This page shows reference citations in the NLM format. All of these examples were taken from the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation and the Internet Supplement, by Karen Patrias. The only difference between this listing and those publications is that PMC uses the full page range (complete <lpage>).

This version shows the style of the references as they will appear online in PMC. A tagged version is available for examples of how to tag each citation.

NLM Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation
I. Journals
A. Journal Articles
Sample citation for a journal article:
1. Standard journal article (list all authors when 10 or less)
2. Article with more than 10 authors (list the first 10 and add et al.)
3. Organization as author
4. No author given
5. Author affiliation included (affiliation of all authors or onlythe first may be given)
6. Article in a language other than English
- in a roman alphabet
- in a non-roman alphabet
7. Type of article indicated as needed
8. Article containing retraction
9. Articles retracted
10. Journal title with edition
11. Article in microform
12. Year or volume with special number
13. Volume with supplement
14. Issue with supplement
15. Volume with parts
16. Issue with parts
17. Volume number in new series
18. Issue with no volume
19. Multiple issue numbers
20. No issue or volume
21. Season included with date
22. Multiple years, months in date
23. Page numbers with letters
24. Page numbers in roman numerals
25. Discontinuous pagination (include up to three groups; if more than three add passim)
26. No page numbers given
27. Part of an article
28. The full first name of authors may be given.
29. If space is a consideration, only the first three authors may be listed, followed by et al.
30. If the journal uses continuous pagination throughout a volume, the month and issue number may be omitted.
31. To help reduce the physical size of Index Medicus and its other publications, the NLM has chose to eliminate blank spaces and punctuation whenever possible, to eliminate repeating page numbers, and to abbreviate journal titles and the names of months. These may be retained.
B. Special Issues of Journals
C. Journal Titles

II. Books
A. Entire Books
1. Authors with full first names given
2. Authors with optional initials
3. More than three authors -
4. Editors
5. Author(s) and editor(s)/translator(s)
6. Organization as author, with place added for clarity
7. Organization as author, with subsidiary department/division named
8. Organization as author which is also the publisher
9. Organization name with translation following
10. Multiple organizations as authors
11. No authors or editors
12. Title in a language other than English, with translation
14. Edition
15. Place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity -
16. No place of publication found
17. Publisher with subsidiary department/division named
18. No publisher found
19. No date of publication found -
20. No place, publisher, or date of publication found
21. Published in more than one volume
22. Series, with number given
23. Published also as a journal article
24. Series, with editor
25. Microform -
26. Supplemental note
B. Parts of Books
1. One volume of a book cited, in which the volume has no separate title
2. One volume of a book cited, in which the volume has a separate title
3. One volume of a book cited, for which editors/translators are listed
4. A chapter/part of a book cited, in which the chapter/part has no separate title
5. A chapter/part of a book cited, in which the chapter/part has a separate title
6. A chapter/part of a book cited within a separate volume, in which the volume has no separate title
7. A chapter/part of a book cited within a separate volume, in which the volume has a separate title
8. A chapter/part of a book in a microform
C. Contributions to Books
1. Standard reference to a chapter in a book
2. Alternative reference with initials only for authors
3. Contribution in a separate volume of a book
4. Alternative chapter number used instead of pagination

III. Conference Publications
A. Conference Proceedings
1. Proceedings with a title in addition to the conference name -
2. Proceedings without a separate title -
3. Proceedings without editor(s) -
B. Conference Papers and Abstracts of Papers
1. Paper from a proceedings with a separate title -

IV. Scientific and Technical Reports
1. US Government issued report, with separate performing organization

V. Dissertation and Theses and Their Parts
1. US doctoral dissertation
2. Doctoral dissertation in a language other than English, with translation -
5. Part of a dissertation -

VI. Bibliographies
1. Standard citation -
2. Organization as compiler -
3. Compiler and editor -

VI. Patents
1. Standard US Patent
3. Non-US patent with translation
4. Patent in which an inventor is also an assignee

XIV. Unpublished information
A. Forthcoming Journal Articles
1. Standard citation -
2. Article with an organization as author -
3. Author with author address -
4. Article type indicated -
5. Article in microform -
C. Personal communications
1. A letter, with author address -
2. A personal conversation -
3. A telephone conversation -


NLM Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats
1. Monographs
A. Entire Monographs
1. Standard citation:
- with optional initials for author
- with optional content designator
13. Copyright date:
B. Parts of Monographs
C. Contributions to Monographs

2. Serials (Journals)
A. Entire Serials
B. Serial Articles
1. Standard reference with volume, issue, and pages:
2 No author:
C. Parts of Serial Articles

4. Homepages
1. Standard citation to a homepage:
- with optional content designator
2. Government sites:
3. Association/society sites:
4. University sites:
5. Commercial sites:
6. Individual's site:

5. Electronic Mail
1. Standard citation:
- with optional initials for author
- with optional content designator
2. Author and recipient addresses included:
3. Actual event provided:
4. Informational note included:

6. Discussion Lists
1. Standard citation to a homepage:
- with optional initials for author
- with optional content designator
2. Author address provided:

NLM Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation

I. Journals

A. Journal Articles [top]

Sample citation for a journal article: [top] [see tags]

Herbert JR, Barone J. On the possible relationship between AIDS and nutrition. Med Hypotheses 1988 Sep;27(1):51-54.

1. Standard journal article (list all authors when 10 or less) [top] [see tags]

You CH, Lee KY, Chey RY, Menguy R. Electrogastrographic study of patients with unexplained nausea, bloating and vomiting. Gastroenterology 1980 Aug;79(2):311-314.

2. Article with more than 10 authors (list the first 10 and add et al.) [top] [see tags]

Bedford CD, Harris RN, 3d, Howd RA, Goff DA, Koolpe GA, Petesch M, Miller A, Nolen HW, 3d, Musallam HA, Pick RO, et al. Quaternary salts of 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]imidazole. J Med Chem 1989 Feb;32(2):493-503.

3. Organization as author [top] [see tags]

The Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team. Failure of syngeneic bone-marrow graft without preconditioning in post-hepatitis marrow aplasia. Lancet 1977 Oct 8;2(8041):742-744.

4. No author given [top] [see tags]

Indoor air pollution in developing countries [editorial]. Lancet 1990 Dec 22-29;336(8730):1548.

5. Author affiliation included (affiliation of all authors or onlythe first may be given) [top] [see tags]

Lidz CW (Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA), Lewis SH (Dept. of Psychology, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT), Gould LC (Dept. of Psychiatry, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT). Heroin maintenance and heroin control. Int J Addict 1972;10(1):35-52.

Wishart J (Dept of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia), Horowitz M, Need A, Nordin BE. Relationship between forearm and vertibral mineral density in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism . Arch Int Med 1990 Jun;150(6):1329-1331.

6. Article in a language other than English [top] [see tags]

- in a roman alphabet

Massone L, Borghi S, Pestarino A, Piccini R, Gambini C. Localisations palmaires purpurioques de la dermatitie herpetiforme [Purpuric palmar sites of dermatitis herpetiformis]. Ann Dermatol Vernerol 1987;114(12):1545-1547. (Fre).

- in a non-roman alphabet

Koplatadze AM, Bondarev IuA. Lechenie ostrykh anal'nykh treshchin [Treatment of acute renal fissures]. Vestn Khir 1990 Jan;144(1):110-112. (Rus).

Taguchi H. [Immunologic deficiency in HTLV-I infection]. Rinsho Kitsueki 1989 Oct;30(10):1751-1754. (Jpn).

7. Type of article indicated as needed [top] [see tags]

Spargo PM, Manners JM. DDAVP and open heart surgery [letter]. Anaesthesia 1989 Apr;44(4):363-364.

Alberts ME. Immunization [editorial]. Iowa Med 1989 Oct;79(10):489.

8. Article containing retraction [top] [see tags]

Shishido A. Retraction notice: Effect of platinum compounds on murine lymphocyte mitogenesis [Retraction of Alsabti EA, Ghalib ON, Salem MH. In: Jpn J Med Biol 1979 Apr; 32(2):53-65]. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1980 Aug;33(4):235-237.

Leist TP, Zinkernagel RM. Effects of treatment with IL-2 receptor specific monoclonal antibody in mice [letter] [Retraction of Leist TP, Kohler M, Eppler M, Zinkernagel RM. In: J Immunol 1989 Jul 15; 143(2): 628-32]. J Immunol 1990 Apr 1;144(7):2847.

9. Articles retracted [top] [see tags]

Alsabti EA, Ghalib ON, Salem MH. Effect of platinum compounds on murine lymphocyte mitogenesis [Retracted by Shishido A. In: Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1980 Aug; 33(4):235-7]. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1979 Apr;32(2):53-65.

Tidy JA, Parry GC, Ward P, Coleman DV, Peto J, Malcolm AD, Farrell PJ. High rate of papillomavirus type 16 infection in cytologically normal cervices [letter] [Retracted by Tidy J, Farrell PJ. In: Lancet 1989 Dec 23-30:2(8678-8679):1535]. Lancet 1989 Feb 25;1(8635):434.

10. Journal title with edition [top] [see tags]

Freeman NJ, Kirdar JA. An unusual manifestation of a common illness in the elderly. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1990 Nov 15;25(11):91-94.

Allen CP, Calvert PT. Simultaneous upper femoral epiphysis in identical twins. J Bone Joint Surg (Br Vol) 1990 Sep;72(5):928-929.

11. Article in microform [top] [see tags]

Webster RC, Davidson TM, Smith RC, Anderson JR, Berman WE, Beyer CK, Duplin CL, Feldstein N, Johnson CM, Kelleher RE, et al. Cosmetic blepharoplasty evaluation. Aesthetic Reconstr Plast Surg [microfiche] 1976 Apr;3(2):1-120. 1 microfiche: color, 4x6 in.

12. Year or volume with special number [top] [see tags]

Egawa S. [Hyperthermic therapy of cancer]. Gan No Rinsho 1989 Jan;Spec No:34-41. (Jpn).

Auriacombe L, Pedroni E, Kachaner J, Mandel C, Sidi D. Aptitude au sport des enfants de coarciation d l'aorte [Aptitude for sports in children operated on for aortic coarctation]. Arch Mal Coeurr 1989 Aug;82 Spec No 2:13-16.

13. Volume with supplement [top] [see tags]

Magni F, Rossoni G, Berti F. BN-52021 protects guinea-pig from heard anaphylaxis. Pharm Res Commun 1988 Dec;20 Suppl 5:75-78.

Black HR. Evaluation of the elderly hypertensive. Geriatrics 1989 Oct;44 Suppl B:15-19.

14. Issue with supplement [top] [see tags]

Hoyme HE, Jones KL, Dixon SD, Jewett T, Hanson JW, Robinson LK, Small ME, Allanson J. Maternal cocain use and fetal vascular disruption [abstract]. Am J Hum Genet 1988;43(3 Suppl):A56.

Gardos G, Cole JO, Haskell D, Marby D, Paine SS, Moore P. The natural history of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988 Aug;8(4 Suppl):31S-37S.

Ferriero DM, Wong DF, Townsend R, Simon RP. Neurologic complications in infants of cocaine-abusing mothers [abstract]. Neurology 1988;38(3 Suppl 1):163.

15. Volume with parts [top] [see tags]

Hanley C. Metaphysics and innateness: a psycholanalytic perspective. Int J Psychoanal 1988;69(Pt 3):89-99.

16. Issue with parts [top] [see tags]

Edwards L, Meyskens F, Levine N. Effect of oral isotretinoin on dysplastic nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989 Feb;20(2 Pt 1):257-260.

17. Volume number in new series [top] [see tags]

Dana WJ. Colorectal cancer: detection, prevention, and therapeutics. Am Pharm 1988 Jun;NS28(6):58-62.

18. Issue with no volume [top] [see tags]

Baumeister AA. Origins and control of stereotyped movements. Monogr Am Assoc Ment Defic 1978;(3):353-384.

19. Multiple issue numbers [top] [see tags]

Fava GN, Wise TN. Recommendations for clinical studies in psychosomatic medicine. Psychother Psychosom 1987;47(3-4):139-142.

20. No issue or volume [top] [see tags]

Danoek K. Skiing in and through the history of medicine. Nord Medicinhist Arsb 1982:86-100.

21. Season included with date [top] [see tags]

Fabdetti DV, Golsmeier J. Social workers as culture mediators in health care settings. Health Soc Work 1988 Summer; 13(3):171-179.

Beninger RJ, Hoffman DC, Mazurski EJ. Receptor subtype-specific dopaminergic agents and conditioned behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1989 Summer-Fall; 13(2-3):113-122.

22. Multiple years, months in date [top] [see tags]

Shibbal CS, Lipinska SD. Alzheimer's educational/support group: considerations for success. J Gerontol Soc Work 1985-86;9(2):41-48.

Stewart-Dedmon M. Strain and strategy. Nurs Times 1988 Apr 27-May 3;9(17):38-41.

Garvia EE, DeHaven ED. An experimental analysis of response acquisition and elimination with positive reinforcers. Behav Neuropsychiatry 1975 Apr-1976 Mar;7(1-12):71-78.

23. Page numbers with letters [top] [see tags]

Adam D, Prauer H, Sorgel F, Zurcher J. Enoxacin-Konzentrationen im Lungengewebe [Enoxacin concentrations in lung tissue]. Infection 1989;17 Suppl 1:S21-S22. (Ger).

Dougherty RJ. Cocaine facts and fantasies. U S Pharm 1989;14(3):H16, H19-H20.

Goodnight SH, Jr. Vascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids. J Invest Dermatol 1989 Aug;93(2 Suppl):102S-106S.

24. Page numbers in roman numerals [top] [see tags]

Ansavarsfall, Ronne Y. Blodtransfusion till fel patient [Liability cas. Blood transfusion to the wrong patient]. Vardfacket 1989 Jan 26;13(2):XXVI-XXVII. (Swe).

25. Discontinuous pagination (include up to three groups; if more than three add passim) [top] [see tags]

Boissoneau R, Schwahn BM. Participatory Management. Its evolution, current usage. AORN J 1989 Nov;50(5):1079, 1082-1084, 1086.

Robinson BE. Dementia: a three-pronged strategy for primary care. Geriatrics 1986 Feb;41(2):75-77. 81, 84 passim.

26. No page numbers given [top] [see tags]

The humane care and use of animals: statement of journal policy. Int J Neurosci 1988 Oct;42(3-4):[1 p.].

27. Part of an article [top] [see tags]

Franklin PD, Panzer RJ, Brideau LP, Griner PF. Innovations in clinical practice through hospital-funded grants. Academic Med 1990 Jun;65(6):355-360. Figure 1, Cost and net annual savings per study; p. 358.

28. The full first name of authors may be given. [top] [see tags]

Zevon, Michael A.; Donnely, James P.; Starkey, Elizabeth A. Stress and coping relationships in the medical environment: a natural experiment. J Psychosoc Oncol 1990 Jun;8(1):65-77.

29. If space is a consideration, only the first three authors may be listed, followed by et al. [top] [see tags]

Bedford CD, Harris RN, 3d, Howd RA, et al. Quaternary salts of 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]imidazole. J Med Chem 1989 Feb;32(2):493-503.

30. If the journal uses continuous pagination throughout a volume, the month and issue number may be omitted. [top] [see tags]

You CH, Lee KY, Chey RY, Menguy R. Electrogastrographic study of patients with unexplained nausea, bloating and vomiting. Gastroenterology 1980;79:311-314.

31. To help reduce the physical size of Index Medicus and its other publications, the NLM has chose to eliminate blank spaces and punctuation whenever possible, to eliminate repeating page numbers, and to abbreviate journal titles and the names of months. These may be retained. [top] [see tags]

Schofield A. The CAGE questionnaire and psychological health. Br. J. Addict. 1988 Jul.;83(7):761-764.

Schofield A. The CAGE questionnaire and psychological health. British Journal of Addiction. 1988 July;83(7):761-764.

B. Special Issues of Journals [top]

C. Journal Titles [top]

---

II. Books

A. Entire Books [top]

1. Authors with full first names given [top] [see tags]

Ohlsen, Merle M.; Horne, Arthur M.; Lowe, Charles F. Group counseling. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston; 1988. 416 p.

2. Authors with optional initials [top] [see tags]

Ohlsen MM, Horne AM, Lowe CF. Group counseling. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston; 1988. 416 p.

3. More than three authors - [top] [see tags]

Kiloh, Leslie G.; Smith, John S.; Johnson, Gordon F., et al.Physical treatment in psychiatry. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Pubs.; 1988. 478 p.

4. Editors [top] [see tags]

Diener, Hans-Christoph; Wilkinson, Marcia, editors. Drug-induced headache. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1988. 173 p.

5. Author(s) and editor(s)/translator(s) [top] [see tags]

Martin, Eric W. Hazards of medication. 2nd ed. Ruskin, Arthur; Napke, Edward; Alexander, Stuart F., et al., editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1978. 686 p.

Grewe, Horst-Eberhard; Kremer, Karl. Atlas of surgical operations. Rotzcher, Volker M.; Zammit, Anthony, translators. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1980. 2 vols.

Richer, Paul M. Artistic anatomy. Hale, Robert B, translator and editor. NewYork: Watson-Guptill; [1971]. 255 p.

Luzikov, Valentin N. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin, Alexander V, translator. Roodyn, Donald B, editor. NewYork: Consultants Bureau; 1985. 362 p. Translation of: Reguliatsiia formirovaniia mitokhondrii.

6. Organization as author, with place added for clarity [top] [see tags]

Beth Israel Hospital (Boston). Obstetrical decision making. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker; 1987. 320 p.

7. Organization as author, with subsidiary department/division named [top] [see tags]

American Occupational Therapy Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Occupational Therapy Manpower. Occupational therapy manpower: a plan for progress. Rockville (MD): The Association; 1985 Apr. 84 p.

8. Organization as author which is also the publisher [top] [see tags]

Virginia Law Foundation. The medical and legal implications of AIDS. Charlottesville: The Foundation; 1987. 148 p.

9. Organization name with translation following [top] [see tags]

Medicinska Forkninsradet [Mecial Research Council] (Sweeden). MFR och forskning om AIDS och HIV: oversyn och rekommendationer av medinska forskingradets AIDS-grupp [MFR and research on AIDS and HIV: overview and recommendations of the Medical Research Council's AIDS group]. Stockholm: The Council; 1988. 46 p. (Swe).

10. Multiple organizations as authors [top] [see tags]

National Lawyers Guild AIDS Network; National Gay Rights Advocates. AIDS practice manual: a legal and educational guide. 2nd ed. San Francisco: The Network; 1988.

11. No authors or editors [top] [see tags]

Directory of AIDS resources in the metropolitan Washington, D.C. area. Washington: WTTG Television; 1998. 30 p.

12. Title in a language other than English, with translation [top] [see tags]

Hartmeier, Winifried. Immobilisierte Biokatalysstoren [Immobilized biocatalysts]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988. 212 p. (Ger).

14. Edition [top] [see tags]

Colson, John H.; Armour, William J. Sports injuries and their treatment. 2nd rev. ed. London: S. Paul; 1986. 240 p.

Wicke, Lothar. Atlas of radiologic anatomy. 4th English ed. Taylor, Anna N, translator and editor. Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1987. 288 p. Translation of: Atlas der Rontegenanatomie.

Albers, Josef. Interaction of color. Rev. pocket ed. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1975. 81 p.

15. Place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity - [top] [see tags]

Bordelon, Luke. Surgical and conservative foot care. Thorofare (NJ): Stack; 1988. 185 p.

16. No place of publication found [top] [see tags]

Mueller FO, Schindler RD. Annual survey of football injury research 1931-1985. [place unknown]: American Football Coaches Assn; 1986. 24 p.

17. Publisher with subsidiary department/division named [top] [see tags]

Allison, Margaret; Hubbard, Robert L.; Rachal, JV. Treatment process in methadone, residential, and outpatient drug free programs. Rockville (MD): National Institute on Drug Abue, Division of Clinical Research; 1985. 89 p.

18. No publisher found [top] [see tags]

Sciarra C. Harvey Cushing fondatore della neurochirurgia. Rome: [publisher unknown]; 1971. (Ita).

19. No date of publication found - [top] [see tags]

Lederer, Jean. Alimentation et cancer. 3rd ed. Brussels: Nauwelaerts; [date unknown]. 315 p.

20. No place, publisher, or date of publication found [top] [see tags]

Steriu D, Stefanoiu V. Terapia si combaterea zoonozelor parazitare. [place unknown]: [publisher unknown]; [date unknown]. 205 p.

21. Published in more than one volume [top] [see tags]

Reinberg, Ellis L, editor. Leukocyte typing II. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1986. 3 vol.

22. Series, with number given [top] [see tags]

Loewy, Erich H.. Ethical dilemmas in modern medicine. Lewiston (NY): E. Mellen Press; 1986. 343 p. (Studies in health and human services; 8).

23. Published also as a journal article [top] [see tags]

Fowler, Susan A.; Baer, Donald M.; Stolz, Stephanie B, guest editors. Self-management tactics for the developmentally disabled. New York: Pergamon Press; 1984. 133 p. (Analysis and intervention in developmental disabilities: vol. 4, no. 2).

24. Series, with editor [top] [see tags]

Gottschalk, Alexander; Hoffer, Paul B.; Potchen, E. James. Diagnostic nuclear medicine. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1988. 2 vols. (Harris, John H., Jr., editor. Golden's diagnostic radiology series).

25. Microform - [top] [see tags]

Allen, William K. Lactate threshold in masters atheletes as compared to young athletes [microfiche]. Eugene (OR): University of Oregon Microform Publications; 1983. 58 p. 1 microfiche: 4 x 6 in.

Goldie, Sue. A calendar of letters of Florence Nightingale [microfiche]. Oxford (England): O.M.P.; 1977. 40 microfiche: 4 x 6 in.

Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Library. The history of science: a collection of manuscripts from the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America [microfilm]. Ann Arbor (MI): University Microfilms International; 1980. 17 reels: 35 mm. (Heb).

Heath DF. Organophosphorus poisons: anticholinesterases and related compounds [microfilm]. Elmsford (NY): Microforms International, Inc.; 1961. 1 reel: 16 mm.

26. Supplemental note [top] [see tags]

McRae, Jackie. AIDS, agencies and drug abuse: the Edinburgh experience. Norwich (England): Social Works Monographs; 1989. 40 p. Revised version of a dissertation originally submitted as part of an MSc. in applied social studies at Oxford University.

B. Parts of Books [top]

1. One volume of a book cited, in which the volume has no separate title [top] [see tags]

Harley, Robinson, editor. Pediatric opthamology. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1983.

Lennox, William G. Epilepsy and related disorders. Vol. 1. Boston: Little Brown; 1960.

2. One volume of a book cited, in which the volume has a separate title [top] [see tags]

Rombeau, John L.; Caldwell, Michael D, editors. Parenteral nutrition. Vol. 2, Clinical nutrition. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1986.

Leiber, Bernfried; Olbrich, Gertrud. Die klinischen Syndrome. Vol. 1, Syndrome. [The clinical syndromes. Vol. 1, Syndromes]. Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg; 1966. (Ger).

3. One volume of a book cited, for which editors/translators are listed [top] [see tags]

Ramon Cajal S. Degeneration and regenerations of the nervous system. May, Raoul M, translator and editor. Vol. 1. New York: Hafner; 1959.

Grewe, Horst-Eberhard; Kremer, Karl. Atlas of surgical operations. Rotzcher, Volker M.; Zammit, Anthony, translators. Vol. 2, Abdomen, urogenital tract, nervous system, vertebral column. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1980.

4. A chapter/part of a book cited, in which the chapter/part has no separate title [top] [see tags]

Bagby, George. Honest, reliable corpse. Garden City (NY): Doubleday; 1969. Chapter 2.

5. A chapter/part of a book cited, in which the chapter/part has a separate title [top] [see tags]

Cassidy, James T.; Petty, Ross E. Textbook of pediatric rheumatology. 2nd ed. NewYork: Churchill-Livingstone; 1990. Chapter 3, Basic concepts of drug therapy.

Hebel, Rudolf; Stromberg, MW. Anatomy of the laboratory rat. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1976. Part C, Digestive system; p. 43-54.

Acha, Pedro N.; Szyfres, Boris. Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals. 2nd ed. Washington: Pan American Health Organization; 1987. Listeriosis; p. 105-111. (Scientific Publication; no. 503).

Coleman, James C.; Butcher, James N.; Carson, Robert C. Abnormal psychology and modern life. 7th ed. Glenview (IL): Scott, Foresman; 1984. Peptic ulcers; p. 279-280.

Magalini, Sergio I.; Magalini, Sabrina C.; de Francisci, Giovanni, editors. Dictionary of medical syndromes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1990. Dean-Barnes; p. 230-231.

The world almanac and book of facts. New York: World Almanac; 1990. Births and dates by states and regions; p. 835.

Berkow, Robert; Fletcher, Andrew J, editors. The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. 15th ed. Rahway (NJ): Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories; 1987. Blood transfusion; p. 1124-1137.

Stedman's medical dictionary. 25th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1989. Hypoplasia; p. 753.

Sissons, Hubert A.; Murray, Ronald O.; Kemp, HBS. Orthopaedic diagnosis: clinical, radiological, and pathological coordinates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1984. Figure 1.3, Stress fractures of the spine; p. 236.

Marsden CD, Fowler Timothy J. Clinical neurology. London: Edward Arnold; 1989. Table 3.4, Differences between upper and lower motor neuron lesions; p. 79.

6. A chapter/part of a book cited within a separate volume, in which the volume has no separate title [top] [see tags]

Turek, Samuel L. Orthopaedics: principles and their application. 4th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1984. Chapter 23, The shoulder; p. 920-966.

7. A chapter/part of a book cited within a separate volume, in which the volume has a separate title [top] [see tags]

Shakelford, Richard T. Surgery of the alimentary tract. 2nd ed. Vol. 1, The esophagus. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1978. Chapter 3, Esophagoscopy; p. 29-40.

8. A chapter/part of a book in a microform [top] [see tags]

Elanskii, Nikolai N. Voenno-polevaia khirurgiia [Military field surgery] [microfilm]. 5th ed. Leningrad: Medgiz; 1950. Ric. 47, Skhema segmentarnoi innervatsii kozhi [Illustration 47, Scheme of the segmented innervation of the skin]; p. 129. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film 18, no. 7. (Rus).

C. Contributions to Books [top]

1. Standard reference to a chapter in a book [top] [see tags]

Anderson, Robert J.; Schrier, Robert W. Acute renal failure. In: Braunswald, Eugene; Isselbacher, Kurt J.; Petersdorf, Robert G., et al., editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1987. p. 1149-1155.

Fleischer, Arthur C. Superficial organ sonography and miscellaneous applications. In: Fleischer, Arthur C.; James, AE, JrDiagnostic sonography: principles and clinical applications. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1989. p. 700-761.

2. Alternative reference with initials only for authors [top] [see tags]

Weinstein L, Schwartz MN. Pathological properties of invading organisms. In: Sodeman WA, Jr, Sodeman WA. Pathological physiology: mechanisms of disease. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1974. p. 457-472.

3. Contribution in a separate volume of a book [top] [see tags]

Merritt, Christopher RB. Breast imaging techniques. In: Putnam, Charles E.; Ravin, Carl E, editors. Textbook of diagnostic imaging. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1988. p. 2118-2120.

Kessler, Robert M.; Freeman, Mark P. Ishemic cerebrovascular disease. In: Partain CL, Price Ronald R, Patton James A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging. 2nd ed. Vol. 1, Clinical Principles. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1988. p. 197-210.

Hazeltine, William A. The encyclopedia Americana. International ed. Vol. 1. Danbury (CT): Grolier Incorporated; 1990. AIDS; p. 365-366.

4. Alternative chapter number used instead of pagination [top] [see tags]

Stern, Michael P. National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Diabetes in America: diabetes data compiled 1984.. [Bethesda (MD)]: The Institute; 1985 Aug. Diabetes in Hispanic Americans. Chapter 9. (NIH publication; no. 86-1468).

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III. Conference Publications

A. Conference Proceedings [top]

1. Proceedings with a title in addition to the conference name - [top] [see tags]

Vivian, Valerie L, editor. Child abuse and neglect: a medical community response. 1st AMA National Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect; 1984 Mar 30-31; Chicago. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1985. 256 p.

Popper, Hans, et al., editors. Structural carbohydrates in the liver: proceedings of the 34th Falk Symposium; 1982 Oct 12-18; Basil, Switzerland. Boston: MTB Press; 1983. 701 p.

2. Proceedings without a separate title - [top] [see tags]

Sasaki Y, Nomura Y. Symposium on Nasal Polyp; 1984 Oct 5-6; Tokyo. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell; 1986. 48 p.

Ferguson, Ronald M.; Sommer, Bruce G, guest editors. Proceedings of a Conference on the Clinical Management of the Renal Transplant Recipient with Cyclosporine; 1985 Nov 3-5; Palm Springs, FL. Orlando (FL): Grune & Stratton; 1986. 216 p.

3. Proceedings without editor(s) - [top] [see tags]

Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS; 1989 Oct 11-13; Portland, OR. [Portland]: Oregon Regional Primate Center; 1989. 115 p.

B. Conference Papers and Abstracts of Papers [top]

1. Paper from a proceedings with a separate title - [top] [see tags]

Harley, Naomi H. Comparing radon daughter dosimetric and risk models. In: Gammage, Richard B.; Kaye, Stephen V, editors. Indoor air and human health. Proceedings of the 7th Life Sciences Symposium; 1984 Oct 29-31; Knoxville, TN. Chelsea (MN): Lewis Publishers; 1985. p. 69-78.

Meyer, Beat; Hermanns, Karl. Formaldehyde release from pressed wood products. In: Turoski, Victor, editor. Formaldehyde: analytical chemistry and toxicology. Proceedings of the symposium at the 187th meeting of the American Chemical Society; 1984 Apr 8-13; St. Louis, MO. Washington: The Society; 1985. p. 101-116.

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IV. Scientific and Technical Reports

1. US Government issued report, with separate performing organization [top] [see tags]

Norman, John C. (Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX). ALVAD: 1980. A comprehensive final report to NHLI. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Devices and Services Branch; 1980 Jan. Report No.: NIH-N01-HV-5-3006-4-VI. Contract No. N01-HV-5-3006. 340 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB80-148810.

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V. Dissertation and Theses and Their Parts

1. US doctoral dissertation [top] [see tags]

Youssef, Neemat M. School adjustment of children with congenital heard disease [dissertation]. Pittsburgh (PA): University of Pittsburgh; 1988. 313 p. Available from: University Microforms, Ann Arbor, MI; AAD88-17006.

Bertram, Kenneth. The role of natural killer activity in resistance to herpesvirus-induced disease [dissertation]. [Rochester]: University of Minnesota; 1981 Dec. 138 p.

Wayne, Tom F. Cold injury in World War II: a study in the epidemiology of trauma [dissertation]. [Cambridge (MA)]: Harvard School of Public Health; 1950 May 1. 306 p. + appendices.

Burlingame, Virginia S. The family therapy tapestry: a multi-disciplinary history of the family therapy movement in the United States from 1900 to 1957 [dissertation]. Evanston (IL): Northwestern University; 1982 Jun. 628 p.

2. Doctoral dissertation in a language other than English, with translation - [top] [see tags]

Alvarez-Lerma, Francesco. Valoration de las medidas de control de la infeccion nosocomial [Evolution of control measures in nosocomial infections [dissertation]]. Barcelona (Spain): Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; 1988. 402 p. (Spa).

5. Part of a dissertation - [top] [see tags]

Weir, David R. Fertility transition in rural France, 1740-1829 [dissertation]. Stanford (CA): Stanford University; 1988. Table 1, Female age at first marriage, by marriage cohort; p. 19.

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VI. Bibliographies

1. Standard citation - [top] [see tags]

Frayser, Susanne G.; Whitby, Thomas J, compilers. Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide [bibliography]. Littleton (CO): Libraries Unlimited; 1987. 442 p. 627 citations. Author, title, and subject indexes.

2. Organization as compiler - [top] [see tags]

Coppa & Avery Consultants, compilers. Architectural design for hospitals: hospital planning, ward design and efficiency, out-patient, accident and emergency departments [bibliography]. Monticello (IL): Vance Bibliographies; 1979 Dec. 9 p. (Architecture series; no. A148). 124 citations.

3. Compiler and editor - [top] [see tags]

Abrams, Estelle, compiler. AIDS Bibliography 1986-1987. Patrias, Karen, editor. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Library of Medicine, Reference Section; 1987 Jun. 200 p. (Specialized bibliography series; 1987-2). Prepared in conjunction with the 3rd International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, June 1-5, 1987.

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VI. Patents

1. Standard US Patent [top]

Blanco, Ernesto E.; Meade, John C.; Richards, William D, inventors; Ophthalmic Ventures, assignee. Surgical Stapling system. US patent. 4,969,591. 1990 Nov 13.

Harred, John F.; Knight, Allen R.; McIntyre, John S, inventors; Dow Chemical Company, assignee. Epoxidation process. US patent. 4,969,591. 1972 Apr 4.

3. Non-US patent with translation [top]

Bottcher, Henning; Juraszyk, Horst; Hausberg, Hans-Heinrich, inventors; Merck Patent GMBH, assignee. Indolderivate [Indole derivatives]. German patent. 3,907,974. 1990 Sep 13. 2 p.

4. Patent in which an inventor is also an assignee [top]

Leibinsohn, Saul, inventor; Konick van Leer, Bv; Leibinsohn, Saul, assignees. Dispositif de commande et debit de fluide et appareil de perfusion comprenant un tel dispositif [Liquid flow regulating insert for medical transfusion line]. French patent. 2,456,525. 1981 Jan 16. 3 p. Int.Cl. A61M-005/14, G05D-007/00.

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XIV. Unpublished information

A. Forthcoming Journal Articles [top]

1. Standard citation - [top] [see tags]

Lillywhite HB, Donald JA. Pulmonary blood flow regulation in an aquatic snake. Science. Forthcoming.

2. Article with an organization as author - [top] [see tags]

Maryland Medical Asociation. Annual report for 1990. Md Med J. Forthcoming.

3. Author with author address - [top] [see tags]

Cohen M (Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD). Zidovudine interaction with probenecid. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. Forthcoming.

4. Article type indicated - [top] [see tags]

Harrison P. Memory impairment in narcolepsy [abstract]. Neurology. Forthcoming.

5. Article in microform - [top] [see tags]

Carlson AB, Lewis FA. Evaluation of new blepharoplasty technique. Aesthetic Reconstr Plastic Surg [microfiche]. Forthcoming.

C. Personal communications [top]

1. A letter, with author address - [top] [see tags]

Carson, Philip C. (Department of Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). Letter to: Jon P. Adams. 1989 May 10; 2 leaves.

2. A personal conversation - [top] [see tags]

Smith, Alan E. Conversation with: James A. Jones. 1990 Dec 7;

3. A telephone conversation - [top] [see tags]

Cain, John. Telephone conversation with: Linda C. Castile. 1990 Sep 10;

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NLM Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats

1. Monographs

A. Entire Monographs [top]

1. Standard citation: [top] [see tags]

Lawrence, Ruth A. A review of the medical benefits and contraindications to breastfeeding in the United States [Internet]. Arlington (VA): National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health; 1997 Oct [cited 2000 Apr 24]. p. 40. Available from: http://www.ncemch.org/pubs/PDFs/breastfeedingTIB.pdf.

- with optional initials for author

Lawrence RA. A review of the medical benefits and contraindications to breastfeeding in the United States [Internet] . Arlington (VA): National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health; 1997 Oct [cited 2000 Apr 24]. p. 40. Available from: http://www.ncemch.org/pubs/PDFs/breastfeedingTIB.pdf.

- with optional content designator

Lawrence RA. A review of the medical benefits and contraindications to breastfeeding in the United States [monograph on the Internet] . Arlington (VA): National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health; 1997 Oct [cited 2000 Apr 24]. p. 40. Available from: http://www.ncemch.org/pubs/PDFs/breastfeedingTIB.pdf.

13. Copyright date: [top] [see tags]

Allen, Timothy F. The encyclopedia of pure materia medica [Internet]. France: Homeopathe International; c2000 Oct [cited 2001 Apr 25]. p. 40. Available from: homeoint.org/allen/index.htm.

B. Parts of Monographs [top]

C. Contributions to Monographs [top]

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2. Serials (Journals)

A. Entire Serials [top]

B. Serial Articles [top]

1. Standard reference with volume, issue, and pages: [top] [see tags]

Tong V, Abbott FS, Mbofana S, Walker MJ. In vitro investigation of the hepatic extraction of RSD1070, a novel antiarrhythmic compound. J Pharm Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2001 May 3];4(1):15-23. Available from: http://www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS4(1)/F.Abbot/RSD1070.pdf.

2 No author: [top] [see tags]

Methods for voluntary weight loss and control. NIH Technol Assess Statement [Internet]. 1992 Mar 30 - Apr 1; [cited 2000 Apr 14];(10) [about 27p.]. Available from: http://www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS4(1)/F.Abbot/RSD1070.pdf.

C. Parts of Serial Articles [top]

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4. Homepages

1. Standard citation to a homepage: [top] [see tags]

Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext, Inc.; c1995-2001 [cited 2001 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.medtext.com/hdcn.htm.

- with optional content designator

Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [homepage on the Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext, Inc.; c1995-2001 [cited 2001 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.medtext.com/hdcn.htm .

2. Government sites: [top] [see tags]

Animal Welfare Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US); [updated 2001 Mar 1; cited 2001 Mar 2]. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/.

Medlineplus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2000 Apr 7; cited 2000 Apr 18]. Available from: http://medlineplus.gov.

THOMAS: legislative information on the Internet [Internet]. Washington: Library of Congress (US); [updated 2001 Apr 25; cited 2001 Apr 27]. Available from: http://thomas.loc.gov.

3. Association/society sites: [top] [see tags]

Nursing World [Internet]. Version 3.2. Washington: American Nurses Association; c1995-2001 [cited 2001 Mar 12]. Available from: http://www.ana.org.

The AAMC's Academic Medicine Web Site [Internet]. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; c1995-1997 [cited 1997 Nov 4]. Available from: http://www.aamc.org.

PsycPORT.com [Internet]. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2000 [cited 2000 Mar 7]. Available from: http://www.psychPORT.com.

HCMS ON LINE [Internet]. Houston (TX): Harris County Medical Society; c2000 [updated 2001 Apr 25; cited 2001 May 1]. Available from: http://www.hcms.org. System Requirements: Best viewed with Netscape.

4. University sites: [top] [see tags]

University of Maryland [Internet]. College Park (MD): The University; c2001 [updated 2001 Apr 28; cited 2001 May 1]. Available from: http://www.maryland.edu.

Virtual Hospital: the apprentice's assistant [Internet]. Iowa City: University of Iowa; c1992-1999 [modified 1999 Nov 23; cited 2000 Mar 7]. Available from: http://www.vh.org.

5. Commercial sites: [top] [see tags]

HIMA: Health Industry Manufacturers Assocation [Internet]. Washington: The Association; 1999 [cited 1999 Dec 22]. Available from: http://www.himanet.com. HIMA is now AdvaMed, the Advanced Medical Technology Association.

Doctor's Guide to the Internet [Internet]. [place unknown]: P\S\L Consulting Group Inc.; c2000 [cited 2001 Apr 10]. Available from: http://www.pslgroup.com/DOCGUIDE.HTM.

ScienceDirect [Internet]. [New York]: ScienceDirect; c2000 [cited 2000 Dec 19]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.

6. Individual's site: [top] [see tags]

Steve Dunn's Cancer Guide [Internet]. Boulder (CO): Steve Dunn; c1995-2001 [updated 2001 May 5; cited 2001 May 15]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org.

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5. Electronic Mail

1. Standard citation: [top] [see tags]

Harris, Pat. New Z39.50 resource [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias. 1998 Feb 27, 1:18 pm [cited 1998 Feb 28]. [about 2 screens].

- with optional initials for author

Harris P. New Z39.50 resource [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias. 1998 Feb 27, 1:18 pm [cited 1998 Feb 28]. [about 2 screens].

- with optional content designator

Harris, Pat. New Z39.50 resource [electronic mail on the Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias. 1998 Feb 27, 1:18 pm [cited 1998 Feb 28]. [about 2 screens].

2. Author and recipient addresses included: [top] [see tags]

Burns, Edward (Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Little Rock, AR. burnse@cteh.uams.edu). Availability of documents from 2,4-D study [Internet]. Message to: Margaret Brennan (Headquarters Library, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. mbrennan@lib.epa.gov). 2001 Mar 23, 1:34 pm [cited 2001 Mar 24]. [about 5 paragraphs].

3. Actual event provided: [top] [see tags]

Zigler, Mary. New health education website [Internet]. Message to: Robert Carey. 1999 Aug 5, 3:56 pm [cited 1999 Aug 6]. 22 words.

4. Informational note included: [top] [see tags]

Conrad, Robert (Biology Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. robert.conrad@bio.umd.edu). Confirmation of test results [Internet]. Message to: Michael Zilensky (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. 2001 Jan 30, 14:45 [cited 2001 Jan 30]. [about 10 lines]. Test of biodegradable compound 2245.

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6. Discussion Lists

1. Standard citation to a homepage: [top] [see tags]

Smith, John. WebMD. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. [Chicago (IL): Medical Library Association]; 1998 Feb 23, 10:27 am [cited 1998 Feb 24]. [about 5 paragraphs]. Available from: MEDLIB-L@LISTSERV.ACSU.BUFFALO.EDU.

- with optional initials for author

Smith J. WebMD. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. [Chicago (IL): Medical Library Association]; 1998 Feb 23, 10:27 am [cited 1998 Feb 24]. [about 5 paragraphs]. Available from: MEDLIB-L@LISTSERV.ACSU.BUFFALO.EDU.

- with optional content designator

Smith J. WebMD. In: MEDLIB-L [discussion list on the Internet]. [Chicago (IL): Medical Library Association]; 1998 Feb 23, 10:27 am [cited 1998 Feb 24]. [about 5 paragraphs]. Available from: MEDLIB-L@LISTSERV.ACSU.BUFFALO.EDU.

2. Author address provided: [top] [see tags]

Manis, David (National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD). Food nutrition labels. In: NIFL-HEALTH [Internet]. [Washington: National Institute for Literacy]; 1999 Dec 23, 10:24:37 [cited 1999 Dec 30]. [about 7 lines]. Available from: nifl-health@literacy.nifl.gov.

Brown, Christine (RSNA Technical Assistance Project, Arlington, VA CBrown@rsna.org). North Carolina website. In: DIGITALDIVIDE [Internet]. [Washington: Benton Foundation]; 2001 Jan 17, 6:14 pm [cited 2001 Jan 18]. [about 3 paragraphs]. Available from: digitaldivide@list.benton.org.

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