64
1a.m .................. 2 a .m ....... ......... 3 a .m ................. 4a.m ............. . .... 5 a .m .................. B L ~.................. 7 a.m .......... ..... 8a.m........ ......... 9 a.m ................. i0a.m .... ............. i I a.m ..... ............ it m... .... .... .... ....
1p.m ........... . ...... 2p.m ................ 8 p.m .... ............. 4 p.m ................. Sp.m.... ........ ..... 6 p.m .................. 7 p.m ...... ........... 8 ..................... 9 ..................... ;O p.m .................. !1 n.m ................. lidnight . ..... . .. . . . . . .
Mean ....... .... ....
Minimum.. . . . . . . . . .
Maximum . . . . . . . . . .
Total. ........ ......
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
2 4 .X 4.87 4.15 4.17 4.34 4.74 6.01
6.80 5.69 5.72 6.42 4.90
4.81 3.61 3.36 3.37 8.58 3.97 4.46 4.85 5.84 5.49 6.44 5.19
864.63
661.70
667.10
. .....
FEBRUARY, 1901
0 c. 16.31 16.05
15.81 15.67 15.56 11.48 16.11
18. 8 m.45 P2.70 25.89
94.79
higher than the normal in 1897; the deviations in the month
of May reached 8 O to 1lC C. a t St. Petersburg; the mouthly
mean being the higheet that had heen observed in one hundred
and fifty years; it was the same case a t Archangel, according
to a series of observations for eighty years. On the other
hand, the spring and the beginning of the summer of 1899
were, in the northwest portions of Russia, much colder than
usual ; in the month of May there were days having a devin-
tion of from 5 O to So C., and the temperature was below the
normal during twenty-one co?isacutiae days.
From these results it may be concluded that Lake Ladoga.
which undoubtedly belongs to the type of temperate lakes,
according to the classification of Prof. F. A. Forel, is placed
in this series very near to the line which separates this type
from that of the polar lakes, which always have an inverse
thermic stratification.
The stratum where the thermic fall is due to the diurnal
variation of the temperature of the shallow strata is produced
was lower down in 1897 than in 1899. This is well explained
by the fact that in 1897 the entire maw of the water of the
lake was much warmer than in 1899.
--- REUENT PAPERS BEARING ON MElTEOROLOGY.
W. F. R. PHILLIPS, In charge of Llbrary, eta.
The subjoined list. of titles has been selected from the con-
tents of the periodicals and serials recently received in the
library of the Weather Bureau. The titles selected are of
papers or other communications bearing on meteorology or cognate branches of science. This is not a complete index
of the meteorological contents of all the journals froni which
it has been compiled ; it shows only the articles that appear
to the compiler likely to be of particular interest in connec-
tion with the work of the Weather Rurean:
Atmulea de Chimic el de Physique. Paria. im a4riss. Toms 22. Violle, J. Rapport sur la radiation, pr6sent6 au comit6 m6t6oro- lopique international, :t BHintrPt!tershourg, en 18%. Pp. 39,370.
Qaeo. Laipzig. 37 Jahrg. Wollny, E. Ueber den Einflussder Pflanzendecken auf die Was- serfiilirung der Fliisse. (Schluss). Pp. 320-323. Klein, H. J. Strenge Winter. Pp. 2?3-%3. Annalan der Physik. Leipig. Ir6wte folge. Band 4. Pockels, F. Zur Theorie der Niederschlagsbildung an Gebirgen. Pp. 4594PO. Himnitl und Erde. Berth. 13 Jahrg. Assmann, R. Die modernen Methoden zur Erforschung der At- mosphiire mittels des Luftballons nnd Drachen. (Schluss folgt). Pp. 241-260. Nature. London. F31. 83.
Spwn'a Meteorolugaiwl Magmine. London. J51. 36.
Amerircm Joiirnal of 8cienee. New HirPan. 4th Smiea. Vvl. 11.
-Red Rain. Pp. 471-472
Pellew, E. Variations of Atmospheric Electricity. P. 491.
Curtis, R H. Pressure of the Wind. (Concluded). Pp 17-19.
Penfleld, S L. Stereographic Projection and ita Possibilities from
Bigelow, Frank €3! The Magnetic Theory of the Solar Corona.
Dexter, E. (3. Buicide and the Weather. Pp. 60-1-617.
Cochrane, C. H. Recent Progress in Aerial Navigation. Pp.
Nichols, E. F. On t h e Heat Radiation of Arcturus, Vega, Jupiter,
Woeikof. A. De l'influence de l'homme sur la terre. (Premier
Wollny, E. Uebrr den Em us8 der Pflanzendecken auf die Was- P . 345-363.
Arctowski, Henry. Sur les pbriodes de l'aurore australes. Pp.
Plumandon, J. R. Le tir au canon contre la grGle. Pp. 266-267.
Mohn, H. Einige Bemerkungen iiber die Schwerekorrektionen
a Graphical Stand oint. Pp. 1-24, 115-144.
Pp. 253-268. Popubr Gcwnce Monthly. New Pork. Vol58.
616-644. Astrophysical Jorcrilal. Ghkaco. Tlol. 3 3.
and Saturn. Pp 101-141. Atinaka de G&grapBis. Pa&. 1901.
article). P. 97-114. Zeitaehrift.fiir Gewanaerkundc. Lafag. Band 3.
serfuhrung der Fliisse. comptss Rendm. P ~M . TO^ I&.
631-654. La Nature. Paris. 29msannH.
Melsorologiaek Zaitachrifl. Band IS. W h .
der Barometerhiihen. P. 49-53,
% 81 81 80 80 81 80 66 67 65 49 46
Woeikof, A. Platzregen und grosse tiigliche Regenmengen. Pp. 53-75. Schreiber, -. Beitriiige ziir Hagehheorie. Pp. 58-70. -VorlPufige Mittheilung iiber die internationale Ballonfahrt vom 8 Novemlber, 1900. P. 71.
- Vorkiifige Mittheilung iiber die internationale Ballonfahrt vom 10 Januar, 1901. Valentin, J. Telllperatiir-Beobrchtiinpen der Gsterreichischen Ballons bri der internationalen Fahrt vom 8 November, 1900. P. i 2 .
Hann, J. Klima der Westkiiste von Marokko. Mogador. P. 76. Lachmann, (3. Ueber eine nierkwiinlige Blitzform. P. 80. Kassner, 0. Bequeme Berechnung der Koefficienten der Bes-
P. 71.
%.I8 94 ea 2 4 .a mi7
19.49 18.86 17.90 17.46
16.74 16.61
19.87
8.90
m.00
a1.16
17.18
.......
sel'sclien Formel. P. 81. Kassner, C. Eine Analogie der irisirenden Wolken.. P. 82.
- Resultate der meteorolorischen Beobachtungen in Belle Isle
4.9 49 61 b9
W W 78 TI
77 78
69
B
BB
BO
70
..... .
(Neufundland). P. 83. -Zuni Klima von Syra.
- Versuche iiber den Verlust der Ladung elektrischer Fliissig- keiten durch Verdiim fung. P. S4. Elater, J. Messun en 8er elektrisclien Zerstreuung in der freien atmos hiirischen Euft an peographisch weit von einander ent- fernt Eependen Orten. P. ~r j .
Wedell-Wedellsborg, P. 8. Notiz iiber die Ursachen der seku- h e n Variationen des Erclmagnetismus. P. 88. Balm, J. Breitenvariation, Erdmagnetismus und Sonnenthltig- keit. P. 89. Taudin-Cabot, J. J. Griistrahlung. P. 90.
- Zum Klima des arktischen Nordamerika. P. 90. Mac Dowall, Al. B. Siikulare Schwankung? P. 93. Chistoni, 0. Ueher den Repenfall in Modena 1830-1596. P. 93. Prohaska, K. Feuerkugel in Piillau, Steiermark. Hepitee, Stefan. Ausserordentlicher Regenfall in Rumhien.
- Druckfehler-Berichtigungen. P. 96.
-
P. S3.
P. 94.
--.- CLIMATOLO(3Y OF COSTA RICA.
Communlcated by A. PITTIER. Director, Physlcal Geographic Instltute.
FABLE l.-Hm.rly obscrwtiona at the Obbsrvaiol.y, San Joae dc Coata Rica, duriiig Febmcory, 1Nl.
I Preesnre.
I-
Hours. /$ a'
e - $
E z
Et
~
4.02 3.M 3.3.5
3. w 3.94 4. a4 4.67 4.w 4 9 0 4. M
4.08
8.81
8.57
a 01
a. I
a. ia
4. IO
2.58 2. w
3.m
4.44 4 .a 4.61 4. ae
888.86
6%. 35
0m.D
...... -
Re'at!ve
I humidity.
v
c
P a
0 -
0 C.
16. 31 16.04 16.17 16.00
15.51 16.M 18.65 91.18 28.41 24.94 atl. 01
M. 27 m.84 24.86
w. Yg
21.16 19.M 18.76 I8 S 17.91 17.58 17.38 16.93
19.80
12.80
3l.B
16 ea
......
-
5
B
f
1 1
8 R __
n i 84 84 & 84 82
74 66 do
57 55
64 55 58 60 68 74 79
80 81 88 1 84
13
.... .... ....
Rainfall.
-
$j
xi E 8 P
0 -
Kvn. 0.0 0.0
0 0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0
3.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
4. a
.... ....
4 3
8.6
-
-
d
il 4
z -
M I L
0 0 0.0
0.0
0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.1
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1
0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0
..... ..... ,....
1.6
-
-
g
a
c - 5 n -
Hi'& 0.00
0.00 0. 00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.a 0.95 0.M)
0.00 0 67 1.00
0.08 0.08
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
......
...... ......
8.41
RearRKs.-The barometer is 1.169 met4 rs above sea level. Beadin s are correoted
'or g a v l t ,temperature, and inbtrnmental error. The dry and wet gulb thermome- mru me 1.3maters above mound and corrected for instrumental errom. The hourly - - __ - - ._ __ . _. - __ - wadings for pressure, wgt an>-dr-bnlb thermometers. are obtained hy mean8 01 Rlchard reglsterlng instruments. ciecked b direot obaervatlons every three hnurr rom 7 a. m. to 10 p. m. The hour1 rainfall fs as glven by Rortlnmr's self-register. :beaked once a day. The standara rain gage ir 1.6 meterr above ground.
FEBRUARY, 1901. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 66
Time. Observed, 1w1.
Holrr6.
7a.m ......... 8.68 8a.m ......... 80.67 9a.m ......... 80.M 10a.m ......... 19.88 l1a.m ........ pO.11
12m .......... 18.56
1p.m ....... 19.75
Nnrmal. 1889100.
HOUr6.
11.25 B.16
1.08 21.18 81.42
21.21
21.09
TABLE 2.
oc. a1.E
21.10
a1.Q
21.61
z 40
40
50
60
60
50
48
.....
--
o c . eo.01
20.04
20.97
21.02
____
Temperature of the soil at depth of-
2p.m .........
5p.m .........
7p.m 8p.m 9p.m 1Op.m 1lp.m Midnlght
8 p m ....... 4p.m ........
6p.m .........
Yean..
Total ...... ._
-
1.15m
W.81 51.88
80.05 19.12
18.W 14.56
2.67 4.27
.......................... ............................... ................................ ................................ ............................... ............................ ...........................
800 08 m.87
19.92 I 21.45
~
0 c. 20. 64
81.14
21.94
22.16
83.04
81.88
21.60
.....
31.61
21.40
21.27
91.01
...............
-
.20m
-.
0 c. eo. YO
eo. 34
20.86
20.88
20.48
20.50
........ .......... 4. Zent .......................................... ....I., I..
6. Slquirrea ........................................ 408 10 7. Qunpiles ...................................... 840 18 8. Bar8 iqni ........................................................................ 9. Ban &os 801 19 io. L~SLOIMS ..................................... ui 16
11. Peralta 885 11 12. Tnrrialba ........................................................................ 18. Juan Vinas .................................... 169 14 14. Santiago ...........................................................................
16 San Itafael C ....................................................................... 17. Trer Rios. ...................................... a 1 18. La Palma.. ..................................... ,
19. 8. Franalsao Q .................................. 7 2 Po. Sen Jose ........................................ 4 8 91. La Verbena. ................................................... 1. Alajuela .............................................. 0 .... 0
28. NuestrO Amo ......................................................
5. ante HoffnnnR ................................. 411 16
..................................... ..........................................
16. Par8hO .... ................................... .......... ........
.-n i T __-i _.
-
8.00tn.
-
0 c. m. 1
.......
........
........
........
........
~~
..... .... , I.. 108 14 45 4 114 e
67 14 181 10 65 1 , .. 40 1c
..... .... ........
6 1
9 1 9 1 5 2
1 1 11 1
..............................
~.~_?=-.ii-~~_---l'
20.39 ....... i
..............
......
Evaporation.-During the daytime, in January, observa- tions incomplete ; in February, 90.0""'. During the night.
time, January, observations incomplete ; February, 26.7"".
Notes ON earthqua.kes at Son. Jose.-February 3, 7 3 0 a. m.,
small shock, west-northweet to east-southeast ; intensity, 1 ;
duration, f 2 seconds. February 12,10:34 a. m., light oscilla-
tion, northeast to southwest; intensity, 1; duration, =t2
seconds. February 14, 5:21 p. m., light oscillation, east to
west; intensity, 1 ; duration, +3 seconds. February, 16,
7:23 a. ni., tremors ; 7:55 a. m. and 6:52 p. m., light shock,
northwest to southeast: duration, 5 seconds; intensity, 2 ;
people ran out into the streets. February 22, 7:14 p. m.,
slight shock, northweat to southeast ; intensity, 1 ; duration,
+3 seconds ; 8:08 p. m., slight shock, northwest to southeast ;
intensity, 1 ; duration, f3 seconds. February 24,7:55 a. m.,
tremors. February 25, 1:30 a. m., sensible shock, west-
northwest to east-southeast ; intensity, 2 ; duration, 10 sec-
onds. February 26, 12:15 a. m., light shock, west-northwest to east-southeast ; intensity, 1 ; duration, f 3 seconds. Feb-
ruary 28, - a. m., very light shock, east-northeast to west-
south-west ; intensity, 1 ; duration -. Noles 011. the weather at Snn Jose.-Generally warm and
windy, wind from northeast. Rain almost daily through the
gaps in the northern cordillera, reaching San Jose on the 16th.
TABLE 3.-R+fall at 8htiona in Coah Rko, 1901.
I January. I February.
Mm. 1. moa Baneno... ................................. 11
8. SwamD Month 181 1c ...........................................
FROST FI(3HTING.
By ALEXANDEB G. MCADIE, Foreaast OBoial.
During the past five years the Weather Bureau Office a t San
Francisco has been called upon to give particular attention to
the problem of lessening the injury to fruits by frost. By direction of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, during the year
1900 the forecast official for the southern half of the Pacific
slope made an extensive journey through California, with the
special purpose of studying the methods of protecting decidu-
ous fruits from frost. This journey was the natural outgrowth
of the excellent work inaugurated by Mr. W. H. Hammon,
formerly professor in the Weather Bureau, while in charge of
the San Francisco office. During the years 1897, 1898, and
1899 the unusually dry winter conditions, with frequent and
prolonged frosts and lower temperatures than had been pre-
viously reported in many of the chief fruit growing centers
of southern California, made i t imperative that some steps
should be taken to minimize the injury to citrus fruits by
frost.. The problem as presented to the forecast official was
of a twofold nature: first, a study of the conditions preceding
frost, EO that he might with reasonable certaint.y give timely
warning to the fruit growers : second, a study of the methods,
means, and devices for protecting fruit from iujury by low
temperatures. The first has beer1 solved with a fair measure
of succees. In the second problem the Weather Bureau had
the valuable aesistance of certain practical fruit growers, who
willingly and readily tested the varioue devices proposed for
aniudging and cheerfully gave this ofice the benefit of the
niauy practical experiments made by them in smudging, irri-
gating, heating, and covering. A bulletin on Frost fighting,
by Alexander G. McAdie (Bulletin No. 291, was issued on
March 13,1000, and nearly three thousand copies distrribated
to those most interested in fruit growing. A previous bulle-
tin (No. 23) upon Frost, when to expect i t and how to lessen
the injury therefrom, had been issued by the Weathrr Bureau
3n November 10, 1898, by Prof. W. H. Hammon, while a
Farmers' Bulletin, No. 104, by Prof. E. B. Garriott, Notes on
Frost, was issued June 15, 1899, which treated of frost pro-
tection in general. It has become evident in California that the fruit grower
must possess a degree of intelligence certainly as high as is
demanded in any one of the usual vocations of life. The
auccessful orchardist must be a skilled farmer and a good
business man and, a t the same time, be familiar with the
chief principles of modern science. He must be chemist,
sntomologist, and physicist, as well as fruit grower. In the
niatter of protecting his crops from frost, for example, he
must know exactly what method is best suited for his crop,
for the locality, and for the season, and be prepared to act
promptly, or else the greater portion of the year's profits will
vanish in the course of a few hours. I n what follows extensive use will be made of Bulletin No.
29, since experience has shown that the principles of frost fighting, laid down thsrein, are essentially correct. While
this bulletin was written chiefly with a view of protecting
the citrus fruit crops of California, particularly of the sec-
tion south of the Tehachapi, from frost, the principles hold,
as a general rule, for the protection of deciduous fruits also.
In October and November, 1900, an attempt W ~E made to
extend the benefits of the Weather Bureau work in connec-
tion with frost, to the fruit growers of central and northern
California, particularly to the growers of almonds, apricots, peachee, prunes, pears, apples, grapes, and figs. Many fruit
ranches were visited, and the details of losses by frost
gathered from ranch superintendents and others, together
with all data available relative to the exposure of the fruit, the lay of the land, and, the lowest temperatures. The fol-
lowing facts stand out promisently from the general mass