Management Recommendations•Group 22

Rare Resupinates and Polypores (Decomposer): Otidea leporina var. leporina (Batsch : Fries) Fuckel, Otidea onotica (Persoon : Fries) Fuckel, Otidea smithii Kanouse

Rare Gilled Mushroom (Decomposer): Sowerbyella rhenana (Fuckel) J. Moravec (= Aleuria rhenana) and Pseudaleuria quinaultiana Lusk

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Species: Otidea leporina var. leporina (Batsch : Fries) Fuckel, Otidea onotica (Persoon : Fries) Fuckel, Otidea smithii Kanouse, Sowerbyella rhenana (Fuckel) J. Moravec (= Aleuria rhenana), Pseudaleuria quinaultiana Lusk

Taxonomic Group: Fungi

ROD Component(s): 1 & 3

Other Management Status: Sowerbyella rhenana is also a protection buffer species (ROD, p. C-20)

Range: Otidea leporina var. leporina occurs in the Washington Cascades, Willamette Valley in Oregon and the Coast Range of California. This taxon is widespread in conifer forests of the North Temperate zone. Otidea onotica occurs in the Oregon and Washington Cascades and the Oregon and California Coast Ranges. This taxon is also widespread in conifer forests of the North Temperate zone. Otidea smithii is extremely rare in this region, known from only two sites in the Washington Cascades. A potential third population in Del Norte Co., California is historic (1937) and the locality data is vague. This taxon is endemic to the Pacific Northwest, occurring in Idaho and British Columbia, as well as Washington and California. Pseudaleuria quinaultiana is a Pacific Northwest endemic, known only from the Olympic Peninsula and two sites in western Oregon. Sowerbyella rhenana occurs within the range of the northern spotted owl from Clallam Co., Washington south to Sonoma Co. California. Sowerbyella rhenana also occurs but is apparently rare in Europe and Japan.

Specific Habitat: Collections of all Otidea taxa are inadequately documented to determine habitat more specific than "conifer forest." Pseudaleuria quinaultiana occurs on disturbed microsites (trail sides, recent windthrow mounds) in low-elevation old-growth forest that includes Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Sowerbyella rhenana occurs on accumulated duff and humus in low- to mid-elevation, mixed conifer or conifer-hardwood forests.

Threats: Threats to Otidea spp. and Pseudaleuria quinaultiana are not understood. They seem to be able to tolerate some disturbance, but seem to require old-growth forests. Logging is the most serious threat to Sowerbyella rhenana. In addition, actions that disturb soil or remove overstory hosts could eliminate populations of this taxon.

Management Recommendations: Maintain habitat for all taxa at known sites by retaining old-growth forest structure and soil conditions. Avoid disturbance at known sites, including fire, logging, and road, trail, or campground construction until additional data is collected on taxon viability.

Information Needs: Revisit known sites of all taxa and collect ecological data to more completely characterize habitat. Conduct inventories, particularly in late-successional reserves, Research Natural Areas, and when appropriate where management treatments or projects are scheduled or proposed.

I. NATURAL HISTORY

A. Taxonomic/Nomenclatural History

Otidea leporina var. leporina (Batsch : Fries) Fuckel was first described from Europe, (as Peziza leporina) by Fries in 1783. Fuckel (1870) transferred it to the genus Otidea; the other known synonym is Scodellina leporina. It is a cup fungus in the family Otideaceae in the order Pezizales.

Otidea onotica (Persoon : Fries) Fuckel was first described from Europe, (as Peziza onotica ) by Fries (1783). Fuckel (1870) transferred it to the genus Otidea; other known synonyms are Scodellina onotica and Aleuria onotica. It is a cup fungus in the family Otideaceae in the order Pezizales.

Otidea smithii Kanouse was originally described from Del Norte Co., California (Kanouse, 1939). There are no known synonyms. It is a cup fungus in the family Otideaceae in the order Pezizales.

Pseudaleuria quinaultiana was described by Lusk (1987) from the Olympic Peninsula. There are no known synonyms. It is a cup fungus in the family Otideaceae in the order Pezizales.

Sowerbyella rhenana was originally described as Aleuria rhenana by Fuckel (1870) from Germany. Moravec (1986) transferred it to Sowerbyella. Other known synonyms include: Sarcoscypha rhenana (Fuckel) Sacc.; Peziza rhenana (Fuckel) Boud.; Peziza splendens Quél.; Scypharia splendens (Quél.) Quél.; Sarcoscypha splendens (Quél.) Sacc.; and Aleuria splendens (attributed to Quélet). It is the only species of Sowerbyella currently documented to occur in the Pacific Northwest, however other (possibly undescribed) species may occur here as indicated by Weber (1986). It is a member of the cup fungus family Otideaceae in the order Pezizales.

B. Species Description

These fungal taxa are grouped together because they all belong to the family Otideaceae and form similarly structured sporocarps.

1. Morphology

Members of the genus Otidea share several features: sporocarps with apothecia slit down one side to the base throughout development and resembling a plastic cup melted on one side or a spoon, or a rabbit's ear; ascospores are biguttulate and smooth; asci are non-amyloid, and paraphyses are curved at the apex. Wynnella silvicola (Beck in Sacc.) Nannf. may be confused with members of the genus Otidea but has not been reported from the range of the northern spotted owl; in Wynnella the ascospores have a large central guttule with or without smaller ones at the ends, relatively straight paraphyses, and the dried fruiting bodies have a characteristic sweet smell not observed with species of Otidea. Within the genus Otidea, species traditionally have been delimited on a combination of shape of the apothecia, curvature of the paraphyses, and color of the hymenial and abhymenial surfaces. All of the Strategy 1 species are described as having ear- to spoon-shaped apothecia and are separated primarily on color, secondarily on the size of the ascospores. The majority of collections examined thus far in herbaria lack notes on color, making confirmation of the identifications impossible. No publications with suggestions on how to identify members of this genus to species in the absence of color notes is known. Otidea is a genus in need of revision. Kanouse (1949) provides the most extensive coverage of the genus for western North America.

Otidea leporina var. leporina have substipitate to short stipitate ascomata, apothecioid. Apothecia typically elongate, ear-shaped, taller than broad, slit down one side to the base, 10-40 mm tall. Hymenial surface dull yellowish brown. Abhymenial surface reddish brown to dingy ochre. Base to 6 mm long, white. Ascospores ellipsoid, smooth. 12-14 x 6-8 µm, biguttulate. Asci operculate, non-amyloid, 8-spored. Paraphyses curved to hooked at the apex.

Otidea onotica have substipitate to short stipitate ascomata, apothecioid. Apothecia spoon to ear-shaped, taller than broad, slit down one side to the base, 60-100 mm tall, 10-40(-60) mm broad. Hymenium light yellow with touches of pinkish apricot to rose, even. Abhymenial surface light brownish orange to dull yellow. Base irregular, a mass of mycelium and debris, white to whitish, tomentose. Ascospores ellipsoid, 12-14 x 6-7(-8) µm (Kanouse, 1949), biguttulate. Asci operculate, non-amyloid, 8-spored. Paraphyses slender, typically strongly curved at the apex.

Otidea onotica is the only species of Otidea reported from western North America with relatively bright yellow sporocarps with pink to rose tints in the hymenium. The colors are not obvious, however, in dried specimens.

Otidea smithii have subsessile ascomata, apotheciate, to 80 mm tall. Apothecia slit down one side to the base at all ages, typically taller than broad. Hymenium deep purplish brown when fresh, even. Abhymenial surface somewhat darker purplish brown. Base solid, of soil and mycelium, often lighter than the apothecium proper. Ascospores narrowly ellipsoid, 12-14 x 6-7 µm, biguttulate. Asci operculate, non-amyloid, 8-spored. Paraphyses curved to hooked at their apices.

Of the spoon-shaped to more or less erect ear-shaped species of Otidea occurring in the range of the northern spotted owl, Otidea smithii is the only one with medium to deep purplish brown apothecia both when fresh and dry.

Pseudaleuria quinaultiana is a vernally fruiting bright red-orange, sessile to substipitate cup fungus with a hairy, reddish orange, abhymenial surface. Pseudoplectania nigrella (Pers. : Fr.) Fuckel differs in having globose ascospores and in fruiting on the ground in late spring to early summer. Plectania melastoma (Sowerby : Fr.) Fuckel differs in having orange granules on the abhymenial surface near margin and in releasing pink to rose pigments when sections of that region are mounted in 2.5 % potassium hydroxide. Sarcoscypha coccinea (Fr.) Lambotte differs in typically having a rosy red (rarely nearly white) hymenium, fruiting on or adjacent to twigs and branches of hardwoods especially Acer macrophyllum Pursch, multiguttulate ascospores 25-35 x 11-14 µm, asci with thickened walls and long, narrow bases (Harrington, 1990). Aleuria aurantia differs in having a truly orange hymenium, thin-fleshed apothecia, reticulate, ornamented ascospores, and in fruiting in heavily disturbed areas from fall into early spring.

Sporocarps sessile to substipitate apothecia. Apothecia broadly bowl-shaped to repand, from above regular to slightly irregular, 7-35 mm in diam, in profile 5-15 mm tall. Hymenium bright reddish orange, more or less even. Abhymenial surface concolorous to somewhat lighter, invested with long somewhat matted hairs less dense toward point of attachment. Margin somewhat enrolled at first, straight to flaring in age, invested with pale tan to very light brown hairs. Ascospores 15.5-19.5 x 7.5-10.5 µm (Lusk, 1987) or on fresh spores in water 18.2-21.5 x (8.5-) 9.1-10.4 µm, ellipsoid, with homogeneous contents, smooth. Asci operculate, non-amyloid, thin-walled, 8-spored, with paired basal scars and apparently arising from croziers. Paraphyses straight.

Sowerbyella rhenana is characterized by a stipitate apothecium with an orange to yellow orange hymenium and pale orange to white underside and stipe, and guttulate, reticulate spores that lack an apiculus. Although often confused with Aleuria spp., the combination of a stipe and non-apiculate spores make it quite distinctive. Other Sowerbyella species in the genus share the yellow or yellow-orange or orange stipitate, apotheciate type of fruiting body; however, according to Moravec (1988) only Sowerbyella radiculata (Sow.) Nannfeldt and Sowerbyella reguisii (Quél.) J. Moravec have even a semblance of a reticulum on the ascospores. Moravec (1988) gives spore sizes as follows: Sowerbyella radiculata, 12-16.5 x 6-6.2 µm; Sowerbyella regusii 18-21(-22.5) x 8-9.9 (-10.2). No other species of Sowerbyella has been reported from the range of the northern spotted owl. There are specimens at the San Francisco State University and University of Michigan herbaria from this region that may be other Sowerbyella species.

Sporocarps stipitate, apotheciate. Apothecia from above compressed to regular, roughly 10-25 mm in diameter at maturity, shallowly broadly cupulate to nearly plane in age. Hymenium bright orange to yellow orange, even. Abhymenial surface paler orange to white, typically invested with hyaline, appressed, inconspicuous hairs. Margin incurved becoming straight to flaring in age, sometimes cracking in age, lacking prominent hairs. Stipe expanding gradually into apothecium, up to 5-20 mm long, estimated at 2-5 mm thick (no measurements available), concolorous withabhymenial surface, also invested with hairs, often several stipes together. Ascospores reported as 18-23.6 (-26.3) x 9-11.8 µm (Rifai, 1968) without ornamentation, 16-22.5 (-24) x 9-12 (-12.7) µm (Moravec, 1988) in equatorial view elliptical to resembling the outline of a capsule with subparallel sides and rounded ends, when fresh reported to contain 2 guttules, as revived typically with a single guttule, ornamented with a distinctive reticulum, the meshes 1.5-4 µm broad, mostly 6-sided (Rifai, 1968), ridges to 1.5 µm tall, not forming pronounced apiculi. Paraphyses curved or straight, containing orange granules, fleetingly green when exposed to Melzer's reagent. Asci operculate, 8-spored, thin-walled.

2. Reproductive Biology

Because these taxa are cup fungi, they presumably depend upon wind for spore dispersal; animal (especially arthropod) dispersal is also possible. No specific information on reproductive biology is available for these taxa at this time.

3. Ecology

No specific ecological information is available for these Otidea spp. or Sowerbyella rhenana at this time. Sporocarps of Pseudaleuria quinaultiana are scattered to gregarious on soil that has been disturbed; e.g., along paths and on the soil clinging to the root wads of uprooted trees in otherwise undisturbed or minimally disturbed forests apparently dating from before the arrival of Europeans in large numbers, spring.

C. Range, Known Sites

Otidea leporina var. leporina is known from 5 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: Washington: Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier National Park, Longmire. Oregon: Benton Co., Corvallis, 2160 Beechwood Pl.; Josephine Co., Takilma. California: Humboldt Co., Big Lagoon Park; Marin Co., Point Reyes National Seashore, Limantour Ridge. This taxon is widespread in conifer forests of the North Temperate zone.

Otidea onotica is known from 7 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: Washington: San Juan Co., Friday Harbor Biological Station; King Co., Redmond Gun Club; Chelan Co., Blewit Pass; Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier National Park, Longmire. Oregon, Wasco Co., Mt. Hood National Forest, Bear Springs; Josephine Co., Takilma. California, Del Norte Co., California line, near 199. This taxon is widespread in conifer forests of the North Temperate zone.

Otidea smithii is known from 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl in Washington: Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier National Park, Lower Tahoma Creek and Lewis Co., Cispus Environmental Learning Center. A potential third population in Del Norte Co., California is historic (1937) and the locality data is vague.

Pseudaleuria quinaultiana is a Pacific Northwest endemic, known from 5 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: Washington: Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, east of Forks; Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Rugged Ridge trail; Gray’s Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest, Quinault rainforest trail. Oregon: Marion Co., Silver Falls State Park; Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Drift Creek Wilderness.

Sowerbyella rhenana is known from 10 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: Washington: Clallam Co. , near Forks, Bear Creek campground; Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, near Cispus Environmental Learning Center. Oregon: Clackamas Co., near Rhododendron; Clackamas Co., Mt. Hood National Forest, Eagle timber sale; Linn Co., Bureau of Land Management, Salem District. California: Humboldt Co., Redwood National Park, Lady Bird Johnson Grove; Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, 0.5 mi. from Little Lake rd., alongsiderd. 409; Mendocino Co., Van Damme State Park; Sonoma Co., Salt Point State Park. Sowerbyella rhenana is also known from Europe and Japan.

D. Habitat Characteristics and Species Abundance

Aside from their occurrence in conifer forests, there is no specific information for any of these Otidea spp. at this time. One verified collection of Otidea leporina (variety not determined) was from a suburban back yard, suggesting that this taxon is not restricted to old-growth forests.

Sowerbyella rhenana fruits in scattered to gregarious or caespitose groups in duff of moist, relatively undisturbed, older coniferous forests. Sowerbyella rhenana is mostly known from conifer forests; one collection was noted to occur under Lithocarpus sp. The habitat of the vegetative mycelium is unknown, but could include duff, litter, mineral soil, woody debris, or roots.

Pseudaleuria quinaultiana occurs on disturbed microsites (trail sides, recent windthrow mounds) in low-elevation old-growth forest that includes Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis, and Pseudotsuga menziesii.

II. CURRENT SPECIES SITUATION

A. Why Species is Listed under Survey and Manage Standards and Guidelines

Otidea leporina occurs throughout the range of the northern spotted owl. Unfortunately, most collections of this species could not be verified due to inadequate field notes. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 38 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 28 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands.

Otidea onotica occurs throughout the range of the northern spotted owl. Unfortunately, most collections of this species could not be verified due to inadequate field notes. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 38 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 28 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands.

Otidea smithii is only known from 3 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl. It is also reported from Idaho and British Columbia. Under option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 38 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 28 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands.

Pseudaleuria quinaultiana is a rare regional endemic known only from a portion of the range of the northern spotted owl. Under option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well distributed throughout its range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 38 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 28 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands.

Sowerbyella rhenana is at the northern limit of its range in Washington. Within the range of the northern spotted owl it is known from 9 populations. Under option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well distributed throughout its range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 38 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 28 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands.

B. Major Habitat and Viability Considerations

The major viability consideration for these taxa are loss of known populations within the range ofthe northern spotted owl. Considerations include all management or recreational activities that disturb the soil, litter, or duff. The presence of extant sites in high recreational use areas exposes them to adverse impact due to management or recreational activities, particularly those that disturb the soil, litter, and duff or damage host trees.

Relatively little is known about the autecology of these taxa. They are presumed mycorrhiza formers or saprophytes associated with a restricted group of Pinaceae species. Therefore disturbance that affects the host or its substrate will potentially strongly affect this taxon. Fire is a significant threat to Sowerbyella rhenana because it depends on organic matter for survival.

Otidea leporina occurs throughout the assessment area but habitat information is lacking for verified specimens. This species is in need of taxonomic study and habitat information before conclusions can be made regarding its viability.

Otidea onotica is uncommon in the Washington and Oregon Cascades, south to Del Norte Co. California. This species is in need of habitat information before conclusions can be made regarding its viability.

Climate change may result in decline in vigor of these taxa and may result in the extirpation of these taxa from the range of the northern spotted owl. Climate change could potentially impact all populations of these taxa. An increase in temperature or a decrease in precipitation could affect disjunct populations.

C. Threats to the Species

Threats to these taxa are those actions that disrupt stand conditions necessary for their survival, particularly damage to overstory trees and soil, litter, and duff disturbance. These include logging that removes its overstory trees and other actions that cause disturbance to the soil, particularly road, trail, or campground construction. Fire is a significant concern due to the loss of specific habitat.

Pseudaleuria quinaultiana clearly tolerates some disturbance, but seems to require old-growth forests.

These taxa are not routinely harvested for use as food.

D. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Of the 5 sites for Otidea leporina, three are on non-Federal land: Takilma, California, Big Lagoon Park, and Corvallis, Oregon. Two sites are on congressionally withdrawn land in Mt. Rainier National Park and Point Reyes National Seashore.

Of the 7 sites for Otidea onotica, five are on non-Federal land. One site is on administratively withdrawn land on the Mt. Hood National Forest. One site is on congressionally withdrawn land in Mt. Rainier National Park.

Of the 2 sites for Otidea smithii, one is in a late-successional reserve: Cispus Environmental Learning Center, Washington. One site is on congressionally withdrawn land in Mt. Rainier National Park.

Of the 10 known sites for Sowerbyella rhenana, one is on congressionally withdrawn land: Redwood National Park, Lady Bird Johnson grove. One site is within a late-successional reserve: Cispus Environmental Learning Center. Two sites are on matrix land: Mt. Hood National Forest and Bureau of Land Management land. The 6 remaining sites are on non-Federal land: Van Damme State Park, Salt Point State Park, Bear Creek campground, a site near Rhododendron,Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, and Jackson State Forest. Two sites, one site in the Coast Ranges of Oregon and another in the Mt. Shasta area in California, have vague locality data for which ownership cannot be determined.

Of the 5 known sites of Pseudaleuria quinaultiana, 2 are on congressionally withdrawn land in Olympic National Park. One is on congressionally withdrawn land on the Siuslaw National Forest. One site is on non-Federal land: Silver Falls State Park. The other site is in a late-successional reserve on the Olympic National Forest.

III. MANAGEMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

A. Management Goals for Taxon

The goal for the management of these taxa are to assist in maintaining viable populations of each taxon within the assessment area. Known sites on Federal land of these rare taxa should be protected until sufficient information is generated to suggest management can sustain taxon viability, particularly on Federal land.

B. Specific Objectives

Maintain habitat conditions at all known sites on Federal land for these taxa.

IV. HABITAT MANAGEMENT

A. Lessons from History

There has not been any specific management of sites for these taxa. Since they are presumptive mycorrhiza-formers, saprophytes, pathogens, or endophytes, the overstory and its duff and litter should be protected where populations exist. Although not documented for these taxa, many fungi are harmed by air pollution, acid deposition, N deposition, and SOx (Gulden et al., 1992).

B. Identification of Habitat Areas for Management

There are no sites of Otidea leporina that have good potential to be managed to maintain viability. The known sites of Otidea leporina that are on Federal land are in a National Park and a National Seashore. Several other sites occur on non-Federal lands.

There is one site of Otidea onotica that has good potential to be managed to maintain viability. The known site of Otidea onotica on the Mt. Hood National Forest should be managed to maintain the viability of the taxon. One other population occurs in a National Park, and several occur on non-Federal lands.

There is one site for Otidea smithii that has good potential to be managed to maintain viability. The known site of Otidea smithii on the Cispus Environmental Learning Center should be managed to maintain the viability of this rare populations. One other population occurs in a National Park.

The known sites of Sowerbyella rhenana on the Mt. Hood National Forest, at the Cispus Environmental Learning Center and the site on the Salem Oregon District of the Bureau of Land Management have good potential to be managed to maintain viability. One population occurs in a National Park and several are on non-Federal land.

There is one population of Pseudaleuria quinaultiana that has good potential to be managed to maintain viability. The population on the Olympic National Forest should be managed to maintain the viability of the taxon. Two other populations occurs in Olympic National Park.

The seemingly preferred habitat of the these taxa is somewhat under-collected by mycologists and in critical need of survey. New populations may be found with additional surveys.

C. Management Within Habitat Areas

Status of specific management activities is unknown for extant sites. However, at and around known sites, it is recommended that current habitat conditions and micro-climatic conditions be maintained, impacts from recreational activities minimized, and disruption to the host populations and litter, particularly fire and logging, prevented.

The known sites of Otidea leporina var. leporina, Otidea onotica, Otidea smithii, Sowerbyella rhenana, and Pseudaleuria quinaultiana on Federal land should be managed to include an area that is large enough to maintain the habitat and associated micro-climate of these populations. The Regional mycologist is available to consult with field staff and managers on the size of the appropriate area for management.

• Maintain dominance of specific overstory tree associates as outlined in section 1D.
• Minimize loss, disruption or compaction of soil particularly from management, road, trail, and campground construction or recreational activities.
• Manage tree diseases in the area to minimize loss of overstory trees.

D. Other Management Issues and Considerations

No additional management issues or considerations are identified at this time.

V. RESEARCH, INVENTORY, AND MONITORING NEEDS

A. Data Gaps and Information Needs

Revisit known sites and collect ecological data to more completely characterize habitat. Conduct surveys to locate additional populations of this taxon, Research Natural Areas, and when appropriate where management treatments or projects are scheduled or proposed.

Data are lacking regarding the specific response of this taxon to management practices such as logging, road, trail, and campground construction, prescribed fire and collection of secondary forest products. Also needed are information on this taxon concerning the area required to support viable populations, population age structure, dispersal requirements, and maximum distance over which populations can interact. Exact host tree associations for this taxon need documentation.

B. Research Questions

• What is the ecological amplitude of Sowerbyella rhenana and Pseudaleuria quinaultiana, particularly are they restricted to low- to mid-elevation old-growth forests?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Otidea leporina, Otidea onotica, and Otidea smithii particularly are they restricted to conifer forests?
• How do these taxa respond to manipulation or modification of the micro-climate?
• What is the range of suitable microclimate conditions, particularly humidity, soil moisture, and soil temperature?
• What is the relationship of stand age to population viability for these taxa?
• What is the impact of fire?
• How soon after disturbance of the humus within which it inhabits does each taxon return?
• Does Otidea smithii still occur at the historic locations?

C. Monitoring Needs and Recommendations

Known sites of both taxa should be revisited periodically to assess compliance with management guidelines and evaluate impacts.

VI. REFERENCES

Fuckel, L. [1869]-1870. Symbolae mycologicae. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der rheinischen Pilze. Jahr. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 23-24: 1-459.

Gulden, G., K. Hoiland, K. Bendiksen, T.E. Brandrud, B.S. Foss, H.B. Jenssen, and D. Laber. 1992. Macromycetes and Air Pollution: Mycocoenological studies in three oligotrophic spruce forests in Europe. Bibliotheca Mycologica 144: 1-81.

Kanouse, B.B. 1938 [1939]. Notes on new or unusual Discomycetes. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 24 (pt.1): 25-29.

Kanouse, B.B. 1949 [1950]. Studies in the genus Otidea. Mycologia 41: 660-677.

Lusk, D.E. 1987. Pseudaleuria quinaultiana, a new genus and species of operculate Ascomycete from the Olympic Peninsula. Mycotaxon 30: 417-431.

Moravec, J. 1986. A new species and two new combinations in the genus Sowerbyella. Mycol. Helv. 2: 93-102.

Moravec, J. 1988. A key to the species of Sowerbyella (Discomycetes, Pezizales). Ceská Mykol. 42:193-199.

Weber, N.S. 1996. Unpublished report on file, Forestry Sciences Lab., Corvallis, OR.