Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resource Study

¹ Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, III, Symbol, Sword, and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War Second Edition Revised (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1991), 1-17; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), 14-32; James H. Whyte, "Divided Loyalties in Washington during the Civil War," Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. (hereafter referred to as RCHS), 1960-62, 103- 122; Elden E. Billings, "Military Activities in Washington in 1861,"RCHS, 1960-62, 123-24.

² Leech, Reveille in Washington, 12-13, 28-29; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 2, 9-10; Billings, "Military Activities," 124-27.

³ Leech, Reveille in Washington, 29-32, 11-14; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 10-12; Billings, "Military Activities," 124-27.

⁴ Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865. Volume III: 1861-1865. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1960., III, 20-22; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 33-34.

⁵ Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 1-17; Lincoln Day By Day, III, 24-26; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 34-46; Billings, "Military Activities," 126.

⁶ Billings, "Military Activities," 126-27; Thomas M. Woodruff, "Early War Days in the Nation's Capital," Minnesota Commandery, The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Glimpses of the Nation's Struggle, Third Series, New York, NY: D.D. Merrill Company, 1992, 90-92; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 65.

⁷ Billings, "Military Activities," 128, 129-31; Woodruff, "Early War Days, 89-98; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 18-36; James I. Robertson, "Norfolk, Va., fall of," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War Edited by Patricia L. Faust (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), 535; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 46-86; E.B. Long with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861-1865 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971), 47- 77; Scott Sumpter Sheads and Daniel Carroll Toomey, Baltimore during the Civil War (Lithicum, MD: Toomey Press, 1997, 12-27.

⁸ Long, The Civil War, 61-64; Cooling , Symbol, Sword, 22-26; Billings, "Military Activities," 128, 130; U. S., Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865 (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1971), I-9–I-11, VI-15; Sheads & Toomey, Baltimore, 12- 27; Woodruff, "Early War Days, 92; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 58-59.

⁹ Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 25-26, 28-31; Eric Mills, Chesapeake Bay in the Civil War (Centreville, MD: Tidewater Publishers, 1999), 24-26, 28- 31; Civil War Naval Chronology, I-11, VI-15; Long, The Civil War, 63-66; Billings, Military Activities, 130-31; Woodruff, "Early War Days," 93-95; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 63-64, 66-67.

¹⁰ Billings, "Military Activities," 131; Civil War Naval Chronology, I-10–I-15, VI-12–VI-13, VI-15, VI-19; Long, The Civil War, 64, ; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 28-31; Mills, Chesapeake Bay, 39-41.

¹¹ Billings, "Military Activity," 130-31; Woodruff, "Early War Days," 93-98; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 31-33; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 66- 79; Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan, A History of the National Capital From Its Foundation Through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act (New York, NY: The Macmillan Company, 1916), Volume II, 478-79.

¹² Leech, Reveille in Washington, 79-80; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 32-36, 41; Sheads & Toomey, Baltimore, 30-32.

¹³ Long, The Civil War, 77; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 80.

¹⁴ Taken from The Civil War: A Newspaper Perspective. The Charleston Mercury; The New York Herald; The Richmond Enquirer. A CD-ROM produced by Accessible Archives.

¹⁵ Barber, James G., Alexandria in the Civil War (Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1988), 14-15; Long, The Civil War, 77-78; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 36-37; William H. Price, "Civil War Military Operations in Northern Virginia in May-June 1861," The Arlington Historical Magazine, 2, (October 1961), 43-44; Ames W. Williams, "The Occupation of Alexandria," Virginia Cavalcade, 11, (Winter 1961-62), 33-34.

¹⁶ Charles Paullin, "Alexandria County in 1861," RCHS, 28, 1926, 114.

¹⁷ J.G. Barnard and W.F. Barry, Report of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac from Its Organization to the Close of the Peninsular Campaign (New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1863), 9-10.

¹⁸ U.S., War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (hereafter referred to as AORs), 70 Volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), I, 5, 678-79.

¹⁹ Thian, Raphael P. Notes Illustrating the Military Geography of the United States (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1881), 81; Long, The Civil War, 79; C.B. Rose, Jr., Arlington County Virginia: A History ( Arlington, VA: Arlington Historical Society, 1976), 100, 108; Price, "Civil War Military," 44-57; Cooling, Symbol, 39-51.

²⁰ Jeffrey D. Wert, "Bull Run, Va., First Battle of," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 90-92; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Frances H. Kennedy, Editor, Supported by the Conservation Fund, Second Edition (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998). 11-15; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 88-98; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 47-51.

²¹ Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 90-92; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 12-15; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 98-107; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 51-55.

²² Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 92, 806; The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 14-15; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 101-10; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 52-57.

²³ Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 456, 804-05; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 112- 13; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, 55-59; Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903, 2 Volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1903), Volume 1, 656.

²⁴ AORs, I, Volume 5, 24, 685.

²⁵ AORs, I, Volume 5, 11.

²⁶ AORs, I, Volume 5, 11, 678-84.

²⁷ Mahan, Dennis Hart, A Treatise on Field Fortification, Containing Instructions on the Method of Laying Out, Constructing, Defending, and Attacking Intrenchments, With the General Outlines Also of the Arrangement, the Attack, and Defence of Permanent Fortifications, Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged (New York: John Wiley, 1863), 17.

²⁸ Mahan, Field Fortification, 32-33.

²⁹ Henry L. Scott, Military Dictionary: Comprising Technical Definitions; Information on Raising and Keeping Troops; Actual Service Including Makeshifts and Improved Material; and Law, Government, Regulation, and Administration Relating to Land Forces (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1861), 296-297.

³⁰ Henry D. Grafton, A Treatise on the Camp and March with Which Is Connected the Construction of Field Works and Military Bridges. With an Appendix of Artillery Ranges, &c. for Use of Volunteers and Militia in the United States (Boston: W.P. Fetridge and Co., 1861), 30.

³¹ Viele, Egbert L., Hand-book for Active Service; Containing Practical Instructions in Campaign Duties, for the Use of Volunteers, Reprinted in 1968 by Greenwood Press, Publishers of New York (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1861), 120.

³² William P. Craighill, The Army Officer's Pocket Companion (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863.), 233.

³³ Alfred Bellard, Gone for a Soldier: The Civil War Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard Edited by David Donald. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1975), 162.

³⁴ Rice C. Bull, Soldiering: The Civil War Diary of Rice C. Bull Edited by Karl Jack Bauer (San Rafael, CA, 1977), 43.

³⁵ Dale E. Floyd, "Army Engineers in the Civil War," In Military Engineering and Technology: Papers Presented at the 1982 American Military Institute Annual Meeting, U. S. Army Engineer Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia (Manhattan, KS: MA/AH Publishing, 1984), 23-32.

³⁶ General Orders No. 11, Department Of Washington, April 28, 1861.

³⁷ Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers (hereafter referred to as RG77), Returns, 1832-1918, Entry 119, Monthly Returns of the Engineer Department, 1832- 1918, Monthly Returns, Department of Washington, April-September 1861; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 71, C22, from Lt James W. Cuyler, April 7, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 107, to Lt James W. Cuyler, December 10, 1864.

³⁸ Thompson, Gilbert, The Engineer Battalion in the Civil War: A Contribution to the History of the United States Engineers, Engineer School Occasional Paper No. 44 (Washington, DC: Press of the Engineer School, 1910), page 2; Wesley Brainerd, Bridge Building in Wartime. Edited by Ed Malles.(Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1997), page 46: RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863 Military Telegraph from A.W. Whipple, to Barnard, August 24, 1862; Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple, to Barnard, September 16, 1862; Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple, to Barnard, August 22, 1862; Record Group 393, Records of United State Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920 (hereafter referred to as RG393), Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869 Box 1, 1862, B43, Barnard to Captain R.B. Irwin, A.A.G., September 26, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, page 101, Volume 1, Barnard to Captain Wrigley, Volunteer Engineers near Fort Corcoran; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1862, B–can not make out number, Barnard to Captain R.B. Irwin, A.A.G., October 14, 1862; ORAs, I, Volume 12, Part III, page 81; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 575, W15, Captain H.E. Wrigley, Near Fort Corcoran, September 15, 1862.

³⁹ Barnard, A Report, 82.

⁴⁰ Barnard, A Report, 82-83.

⁴¹ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B267', Barnard, March 12, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 395, J.G. Barnard to Captain William P. Craighill, Corps of Engineers, April 29, 1864.

⁴² RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 113, E12, A.C. Entrikin, Brooklyn, NY, October 24, 1864; page 413, P3, Leander A. Poor, December 10, 1862; page 579, W1, G.W. Watson, City Surveyor & Engineer's Office, New York, February 3, 1864; page 481, S1, Sanitary Commission, C.C. Nott, Secretary, NY, January 1, 1865; RG77, B1551, 1863, J.G. Barnard to Chief of Engineers, J.G. Totten, January 9, 1863; RG77, Papers of Engineer Officers and Others, 1803-1907, Entry 146, Letters and Reports of Col. Joseph G. Totten, Chief of Engineers, 1803-1864, Volume 10, Papers of J.G. Totten, 1861-64, page 222-Totten to Barnard, Jan. 5, 1864.

⁴³ The Rambler Column from the Sunday Star, Dec. 13, 1916, Part 4, page 3; RG77, SW 3687, October 30, 1861.

⁴⁴ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B77', Gunnell and Childs, Civil Engineers Defences of Washington, to Barnard, November 25, 1863.

⁴⁵ Patricia L. Faust, "Conscription," in Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, page 160; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65 Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 3, No. A7, Alexander, October 22, 1862; RG77, Entry 8, Letters, Reports, and Statements Sent to the Secretary of War and Congress, 1836-68, Volume 10, April 22, 1859-January 12, 1863, pages 442-3, J.D. Kurtz to Secretary of War, August 14, 1862.

⁴⁶ Faust, "Conscription," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 160; Maury Klein, "draft riots," in Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 225-26; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, T25, Tannatt, December 5, 1863; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, A2140, March 1, 1865, Samuel Breck, A.A.G., to Richard Delafield, March 1, 1865; A2133, B.S. Alexander, February 23, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 145-46, to Stanton, February 25, 1865; RG77,Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized Regular Register of Letters Received, page 116, E8, Engineer Department, March 1, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, A2143, B.S. Alexander, March 6, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 151, to Stanton, March 6, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, O1, James R. O'Burne, Major, 22nd Vermont Regiment, Acting Provost Marshal., March 23, 1865.

⁴⁷ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 156, Barnard to Frost, January 5, 1863; page 157, Barnard to Childs, January 10, 1863; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 93, Edward Frost, Engineer Office, Defences of Washington, South of the Potomac, Roach's House, to Lt. Col Hoyt, Commanding 143rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Nov 13, 1862; Barnard, A Report, 82; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 559, Special Orders, Headquarters Defenses of Washington, August 1862-July 1865, page 55, Special Orders No. 6, September 2, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, M 4160, July 5, 1862, Received on July 8, 3 enclosures, Brevet Captain Wm. E. Merrill to Mr. Frost; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 554, Letters Sent by Headquarters, Military Defenses Southwest of the Potomac, April-June 1862, page 40, May 9, 1862, Whipple to Lt. Col. Littlefield, 9th Regiment New York Volunteers, Commanding. Fort. Lyon; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6744, Letters Received and Sent, March-December 1862, Edward Frost, Engineer, Engineer Office, Roach's House, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, to Major L. Hunt, A.A.G., &c., November 19, 1862.

⁴⁸ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65 Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 159, G5, Gunnell, Dec 28, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 150, Barnard to John Collins, Superintendent, December 30, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 160, G6, Gunnell, December 30, 1862.

⁴⁹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, C29, C.D. Clark, November 30, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 35, to Honorable J.M. Broodhead, Second Comptroller, August 5, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & A.A.G., Department of Washington, to De Russy, July 2, 1863.

⁵⁰ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, A5, Annonymous, October 28,1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 109, to J.H. Taylor, December 14, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 57, C15, A.G. Childs, April 2, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B170 1863, Ensign Bennett, Superintendent &c. To A.C. Childs, Civil Engineer, April 17, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Whipple, Va., 1864-67, Entry 1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division at Fort Corcoran, September 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032 DW, page 610, By Command of J.N. Whistler, Commanding 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Div., March 10, 1865, Circular; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 61, endorsement of Barnard on letter of Ensign Bennett to A. G. Childs, dated Engineer Camp, VA., April 17, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Whipple, Va., 1864-67, Entry 1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division at Fort Corcoran, at Fort CorcoranSeptember 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032 DW, page 503, General Orders No. 31, Headquarters, 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division, Fort Corcoran, December 11, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 419, P7, P.M. Pearson, Assessor, US Internal Revenue, August 26, 1864.

⁵¹ RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864, Montly report for December 1863 filed with; B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, August 8, 1864; A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; A2074, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, December 3, 1864; A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, January 3, 1865; A2120, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, February 6, 1865; RG77, A2145, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, March 3, 1865; A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, April 6, 1865; A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, May 4, 1865; A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; A2232, Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865; A2260, Alexander to Delafield, August 2, 1865; A2299, Alexander to Delafield, September 8, 1865.

⁵² Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War. Edited by Ira Berlin , et al. (Edison, NJ: The Blue & Grey Press, 1997), 200-04; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65 Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 159, G1, W.C. Gunnell, October 22, 1862;. page 450, R10, D.H. Rucker, Quartermaster, October 21, 1862; page 450, R11, D.H. Rucker, October 23, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, Captain E.S. Allen, A.A.A.G., 6th St. Wharf, to Barnard, November 11, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 65.

⁵³ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, Military Defenses Southwest of the Potomac, Page 33, August 25, 1862, Eddy to Colonel; Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 78, May 14, 1862, Governor To Whipple; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 571, Monthly Record of Clothing Furnished Contrabands at Fortifications North of the Potomac, 1862-63; RG77, E-18, A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of July 1864, Aug. 8, 1864; Library of Congress, Manuscript division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Edward Frost to Brigadier General Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineerr Office, May 9, 1862; Free at Last, 212-14; Anne S. Frobel, The Civil War Diary of Anne S. Frobel of Wilton Hill in Virginia (McLean, VA: EPM Publications, Inc., 1992), 90; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 7, Arlington, June 19, 1862, Lt. Eddy, A.A.C.S. to Gen. Whipple. Commanding Defenses Southwest of the Potomac; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 159, G1, W.C. Gunnell, October 22, 1862.

⁵⁴ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Military Defenses North of the Potomac, Army of the Potomac, Entry 3714, Letters Sent, February-August 1862 and April 1863-July 1865, Volume 21/240 5AC, April 6, 1862, page 35, Department to Brigadier General Silas Casey; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, pages 14-15, ADC, Whipple's Division Reserve Army Corps, to Colonel or Captain Commanding, July 18, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 55, Lt. Eddy, ADC, Whipple's Division, to Colonel , August 25, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 14, July 18, 1862, Lt. Eddy to Colonel or Captain Commanding; Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 12, July 11, 1862, to General; RG393, Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 7, Arlington, June 19, 1862, Lt. Eddy, A.A.C.S. to General Whipple. Commanding Defenses Southwest of the Potomac.

⁵⁵ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 78, May 14, 1862, Governor to General Whipple; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 59, W.E. Merrill, U.S.E., June 1, 1862; Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, A, No. 14, B.S. Alexander, November 3, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B132 1862, Barnard to Col. McKeever, A.A.G., November 3, 1862 [this letter and letter below also in RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, pages 121-23; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Edward Frost to Brigadier General Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, May 9, 1862, document tipped in in front of letter press letterbook.

⁵⁶ Library of Congress, U.S., Army, Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, page 85, Edward Frost to Colonel Taylor, Provost Marshal of Alexandria, November 10, 1862; Frobel, The Civil War Diary, 89-90.

⁵⁷ [U.S., Engineer School. Pamphlet on the Evolution of the Art of Fortification, Engineer School Occasional Papers No. 58 Prepared Under the Direction of William M. Black (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1919), 89.

⁵⁸ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 12, July 11, 1862, to Gen; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, A2023, Alexander, July 31, 1864; A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, report of operations on these defences during the month of July 1864, August 8, 1864.

⁵⁹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 61, C33, Clark to Childs, November 4, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, Page 187, July 30, 1862, Sherburne [for Sturgis?] to Whipple.

⁶⁰ Alanson A. Haines. History of The Fifteenth Regiment New Jersey Volunteers. New York: Jenkins & Thomas, Printers, 1883, 17; Bellard, Gone for a Soldier, 151.

⁶¹ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 14, July 18, 1862, Lt. Eddy to Col. or Captain Commanding; Military Defenses, Southwest Potomac, Military District of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, page 78, May 14, 1862, Governor to General Whipple; Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6760, Letters Sent, June - September 1862, Volume 41/148 3AC, pages 14-15, ADC, Whipples Division Reserve Army Corps, to Colonel or Captain Commanding, July 18, 1862; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army–Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, Edward Frost to Brigadier General Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, May 9, 1862, document tipped in in front of letter press letterbook.

⁶² Leech, Reveille in Washington, 139; Barber, Alexandria in the Civil War, 18.

⁶³ William Todd, The Seventy-Ninth Highlanders: New York Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1865 (Albany, NY: Brandow, Barton and Co., 1886), 72-73; Bellard, Gone for a Soldier, 161; Robert McAllister, The Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister Edited with an Introduction by James I. Robertson, Jr. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 49-50; U.S., War.Department, Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Edited by Janet B. Hewett (Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1998), Part II-Record of Events, Volume 78, Serial No. 90, 45 USCT, April 1864-June 1865, 36; John C. Williams, Life in Camp: A History of the Fourteenth Vermont Regiment . . . (Claremont, NH: Claremont Manuf. Co., 1864), 35; Alfred S. Roe, The Tenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry 1861-1864 (Springfield, MA: Tenth Regiment Veteran Association, 1909), 35; Haines, History of The Fifteenth Regiment, 15; Souvenir of First Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers Excursion to Battle Fields, . . . Historical Sketch of Regiment (N.p.: 1907), 43.

⁶⁴ Charles H.Moulton, Fort Lyon To Harper's Ferry: On the Border of North and South with "Rambling Jour". The Letters and Newspaper Dispatches of Charle H. Moulton (34th Mass Vol. Inf.) Compiled and Edited by Lee C. Drickamer and Karen D. Drickamer (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishibg Company, Inc., 1987.), 71.

⁶⁵ Fred C. Floyd, History of the Fortieth Regiment New York Volunteers (Boston: F.H. Gilson, 1909), 64.

⁶⁶ Franklin McGrath, The History of the127th New York Volunteers " Monitors . . . (N.p., 1898?), 20, 34; David W. Judd. The Story of the Thirty-Third N.Y. S. Vols.: Or Two Years Campaigning in Virginia and Maryland (Rochester, NY: Benton and Andrews, 1864), 50; Edwin B. Houghton, The Campaigns of the Seventeenth Maine (Portland, ME: Short & Loring, 1866), 8; McAllister, The Civil War Letters, 49-50; A.R. Small, The Sixteenth Maine Regiment in the War of the Rebellion 1861-1865 (Portland, ME: B. Thurston & Company, 1886), 27; George W. Ward, History of the Second Pennsylvania Veteran Heavy Artillery . . . (Philadelphia, PA: George W. Ward, Printer, 1904), 23;; Todd, The Seventy-Ninth Highlanders, 72; Alfred Seelye Roe, The Ninth New York Heavy Artillery . . . (Worcester, MA: Published by the Author, 1899), 53.

⁶⁷ Elisha Hunt Rhodes, All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes Edited by Robert Hunt Rhodes (New York: Orion Books, 1991), 41.

⁶⁸ George Washington Beidelman, The Civil War Letters of George Washington Beidelman Edited by Catherine H. Vanderslice (New York: Vantage Press, 1978), 41.

⁶⁹ M.D. Hardin, History of the Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Corps (41st Regiment of the Line) . . . (New York: Published by the Author, 1890), 6.

⁷⁰ J.R.Sypher, History of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps (Lancaster, PA: Elias Varr, 1865), 114.

⁷¹ William W. Thompson, Historical Sketch of the Sixteenth Regiment N.Y. S. Volunteer Infantry, April, 1861–May, 1863 (Albany, NY: Printed by Brandow, Barton & Co., 1886), 10.

⁷² Roe, The Ninth New York, 44.

⁷³ Rhodes, All for the Union, 42; McGrath, The History of the 127th, 20; Moulton, Fort Lyon, 70; Ward, History of the Second Pennsylvania, 23; Charles H. Banes, History of the Philadelphia Brigade . . . (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1876), 20.

⁷⁴ Williams, Life in Camp, 35; McGrath, The History of the127th, 34; Newton Martin Curtis, From Bull Run to Chancellorsville: The Story of the Sixteenth New York Infantry together with Personal Reminiscences (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906), 61; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B169', Barnard to Totten, January 19, 1864; B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; A2004, Alexander to Delafield, July 5, 1864; A2028, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, August 8, 1864; A2044, Alexander to Delafield, October 7, 1864; A2057, Alexander to Delafield, November 1, 1864; A2074, B.S. Alexander to Delafield; December 3, 1864; A2094, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, January 3, 1865; A2120, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, February 6, 1865; A2145, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, March 3, 1865; A2166, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, April 6, 1865; A2176, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, May 4, 1865; RG77, A2191, Alexander to Delafield, June 5, 1865; A2232, B.S. Alexander to Delafield, July 10, 1865.

⁷⁵ ORAs, I, Volume 21, Endorsement on Communication from Alexander to Barnard, December 22, 1862, page 871; ORAs, I, Volume 21, Alexander to Barnard, Dec 21, 1862, page 871; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869 Box 1, 1862, B21, Barnard to Captain R.B. Irwin, A.A.G, September 17, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, pages 57-58, endorsement on letter, December 21, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 21, B.S. Alexander to C.C. Augur, July 16, 1864.

⁷⁶ ORAs, I, Volume 19, Part II, 291; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869 Box 1, B133 1862, Barnard to Col. C. McKeever, A.A.G., November 3, 1862.

⁷⁷ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer, Defenses of Washington, to Brigadier General De Russy, Commanding De Russy's Division, May 25, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B133 1862, Barnard to Col. C. McKeever, A.A.G., November 3, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 268, Barnard to Brigadier General G.A. DeRussy, July 18, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, pages 57-58, endorsement on letter, Dec. 21, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, January 1863-August 1865, Volume 189 DW, pages 285-86, Thomas Thompson, Captain & A.A.G., DeRussy's Division, to Commanding Officer, 2d Brigade, DeRussy's Division, June 4, 1864.

⁷⁸ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5383, Letters Received (Unentered), 1863-67, Alexander to Lt. Col. J.H. Taylor, A.A.G., June 23, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B375 1863, Barnard to Lt.Col. J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & ADC, August 31, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page. 58-60, to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2, organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 581, W23, Department of Washington, September 15,1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 96, endorsement on letter of Colonel Alexander to Major General Casey dated September 18, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, C25, C.D. Clark, Suptintendent, September 15, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, from R.B. Marcy, Chief of Staff, Army of the Potomac, to Barnard, August 29, 1862.

⁷⁹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, P 24, Potter, August 11, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, Brigadier General C. Grover, Commanding Grover's Division, to Barnard, September 15, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, B57, Barnard, to Major General Heintzelman, Commanding, Defenses of Washington, February 19, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6744, Letters Received and Sent, March-December 1862, Headquarters, Casey,s Division, to Maj. L. Hunt, ADC, Defences South of the Potomac, November 24, 1862.

⁸⁰ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 559, Special Orders, Headquarters Defenses of Washington, August 1862-July 1865, Special Orders No. 6, Headquarters, Department of Washington, September 2, 1862.

⁸¹ ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part I, 351.

⁸² RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, Brigadier General C. Grover, Commandig Grover's Division, to Barnard, September 15, 1862; ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part I, 531; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, C33, Colonel M. Cogswell, Commanding Artillery Brigade, near Fort Corcoran, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, A.A.G., Defenses of Washington, January 23, 1863; Box 1, 1863, C47, Colonel M. Cogswell, commanding Artillery Brigade, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, A.A.A.G., February 4, 1863.

⁸³ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 509, T5, T.R. Tannatt, Colonel, Commanding Defenses South of the Potomac, Arlingtom, May 22, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, 3d Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6708, Letters Sent, January 1863-June 1865, Volume 184/408 DW, A. Brown, Colonel, 10th New York Artillery, Commanding Brigade, 3rd Brigade, Fort Baker, D.C., to Lt.Col. Haskin, ADC, Charge of Defenses North of the Potomac, September 6, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 339, Department to Lt.Col. B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer, Defenses of Washington, August 19, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 88, D17, G.A. DeRussy, November 19, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864 with reply by MajorGeneral S. Casey.

⁸⁴ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862- 66, Volume 1, page 129, Barnard to Heintzelmann, November 25, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2, organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 1, No. 4, B.S. Alexander, September 27, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, C32, Colonel M. Cogswell, Commanding Arillerty Brigade, near Fort Corcoran, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, A.A.G., Defenses of Washington, January 22, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, pages 117-18, B.S. Alexander to Lt.Col. J.A. Haskin, ADC, October 28, 1862.

⁸⁵ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 4, A12, Alexander, October 22, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 129, Barnard to Major General Heintzelman, November 25, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861- 66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 1, No. 4, B.S. Alexander, September 27, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, C32, Col M. Cogswell, Commanding Artillery Brigade, near Fort Corcoran, to Captain Carroll H. Potter, A.A.G., Defenses of Washington, January 22, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 58, C20, Childs, Engineer in Charge, June 18, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, 3d Division, 3d Army Corps, Entry 6770, Letters Received, September-October 1862, W.C. Gunnell, per James A. Brown, Clerk, Headdquarters, Engineer Department, Defenses Of Washington, to Col. Haskin, Dec. 16, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, January 1863-August 1865, Volume 189 DW, pages 285-86, Thomas Thompson, Captain & A.A.G., DeRussy's Division, to Commanding Officer, 2d Brigade, DeRussy's Division, June 4, 1864.

⁸⁶ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 584, W27, Department of Washington, November 30, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6744, Letters Received and Sent, March-December 1862, Edward Frost, Engineer, Engineer Office, Roach's House, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, to Major L. Hunt, A.A.G., &c., November 19, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, C143, Ensign Bennett, Superintendent &c., Camp on Traitors Hill, Va, to Engineer in Charge A.G. Childs, April 20, 1863.

⁸⁷ RG77, Entry 18, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, A1820 (1862), A. Alberti, Captain 5th Michigan Infantry Regiment, near Fort Ramsay, to Geneneral Totten, October 1, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, E4, Eveleth, March 5, 1863; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, C5082, Received February 12, 1862, C.B. Comstock, Lt. of Engineers/Chief Engineer, Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, to General J.G. Totten, February 10, 1862; United States, War Department, Revised Regulations for the Army of the United States, 1861, with a Index (Philadelphia, PA: J.G.L. Brown, Printer, 1861), page 127, Article XXXIX, #902; United States, War Department, Revised United States Army Regulations of 1861, with an Appendix containing the Changes and laws Affecting Army Regulations and Articles of War to June 25, 1863 (Washington, D.C.: The Government Printing Office, 1863), page 127, Article XXXIX, #902.

⁸⁸ Thompson, Historical Sketch of the Sixteenth Regiment, 10; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Whipple's Division, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6770, Letters Received, September-October 1862, S.S. Carroll, Commanding Brigade, to Captain H.R. Dalton, A.A.G., October 7, 1862.

⁸⁹ Larry Gara, "black soldiers," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 63.

⁹⁰ A few photographs taken during the Civil War depict USCTs at some of the forts in Washington [see collection of photos accompanying this report] but their stay at the forts was only temporary; ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part 1, 570, 700; The Black Military Experience. (Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861 - 1867 Selected from the Holdings of the National Archives of the United States; Series II) Ira Berlin, Editor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 374-75; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861- 66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 96, endorsement on letter of Colonel Alexander to Major General Casey dated September 18, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862- March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 516, Department to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 15, 1864; US, War Department, Supplement, Part II-Record of Events, Volume 78, Serial No. 90, 45 USCT, April 1864-June 1865, 36; US, War Department, Supplement, Part II-Record of Events, Volume 77, Serial No. 89.28th USCT, Feb 1864-June 1865, Regiment, 626-27.

⁹¹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 516, Department to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 15, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861- 65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, C25, C.D. Clark, Superintendent, September 15, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1,Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5383, Letters Received (Unentered), 1863-67, Alexander to Lt. Col. J.H. Taylor, A.A.G., June 23, 1863.

⁹² RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 4, 1864, A266, B.S. Alexander to Major General Silas Casey, Commanding Provisional Brigade, September 18, 1864, see specifically Casey's endorsement of September 19; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page. 96, September 20, 1864, Casey endorsement on letter of Colonel Alexander to Major General Casey dated September 18, 1864.

⁹³ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, 20DW, page 511, Department to Alexander, Sept 14, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 583,W23, Department of Washington, September 15,1864; U.S., War Department, Supplement, Part II-Record of Events, Volume 78, Serial No. 90, 45 USCT, April 1864-June 1865, 36.

⁹⁴ Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III and Walton H. Owen, II, Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1988), 81.

⁹⁵ McAllister, The Civil War Letters, 213 (Camp Ellsworth, Oct 1, 1862.

⁹⁶ Moulton, Fort Lyon, 65 (Camp Lyon, Dec 9, 1862).

⁹⁷ R.W. Rock (pseudo.), History of the Eleventh Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers, in the War of the Rebellion (Providence, RI: Providence Press Company, Printers, 1881), 99, 106.

⁹⁸ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 59-60, C28, Clark, Superintendent, Headquarters, Engineer Camp, Defenses South of the Potomac, October 19, 1863; page 60, C29, C.D. Clark, Superintendent, to A.G. Childs, October 20, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A31, Alexander to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, October. 22, 1863.

⁹⁹ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A31, Alexander to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, October 22, 1863.

¹⁰⁰ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A31, B.S. Alexander to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, October 22, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, C31, Clark to Childs, October 22, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, 1863, B10, J.G. Barnard to Major General S. Heintzelman, Commanding Defenses of Washington, July 9, 1863.

¹⁰¹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, C35, Clark to Childs, November 6, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A31, Alexander to Colonel J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff, October 22, 1863; Rock (pseudo.), History of the Eleventh Regiment, 88.

¹⁰² Patricia L. Faust, "Conscription," In Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia, 160; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 55, to Lt.Col. J.H. Taylor, September 6, 1864; Volume 2, Page 130, Department to Lt.Col. S. McKelvy, Commanding Rendezouvs of Distribution, July 17, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, Volume 20DW, page 511, Department to Alexander, Sept 14, 1864.

¹⁰³ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, 20DW, page 129, Department to Commanding Officer, Fort Lincoln, July 17, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, pages 58-59, to Taylor, September 15, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 66, C23, A.G. Childs, August 5, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 36, to DeRussy, August 6, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, 20DW, page 130, Department to Lt.Col. S.. McKelvy, Commanding Rendezouvs of Distribution, July 17, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, page 130, Department to Lt.Col. S. McKelvy, Commanding Rendezouvs of Distribution, July 17, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part. 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, Volume 20DW, page 511, Department to Alexander, September 14, 1864.

¹⁰⁴ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Whipple, Va., 1864-67, Entry 1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division at Fort Corcoran, September 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032DW, pages 541-42, Military District of Washington, General Orders No. 30, Sept 5, 1864.

¹⁰⁵ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Defenses & Department of Washington, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, A30, B.S. Alexander to Augur, Commanding Department, October 18, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, A. Grant Childs, Civil Engineer, to Barnard, August 1, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 61, C34, Clark to Childs, November 5, 1863; page 60, C32, Clark to Childs, Nov 4, 1863.

¹⁰⁶ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, Barnard to De Russy, Commanding Division, May 16, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, Box 1, B375 1863, Barnard to Lt.Col. J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & ADC, August 31, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 85, D2, Brigadier General DeRussy, May 19, 1864; ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part 1, 531, De Russy to Barnard, May 24, 1864; Bellard, Gone for a Soldier, 161.

¹⁰⁷ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 413, P25, Potter, September 5, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5375, Letters Sent, July 1864-March 1869, Volume 1, 20DW, page 130, Department to De Russy, Commdg Div, Arlington House, July 17, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, A. Grant Childs, Civil Engineer, to Barnard, Aug. 1, 1863.

¹⁰⁸ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 111, E24, Engineer Department, December 24, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, B.S. Alexander, Chief Engineer, Defenses of Washington, to Brigadier General De Russy, Commanding De Russy's Division, May 25, 1864.

¹⁰⁹ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 78, to Brigadier General J.H. Martindale, endorsement on letter of Colonel T. Ingraham to Captain Theodore McGovern, March 12, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 85, D2, Brigadier General DeRussy, May 19, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, endorsement on page 88; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page227, I1, T. Ingraham, Colonel & Provost Marshal, March 11, 1864; page. 64, C13, A.G. Childs, May 11, 1864; Record Group 94, Recordrs of the Adjutant General's Office, 1780s to 1917 (hereafter referred to as RG94), Regimental Papers in Entry 57, Muster Rolls of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, Mexican War, Creek War, Cherokee Removal, and Other Wars, 1836-65, Civil War, 2nd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, box 4055, Headquarters., 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division, Fort Ethan Allen, Colonel A.A. Gibson, Commanding to Lt.Col. J.H. Taylor, Chief of Staff & A.A.G., May 17, 1864.

¹¹⁰ U. S., Navy Department, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion Multivolumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1894-1927) (hereafter referred to as ORN), Series I, Volume 4, 565, 641-42, 655-56,707; U. S., Naval History Division, Civil War Naval Chronology, August 28, 1861, I-23; Roe, Tenth Regiment Massachusetts, 38-39; Billings, "Military Activities, 131.

¹¹¹ RG77, Issuances, 1811-1941, Entry 127, Orders, Engineer Orders and Circulars, 1811-68, page 195, Circular, Engineer Department, December 29, 1863, following decision of the Secretary of War upon the act to prevent frauds, approved June 2, 1862; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, U.S., Army, Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, no page no., Edward Frost to Brig. Gen. Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac, Engineer Office, May 9, 1862, document tipped in in front of letterbook; RG77, Entry 8, Letters, Reports, and Statements Sent to the Secretary of War and Congress, 1836-68, Volume 10, April 22, 1859-January 12, 1863, page 263, Totten to Secretary of War, August 5, 1861; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 554, Letters Sent by Headquarters, Military Defenses Southwest of the Potomac, April-June 1862, page 102 [not actually numbered], June 5, 1862, Whipple to Captain E.L. Hartz, Department QM, U.S.A.; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Whipple, Va., 1864-67, Entry 1362, Orders Received from the 1st Brigade, De Russy's Division at Fort Corcoran, Sept. 1864-June 1865, Volume 398/1032 DW, page 583, Circular, 1st Brigade, DeRussy's Division, January 23, 1865; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, January 1863-August 1865, Volume 189 DW, page 321, August 10, 1864, to Col. Wilhelm (messages to at least one other to do the same); RG94, Entry 112, Regimental Lettter Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 113, Order Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 114, Descriptive Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 115, Morning Reports of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, 1st Maine Heavy Artillery, Letter, Order and Guard Report Book, pages not numbered, Letter, Headquarters., 2d Brigade, Haskins Division, 22 Army Corps, Fort Reno, May 9, 1864, to Colonel Commanding, 1st Maine Artillery; ORAs, I, Volume 37, Part 1, 400, General Orders No. 29, Department of Washington, May 7, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, Fred S. Benson, Signal Corps, at Signal Station, near Fort Whipple, to Captain Thomas Thompson, A.A.G., May 14, 1864; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses of Washington, South of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6730, Letters Received, 1863, Barnard to Col. C. H. Potter, A.A.G., April 11, 1863; ORAs, I, Volume 2, General Orders, No. 17, Department of Northeastern Virginia, July 16, 1861, 303-05; ORAs, I, Volume 15, Part 2, 129-30; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 55, Barnard to Ripley, Chief of Ordnance, August 28, 1862; Record Group 92, Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General (hereafter referred to as RG92), Washington, D.C., 1861-1917, Entry 2353, Letters Received, 1861-65, 1871-72 perused B651, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864, Headquarters, Department of Washington, Office of the Chief QM, Col. Elias M. Green, to Captain E.E. Camp, A.Q.M., August 2, 1864; B731, Box 3, Letters Received, 1864, Col. B.S. Alexander, Lt. Col. ADC, Headquarters, Chief Engineer of Defences, Washington, August 18, 1864, to Captain E.E. Camp, A.Q.M.; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 566, Ledgers of Accounts for Supplies Furnished, 1861-66, page 63, Engineers & QM Property 63-64, 67, May 13, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, C5082, Received February 12, 1862, February 10, 1862, C.B. Comstock, Lt. Engineers./Chief Engineer, Hd.Grs., A of P, to Gen J.G. Totten; ORAs, I, Volume 33, 673– Halleck, C of S, March 13,64, "Memorandum for General J.G. Barnard, Chief Engineer Defenses of Washington; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 4, Fort Bunker Hill, D.C., 1862-65, Entry 158, Post Orders, June 1863-April 1864, Volume 178/384 DW, Circular No. 12, Defenses North of the Potomac, Ft Bunker Hill, July 28, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, 2nd Brigade, Defenses North of the Potomac, Defenses of Washington, Army of the Potomac, Entry 6695, Special Orders, September 1862-February 1864 and August 1864-September 1865, Volume 178/382 DW, pages 101-02, Special Orders No. 73, Headquarters, 2nd Brigade, Defenses of Washington, North of the Potomac, Fort Pennsylvania, December 14, 1862.

¹¹² RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, Defenses North of the Potomac, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6606, Letters Sent, January 1864- August 1865, Volume 162/333DW, page 64, to the Secretary of War, Endorsement of Col. B.S. Alexander on letter of Mr. S.R. Colby to Secretary of War (W23), Washington, June 1863 concerning payment for timber taken from his land for use in Forts Stevens & Slocum; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 8, A27, Abbott, August 18, 1863; page 71, C26, Moses A. Commins, no date given; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, The Papers of Harry F. Schonborn, Notebook, 1861-63, first page in notebook followed by accounts to September 1863, Certified Bills Sent to Mr. Eveleth, October 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 85, Wm McLean, September 16, 1862; Volume 1, No. 88, J.T. Lenman, Sept 18, 1862; Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 134, E8, Frost, November 21, 1862; Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 481, S4, Samuel Strong, August 31, 1864, S5, Samuel Strong, September 3, 1864, S6, S. Strong, September 6, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 559, Special Orders, Headquarters Defenses of Washington, August 1862-July 1865, page 59, Special Orders No. 18, August. 27, 1863; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 1, Department and Defenses of Washington and 22nd Army Corps, 1862-69, Entry 5382, Letters Received, September 1862-March 1869, 1863, supplement, Box 2, B10, Barnard to Heintzelman; RG92, Miscellaneous Claims, Entry 843, Claims and Related Papers for Damage to Property by Troops in the Service of the United States, 1861-65, #189, B.T. Swart, Fort DeRussy, DC, B.T. Swart to Brigadier General M.C. Meigs, December 15, 1862; RG92, Special Files, Entry 225, Consolidated Correspondence File, Defenses of Washington, DC. and De Russy, Fort (1865-66).

¹¹³ RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, B.S. Alexander to Brigadier General G.A. DeRussy, Commanding Division, May 22, 1865; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 2, Page 167, to Thomas Thompson, A.A.G., April 13, 1865; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6731, Letters Received, 1863-65, A. Grant Childs, Engineer in Charge, Defenses South of the Potomac, Brigadier General G.A. DeRussy, Commanding Division, May 22, 1865; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B314', Barnard to Totten, April 6, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 86, Edward Sowers, September 16, 1862; No. 108, Johns & Crosley, November 24, 1862; RG94, Entry 112, Regimental Lettter Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 113, Order Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 114, Descriptive Books of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, Entry 115, Morning Reports of Volunteer Organizations: Civil War, 1861-65, 1st Maine Heavy Artillery, Letter, Order and Guard Report Book, pages not numbered, Letter, Headquarters, 2d Brigade, Haskins Division, 22 Army Corps, Fort Reno, to Colonel Commanding 1st Maine Artillery, May 9, 1864.

¹¹⁴ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 268, Barnard to Eveleth, July 24, 1863; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a Regular Register of Letters Received, page 25, B1, H.W. Bowers, A.A.G., September 13, 1862; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 566, Ledgers of Accounts for Supplies Furnished, 1861-66, page 63, Engineers & QM Property 63-64, 67, Volume 2, page 4; RG77, Entry 8, Letters, Reports, and Statements Sent to the Secretary of War and Congress, 1836-68, Volume 10, Apr. 22, 1859-Jan. 12, 1863, page 263, Totten to Secretary of War, August 5, 1861; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 560, Telegrams Received by General J.G. Barnard, November 1862-October 1863, Military Telegraph, F.J. Porter, at Fort Corcoran, to General Williams, September 7, 1862; Military Telegraph, A.W. Whipple to Barnard, 5th, no other date; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 553, Letters Sent by the Chief of Engineers, 1862-66, Volume 1, page 254, to James Eveleth, June 30, 1863; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, SW3413, April 19, 1861, Frederick E. Prime to J.G.Totten, to Secretary of War and back on April 20, signed by Secretary of War Simon Cameron; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 91, Captain E.L. Hartz, AQM, September 11, 1862; ORAs, I, Volume 2, 653-54, Department Northeastern Virginia, May 29, 1861; Library of Congress, The Papers of Harry F. Schonborn, Notebook, 1861-63, 1st page in notebook followed by accounts to September 1863, Certified Bills Sent to Mr. Eveleth, October 1862.

¹¹⁵ RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 100, E.M. Luithicum, October 28, 1862; RG77, E-18, B8741, May 7, 1861, Barnard to Totten; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B515', B, Barnard to Delafield, July 13, 1864; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B8945, 1861, J.G. Barnard to Totten, December 23, 1861; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 566, Ledgers of Accounts for Supplies Furnished, 1861-66, Volume 1, pages 63 & 264, Volume 2, pages 4 &38; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Army, Engineers, Letterbook, 1862-64, no page No., Edward Frost to Brig. Gen. Whipple, Defenses of Washington South of the Potomac,Engineer Office, May 9, 1862, document tipped in front of letterbook; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 68, Joseph Nicholson, July 10, 1862; RG393, Preliminary Inventory 172, Part 2, DeRussy's Division, 22nd Army Corps, Entry 6725, Letters Sent, January 1863-August 1865, Volume 189 DW, page 321, Aug 10, 1864; RG77, Entry 6, Letters, Reports, and Statements Sent to the Secretary of War and Congress, 1836-68, Volume 10, Apr. 22, 1859-Jan. 12, 1863, page 263, Totten to Sect War, Augt 5, 1861.

¹¹⁶ National Archives Microfilm Publication Microcopy 619, (RG94) Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General Main Series 1861- 1870, Roll 79, 1160 B 1862, Barnard to Stanton, transmits report of Commission, December 30, 1862; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, The Papers of Harry F. Schonborn, Notebook, 1861-63, 1st page in notebook followed by accounts to September 1863, Certified Bills Sent to Mr. Eveleth, October 1862.

¹¹⁷ RG77, E-18, B8744, Barnard to Totten, May 7, 1861; David V. Miller, The Defense of Washington During the Civil War (Buffalo, New York: Mr. Copy, 1976), Pages 7; RG77, E-18, B8741, May 7, 1861, Barnard to CE Totten; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 566, Ledgers of Accounts for Supplies Furnished, 1861-66 Volume 1, pages 63 & 264, Volume 2, pages 4 & 38; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 2 organized like a regular Register of Letters Received, page 514, T3, Tannatt, Fort Whipple, March 17, 1864; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 558, Endorsements on Letters Referred, September 1862-December 1865, page 79; RG77, Records of Detached Engineer Officers, Defenses of Washington, 1861-66, Entry 556, Registers of Letters Received, 1861-65, Volume 1, No. 90, Col onel A.A. Gibson; No. 74, Wm R. Hutton, Aug 4, 1862; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, SW3413, Frederick E. Prime to J.G. Totten, to Secretary of War and back on April 20 signed by Secretary of War Simon Cameron, April 19, 1861.

¹¹⁸ Horace H. Shaw, The First Maine Heavy Artillery 1861-1865 (Portland, ME: , 1903), 98; Bellard, Gone for a Soldier, 162; Vanderslice, The Civil War Letters, 41; C.B. Fairchild, Compiler, History of the 27th Regiment N.Y. Vols. . . . (Binghampton, NY: Carl & Matthews, 1888), 22; Haines, History of The Fifteenth Regiment, 17; Small, The Sixteenth Maine Regiment, 27.

¹¹⁹ Charles Paullin, "Alexandria County in 1861," RCHS, 28, 1926, 114; ORAs, I, Volume 2, 653; ORAs, I, Volume 2, 38, Barnard, May 28, 1861; RG77, E-18, B515', B, Barnard to Delafield, July 13, 1864.

¹²⁰ Dale E. Floyd, "U.S. Army Officers in Europe, 1815-1861" In Proceedings of the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy 1977. Edited by David H. White and John W. Gordon (Charleston, SC: The Citadel, 1979), 26-30; Edward M.. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers & Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America 1775-1865 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1968); Skelton, William B. Skelton, An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 1784-1861 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1992); Dale E. Floyd, Comparative Analysis, American Camp Fortifications, San Juan Island National Historical Park, prepared for the Columbia Cascades System Office, National Park Service, September 1996.

¹²¹ Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1846), 375-77; Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia Second Edition With Critical Notes on the Mexican an Crimean Wars (New York: D. Appleton & Co.,1859), 375-77; Francis A. Lord, "Army and Navy Textbooks and Manuals Used by the North during the Civil War." Military Collector &Historian, 9, Fall 1957, 61-67; Winter 1957, 95-102; Francis A. Lord, "Manuals and Training Literature," in Francis A. Lord, They Fought for the Union (Harrisburg, PA: The Stackpole Press, 1960), 39-52.

¹²² Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1846), 375-77; Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia Second Edition With Critical Notes on the Mexican an Crimean Wars (New York: D. Appleton & Co.,1859), 375-77; Francis A. Lord, "Army and Navy Textbooks and Manuals Used by the North during the Civil War." Military Collector &Historian, 9, Fall 1957, 61-67; Winter 1957, 95-102; Francis A. Lord, "Manuals and Training Literature," in Francis A. Lord, They Fought for the Union (Harrisburg, PA: The Stackpole Press, 1960), 39-52.

¹²³ Halleck, Henry W., Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1846), 374-75; Henry W.Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactics of Battles, &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and Engineers, adapted to the use of Volunteers and Militia. Second Edition. With Critical Notes, on the Mexican and Crimean Wars (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1859), 374-75.

¹²⁴ Leech, Reveille in Washington, 112.

¹²⁵ ORAs, I, Volume 5, 685.

¹²⁶ Barnard, A Report, 85.

¹²⁷ ORAs, I, Volume 2, Irvin McDowell to E.D. Townsend, May 29, 1861, 653-54; McDowell to E.D. Townsend, May 29, 1861, 654-55; G.T. Beauregard To the good People of the Counties of Loudon, Fairfax, and Prince William, June 5, 1861, 907.

¹²⁸ ORAs, I, Volume 2, G.T. Beauregard To the good People of the Counties of Loudon, Fairfax, and Prince William, June 5, 1861, 907; General Orders No. 4, Department of Northeastern Virginia, June 27, 1861, 659.

¹²⁹ ORAs, I, Volume 2, General Orders, No. 4, June 2, 1861, 659.

¹³⁰ ORAs, I, Volume 5, General Orders, No. 19, October 1, 1861, 611-12.

¹³¹ Reed Hansen, "Civil War to Civil Concern: A History of Fort Marcy, Virginia." Masters thesis in History, George Mason University, 1973, pages 3-4.

¹³² Barnard, A Report, 63, 65.

¹³³ Dale E. Floyd, "U.S. Army Officers in Europe, 1815-1861" In Proceedings of the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy 1977. Edited by David H. White and John W. Gordon (Charleston, SC: The Citadel, 1979), 26-30; U.S., Military Commission to Europe, 1855-56, Report on the Art of War in Europe in 1854, 1855, and 1856 By Richard Delafield (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1860); Laurence W. Mazzeno, "Major Richard Delafield and the U. S. Military Mission to the Crimean War," Joint Perspectives, I (Winter 1981), 72-83; RG77, Entry 18, Letters Received, 1826-66, B8422, B8464, T2164, T2171, T2172 T2164,T2190 _ (1858-59); National Archives Microfilm Publication Microcopy 567, (RG94) Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General Main Series 1822-1860, Roll 597, 359B, 1859.

¹³⁴ T.E. Compton,"Entrenched Lines in Military History Since Vauban," United Service Magazine, LIX (May 1919), 98-110; James Quentin Hughes, "Wellington & Fortifications," Fort: The International Journal of Fortification and Military Architecture (The Journal of the Fortress Study Group), XV (1987), 61-90; David G. Chandler, "Notes on Battlefields, III: The Lines of Torres Vedras, 1810-1811,"History Today, XXVIII (February 1978), 126-29; J.T. Jones, "A Report on Torres Vedras," Royal Engineers Journal, XIII (April 1911), 265-68; James Marshall- Cornwall, "The Lines of Torres Vedras," The Royal Engineers Journal, LXXV (December 1961), 383-93; A.H. Norris and R.W. Brewer, The Lines of Torres Vedras: The First Three Lines and Fortifications South of the Tagus (Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal, 1980); Edward T. Thackeray, "Sieges and the Defence of Fortified Places by the British and Indian Armies in the XIXth Century: Description of the Lines of Torres Vedras," The Royal Engineers Journal, XIX (May 1914), 309-14; Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington, "Lord Wellington's Memorandum and Instructions for the Construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras," The Royal Engineers Journal, XIV (November 1911), 285-88; "Torres Vedras," In David G. Chandler, Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979), 443-45; ORAs, I, Volume 21, 902-903; J.G. Barnard and W.F. Barry, Report of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac from Its Organization to the Close of the Peninsular Campaign (New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1863), 9-12.

¹³⁵ National Archives Microfilm Publication Microcopy 619, (RG94) Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General Main Series 1861- 1870, Roll 79, 1160 B 1862, Barnard to Stanton, transmits report of Commission, December 30, 1862; ORAs, I, Volume 5, 683; Volume 11, Part 1, 107.

¹³⁶ ORAs, I, Volume 51, Part 1, Letter submitted by SW to Speaker of house, December 11, 1861, by SW Simon Cameron recommending appropriation of $150,000. for completing the defenses with enclosures, 510; Volume 21, J.G. Barnard to Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, December 30, 1862, 903.

¹³⁷ ORAs, I, Volume 5, J.G. Barnard to General A.S. Williams, October 24, 1861, 626.

¹³⁸ Barnard, A Report, 88-90.

¹³⁹ Barnard, A Report, 95-100.