 
Proposed Rule Making & Notice of Inquiry, 7 FCC Rcd 7863 (1992). 
 [*8859]  7. Personal Communications Services ("PCS") 
45. The Commission has allocated 153 MHz of spectrum for PCS, which is divided into three broad categories, 
broadband, narrowband, and unlicensed. The general philosophy [**42]  of this major allocation is to allow the market, 
rather than the Commission, to determine the best use of this spectrum. The Commission defined PCS as a "wide array 
of mobile, portable and ancillary communications services to individuals and businesses." n87 It is expected however, 
that broadband PCS providers will initially offer primarily mobile telephone service, starting later this year in a few 
places; n88 that narrowband PCS providers will offer advanced paging-like and messaging services; and that unlicensed 
PCS will accommodate a wide variety of services within small areas, such as data networking within office buildings. 
The Commission also expects that PCS generally will inject major new competition into the mobile telecommunications 
services market by creating at least three new major competitors to cellular and other current CMRS providers in each 
area. 
n87 See, e.g., Implementation of Section 309(j) of the Communications Act--Competitive Bidding, Notice of 
Proposed Rule Making, 8 FCC Rcd 7635, 7654 (P116) (1993). 
n88 Spectrum-Sharing Unit Wins Patent; PCS Operator to Start Service This Year, COMM. DAILY, May 11, 
1995. 
46. The Commission has allocated 120 MHz [**43]  to broadband PCS, which has been licensed in six bands; three 
bands each containing thirty MHz (Blocks A, B and C), and three bands each containing ten MHz (Blocks D, E and F). 
n89 The Commission recently licensed Blocks A and B for forty-seven large territories (MTAs), n90 and the other four 
blocks each will be licensed for 493 territories called Basic Trading Areas or "BTAs". n91 Table 2 lists the licensees in 
Blocks A and B and other pertinent data. Most of these licensees are companies, or joint ventures of companies, that are 
already established in the cellular business. In the auctions for Blocks C and F, the Commission has limited bidder 
eligibility to "entrepreneurs" with less than $ 125 million in gross revenues and $ 500 million in total assets. Winning 
bidders for these entrepreneurs' blocks may pay for their licenses in installments and small businesses (under $ 40 
million in gross revenues), including small businesses owned by minorities and women and small rural telephone 
companies, are eligible for bidding credits and enhanced installment payments. n92 Rural telephone companies are 
eligible  [*8860]  to obtain smaller, geographically partitioned broadband PCS licenses in order [**44]  to provide 
service in their rural, wireline service areas. 
n89 Amendment of the Commission's Rules to Establish New Personal Communications Services, Memorandum 
Opinion & Order, 9 FCC Rcd 4957, 4963, 4970-71 (PP17, 26-27) (1994) ("PCS MO&O"). 
n90 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 4969-70, 4988 (PP24 n.23, 26, 78); Commission News Release 54546, FCC Grants 99 
Licenses for Broadband Personal Communications Services in Major Trading Areas (June 23, 1995). 
n91 PCS MO&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 4969 (P24 n.23). 
n92 Pursuant to Section 309(j)(4)(D) of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. §  309(j)(4)(D), the Commission also 
established higher bidding credits, enhanced installment payments, and other auction measures specifically to assist 
entrepreneurial businesses owned by members of minority groups and women. See Implementation of Section 309(j) of 
the Communications Act - Competitive Bidding, Fifth Report and Order in PP Docket No. 93-253, 9 FCC Rcd 5532 
(1994), on reconsideration, Fifth Memorandum Opinion and Order, 10 FCC Rcd 403 (1994). For the upcoming C Block 
auction, the Commission has proposed to eliminate the race- and gender-based measures to avoid further delay and legal 
uncertainties raised by the Supreme Court's recent decision in Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena. 63 U.S.L.W. 4523 
(U.S. June 12, 1995). This proposal was based on the unique circumstances of the C Block auction, which was 
scheduled to commence in August 1995 when the Court's decision in Adarand was announced. The Commission 
emphasized that the limited proposal should not be read to indicate that it has concluded that race- or gender-based 
measures are inappropriate for future spectrum auctions. See Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making in PP Docket No. 
93-253, GN Docket No. 90-314, GN Docket No. 93-252, FCC 95-263 (released June 23, 1995). [**45]  
Table 2
Licensees for Broadband PCS Blocks A and B



Population
Bid
Market
Block
Licensee
(millions)
($ millions)
New York
B
WirelessCo, LP
26.4
443
Los Angeles-San Diego
B
Pacific Telesis
19.1
494
Chicago
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
12.0
373
Chicago
B
PCS PRIMECO
12.0
385
San Francisco-Oakland-
A
WirelessCo, LP
11.9
207
San Jose
San Francisco-Oakland-
B
Pacific Telesis
11.9
202
San Jose
Detroit
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
10.0
81
Detroit
B
WirelessCo, LP
10.0
86
Charlotte-Greensboro-
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
9.8
67
Greenville-Raleigh
Charlotte-Greensboro-
B
BellSouth
9.8
71
Greenville-Raleigh
Dallas-Ft. Worth
A
PCS PRIMECO
9.7
88
Dallas-Ft. Worth
B
WirelessCo, LP
9.7
88
Boston-Providence
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
9.5
122
Boston-Providence
B
WirelessCo, LP
9.5
127
Philadelphia
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
8.9
81
Philadelphia
B
PhillieCo
8.9
85
Washington-Baltimore
B
AT&T Wireless PCS
7.8
212
Atlanta
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
6.9
198
Atlanta
B
GTE Macro
6.9
185
Minneapolis-St. Paul
A
WirelessCo, LP
6.0
40
Minneapolis-St. Paul
B
APT
6.0
37
Tampa-St. Petersburg-
A
APT
5.4
90
Orlando
Tampa-St. Petersburg-
B
PCS PRIMECO
5.4
99
Orlando
Houston
A
APT
5.2
84
Houston
B
PCS PRIMECO
5.2
83
Miami-Fort Lauderdale
A
WirelessCo, LP
5.1
132
Miami-Fort Lauderdale
B
PCS PRIMECO
5.1
126
Cleveland
A
Ameritech
4.9
87
Cleveland
B
AT&T Wireless PCS
4.9
86
New Orleans-Baton Rouge
A
WirelessCo, LP
4.9
94
New Orleans-Baton Rouge
B
PCS PRIMECO
4.9
89
Cincinnati-Dayton
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
4.7
42
Cincinnati-Dayton
B
GTE Macro
4.7
43
St. Louis
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
4.7
119
St. Louis
B
WirelessCo, LP
4.7
114
Milwaukee
A
WirelessCo, LP
4.5
85
Milwaukee
B
PCS PRIMECO
4.5
86
Pittsburgh
A
WirelessCo, LP
4.1
29
Pittsburgh
B
APT
4.1
32
Denver
A
WirelessCo, LP
3.9
64
Denver
B
GTE Macro
3.9
65
Richmond-Norfolk
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
3.8
34
Richmond-Norfolk
B
PCS PRIMECO
3.8
33
Seattle (Excluding Alaska)
A
GTE Macro
3.8
106
Seattle (Excluding Alaska)
B
WirelessCo, LP
3.8
105
Puerto Rico-U.S. Virgin
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
3.6
57
Islands
Puerto Rico-U.S. Virgin
B
Centennial Cellular
3.6
55
Islands
Louisville-Lexington-
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
3.6
49
Evansville
Louisville-Lexington-
B
WirelessCo, LP
3.6
47
Evansville
Phoenix
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
3.5
78
Phoenix
B
WirelessCo, LP
3.5
76
Memphis-Jackson
A
Powertel PCS
3.5
43
Memphis-Jackson
B
Southwestern Bell
3.5
43
Birmingham
A
WirelessCo, LP
3.2
36
Birmingham
B
Powertel PCS
3.2
35
Portland
A
Western PCS
3.1
34
Portland
B
WirelessCo, LP
3.1
34
Indianapolis
A
WirelessCo, LP
3.0
70
Indianapolis
B
Ameritech
3.0
71
Des Moines-Quad Cities
A
Western PCS
3.0
22
Des Moines-Quad Cities
B
WirelessCo, LP
3.0
21
San Antonio
A
WirelessCo, LP
3.0
54
San Antonio
B
PCS PRIMECO
3.0
52
Kansas City
A
WirelessCo, LP
2.9
24
Kansas City
B
APT
2.9
24
Buffalo-Rochester
A
WirelessCo, LP
2.8
19
Buffalo-Rochester
B
AT&T Wireless PCS
2.8
20
Salt Lake City
A
Western PCS
2.6
46
Salt Lake City
B
WirelessCo, LP
2.6
46
Jacksonville
A
Powertel PCS
2.3
46
Jacksonville
B
PCS PRIMECO
2.3
45
Columbus
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
2.1
22
Columbus
B
APT
2.1
22
El Paso-Albuquerque
A
Western PCS
2.1
9
El Paso-Albuquerque
B
AT&T Wireless PCS
2.1
9
Little Rock
A
Southwestern Bell
2.1
13
Little Rock
B
WirelessCo, LP
2.1
12
Oklahoma City
A
Western PCS
1.9
11
Oklahoma City
B
WirelessCo, LP
1.9
13
Spokane-Billings
A
Poka Lambro
1.9
6
Spokane-Billings
B
WirelessCo, LP
1.9
6
Nashville
A
WirelessCo, LP
1.8
16
Nashville
B
AT&T Wireless PCS
1.8
16
Knoxville
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
1.7
11
Knoxville
B
BellSouth
1.7
11
Omaha
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
1.7
5
Omaha
B
Cox Cable
1.7
5
Wichita
A
AT&T Wireless PCS
1.1
4
Wichita
B
WirelessCo, LP
1.1
5
Honolulu
A
Western PCS
1.1
22
Honolulu
B
PCS PRIMECO
1.1
22
Tulsa
A
Southwestern Bell
1.1
18
Tulsa
B
WirelessCo, LP
1.1
17
Alaska
A
APT
.6
1
Alaska
B
GCI Communication
.6
2
Guam-Northern Mariana
A
Poka Lambro
.2
.1
Islands
Guam-Northern Mariana
B
APT
.2
.1
Islands
American Samoa
A
South Seas Satellite
.05
.2
American Samoa
B
Communications Intl
.05
.2
 [**46]  
Pioneer's Preference Holders




Required



Population
Payment
Market
Block
Pioneer
(Millions)
($ Millions)
New York
A
Omnipoint Corp.
26.4
347
Los Angeles
A
Cox Communications
19.1
251
Washington-Baltimore
A
American Personal
7.7
102

Notes: PCS PRIMECO is a joint venture of Nynex, Bell Atlantic, AirTouch
and US West. WirelessCo is a joint venture of Sprint and the cable
television system operators Comcast, Cox, and
TCI.

Source: FCC Auction, December 5, 1994, Broadband Personal Communi-
cations Services, Major Trading Area Licenses Frequency Blocks A & B,
Bidder's Information Package; Public Notice, Auctions, FCC (Mar.
13, 1995).
 
47. The spectrum allocation for broadband (and unlicensed) PCS was a reallocation of fixed point-to-point 
microwave service frequencies (used to provide services to railroads, utilities, and the police). n93 This spectrum is 
currently unencumbered and must be cleared before it can be used effectively. The introduction of PCS in most of the 
country is not expected until 1996. n94 Therefore, market structure, geographic scope, popularity, economics, rate 
structure and level and terminal equipment are not yet determined.  [**47]  n95 Generally, the system design will be 
similar to cellular, except that these systems will operate in a digital format upon their inception (in contrast to the 
relatively inefficient analog systems still prevalent in the cellular business). Also, because of the propogation 
characteristics of the broadband PCS frequencies, many more cells and base stations will be required than for cellular. 
This may increase the cost of infrastructure for broadband PCS compared to that for cellular unless there are significant 
economies of scale in the production of base stations for broadband PCS. On the other hand, the hope is that broadband 
PCS will have hand-held telephones that will be relatively light and inexpensive. 
n93 Amendment of the Commission's Rules to Establish New Personal Communications Services, Second Report 
& Order, 8 FCC Rcd 7700, 7725 n.52, 7738 (PP56 n.52, 88) (1993) ("Second PCSR&O"). 
n94 One licensee expects to begin service by the end of 1995. See authority cited supra note 88. 
n95 PCS systems are operational in several countries in Europe. 
48. Several of the Commission's rules for broadband PCS are designed to promote competition. For example, 
broadband [**48]  PCS licenses will be useable for any mobile service, in contrast to the Commission's earlier 
allocations, which tended to be specifically for telephone, dispatch, paging, etc. This flexibility will allow carriers to 
respond to market demand without needing to surmount regulatory hurdles. Also, the Commission has imposed 
"spectrum caps" which limit the amount of spectrum that any one entity may control in the same area. There is a 10 
MHz limit on broadband PCS spectrum for cellular carriers in their cellular service areas, n96 a 40 MHz limit on all 
entities for broadband PCS, n97 and a 45 MHz limit on all entities for broadband PCS, cellular and SMR spectrum. n98 
n96 PCS MO&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 4983-84 (P67). Also, pursuant to the Commission's rules, cellular carriers may 
acquire an additional 5 MHz after Jan. 1, 2000. Id. 
n97 Second PCS R&O, 8 FCC Rcd at 7728 (P61); PCS MO&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 4983-86 (PP66-71). 
n98 Third CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 8109-10 (P263). See also PCS MO&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 4983-85 (PP66-68). 
49. Narrowband PCS received an allocation of three MHz from the Commission, all of which is expected to be 
used for advanced messaging. Auctions have been held and licensing [**49]  has begun. Ultimately the Commission 
will issue ten national licenses, thirty regional licenses, and more than 3,500 licenses for smaller areas. n99 Most  
[*8861]  of these licenses are already providing paging or other mobile telecommunications services. Like broadband 
PCS, the service is embryonic and the market structure, popularity, economics, rate structure and levels and terminal 
equipment are currently unknown. There is a spectrum cap limiting each carrier to hold no more than three narrowband 
PCS licenses in a market. n100 
n99 Auctions for nationwide narrowband licenses began in July 1994 and began for regional licenses in October 
1994. Of the 29 bidders that began the nationwide auctions, 6 have won licenses, with the bids totaling $ 617 million. 
Twenty-eight (28) bidders began the regional auctions. As of May 30, 1995, the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau 
has granted 25 of the 30 licenses; the winners' bids totaled $ 489 million (which certain credits reduced to $ 393 
million). The next narrowband auctions will be for 561 licenses for MTAs and 2,958 licenses for BTAs. 
n100 The Commission believed this would allow narrowband PCS providers the flexibility to combine channels to 
accommodate specific service needs and would ensure that it is offered on a competitive basis. Amendment of the 
Commission's Rules to Establish New Narrowband Personal Communications Services, Memorandum Opinion & 
Order, 9 FCC Rcd 1309, 1312-13 (PP20, 24, 25) (1994). [**50]  
50. Unlicensed PCS received an allocation of thirty MHz from the Commission. n101 Unlicensed PCS will consist 
of terminal devices, such as telephones, without centralized base stations. The devices will likely consist of new 
cordless telephones, local area networks in offices, and other kinds of short-range communications. Unlicensed PCS 
operations are restricted to very low power, which limits their range but enables spectrum to be reused quite efficiently. 
The Commission has adopted a spectrum etiquette intended to avoid interference problems between users sharing the 
frequencies. n102 The spectrum etiquette requires actions such as limiting the duration of transmissions, and listening to 
make sure no one else is operating before transmitting. The Commission also established procedures for broadband and 
unlicensed PCS operators to pay for microwave system relocation to avoid interference and other problems on the 
spectrum. n103 
n101 PCS MO&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 4990 (P84). See also Allocation of Spectrum Below 5 GHz Transferred from 
Federal Government Use, First Report & Order and Second Notice of Proposed Rule Making ("Government Re-
Allocation")(PP1, 6, 16-19) (FCC No. 95-47 (Feb. 17, 1995). [**51]  
n102 Second PCS R&O, 8 FCC Rcd at 7776-78 (PP181-86): PCS MO&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 5042-49 (PP224-44). 
n103 Second PCS R&O, 8 FCC Rcd at 7736-38 (PP83-88). The Commission is also considering a proposal by 
Pacific Bell Mobile Services, which would require future PCS licensees who benefit from the relocation of a microwave 
system to bear a share of the costs of relocating that system. See Petition for Rulemaking of Pacific Bell Mobile 
Services Regarding a Plan for Sharing the Costs of Microwave Relocation, RM-8643, (filed May 5, 1995). 
B. Private Mobile Radio Services ("PMRS") 
51. Cellular carriers and other CMRS providers face some competitive pressures from services that are not 
themselves included in the CMRS category. Specifically, the Commission has made frequency allocations for an array 
of "private" mobile radio communications systems, collectively called the private mobile radio services ("PMRS"). 
Typically, these systems serve the internal needs of a specific business or state or local government entity. n104 
Alternatively, a private system can provide service to others on a for-profit basis and still be classified as PMRS as long 
as it is not connected to the PSTN.  [**52]  Most PMRS are used for voice dispatch communications, but data, 
facsimile,  [*8862]  remote control and other communications make up a substantial minority of total usage. n105 
Allocations for such systems total approximately seventy MHz. Some of these allocations are for specific types of 
licensees (such as public utilities, transportation companies, and public safety entities); other allocations are for general 
business use. n106 
n104 Examples include communications within a large factory or building complex or on a construction site, along 
a railroad track or pipeline, or between the headquarters and mobile units of a police force. 
n105 For a description of the communications uses of PMRS by public safety agencies, see Report and Plan for 
Meeting State and Local Government Public Safety Agency Spectrum Needs Through the Year 2010, Report & Plan, 
1995 WL 259663 (Feb. 9, 1995). 
n106 Private systems are generally regulated by Part 90 of the Commission's Rules and are described in the Second 
CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 1442-54 (PP71-99). The largest among them are the Industrial Radio Services (which 
includes the Business Radio Service), the Land Transportation Radio Services, the Public Safety Radio Services, and 
the Special Emergency Radio Service. [**53]  
52. Private mobile radio systems were in existence before the first "public" systems, and today approximately 
fifteen million transmitters are in use. n107 Estimates of the value of equipment used in private systems range up to $ 
30 billion. n108 The coverage provided by these systems is a mixture of local, regional and national. By definition, 
"rates" are not charged by private systems. Federal regulation consists of frequency allocation, individual licensing, and 
overseeing usage to ensure, for example, that police allocations are being used only for police business. There is no state 
regulation of private systems. 
n107 Spectrum Efficiency in the Private Land Mobile Radio Bands in Use Prior to 1968, Notice of Inquiry, 6 FCC 
Rcd 4126-28 (PP8, 17) (1991); Commission Final Land Mobile Radio Service Summary. 
n108 See letter from User Associations to William F. Caton, Commission Acting Secretary, dated Jan. 13, 1995, at 
5 ($ 25 billion value for PMRS systems not including ones using 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands). 
53. Competition may exist between commercial and private systems at the procurement stage, when a business may 
have a mobile communications need that could be met either [**54]  by subscribing to a commercial system (e.g., 
cellular, SMRs) or by investing in a private system of its own. For example, in 1993, United Parcel Service committed 
to a large purchase of cellular service and data terminals to serve its fleet of vehicles and delivery persons nationwide. 
The company had considered building its own private network, as well as SMR offerings. n109 
n109 UPS Tells Why It Chose Cellular for New National Data Network, Advanced Wireless Comm. Telecom Pub., 
Feb. 17, 1993. 
54. There may also be later competition. A private licensee that needs to use an additional mobile unit might, if a 
significant amount of the new mobile's usage will be for voice communication with the general public, choose to 
subscribe to cellular service instead of adding another unit onto its private system. Many businesses use a mixture of 
their own private systems and common carrier services (usually cellular and paging) to meet their total need for mobile 
telecommunications. Telephones and other terminal equipment for private systems are usually sold as part of a total 
system "package," so there is no market for terminals independent of the systems. The spectrum for private systems 
[**55]  is being used in all urban areas. n110 
n110 See Spectrum Efficiency in the Private Land Mobile Radio Bands in Use Prior to 1968, Notice of Inquiry, PR 
Docket No. 91-170, 1991 WL 641004; Replacement of Part 90 by Part 88 to Revise the Private Land Mobile Radio 
Services and Modify the Policies Governing Them, Notice of Proposed Rule Making, 7 FCC Rcd 8105 (1992), Report 
and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rule Making, FCC 95-235, 1995 WL 373694 (released June 23, 1995). In 
those proceedings, the Commission is relieving spectrum congestion and expanding the availability of channels on 
existing private land mobile radio allocations. 
 [*8863]  55. PMRS frequencies are also used by commercial systems that are not connected to the PSTN. n111 
These systems are primarily used for voice communications of a dispatch nature ("simple dispatch"), although data 
communications are increasing rapidly. Coverage is generally local. There is no numerical rule about how many 
systems for such service there may be, but in most areas, several small companies operate such systems. These 
companies are generally not affiliated with other telecommunications service providers. Almost all customers buy a 
receiver [**56]  from their service provider. Monthly service charges are mostly flat-rate and typically range between $ 
10 and $ 20. Changing suppliers generally involves modifying or changing the radio equipment. The simple dispatch 
business is widely believed to be stable, with companies surviving as "niche" or "low end" competitors. n112 
n111 Second CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 1446 (P77). 
n112 For a general description of PMRS, see generally authorities cited supra in notes 105-07, 109-10. 

III. FINDINGS 
56. This Section reviews previous findings about CMRS markets and competition and discusses the Commission's 
current views. These views are evolving based both on dynamic industry changes and the additional data that the 
Commission receives during regulatory proceedings. Because the cellular business is currently by far the largest 
element of CMRS in dollar volume, this Section focuses primarily on it. The Commission is also very interested, 
however, in the degree of competition between cellular and the other elements of CMRS. Following standard 
competitive analysis, this Section begins by discussing what the "relevant market(s)" might be, n113 followed by a 
discussion of such data [**57]  concerning competition as the Commission has available. 
n113 United States v. Continental Can Co., 378 U.S. 441, 447 (1964); United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & 
Co., 353 U.S. 586, 592 (1957); Standard Oil Co. v. United States, 337 U.S. 293, 299-300 n.5 (1949). 
A. Relevant Market Definition 
57. The facts and previous findings by the Commission and others can support differing views about which mobile 
radio services compete with each other (and with "wireline" service) and thereby have a constraining effect on pricing 
and other conduct. These assertions are often stated in terms of defining "product" or "geographic" markets -- which are, 
generally, the services that are competitive with each other and the areas in which they are available. Markets have been 
alleged that contain some or all services within the CMRS category, and some services outside it. 
58. The Department of Justice ("the DOJ") has posited a relevant market consisting of only cellular service n114 
and another consisting only of "trunked SMR service in the 800 MHz, 900 MHz and 220 MHz bands." n115 
n114 See, e.g., United States v. AT&T Corp., Competitive Impact Statement at 6, No. 94-01555 (D.D.C. filed Aug. 
5, 1994). [**58]  
n115 United States v. Motorola, Inc., Competitive Impact Statement at 6, No. 1:94CV02331 (D.D.C. filed Oct. 27, 
1994). 
 [*8864]  59. Another view would conclude that the product market is broader. The Commission's Third CMRS 
Report and Order contained an analysis of trends in CMRS and found that the direction is away from a "balkanized 
view" that sees cellular, SMRs, paging, etc., competing in separate markets: n116 

growth in the wireless marketplace is bringing with it an increasing degree of service convergence. Technology and 
consumer demand, facilitated by our general policy not to restrict the services that can be provided over any particular 
band, are prompting commercial service providers to follow marketing strategies that blur the differences between the 
various services comprising the wireless marketplace. n117
 

The Commission found evidence suggesting growing substitution (a) between cullular service and wide-area SMRs, 
n118 (b) between cellular and paging services, n119 (c) between SMRs, paging, and Business Radio Service, n120 and 
(d) between nominally private mobile radio systems on the one hand and common carrier systems such as cellular, 
paging, and SMRs on the [**59]  other. n121 The Commission also found that traditional distinctions, such as between 
voice and data services and between one-way and two-way services (and terminal equipment), are collapsing. n122 
n116 Third CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 8020-21 (P57). 
n117 id., 9 FCC Rcd at 8020 (P56) (footnotes omitted). See also id., 9 FCC Rcd at 8020-26 (PP57-68). In addition 
to technical developments that blur the distinction between services, companies providing different services are 
affiliating so that they may offer, in one package, services that were traditionally distinct. See, e.g., Mike Mills, MCI 
Deals Itself a Niche in Growing Paging Market, WASH. POST, Jan. 7, 1995, at D-2. 
n118 Third CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 8026, 8028-29, 8109 (PP67, 72, 261-62). 
n119 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 8023-24 (P62). 
n120 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 8021 (P58). 
n121 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 7996 (P12). 
n122 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 8030-34 (PP74-75). 
60. The principal force driving this convergence, the Commission noted, was the desire of carriers to meet the 
demand of their customers for "one-stop shopping," the ability to buy at one place a mixture of different mobile 
services. n123 For its part, the Commission [**60]  emphasized that its policy is to allow such convergence. "All CMRS 
providers should have the potential to utilize any CMRS spectrum in a manner that can adapt the nature of the service 
they provide to meet specific customer needs. . . . Even if CMRS providers offer differing services today, if consumers 
desire particular services or combinations of services in the future, a variety of CMRS providers should have the 
opportunity to use different technological configurations to meet this customer demand in competition with other 
CMRS carriers." n124 
n123 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 8022-23 (P61). 
n124 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 8026-27 (P69). 
61. The convergence noted by the Commission would support broader product markets than those found by the 
DOJ. One such broader view, emphasizing functionality, would divide CMRS and related services into three categories: 
telephone service, dispatch, and paging. Another broad view, emphasizing market power, would see mobile two-way 
voice service, which now  [*8865]  includes cellular service and interconnected SMRs (both wide-area and local), as the 
center of power in mobile telecommunications. These services form a core, around which there is a ring of other 
services [**61]  that may exert varying degrees of constraint on the core services (and which may be constrained by the 
core services to some extent). The ring consists of non-interconnected SMRs, paging service, n125 some private 
systems, and air-ground, satellite-based and maritime services. Government systems, n126 other private systems, and 
perhaps even "low end" services such as Citizens Band and walkie-talkies n127 might also be included. Finally, market 
definition must include consideration of PCS, which is virtually certain, eventually and significantly, to blur pre-
existing market boundaries and to intensify competition at all levels. n128 Already, there is evidence of declining 
cellular prices and increasing features, which has been attributed to PCS's approach. n129 Also adding to the blurring 
and intensity would be any Commission action that facilitates the consolidation of small SMRs into wide-area systems 
providing mobile telephone service. n130 
n125 This view would hold that paging service, although highly popular, does not constrain cellular service to a 
significant extent. 
n126 The federal government uses a large amount of spectrum for its mobile communications needs, independent 
of the Commission's regulatory authority. Some of the communications provided on these frequencies are similar to 
mobile telephone service, the services provided by SMRs, and the capabilities afforded by private systems. There is 
evidence of some substitution occurring between government and these latter systems. Concerning competition between 
government and commercial systems, see, e.g., COMM. DAILY, Sept. 22, 1994, at 9 (U.S. Army is examining use of 
cellular radio and Direct Broadcast Service to supplement its private radio systems) and National Telecommunications 
and Information Administration, Spectrum Efficiency, NTIA Report No. 93-300, at 32 (Oct. 1993). [**62]  
n127 Citizens Band ("CB") radio service is a short-distance voice communications service. Generally, CB and 
walkie-talkies have the advantages of convenience and low cost and the disadvantages of lacking privacy and 
interconnection. See generally, 47 C.F.R. §  95.401. 
n128 The Commission stated in the PCS Allocation Order that it was creating PCS to be "competitive with existing 
services such as cellular, SMRs and others." Second PCS R&O, 8 FCC Rcd at 7715 (P31). 
n129 See authorities cited supra note 33. 
n130 See supra notes 74-75 and accompanying text. 
62. Eventually, these services could converge to the extent that there could be a single product market of 
communications services for all "people on the move."n131 This would include the services mentioned in the two 
preceding paragraphs as full participants and also a certain amount of pay telephone and other wireline usage. n132 
n131 See also Third CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 8021 (P58) ("the common characteristic of mobile services 
customers is their need to communicate electronically on a real-time basis (or virtually real-time basis) while they are 
'on the move'"). 
n132 Coin or "pay" telephones use the "wireline" public switched telecommunications network and are particularly 
accessible to persons who are away from their normal locations. The Commission's Memorandum Opinion and Order 
concerning the acquisition of a large cellular carrier, McCaw Cellular Communications, Inc., by AT&T, noted 
"anecdotal evidence that there appears to be some substitution occurring between interexchange calls from cellular units 
and some kinds of interexchange calls from "wireline" telephones (operated-assisted and credit card calls)." Craig O. 
McCaw, 9 FCC Rcd at 5847 n.36 (P14 n.36). [**63]  
 [*8866]  63. The geographic scope of CMRS competition is less open to disagreement. Satellite-based, air-ground, 
and some paging services are clearly provided on a nationwide basis. The providers of the other mobile radio services 
mentioned above, however, offer service primarily on local or metropolitan bases, not on regional or national ones. 
n133 
n133 Each provider's local area is not the same as the others', however. In one area, a cellular carrier and an SMR, 
or two paging carriers, may have service areas that overlap only partially. 
64. Broader geographic markets have been asserted on several grounds. First, some carriers are offering "regional" 
service options, which give customers flat-rate calling areas as large as a whole state. At the present time, however, such 
plans (and customers using them) are the exception, not the rule. n134 Second, most mobile radio services are provided 
by large regional or national corporations, and there is case law holding that the relevant geographic market is 
nationwide when a service, even a local one, is provided uniformly across the nation by centrally managed companies. 
n135 Third, the industry and some analysts speak increasingly of customers [**64]  demanding "seamless service." 
n136 However, this may show simply that some customers want a recognized national brand name on a product that 
remains essentially local. In sum, while there is evidence that regional and national markets may be emerging, it appears 
that the vast majority of mobile radio services are provided in local and metropolitan geographic markets under current 
conditions. n137 
n134 For example, McCaw once offered toll-free calling virtually throughout Florida as one service option for its 
customers there; GTE Mobilnet in California offers a similar option that covers nine MSAs. See authority cited supra 
note 26. See also R. Harris & D. Rubinfeld, An Economic Analysis of Tomcom-Primeco: The AirTouch-US West/Bell 
Atlantic-NYNEX Joint Venture in Wireless Communications at 4 n.1, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, and the Law & Econ. 
Consltg. Grp. Inc. (1994) ("Harris & Rubinfeld"). 
n135 United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 575-76 (1966). 
n136 See, e.g., Craig O. McCaw, 9 FCC Rcd at 5859-60 (P33); Harris & Rubinfeld, supra note 134, at 17 & n.12. 
n137 The foregoing discussion in the text is focused on nationwide trends over time. An individual proceeding in 
which the Commission finds product and geographic markets, such as a certain proposed merger, may present facts 
pointing clearly to one or another of the alternatives discussed above as the appropriate market(s) within which to 
analyze the competitive effects of the merger. [**65]  
B. Evidence of Competition 
1. General Discussion 
65. Although the cellular business, with two facilities-based carriers starting at approximately the same time and no 
known case of a cellular system ceasing operation, is more competitive than many telecommunications markets have 
traditionally been, it is not the model of perfect competition. The DOJ has found little competition within its "cellular 
only" product market. 

The Department's extensive investigations into the cellular industry . . . indicate that cellular duopolists have substantial 
market power . . . . The basic structural problem with cellular markets is well known -- the fact that they are and have 
been duopolies with (at least until very recently) absolute  [*8867]  barriers to entry. While the FCC's decision to issue 
two cellular licenses -- rather than only one -- was motivated by a desire to stimulate competition, . . . two firm markets 
are not particularly competitive. The noncompetitiveness of two-firm markets is exacerbated here by the overlapping 
alliances of the cellular carriers, so that firms that "compete" with each other in one market are partners in another. n138
 

The DOJ buttressed its conclusion [**66]  with extensive quotations from documents in the Bell companies' files that 
showed consciousness of their own power in the marketplace. n139 
n138 Memorandum of the United States in Response to the Bell Companies' Motions for Generic Wireless Waivers 
at 14-15, United States v. Western Electric Co., Civ. Action No. 82-0192 (HHG), D.D.C., filed July 25, 1994 (quotation 
marks, citations, and punctuation omitted). 
n139 Id. at 15-18. The Bell companies have disputed the DOJ's conclusions, claiming that "there is no 'bottleneck' 
in wireless services" and that "the cellular services market shows no signs of domination by a small group of suppliers." 
Memorandum of the Bell Companies in Support of their Motion for a Modification of Section II of the Decree to Permit 
Them to Provide Cellular and Other Wireless Services Across LATA Boundaries, at 6, in United States v. Western 
Electric Co., No. 82-0192 (D.D.C. filed June 20, 1994); Memorandum of Bell Atlantic Corp., BellSouth Corp., Nynex 
Corp., and Southwestern Bell Corp. in Support of their Motion to Vacate the Decree, at 45, United States v. Western 
Electric Co., ("BBNS Memorandum") No. 82-0192 (D.D.C. filed July 6, 1994). The Bell companies' principal evidence 
is the success in each market of the cellular company that is not affiliated with the local telephone company. The 
remainder of the Bell companies' evidence is the future competition that Nextel and PCS are expected to offer. In 1994, 
PCS was described as "imminent." BBNS Memorandum at 45, 60-61. [**67]  
66. The DOJ's view is consistent with the 1992 finding of the United States Government Accounting Office 
("GAO"). GAO stated that "the two-carrier (duopoly) market system that the FCC created may provide only limited 
competition in cellular telephone markets." n140 Nor has the Commission's view of cellular competition been to the 
contrary. In the Second CMRS Report and Order, the Commission found that "while competition in the provision of 
cellular services exists, the record does not support a conclusion that cellular services are fully competitive." n141 It is 
widely expected that broadband PCS will be major new competition for cellular systems. Indeed, a major reason that the 
Commission created all forms of PCS was to add more competition to CMRS in general. 
n140 July 1992 Gen. Acct'g Off. Rep., Telecommunications: Concerns About Competition in the Cellular 
Telephone Service Industry, GAO/RCED-92-220 at 2 ("GAO Report"). GAO's analysis of limited data on prices in the 
cellular telephone industry showed similar pricing by the carriers in most of the major markets; but it did not yield much 
information about the competitiveness of the industry. GAO noted that such an analysis "would require considerable 
information, including revenue and cost data, for carriers' operations in each market. The FCC has not obtained these 
data, . . ." Id. at 2-3. [**68]  
n141 Second CMRS R&O, 9 FCC Rcd at 1467 (P138). 
67. With respect to other elements of CMRS, the Commission has found that all of these lack market power n142 
and are competitive. n143 In particular, the Commission found that: 
 [*8868]  a) "the paging industry is highly competitive", n144 

b) the interconnected SMRs that provide mobile telephone service, and which may therefore be considered in 
competition with cellular carriers, have a small share of the mobile telephone business and do not exercise market 
power; n145 and 

c) no air-ground service provider is dominant. n146
 
n142 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 1467 (P137). 
n143 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 1468 (P139). 
n144 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 1468 (P140). 
n145 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 1468-69 (PP141-43). 
n146 Id., 9 FCC Rcd at 1469-70 (P144). 
68. With respect to CMRS (and cellular service in particular) in seven states that wished to continue regulating 
rates, the Commission found that the states had not shown that doing so was necessary to protect consumers from 
unreasonable or unreasonably discriminatory rates. n147 
n147 See, e.g., California State Petition R&O P141 (the "evidence does not . . . unambiguously demonstrate that 
market conditions fail to protect consumers adequately from unjust and unreasonable rates, or from unjustly and 
unreasonably discriminatory rates"), applying 47 U.S.C. §  322(c)(3)(A)(i). [**69]  
69. The Commission's goal is for next year's Report to build on this one by providing a base-line with which to 
begin the evaluation of competition in the markets in which CMRS providers compete and to define those markets more 
specifically than the current data allow. Reports in future years may be able to reach more definitive conclusions about 
markets and degrees of competition, both within CMRS and between CMRS and other services. This Report will 
analyze data that is now available, which comes from two sources, financial analysts' reports and data submitted in 
various recent Commission proceedings. This data allows this Report to draw certain conclusions about prices, 
profitability and entry, three subjects that are frequently analyzed in standard competitive analyses. n148 
n148 See, e.g., Implementation of Section 19 of the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 
1992 - Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, First 
Report, 9 FCC Rcd 7442 (PP201-46) (1994). 
2. Prices of Offerings 
70. The goal of promoting competition is largely an attempt to promote good value for consumers, i.e., a reasonable 
[**70]  price for the level of quality. Thus, price is an essential indicator of competitive performance. For mobile radio 
services, price is a complicated factor. As discussed in paragraph 22 above, cellular prices have at least three main 
elements. These are monthly access, per minute peak-use period, and per minute off-peak-use period charges. In 
addition, there may be fees for activation, termination, and roaming. In some bundled offerings, monthly access charges 
are combined with a certain number of "free" minutes of usage. Further, contract length may be a factor. It is also useful 
to know definitions such as what is the peak period and what are billing increments. Further complicating the analysis, 
cellular contracts often include bundled terminal equipment. In the future, cellular services may add pricing factors, 
such as message units aimed at data rather than at voice services. Finally, cellular service providers typically offer 
several pricing options, each aimed at a different type of customer. 
71. Given this level of complexity, prices for mobile services can be summarized in the  [*8869]  form of price 
indices. This is a common practice. n149 For example, a price index might consist  [**71]  of the best (lowest) available 
monthly price for 160 peak period and 40 off-peak period minutes. This number would be calculated using the monthly 
charge, number of free minutes and per minute charges for each price offering. The index would be the lowest such 
cost. Several indices can be developed for different numbers of minutes. n149 
n149 See, e.g., William B. Shew, Regulation, Competition, and Prices in Cellular Telephony, Am. Entrpr. Inst. for 
Pub. Pol'y Res. Working Paper, at 49-50 (1994). 
72. The Commission does have some price data from PR Docket No. 94-105, which concerns the rate regulation of 
certain CMRS services in the State of California. In that proceeding, the California Public Utilities Commission 
("CPUC") submitted price and cost data that it had gathered from eleven carriers over a five year period (1989-1993) 
and from three more carriers over the last four of those years. n150 Using this data, the Commission developed 
weighted best price indices for 60, 120 and 480 minutes per month. Similarly, a weighted cost index was developed, 
using confidential data on the actual number of subscribers in 1991 as weights. Thus, two sets of aggregations were 
created, a  [**72]  four-year fourteen-carrier version and a five-year eleven-carrier version. These aggregations are 
displayed in Tables 3 through 6 hereto. n151 
n150 See Petition of the People of the State of California and the California Public Utilities Commission of the 
State of California to Retain Regulatory Authority Over Intrastate Cellular Service Rates, PR Docket No. 94-105, at 
Apps. H and J, filed Aug. 8, 1994. 
n151 Individual companies' confidential data are aggregated in the Tables and, therefore, are not revealed. 
Table 3 *
California 14 Carrier Monthly "Best Price" Indices
Year
 1990
1991
1992
1993
Best Price
60
$ 63.03
$ 63.03
$ 62.95
$ 58.48
120
$ 85.09
$ 84.95
$ 84.87
$ 76.93
480
$ 219.42
$ 218.05
$ 216.76
$ 191.06
 
Table 4 *
California 11 Carrier Monthly "Best Price" Indices
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Best Price
60
$ 64.72
$ 63.12
$ 63.12
$ 63.10
$ 58.60
120
$ 87.89
$ 85.19
$ 85.06
$ 85.04
$ 77.05
480
$ 226.64
$ 219.67
$ 218.29
$ 217.17
$ 191.31
 
Table 5 *
California 14 Carrier Annual Operating Expense Indices
Year
 1990
1991
1992
1993
Annual Per Subscriber
$ 701.53
$ 699.51
$ 662.11
$ 589.63
Operating Expense
 
 Table 6 *
California 11 Carrier Annual Operating Expense Indices
Year
 1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Annual Per Subscriber
$ 685.43
$ 669.79
$ 680.01
$ 654.76
$ 586.10
 Operating Expense

* Source: Petition of the People of the State of California and the
Public Utilities Commission of the State of California to Retain
Regulatory Authority Over Intrastate Cellular Service Rates, Report
& Order, PR Docket No. 94-105, (FCC 95-195) (May 19, 1995), App. B
at 2-3 ("California State Petition R&O"), reconsideration denied,
Order on Reconsideration (FCC 95-345) (Aug. 9, 1995). Averages are
weighted by number of subscribers in 1991. Prices assume eighty
percent of minutes are peak-use minutes.
 [**73]  
73. In addition to the data provided by the CPUC, several commenters in PR Docket No. 94-105 submitted their 
own price data. Table 7 contains data submitted by AirTouch Communications to show how prices vary from market to 
market. n152 Table 8 contains data submitted by AirTouch and BellSouth on cellular prices in Los Angeles. 
n152 This data was associated with an affidavit by Prof. Jerry A. Hausman. 
Table 7
Los Angeles "Best Prices"




Best Volume

Single User
Discount Price

60
120
480
60
120
480

minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
[Illegible Words]
69.84
85.08
201.60
56.86
75.96
198.72
[Illegible Words]
56.39
85.08
201.60
56.86
75.96
198.72
[Illegible Words]
56.39
84.03
200.72
49.49
69.98
185.90

[Illegible Words] used to develop this table is similar to that used
by the State of California and the cellular
[Illegible Words] commenting on California's petition to continue
rate regulation of cellular carriers. These are best
[Illegible Words] prices for a new user on the given day. The best
price is not necessarily the same for both
[Illegible Words] The price shown is the best available from some
carrier for a new customer. This table shows that
[Illegible Words] fallen since the data provided by California. For
example, the best price for sixty minutes fell
[Illegible Words] percent between December 31, 1993, and December 31,
1994. This was due to a new rate plan and
[Illegible Words] promotional plan that was available for the first
few months the new rate plan was available.

California State Petition R&O, App. B at 4, and ex parte presentations
of AirTouch (Mar. 17, [Illegible Words] BellSouth (Mar. 23, 1995).
 [**74]  
Table 8
Cellular Prices for 160 Minutes in 29 Top Markets
MSA
Population
1985 Price
1994 Price
% Change
Los Angeles
13,862,513
$ 111.24
$ 99.99
-10.11
New York
13,698,478
$ 104.00
$ 110.77
6.51
Chicago
7,261,176
$ 70.10
$ 58.82
-16.09
Philadelphia
4,856,881
$ 97.60
$ 80.98
-17.03
Boston
4,029,662
$ 84.02
$ 82.16
-2.21
Dallas
3,949,075
$ 90.68
$ 59.78
-34.08
San Francisco
3,686,592
$ 109.00
$ 99.47
-8.74
Washington, DC
3,660,758
$ 78.94
$ 76.89
-2.60
Houston
3,493,644
$ 91.32
$ 80.33
-12.03
Miami
3,192,582
$ 114.00
$ 94.76
-16.88
Atlanta
2,695,480
$ 110.80
$ 86.73
-21.72
San Diego
2,498,016
$ 93.88
$ 83.85
-10.68
Minneapolis
2,438,203
$ 102.83
$ 75.98
-26.11
St. Louis
2,423,560
$ 80.74
$ 67.97
-15.82
Baltimore
2,348,219
$ 77.74
$ 76.89
-1.09
Detroit
2,265,818
$ 57.22
$ 66.76
16.67
Phoenix
2,122,101
$ 108.27
$ 79.52
-26.55
Pittsburgh
2,097,447
$ 103.14
$ 69.87
-32.26
Seattle
1,972,961
$ 108.27
$ 83.06
-23.28
Tampa
1,966,844
$ 91.32
$ 87.95
-3.69
Denver
1,851,389
$ 108.27
$ 73.74
-31.89
Cleveland
1,831,122
$ 88.74
$ 79.11
-10.85
San Jose
1,497,577
$ 109.00
$ 99.47
-8.74
Portland
1,457,344
$ 89.49
$ 66.36
-25.85
Kansas City
1,447,336
$ 76.16
$ 75.37
-1.04
Milwaukee
1,432,149
$ 71.59
$ 57.04
-20.32
Sacramento
1,355,107
$ 56.80
$ 61.36
8.03
San Antonio
1,302,099
$ 85.68
$ 59.97
-30.01
Cincinnati
726,322
$ 74.40
$ 65.67
-11.73

Price is best available package for 160 minutes (eighty percent peak).
Sources: Ex parte presentation of Prof. Jerry Hausman for AirTouch,
PR Docket 94-105 (Mar. 9, 1995); and Cellular Telecommunications
Industry Association, The Wireless Marketbook.
 [**75]  
74. The two main findings to be derived from these data are that prices vary significantly across markets and that 
they are falling. The aggregations indicate that, at least in California, depending on the number of minutes used, cellular 
prices fell approximately ten to fifteen percent between December 1989 and December 1993. This shows lower costs 
being passed on to consumers. Some consultants and observers in the news media assert that more recent price 
decreases can be attributed to the impact of impending competition from PCS. n153 
n153 See authorities cited supra in note 33. 
75. The Commission is also interested in comparing wireless telephone service prices to wireline prices. There is 
some conjecture that wireless services can eventually compete with wireline telephone service, and any such 
competition would be a major pro-competitive development in the telecommunications business. n154 The numbers in 
Tables 3-8 indicate a significant premium for mobile service today as compared to wireline service. It therefore appears 
that wireless telephone service prices will have to fall well over fifty percent (or that wireline prices will have to rise to 
meet them) for wireless [**76]  service to be fully price  [*8870]  competitive with traditional wireline telephone 
service. n155 
n154 Accord, Harris & Rubinfeld, supra note 134 at 13-14. 
n155 Even if the prices were comparable, the limited capacity of wireless networks might constrain the competitive 
threat they could pose to wireline service. It may be that so much traffic is carried on the wireline network that it will be 
many years before wireless companies could divert more than a small percentage of total wireline usage, even if 
wireless service is priced competitively and wireless networks are fully "digitized." See Merrill Lynch & Co., Global 
Securities Research & Economics Group, Wireless in the United States: Making Inroads, at 2 (even if wireless rates fell 
by two-thirds in the ten years after 1994, their rates would still be three times higher than for existing wireline services) 
(July 25, 1994). For a more optimistic analysis of the ability of wireless networks to divert significant capacity from 
wireline ones, see Robert G. Harris, Gregory L. Rosston, and David J. Teece, Competition in Local 
Telecommunications: Implications of Unbundling for Antitrust Policy, paper presented to the Telecommunications 
Policy Research Conference, at 8-15 (Oct. 3, 1994). [**77]  
3. Profitability 
76. The operating profits of a firm are an important indicator of competition for two reasons. First, high profits are 
generally a sign of high prices (relative to cost). Second, economic theory predicts that high rates of return will induce 
additional investment, including additional entry, in the absence of barriers to entry. 
77. There are two complementary indicators used to determine whether profits in excess of economic costs 
("economic rents") exist, economic rates of return and accounting rates of return. Economic rate of return measures the 
return to an investment, in a particular asset or for a company, over its full life. Accounting rate of return is generally at 
the company level and measures the return in a specific year. n156 Economic rates of return are preferable; accounting 
rates of return, however, are often easier to obtain, and are generally correlated with economic rates of return. n157 
n156 These two indicators also differ somewhat in their treatment of certain costs. 
n157 See Franklin M. Fisher and John J. McGowan, Firm Interdependence in Oligopolistic Markets, 73 AM. 
ECON. REV. 82 (1983); William F. Long and David Ravenscraft, Misuses of Accounting Rates of Return: Comment, 
74 AM ECON. REV. 494 (1984); Stephen Martin, Misuses of Accounting Rates of Return: Comment, 74 AM. ECON. 
REV. 501 (1984). [**78]  
78. In analyzing profits in parts of the CMRS industry such as cellular, paging and SMRs, the appropriate standard 
is for a growth industry, rather than for a mature industry. There are at least three important differences between growth 
and mature industries. First, growth industries tend to have higher profits. n158 Second, growth industries need cash 
from high profits to fund investment in additional plant and equipment. n159 Third, the profits of growth industries 
typically follow a pattern in which firms incur start-up losses, followed by rising profitability, which is followed by 
declining profitability as entry by newcomers becomes relatively imminent, and a further decline when such entry 
finally occurs. n160 Viewed through this paradigm, at this stage in its development, higher than average operating 
profits may reflect where  [*8871]  these elements of CMRS are on the growth curve, without necessarily implying the 
existence of supra-competitive returns and market power. 
n158 David Ravenscraft, Structure-Profit Relationships at the Line of Business and Industry Level, REV. OF 
ECON. AND STATS., at 22-31 (Feb. 1993). 
n159 JEFFREY K. MACKIE-MASON, Do Firms Care Who Provides Their Financing?, in Asymmetric 
Information, Corporate Finance, and Investment (R. Glenn Hubbard ed., 1990), at 63-103. [**79]  
n160 SHARON M. OSTER, Modern Competitive Analysis 9-12 (Oxford University Press, 2d ed. 1994). 
79. Currently, there is available evidence on accounting rates of return from two types of sources. First, three states 
included detailed information in their petitions to continue rate regulation of certain CMRS providers. Table 9 contains 
after-tax rates of return for twenty-three cellular carriers between 1989 and 1993 as reported to the CPUC. n161 The 
base is net plant and equipment. Interest expenses are excluded. Table 10 contains after-tax, pre-interest rates of return 
on the regulated portion of five cellular carriers (one, GTE, is present in four markets) as reported by the Hawaii Public 
Utilities Commission. Table 11 contains ranges and averages of return on common equity as reported by the New York 
State Public Service Commission. 
n161 Tbl. 9 contains average rates of return for the State as a whole. To calculate these, two regressions were used, 
both shown in Tbl. 14. 
Table 9
Average After Tax Rates of Return on Cellular (in %) in California on
Net Plant and Equipment

Starting
Company
Date
Population
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Bakersfield Cellular
3/88
543,477




61.5
Bay Area Cellular
9/86
5,184,169
43.7
48.1
43.5
31.1
49.5
Cagal Cellular
1/89
388,222

1.2
17.6
17.0
35.8
California 2 Cellular
8/91
57,015


-49.0
-55.0
Contel Cellular of CA
10/90
109,303

-32.2
-19.5
6.0
35.4
(RSA # 7)
Fresno Cellular
10/87
979,411
-19.6
11.9
24.0
31.3
25.7
Fresno MSA LP
4/86
1,624,357

8.0
7.6
11.2
10.7
GTE Mobilnet of
3/85
6,826,133
22.8
15.8
16.4
20.0
18.1
California
GTE Mobilnet of Santa
11/87
369,608
2.6
2.0
8.5
6.7
7.5
Barbara
Los Angeles Cellular
12/86
13,862,513
71.4
58.5
52.4
51.6
47.0
LA SMSA LP
6/84
14,531,529
49.4
43.3
34.8
28.0
33.8
McCaw Communica-
12/87
857,150

31.4
27.0
26.0
32.2
tions of Stockton
Modoc RSA LP
10/90
57,015

-15.0
-24.4
-19.2
-6.2
Napa Cellular
4/88
451,186

7.4
19.5
32.7
32.5
PacTel Cellular
8/85
2,498,016
33.0
32.9
23.9
21.4
30.4
Redding Cellular
3/89
237,734




3.1
Sacramento Cellular
10/87
1,477,750
-2.9
21.4
22.1
22.2
17.4
Sacramento Valley LP
7/85
2,836,582
17.6
10.1
2.8
0.8
6.4
Salinas Cellular
3/89
355,660

-21.6
-8.3
5.2
7.2
Santa Barbara Cellular
12/87
369,608
-39.4
-10.4
-9.7
5.0
10.5
Santa Cruz
1/89
229,734


-2.7
9.5
14.0
US West Cellular
4/86
2,498,016
5.2
9.0
-4.3
-7.4
2.9
Ventura Cellular
7/87
669,016

39.3
27.1
21.5
24.5
Weighted Sum


34.4
33.2
28.7
26.7
30.2

Weighted sum is by gross investment. Regressions 1 and 2 in Table 14 were
used to provide estimates for the missing markets.
Source: Cellular Communications Licensees (Wholesalers) Annual Reports to
the Public Utilities Commission, State of California, for the Years 1989,
1990, 1993; California State Petition R&O, App. B at 1.
 [**80]  
Table 10
Hawaii After-Tax Rates of Return
Company-Market
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
GTE Mobilnet, Inc. - Hilo
NA
NA
5.10%
-10.06%
-12.20%
GTE Mobilnet, Inc. - Maui
NA
NA
22.82%
1.01%
3.93%
GTE Mobilnet, Inc. - Oahu
NA
NA
-18.40%
-2.25%
8.55%
GTE Mobilnet, Inc. - Kauai
NA
NA
6.87%
-8.78%
-4.79%
USCOC of Hawaii 3, Inc -
NA
NA
-22.76%
-4.20%
2.59%
Island of Hawaii
Maui Cellular Telephone
NA
NA
NA
NA
-10.11%
Co. - Maui
Honolulu Cellular Company -
8.95%
12.53%
24.14%
43.12%
43.73%
Oahu
Cybertel Cellular - Kauai
NA
NA
-28.66%
5.45%
36.97%
Average After-Tax (Weighted By



14.15%
19.64%
Average Net Plant and Equipment)

Sources: Petition on Behalf of the State of Hawaii, Public Utility
Commission, for Authority to Extend Its Rate Regulation of Commercial
Mobile Radio Services in the State of Hawaii, Report & Order, PR Docket
No. 94-103, (FCC 95-194) at App. B at 1 (May 19, 1995). Hawaii provided
pre-tax rates of return. The average net plant is average over full year.
The effective tax-rate used for this table is 38.22% (34% Federal, 6.4%
State).
 
Table 11
New York State Return on
Common Equity
Year
Low
High
Average
1991
-42%
142%
47%
1992
-118%
85%
39%
1993 (est.)
0%
79%
38%

Source: Petition to Extend Rate
Regulation, New York State
Public Service Commission, PR
Docket No. 94-108, at 8-
9 (filed Aug. 8, 1994).
 [**81]  
80. Second, a number of stock analysts publish reports that include financial data about "wireless companies," a 
category including many providers discussed in this Report. Table 12 shows the operating cash flow margins of several 
companies for fourteen quarters as reported by Merrill Lynch. Table 13 shows returns on revenues, assets and equity as 
reported by Standard and Poor's. 
Table 12
Selected Company Operating Cash Flow Margins
Cash Flow Margin
Q1 91
Q2 91
Q3 91
Q4 91
Q1 92
Q2 92
Q3 92
BellSouth
31.4%
30.4%
31.7%
27.5%
40.5%
43.6%
42.3%
Cellular Comm.
39.9%
45.3%
41.6%
37.2%
39.4%
44.5%
44.6%
Cellular Comm. of PR

-624%
-113%
-93.0%
-49.6%
-20.8%
-29.6%
CommNet Inc.
-277%
-102%
-145%
-79.1%
-91.9%
-40.5%
-13.5%
Centennial Cellular
8.8%
21.6%
16.5%
20.0%
14.7%
32.5%
37.0%
Century Telephone
-15.8%
5.5%
13.0%
16.7%
15.4%
22.3%
32.6%
Contel Cellular
6.5%
21.7%
20.9%
9.4%
15.2%
19.4%
21.8%
GTE Mobilnet
20.6%
29.0%
29.0%
20.7%
24.7%
22.6%
34.2%
LIN Broadcasting
47.2%
49.6%
48.9%
44.6%
44.5%
49.1%
51.2%
McCaw Cellular
38.2%
42.0%
42.0%
39.1%
40.9%
45.8%
46.8%
McCaw Cellular Only
35.0%
39.3%
39.7%
37.1%
39.6%
44.6%
45.4%
Nynex
26.1%
33.1%
31.2%
24.4%
29.1%
41.3%
36.0%
AirTouch
44.9%
43.3%
41.8%
40.0%
44.5%
38.3%
40.1%
Sprint
9.3%
15.7%
16.5%
11.5%
11.3%
17.9%
18.0%
US Cellular
Vanguard Cellular
-4.0%
2.2%
14.1%
12.3%
9.8%
22.0%
22.5%
 [**82]  
Cash Flow Margin
Q4 92
Q1 93
Q2 93
Q3 93
Q4 93
Q1 94
Q2 94
BellSouth
39.4%
41.4%
42.8%
41.3%
42.5%
42.8%
44.6%
Cellular Comm.
41.8%
44.3%
48.9%
44.3%
40.9%
40.6%
46.0%
Cellular Comm. of PR
-30.4%
-38.4%
-19.6%
-14.1%
3.4%
17.0%
27.2%
CommNet Inc.
-20.9%
-22.6%
12.9%
21.3%
13.2%
8.6%
26.0%
Centennial Cellular
35.5%
35.1%
47.8%
45.4%
41.3%
42.3%
49.0%
Century Telephone
23.9%
26.7%
30.2%
30.9%
13.9%
32.1%
34.3%
Contel Cellular
12.9%
22.2%
30.4%
29.7%
11.2%
24.4%
32.5%
GTE Mobilnet
27.5%
30.2%
35.0%
36.1%
20.2%
31.0%
35.9%
LIN Broadcasting
46.9%
47.7%
48.8%
49.2%
43.6%
38.1%
44.6%
McCaw Cellular
43.8%
45.1%
46.9%
47.7%
40.6%
40.9%
41.5%
McCaw Cellular Only
42.9%
44.2%
46.3%
47.2%
39.7%
41.8%
40.5%
Nynex
36.0%
31.0%
32.7%
32.2%
-25.7%
20.7%
19.0%
AirTouch
37.2%
40.9%
44.9%
46.4%
38.7%
46.1%
46.9%
Sprint
20.2%
23.2%
25.2%
17.2%
24.5%
24.5%
27.5%
US Cellular

16.1%
23.3%
20.9%
16.1%
21.6%
27.4%
Vanguard Cellular
20.4%
22.6%
27%
31.1%
20.7%
22.5%
27.5%

Source: Merrill Lynch, United States: Telecommunications/Cellular,
Table 7 (1994).
 
Table 13
Rates of Return After Taxes and Interest Payments

Return on Revenues (%)
Wireless Service Company
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Airtouch Communications Inc.
NA
NA
NA
NM
3.8
Lin Broadcasting
22.9
NM
NM
NM
NM
McCaw Cellular
NM
35.8
NM
NM
NM
Communications
Mobile Telecommunications
NM
NM
NM
NM
12.9
Tech
Nextel Communications
NA
NM
NM
NM
NA
US Cellular Corp
NM
NM
NM
3.8
NM
Vanguard Cellular Sys.
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
 [**83]  

Return on Assets (%)
Wireless Service Company
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Airtouch Communications Inc.
NA
NA
NA
NM
1.2
Lin Broadcasting
9.1
NM
NM
NM
NM
McCaw Cellular
NM
6.3
NM
NM
NM
Communications
Mobile Telecommunications
NM
NM
NM
NM
5.8
Tech
Nextel Communications
NA
NM
NM
NM
NA
US Cellular Corp
NM
NM
NM
0.8
NM
Vanguard Cellular Sys.
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
 

Return on Equity (%)
Wireless Service Company
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Airtouch Communications Inc.
NA
NA
NA
NM
3.8
Lin Broadcasting
12.5
NM
NM
NM
NM
McCaw Cellular
NM
23.0
NM
NM
NM
Communications
Mobile Telecommunications
NM
NM
NM
NM
9.0
Tech
Nextel Communications
NA
NM
NM
NM
NA
US Cellular Corp
NM
NM
NM
1.5
NM
Vanguard Cellular Sys.
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM

Source: Standard and Poor's, Industry Surveys: Telecommu-
nications, Basic Analysis (1994); see also California
State Petition R&O, App. B at 7.
 
81. In general, Tables 9 through 13 show contradictory results, which indicates a rather heterogenous industry. 
Many firms, especially ones serving large metropolitan areas, are earning economic rents of significant proportions. At 
the same time, some providers in those same markets fare quite poorly. More  [**84]  broadly, no cellular system is 
known to have ceased operations. This indicates a business worth being in, i.e., a profitable business. On the other hand, 
the Commission is unaware of any "stand-alone" cellular company that has paid a dividend, which indicates that any 
profits are being re-invested for growth and that the industry has not yet achieved stability. 
4. Entry 
82. The possibility of entry by new competitors is widely recognized as a constraint on monopolistic conduct (high 
prices, low quality, failure to innovate) by incumbent providers. n162 Previous Sections of this Report discuss the 
possible emergence of interconnected SMRs as competitors for cellular in two-way mobile telephone service. In 
addition, the first competition from broadband PCS is almost certain to take the form of mobile telephone service. The 
GAO Report noted that PCS, if it were not dominated in each market by the existing cellular providers there, "would 
seem to serve the public interest by providing additional competition and potentially lower prices for consumers." n163 
Estimates of the eventual downward impact of broadband PCS entry on cellular prices range as high as forty percent in 
the next two [**85]  years. n164 Due to the flexibility of the Commission's definition of PCS, the broadband licensees 
will also be able to follow whatever incentives the market gives them to compete in other areas, such as dispatch, 
paging, and combinations of the service categories discussed in this Report. Narrowband PCS, with its advanced 
messaging services, is likely to increase the present degree of competition between cellular service and paging  [*8872]  
service. Unlicensed PCS and, somewhat further in the future, satellite-based systems will also create more potential for 
competition in CMRS. 
n162 See, e.g., United States v. Waste Management, Inc., 743 F.2d 976, 982-83 (2d Cir. 1984). See also American 
Bar Association, I Antitrust Law Developments 307-11, and cases cited therein (Third ed. 1992); and California State 
Petition R&O at P32 & nn.85-86. 
n163 GAO Report, supra note 140, at 4. 
n164 See, e.g., authority cited supra note 38; COMM. DAILY, Apr. 24, 1995. 
83. Finally, the federal government is in the process of re-allocating 200 MHz from government use to private 
sector uses. n165 The Commission has allocated the first fifty of those MHz, including allocations of twenty-five MHz 
for [**86]  unspecified fixed and mobile radio services. n166 The Commission has proposed that the latter allocation be 
for a General Wireless Communications Service, which may be CMRS. n167 This type of flexible allocation attempts to 
allow the free market to determine the best use of spectrum. Thus, the Commission expects long term allocations to 
permit relatively free entry into and exit from any segment of CMRS, placing further competitive pressures on existing 
CMRS providers. 
n165 Budget Act, §  113(b), (e)(2)(A). 
n166 See Government Re-Allocation, cited supra note 101. 
n167 Another service that might be used in the future for CMRS is Local Multipoint Distribution Service, which is 
now proposed principally for fixed broadband video, telecommunications, and data communications. See generally, 
Rulemaking to Amend Part 1 and Part 21 of the Commission's Rules to Redesignate the 27.5-29.5 GHz Frequency Band 
and to Establish Rules and Policies for Local Multipoint Distribution Service, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Order, 
Tentative Decision and Order on Reconsideration, 8 FCC Rcd 557, 561 & n.10 (P26 & n.10) (1993); and Second Notice 
of Proposed Rulemaking, 9 FCC Rcd 1394 (1994). [**87]  
5. Conclusions 
84. The evidence described in the preceding paragraphs points to several findings and conclusions, which are 
consistent with those in the preceding Section of this Report. While the mobile telephone service segment of the CMRS 
business is not fully competitive, it generally appears that such economic rents as are being earned are being reinvested 
to continue the growth of a service that consumers clearly want. Entry by several new layers of competition for all 
existing providers is certain, and more such entry is feasible in the following years. The rise of competitive forces is 
now being achieved largely by the private sector. It has been made possible, however, by the Commission's deliberate 
dismantling of an old regulatory structure, which emphasized service classifications, and the creation of a new structure 
whose hallmark is flexibility, with regulation focused on protecting consumers by stimulating competitive forces. 

IV. ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 
85. Consistent with the requirement that the Commission annually report to Congress on the status of competition, 
the Commission plans to submit future Reports to Congress by June 30th of each year. 
86. This [**88]  Report is issued pursuant to authority contained in Section 332(c)(1)(C) of the Communications 
Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. §  332(c)(1)(C). 
87. It is ORDERED that the Secretary shall send copies of this Report to the appropriate committees and 
subcommittees of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. 
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 
William F. Caton 
Acting Secretary 

APPENDIX: 
Table 14

Technical Appendix
To obtain an estimate for the rate of return for the whole State of
California, we used the following two regressions to estimate rate of
return and gross plant:

Regression No. 1

Dependent Variable is Ln (GROSS PLANT)

Coefficient
Std. Error
T-Statistic
Prob.
Constant
 0.379602
1.642788
 0.231072
0.8178
Ln (YEAR-1983)
 1.553820
0.474709
 3.273203
0.0015
Ln (POPS)
 0.957653
0.059366
 16.13130
0.0000
RSA
-0.819740
0.231829
-3.535974
0.0006
Ln (Age)
-0.359661
0.296603
-1.212601
0.2284
Ln (Age)2
 0.089599
0.067273
 1.331876
0.1862
Wireline
-0.142455
0.096554
-1.475390
0.1436

Observations:
98
R-squared
0.963382
Adjusted R-squared
0.960967

Regression No. 2

Dependent Variable is Ln (Rate Of Return+100)

Coefficient
Std. Error
T-Statistic
Prob.
Constant
 0.962987
0.613016
 1.570900
0.1196
Ln (Pops)
 0.162373
0.023126
 7.021266
0.0000
Wireline
 0.039833
0.028285
 1.408258
0.1624
Min (0, Age-48)
-0.010266
0.001800
-5.703254
0.0000
Max (0, 48-Age)
-0.000992
0.001927
-0.514704
0.6080
In (High Income)
 0.045439
0.052989
 0.857512
0.3933
In (Year - 1983)
 0.821929
0.149831
 5.485705
0.0000

Observations:
101
R-squared
0.639238
Adjusted R-squared
0.616210

"Age" is the number of months since construction of the system. "Pops" is
the population based on the 1990 census. "High Income" is the percent of
households with income greater than $ 50,000 in 1991. Sources: California
State Petition R&O, App. B at 14; 1992 Survey of Buying Power Demographic
USA, 1990 US Census and Cellular Communications Licensees (Wholesalers)
Annual Reports to the Public Utilities Commission, State of California.
 [**89]