Preventing Pressure Ulcers in Veterans with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
Susan Garber MA BS
Houston VA Medical Center
Houston, TX
Funding Period: July 2003 - June 2007

BACKGROUND/RATIONALE:
Pressure ulcers are a serious, costly, and life-long complication of spinal cord injury (SCI). Pressure ulcer prevalence has been estimated at between 17 and 33% among persons with SCI residing in the community. Epidemiological studies have found that 36-50% of all persons with SCI who develop pressure ulcers will develop a recurrence within the first year after initial healing (Carlson et al., 1992; Fuhrer et al., 1993; Goldstein, 1998; Niazi et al., 1997; Salzberg et al. 1998). Recurrence rates have ranged from 21% to 79%, regardless of treatment (Schryvers et al., 2000; Goodman et al., 1999; Niazi et al., 1997). Pressure ulcer treatment is expensive. Surgical costs associated with pressure ulcer treatment can exceed $70,000 per case (Braun et al., 1992). VA administrative (National Patient Care Database, NPCD) data indicate that 41% of inpatient days in the SCI population are accounted for by either primary or secondary diagnoses of pressure ulcers or 23% of SCI inpatient days if restricted to primary diagnoses of pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcer recurrence has been associated with many factors including previous pressure ulcer surgery (Niazi et al., 1997). Although little data exist describing the factors associated with recurrence following surgery, some investigators reported recurrence rates of 11%-29% in cases with post-operative complications and 6% to 61% in cases without post-operative complications (Mandrekas & Mastorakos, 1992; Relander & Palmer, 1988; Disa et al., 1992). In a retrospective study of 48 veterans with SCI, investigators reported a 79% recurrence rate following surgery (Goodman et al., 1999).

OBJECTIVE(S):
The purpose of this project is to identify effective interventions for reducing recurrent pressure ulcers, a severe costly complication in veterans with SCI. The effect of an educational and structured telephone counseling follow-up program on prevention and health care utilization are being evaluated. Hypotheses include the following: 1) After discharge from the hospital for treatment of a severe pelvic pressure ulcer, patients receiving the education and structured telephone counseling intervention will be significantly less likely to develop a new or recurrent severe (e.g., Stage III or IV), pelvic (defined for this study as occurring in the sacrum, coccyx, trochanter, or ischium) pressure ulcer than those receiving customary care. 2) Admissions and inpatient days for severe pelvic pressure ulcers will be significantly lower for veterans receiving the education and structured telephone counseling intervention when compared to those receiving customary care.

METHODS:
Veterans admitted to 6 VA SCI Centers for medical and/or surgical treatment of a Stage III or IV pelvic pressure ulcer (sacrum, coccyx, trochanter or ischium) are randomly assigned to (1) an Intervention Group consisting of education plus structured telephone counseling follow-up or (2) a Customary Care (Control) group. Intervention Group subjects will receive a cognitive behavioral intervention based on the Trans-theoretical Stages of Change Model, which is designed to help individuals identify ways of improving health behaviors. Interviewers will collect information on demographics, health status/well being, locus of control, pressure ulcer knowledge, readiness-to-change, and health beliefs/practices prior to randomization and at the end of the study. Some of these measures will be re-administered prior to randomization and at 9 and 18 months post-discharge. Health care utilization will be monitored for all participants for the entire study period. The primary outcome (dependent) variables are (1) the occurrence or non-occurrence of another pelvic pressure ulcer within 18 months of discharge following healing and, (2) for individuals who develop pressure ulcers during the study period, time to recurrence. Intervention Group participants are expected to have fewer pressure ulcer-related admissions and, if admitted, a shorter hospital stay. Secondary outcomes include health care utilization, pressure ulcer prevention knowledge, medical and psychological health status, health beliefs and practices, and quality of life. Multi-variate logistic models will be used to examine factors associated with recurrence and to evaluate the impact of recurrence on health care utilization.

FINDINGS/RESULTS:
Recruitment and randomization have not met expectations. Reasons include: 1) patients leaving the hospital with the study ulcer unhealed; 2) patients discharged without notice; 3) patients discharged with multiple unhealed ulcers. In addition, recurrences in both groups have been within the first 3 months after discharge, earlier than expected. The Principal Investigator (PI), Co-Principal Investigator, Site PIs and consultants are addressing these issues and will identify mechanisms to improve enrollment and randomization.

IMPACT:
This project has the potential to reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers and costly hospitalization and surgery and to result in model programs for preventing recurrence. If the intervention prevents or delays recurrence, this program could be integrated into routine clinical care for all persons with SCI.

PUBLICATIONS:
None at this time.

For most recent citations (updated monthly):

DRA: Chronic Diseases
DRE: Prevention
Keywords: Spinal cord injury, Utilization patterns
MeSH Terms: