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Table of Contents Anowledgements Introduction Part One. Theoretical Considerations of Resilience and Virtue Theories Chapter One The Resilience Perspective 1.1. ORIGIN AND BREATH OF THE RESILIENCE CONCEPT 1.1.1. A Brief History of Resilience: Cultural Origins, and Disciplinary Lines 1.1.2. Three Resilience Domains: Physical, Psychosocial, and Spiritual 1.1.3. Three Aspects of Resilience: Coping, Resisting and Constructing 1.2. RISK, STRESS, AND VULNERABILITY VERSUS PROTECTION, COPING, AND BUFFERING 1.2.1. Risk and Specific Outcomes 1.2.2. A Continuum of Vulnerability? 1.2.3. Protection, Coping, and Buffering 1.2.4. Positive Stress and Stress Buffering 1.3. RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL RESILIENCE 1.3.1. Semantic Issues 1.3.2. ?Religion? and ?Spirituality? 1.3.3. Spiritual Resilience 1.4. CONCLUSIONS 1.4.1. Resilience?s limitations 1.4.2. A Composite Definition of Resilience Chapter Two. Resilience Input for a Virtue-Based Philosophical Anthropology 2.1. TEMPERAMENT 2.1.1. Temperament: definition and origins 2.1.2. Resilience, Temperament and Context 2.2. EMOTIONS ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 2.2.1. Emotional Judgments, Perceptions, and Social Bonding 2.2.2. Emotional Management Strategies 2.2.3. Religious Emotion 2.3. COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND MEANING 2.3.1. Information Management and Appraisal 2.3.2. Constructing Social Meanings 2.3.3. Religious Causal Attributions, Meaning and Spiritual Resilience 2.4. VOLITIONAL PROCESSES: ATTENTION AND COMPETENCY 2.4.1. Managing Attention and Motivation 2.4.2. Motivation, Religion and Resilience 2.4.3. Spiritual Competency in Coping? 2.5. FAMILY INTERACTIONS 2.5.1. Family Resilience Interactions 2.5.2. Family Disruption and Socio-economic Status 2.5.3. Family, Religion and Spirituality 2.6. INTERACTIONS OUTSIDE THE FAMILY 2.6.1. Friends and Peers 2.6.2. Care Givers and Beyond 2.6.3. Social Relationships and Religion 2.7. TRANSITION: RESILIENCE INSIGHTS FOR PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Chapter Three. Renewing Moral Theology: Aquinas? Virtue Theory and Resilience Research 3.1. AQUINAS? MORAL THEOLOGY AND RESILIENCE RESEARCH 3.1.1. The Specificity of Aquinas? Virtue-Based Ethical Theory 3.1.2. Resilience Research: Challenges for Moral Theology 3.1.3. Resilience Research: Opportunities for Moral Theology 3.2. EMPLOYING PSYCHOSOCIAL RESILIENCE FINDINGS IN MORAL THEOLOGY 3.2.1. Resilience Findings and Normativity 3.2.2. Types of Resilience Input from the Psychosocial Sciences 3.2.3. Models of Collaboration and Scientific Pretensions 3.2.4. Prudence, Norms and Resilience 3.3. FLOURISHING IN AQUINAS? MORAL THEORY AND RESILIENCE THEORY 3.3.1. The Goal for Virtue Ethics: Flourishing 3.3.2. Fulfilled Human Flourishing and Graced Flourishing 3.3.3. Health and Normality: Resilience Research Contributions to Aquinas on Flourishing 3.4. AQUINAS ON EMOTIONS AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT 3.4.1. The Appreciation of Emotions in Moral Agency 3.4.2. Can Emotions be Intelligent? Do We Need Emotions to Act Morally? 3.4.3. Moral Habituation and Natural Inclinations 3.4.4. Nature and Nurture: the Development of Habitus 3.5. AQUINAS ON VIRTUE, EDUCATION, AND RESILIENCE 3.5.1. Virtue Education 3.5.2. Internal and External Sources of Learning and Instruction 3.5.3. Moral Experience and Knowledge as Sources of Resilience Part Two. Applications Chapter Four. Resilience and Aquinas? Virtue of Fortitude 4.1. AQUINAS ON THE VIRTUE OF FORTITUDE 4.1.1. Types of Fortitude 4.1.2. The General Virtue of Fortitude and Resilience 4.1.3. The Special Virtue of Fortitude and Moral Resilience 4.2. MANAGING HUMAN FEAR 4.2.1. Neuro-physiological Science on Fear and Timidity 4.2.2. Psychosocial Sciences on Fear and Attachment 4.2.3. Enhancing Aquinas? Analysis of Fear and Timidity 4.2.4. Aquinas? Typology and Moral Evaluation of Fear 4.3. FORTITUDE: CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTEXT OF MORAL RESILIENCE 4.3.1. Resilience as Courageous Coping with Fear and Daring 4.3.2. Seeking a Mean Between Fear and Daring 4.3.3. Social Dimension: Human Struggles and the Common Good 4.4. PROGRESS AND FAILURE IN FORTITUDE 4.4.1. Failed Fortitude, Failed Resilience 4.4.2. Aquinas? Developmental Perspective on Fortitude 4.4.3. Education in Fortitude 4.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON FORTITUDE AND RESILIENCE Chapter Five. Constructive Resilience and Aquinas? Virtues of Initiative 5.1. ARDUOUS ACTIVITY: CONFRONTING DIFFICULTY WITH THE ENERGY OF THE PASSIONS OF HOPE AND DARING 5.1.1. Aquinas on Arduum: the difficult good 5.1.2. Great Attention and Firmness of Mind 5.1.3. Daring, Aggressiveness, and Initiative: Temperament and Emotion 5.1.4. The Harnessing of Daring: Aquinas on Confident Action 5.2. MAGNIFICENTIA AS THE VIRTUE OF MAKING AND GENEROSITY? 5.2.1. Aquinas on Projects of Quantity, Value, and Dignity 5.2.2. Self-esteem and Resilience in Taking Initiatives 5.2.3. Conspicuous Consumption or Generosity at the Service of Survival and Flourishing 5.3. MAGNANIMITAS AS THE NATURAL VIRTUE OF HOPE 5.3.1. Optimism and Resilience: Attitudes, Emotions and the Virtue of Hope 5.3.2. The Virtue of Hope: Goals, Agency, and Developmental Pathways 5.3.3. Hope and Resources: Oneself and Others 5.3.4. Sidetracked by False Hopes, Presumption and Despair 5.4. ACCENTING HONORS OR EXCELLENCE? 5.4.1. Aquinas on Virtue Guiding Honor 5.4.2. Magnanimitas as a Life of Excellence? 5.4.3. Misplaced Excellence: Vainglory and Ambition 5.5. CONCLUSION: CONSTRUCTIVE RESILIENCE AND VIRTUES OF INITIATIVE Chapter Six. Resistant Resilience and Aquinas? Virtues of Endurance 6.1. EMOTIONS RELATED TO SORROW, SUFFERING AND WAITING 6.1.1. Resilience and Social Sciences on Pain, Suffering, and Loss 6.1.2. Aquinas? Typology of Sorrow and Suffering 6.2. THE VIRTUES OF PATIENCE AND PERSEVERANCE IN A RESILIENCE PERSPECTIVE 6.2.1. Aquinas on the Virtue and Act of Patience 6.2.2. Perseverance, the Virtue of Active Waiting 6.2.3. The Vices in Opposition to Perseverance 6.3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PATIENCE, PERSEVERANCE, AND RESISTANT RESILIENCE 6.3.1. Resilience Findings on Suffering and Resilient Patience 6.3.2. Strategies for Managing Sorrow and Pain and Virtuous Sorrow 6.4. SOME CONCLUSIONS ON PATIENCE, PERSEVERANCE AND RESISTANT RESILIENCE Part Three. Fortitude and Resilience Transcended Chapter Seven. Aquinas? Theological Transformation of Fortitude and Resilience 7.1. THE INFUSED VIRTUE OF FORTITUDE ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 7.1.1. Distinguishing Acquired and Infused Virtues 7.1.2. Acquired and Infused Moral Virtues: The Case of Fortitude 7.1.3. Fear and Trials: Theologically Transforming Fortitude and Resilience 7.1.4. Strength in Weakness: A Test for Infused Fortitude and Spiritual Resilience 7.2. RESILIENCE IN MARTYRDOM? 7.2.1. Martyrdom and the Virtue of Faith 7.2.2. Charity as its Unifier, Motivator and Greatest Expression 7.2.3. Martyrdom Defending the Good of Reason: Truth, Justice, and Prudence. 7.2.4. Fear in Christ as the Archetypal Model of Martyrdom 7.3. THE GIFT OF FORTITUDE AND THE BEATITUDE OF THE JUST 7.3.1. The Gift of Fortitude 7.3.2. Fortitude and the Beatitude of the Just 7.3.3. Precepts of Fortitude and its Development Chapter Eight. A Theological Dimension of Resilient Initiative-taking? 8.1. INFUSED GREATNESS AND INITIATIVE: THEOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF MAGNIFICENTIA AND MAGNANIMITAS 8.1.1. Humility and Greatness in Human Agency 8.1.2. The Theological Measure of Magnificentia and Generosity 8.1.3. Infused Magnanimity 8.1.4. The Theologal Virtue of Hope 8.2. THEOLOGICAL HONOR AND EXCELLENCE 8.2.1. Fallen Greatness: False Hopes and Misplaced Excellence 8.2.2. Theological Virtue Guiding Honor 8.2.3. Christian Excellence: Meek and Humble Magnanimity Chapter Nine. Theological Dimension of the Virtues of Enduring 9.1. INFUSED PATIENCE, PERSEVERANCE AND RESILIENCE 9.1.1. Aquinas on Patience, Grace, and Human Nature 9.1.2. Types of Patience 9.1.3. Patience, Its Purpose and Motivation 9.1.4. The Patience of God expressed through Jesus Christ 9.1.5. Persisting to the End in Christ: The Virtue of Perseverance 9.2. THEOLOGICAL SUPPORTS FOR PATIENCE 9.2.1. Hope as a Source of Patience 9.2.2. Patience in Gift, Beatitude, and Petition 9.2.3. Patience as a Fruit of the Holy Spirit 9.3. DEVELOPMENT OF PATIENCE AND SPIRITUAL RESILIENCE 9.3.1. Virtuous Sorrow 9.3.2. Development of Patience and Spiritual Resilience 9.3.3. Patience in Moral and Spiritual Progress Chapter Ten. Conclusions: Resilience Research and the Renewal of Moral Theology Abbreviations Theological Tradition: Revelation, Magisterium, and Patristic Sources. Bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES (IN THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY) SECONDARY SOURCES
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Thomas, Aquinas, Saint, 1225?-1274.
Resilience (Personality trait).
Fortitude.