Pain and Stress
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Aabel JP, DePauw N, Joyce J (1991)
Stress of Atlantic salmon caused by handling and grading. Aquaculture
and the Environment. Special Publication, European Aquaculture Society. 14:1
NAL Call No. SH138.S64
Treatment of fish induces stress to the individuals. Indications of stress can
be abnormal behavior like spontaneous migrations towards one part of the cage,
increased breathing activity etc., but stress can also lead to increased
susceptibility to pathogens and possible higher mortality. Several papers have
demonstrated that certain blood parameters can be used as indicators of the
physiological condition of the fish. Examining blood samples can give a fairly
good impression of the stress level of the fish. Stress in cultured salmon can
be associated with different handling procedures like anaesthesia,
smoltification, grading, sorting, weighing, but can also be associated with
fluctuations in temperature, pH, oxygen, etc. For reasons mentioned in the
first chapter it is obviously very important to handle the fish as carefully as
possible to minimize the added stress. Through a series of experiments we have
tried to quantify the stress added through handling and grading of various
sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Both seawater and freshwater have been used. Analyses included concentrations
of lactate, glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin and plasmachloride.
Descriptors: fish physiology, biological stress, mortality
causes, handling, fish culture, cultured organisms, hematology, Salmo salar
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Adcock PJ, Dando PR (1983) White
muscle lactate and pyruvate concentrations in rested flounder, Platichthys flesus and plaice, Pleuronectes platessa : A re-evaluation
of handling and sampling techniques. Journal of the
Marine Biological Association of the
NAL Call No. 442.9 M331
Rapid fixing of skeletal muscle by a “freeze-clamp”
technique results in up to a 3-fold lower lactate, a slightly higher pyruvate
concentration and a 2- to 4-fold decrease in lactate/pyruvate ratio, to the
lowest value yet recorded for fish muscle, when compared with the more usual
method of direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. This is attributed to the faster
cooling rate of freeze-clamped muscle minimizing “sampling anoxia”.
Immobilizing fish either by anaesthetic or stunning produces no significant
change in metabolite levels. It is concluded that it is relatively easy to handle
quiescent flatfish, but light anaesthesia ensures no muscular activity.
Descriptors: muscles, biochemical composition, analytical
techniques, biochemistry, metabolites, fixation, Platichthys flesus, Pleuronectes platessa, Pisces, Pleuronectidae, lactate, pyruvate,
freeze-clamp technique
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
AVMA (2002) 2001 AVMA Animal Welfare Forum, Pain Management, Hyatt Regency
NAL Call No. 41.8 AM3
The proceedings cover topics on pain
management and welfare implications and medical and case reports in domestic
animals, including dogs, cats, laboratory animals, horses and cattle. Topics
include evaluation of an ELISA to measure serum thyroxine in dogs and cats,
treatment of feline Haemobartonella felis
with enrofloxacin, effect of fipronil in flea allergic dermatitis-affected
cats, acute necrotizing dermatitis and septicaemia in a cat, melanoma in a dog,
lufenuron treatment of fungal endometritis in mares, udder cleft dermatitis and
sarcoptic mange in a dairy herd, congenital protoporphyria in a calf and
surgical removal of a seminoma from a black sea bass (Centropristis striata).
Descriptors: animal welfare, blood chemistry, calves,
congenital abnormalities, dairy herds, dermatitis, drug therapy, ELISA, endometritis,
enrofloxacin, insect growth regulators, insecticides, laboratory animals, melanoma,
neoplasms, pain, scabies, surgery, therapy, thyroxine, Perciformes, Osteichthyes,
fishes, aquatic organisms, aquatic animals
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Braune HJ, Gronow G (1975) Temperature
as a stressor in Idus idus L.
(Teleostei). Zoologischer Anzeiger. 194:22-34
NAL Call No.
410 Z7
Effects of temp stimuli on substrate contents of the
epaxial muscle in
Descriptors: temperature effects, fatigue, musculoskeletal
system, Idus idus
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Carmichael GJ, Tomasso JR, Simco
BA, Davis KB (1984) Characterization and alleviation of stress associated
with hauling largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society. 113(6):778-785
NAL Call No. 414.9 AM3
Stress and mortality associated with truck transport of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were characterized
during and after simulated hauling periods of up to 30 hours at a density of
180 g fish/liter of water. Generally, “transported” fish had significantly
elevated concentrations of plasma glucose and cortisosteroids and decreased
plasma chloride concentrations and osmolality. Significant mortality was
associated with hauls of 24 and 30 hours (38% and 83-92%, respectively). Plasma
characteristics returned to near-normal 3-28 days after being hauled; recover
time generally was related to length of haul and associated mortality. Stress
was reduced significantly and mortality was eliminated when fish were treated
for diseases, held 72 hours without food before they were loaded, anesthetized
before they were loaded, hauled at a cool temperature in physiological
concentrations of salts with an antibiotic and a mild anesthetic, and allowed
to recover in the same medium less the anesthetic.
Descriptors: fish handling, transportation, mortality
causes, biological stress, stocking (organisms), Micropterus salmoides, biochemistry, alleviation
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Carragher JF, Rees CM (1994) Primary
and secondary stress responses in golden perch, Macquaria ambigua. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,
A. 107A(1):49-56
NAL Call No. QP1.C6
Golden perch (Macquaria ambigua), a
species of Australian freshwater fish, were subjected to a number of simple
stress procedures. Bloodsamples were taken and levels of commonly measured
primary and secondary stress response parameters (cortisol, glucose and
lactate) were determined. Anaesthesia and exertion of fish prior to
bloodsampling affected resting levels of some of the parameters measured. Wild
and aquarium-acclimated golden perch had low plasma cortisol levels (< 2
ng/ml). Most fish appeared to adapt well to aquarium conditions, although
occasional fish showed indications of being chronically stressed. Golden perch
responded quickly to stress (< 5 min), with increased plasma levels of
cortisol and lactate. In contrast glucose levels did not increase until at
least 10 min after the stress was initiated; by 30 min, however, the typical
hyperglycaemic response was observed. Golden perch recover rapidly from acute
stress (< 2.5 hr). Golden perch seem to acclimate quickly to conditions of
chronic stress.
Descriptors: biological stress, hormones, glucose, blood,
acclimation, response analysis, Macquaria
ambigua
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Erdmann C (1999) Schmerzempfinden
und Leidensfhigkeit bei Fischen. Eine Literaturubersicht. [Ability of Fishes
to Feel Pain and to Suffer, a Review]. Tierarztliche
Hoschschule, Hannover Germany. 155 pp. (In German, with English summary)
Descriptors: animal welfare, pain, fishes, aquatic animals
Erikson U, Sigholt T, Seland A
(1997) Handling stress and water quality during live transportation and
slaughter of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Aquaculture 149(3-4):243-252
NAL Call No. SH1 A6
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), mean
weight 5.1 kg, were transported live for 1.5 h by a well-boat (fish density 125
kg/m3) from the seacage to a fish processing plant and then kept in
the well-boat for 4 h prior to slaughter. Anaerobic white muscle activity due
to handling stress during fish loading at the cage, after shipment immediately
before slaughter, and after the fish had passed the slaughter line, was
evaluated using high-energy phosphates and IMP, the [ATP:IMP] ratio, adenylate
energy charge together with pH and redox potential measured directly in the
muscle. Water quality parameters, pH, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen,
carbon dioxide, total carbonate carbon, total alkalinity, ammonia and ammonium
were monitored at the cage, during shipment, and in the carbon dioxide
anaesthesia tank during commercial fish slaughter. No dramatic effects of
handling stress were found, indicating that transport and slaughtering did not
have an adverse effect on flesh quality. The results were explained by the
ability of the well-boat to maintain good seawater quality during transport, to
a quick bulk netting of the fish from well-boat to the slaughter line and to an
efficiently run carbon dioxide anaesthesia-tank that minimised struggling prior
to killing.
Descriptors: biological stress, fish handling,
transportation, fish culture, cage culture, processing fishery products,
aquaculture products, Salmo salar
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Kestin SC (1994) Pain
and Stress in Fish. Royal Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals. Amended. Horsham,
West Sussex : RSPCA. 36 p.
NAL Call No. SH177.S75K47 1994
Descriptors: fishes, pain,
fish culture, animal welfare
Lines JA, Frost AR (1999) Review of opportunities for low stress and
selective control of fish. Aquaculture Engineering. 20(4):211-230
Routine inspection and selective control of livestock
is an integral part of animal agriculture benefiting both animal welfare and
profitability. Appropriate developments in this field may therefore also be
expected within fin fish farming. Equipment enabling some subsurface inspection
of fish stocks has recently appeared on the market but this is as yet unmatched
by equipment which would enable subsurface selective interaction for the
purpose of sampling, further inspection or selective application of remedial
measures. Currently available non selective fish control techniques are
reviewed and some potential methods for selective control are considered. Since
most forms of selective control must rely on fish's response to signals the
paper is organised on the basis of the sensory systems that might be used. A brief
introduction to each system is given followed by a review of any current
control techniques and possibilities for developing selective control systems.
Descriptors: fish
inspection, biological stress, sense functions, control
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Meyer WF, Cook PA (1996) An
assessment of the use of low-level aerobic swimming in promoting recovery from
handling stress in rainbow trout. Aquaculture International. 4(2):169-174
NAL Call No.
SH1.A627
Transportation and handling may stress fish (Barton and Peter, 1982; Barton et
al., 1986), leading to the undesirable consequence that fish are unloaded from
transport units in a stressed condition (Barton et al., 1980; Specker and
Schreck, 1980). Characteristically, such stress results in alterations to both
behaviour (Sigismondi and Weber, 1988) and physiological state (Mazeaud et al.,
1977), which may give rise to transport mortality (Wedemeyer, 1976).
Consequently, economic and ethical considerations have prompted numerous
studies into methods that reduce transport stress (e.g. Wedemeyer, 1972; Barton
and Peter, 1982; Carmichael et al., 1984; Robertson et al., 1988) and the
manipulation of the transport water osmolality, cold water transport, and
anaesthetic treatment prior to transport, have shown some success. All of the
aforementioned methods of fish transport reduce the magnitude of transport
stress, but little work has focused on promoting stress recovery. Since the
initial loading of fish into the transport container is the most stressful component
of transport (Miles et al., 1974; Specker and Schreck, 1980), we were curious
to know if the recovery process could be initiated during transport itself,
leading to the arrival of fish in a less stressed condition. It was examined
whether low-level aerobic swimming following handling stress would hasten
stress recovery in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) over that of unswum fish.
Descriptors: aquaculture techniques, biological stress,
freshwater fish, swimming, Oncorhynchus
mykiss
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Moberg GP, Mench JA (Eds) (2000)
The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles
and Implications for Animal Welfare. 377 pp. CABI Publishing Wallingford,
UK
NAL Call No.
QP82.2 S8 B55 2000
This book brings together a range of scientific perspectives
from biomedical research on stress and welfare, and assesses new approaches to
conceptualizing and alleviating stress. While much of the focus in on
conventional farm animals, there is also consideration of fishes, laboratory
animals and zoo animals. The 30 contributors include leading authorities from
North America, Europe, New Zealand and Australia. This book is invaluable for
advanced students and researchers in animal behaviour, animal welfare, animal
production, veterinary medicine and applied psychology. For more information
see the CABI Publishing online bookshop (http://www.cabi.org/Bookshop/).
Descriptors: stress, biology, animal welfare, animal behaviour
Copyright © 2003, CAB International.
Muiswinkel WB van (1999) The interaction between immune competence
and stress responses in relation to fish health problems. Fourth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture:
Aquatic Animal Health for Sustainability November 22 26, 1999, Cebu International
Convention Center, Waterfront Cebu City Hotel, Cebu City, Philippines. Note:
Book of abstracts.
NAL Call No.
SH171 S96
It is known that severe and chronic stress is
unavoidable during standard procedures in aquaculture. These conditions may
lead to acute mortalities or losses caused by diseases. Improving the
resistance to disease and/or stress by genetic means is an attractive approach
to reduce these widespread welfare problems in aquaculture. However, genetic
selection for one type of response may affect the other, due to the delicate
balance between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system. To our
knowledge these possible negative effects of selection have not been
investigated in fish. Recent results from a multidisciplinary research program
(supported by the Dutch SLW/LNV priority program) will be reviewed. The program
consists of three closely related and interdependent projects aimed at the
analysis of specific carp (Cyprinus
carpio) strains selected for either stress response or immune competence
for the following aspects: 1) The physiological responses to a stressor
(crowding), which is typical for an aquaculture situation (Fish Culture &
Fisheries Group, Wageningen Agricultural University, NL); 2) The modulating
effect of a stressor on the genetically determined differences in immune
responsiveness (Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Wageningen Agricultural
University, NL); 3) The quantitative analysis of the stress response and of
immuno-neuro-endocrine interactions (Dept of Animal Physiology, University of
Nijmegen, NL).
Descriptors: fish culture,
immunity, genetics, selective breeding, biological stress, animal physiology,
husbandry diseases, disease resistance, Cyprinus
carpio
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Oidtmann B, Hoffmann RW (2001) Schmerzen und Leiden bei Fischen[Pain and
suffering in fish]. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift.
114(7-8): 277-82. (In German with an
English summary)
NAL
Call No. 41.8 B45
The question on the capability of fish to
feel pain and of suffering are still subject of discussion nowadays. In the
article presented, the information available in the literature to date is
summarised. Based on this knowledge, the conclusion is drawn that fish are
capable of feeling pain and that they are able to suffer in the sense of the
word as used in the German animal welfare law.
( 66 Refs.)
Descriptors: fishes, physiology, pain, veterinary,
animal welfare, legislation and jurisprudence, autonomic nervous system,
physiology, Germany, pain prevention and control, stress
Peters G (1988) Schmerz und Stress bei Fischen. [Stress
and pain in fish.] Deutsche Tieraerztliche
Wochenschrift. 95(2):60-63. (In German with an English summary)
Descriptors: fishes, stress, pain, animal welfare, animal
health, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, disorders, dysregulation,
functional disorders, injurious factors, physiological, functions
Rose JD (2002) The neurobehavioral nature of fishes and the
question of awareness and pain. Reviews in Fisheries Science.
10(1):1-38.
NAL Call No. SH1.R425
This review examines the neurobehavioral nature of fishes and addresses the
question of whether fishes are capable of experiencing pain
and suffering. The detrimental effects of anthropomorphic thinking and the importance
of an evolutionary perspective for understanding the neurobehavioral differences
between fishes and humans are discussed. The differences in central nervous
system structure that underlie basic neurobehavioral differences between fishes
and humans are described. The literature on the neural basis of consciousness
and of pain is reviewed, showing
that: (1) behavioral responses to noxious stimuli are separate from the psychological
experience of pain, (2) awareness
of pain in humans depends on
functions of specific regions of cerebral cortex, and (3) fishes lack these
essential brain regions or any functional equivalent, making it untenable that
they can experience pain. Because
the experience of fear, similar to pain, depends on cerebral cortical structures that are absent from
fish brains, it is concluded
that awareness of fear is impossible for fishes. Although it is implausible
that fishes can experience pain
or emotions, they display robust, nonconscious, neuroendocrine, and physiological
stress responses to noxious stimuli. Thus, avoidance of potentially injurious
stress responses is an important issue in considerations about the welfare of
fishes.
Descriptors: pain, nociception,
stress, awareness, anthropomorphism, neurophysiology, literature reviews, behavioural
responses, biological stress, nature conservation
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/Fishwelfare/Rose.pdf
Schreck CB (2000) Accumulation and long-term effects of
stress in fish. (Eds:) Moberg GP, Mench JA. The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for
Animal Welfare. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. p.147-158.
NAL
Call No. QP82.2 S8 B55 2000
Descriptors: stress, stress response, physiology, performance,
fishes, aquatic animals
Wells RMG, Tetens V, Devries AL
(1984) Recovery from stress following capture and anaesthesia of Antarctic
fish: Haematology and blood chemistry. Journal of Fish Biology.
25(5):567-576
NAL Call No. QL614 J68
Qualitative changes in haematology and blood chemistry of the giant Antarctic
cod, Dissostichus mawsoni, were
followed during recovery from the stresses of capture and cannulation under MS
222 anaesthesia. Cannulation with anaesthesia resulted in a transient rise in
haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration, and a fall in blood pH. These
changes returned to stable values 8-24 h later. Blood lactate and mean
corpuscular haemoglobin concentration remained near to resting values.
Experiments with the smaller species, Pagothenia
borchgrevinki, indicated that erythrocyte swelling, elevated blood lactate,
and changes in ATP concentration were delayed manifestations of severe
agitational stress. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation
to oxygen transport in fish having low metabolic rates, and also in relation to
widely used techniques for sampling blood.
Descriptors: hematology, biological stress, Dissostichus mawsoni, Pagothenia
borchgrevinki
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Aspects of Animal Welfare and Aquaculture - A Compendium of Selected Literature by
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for studying effects of pollutants on cardiorespiratory physiology in fish.
Informes Tecnicos. Instituto de Investigaciones
Pesqueras., Yamamori K, Hanyu I, Hibiya T (1971)
Electrocardiography of the eel by means of underwater electrodes. Bulletin
of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 37(2)94-97 Aspects of Animal Welfare and Aquaculture - A Compendium of Selected Literature by Richard D. Moccia and Kristopher P. Chandroo; Aquaculture Centre,
http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~aquacentre/aec/publications/welfare-bib.html
Dr. James D. Rose
http://www.anglingmatters.com/DrRoseReport.pdf
http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/animalwelfare/Fish%20pain/Contents.htm
NAL Call No. QD1 A45 No. 99
Biotransformation of selected chemicals by freshwater fish is accomplished
through a diversity of biochemical pathways. Biliary and renal excretion of
glucuronide conjugates of two lampricides, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) and 2',5'-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73), have been
demonstrated. Glucuronide conjugation has also been demonstrated with the fish
anesthetic, 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole (Piscaine). Preliminary studies have
indicated that fish are capable of hydrolyzing Bayer 73 to two fragments,
5-chloro-salicylic acid and 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. Hydrolysis of the ester
linkage of methane sulfonate of m-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (MS-222) to
form m-aminobenzoic acid has been shown in freshwater and saltwater fish. Amino
groups in MS-222 and Piscaine are subject to N-acetylation. Most of the acid
metabolites of the fish anesthetics are excreted renally. Dealkylation of a
substituted amine was shown by the stepwise deethylation of dinitramine
(NSUP-3,NSUP-3 -diethyl-2,4-dinitro-6-trifluoromethyl-m-phenylenediamine) in
carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish are also
capable of biotransformation involving substitution; fish exposed to Thanite
(isobornyl thiocyanoacetate) apparently release cyanide by substituting a
methyl group to form isobornyl- -(methylthio)acetate.
Descriptors: chemical pollutants, pollution effects, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinidae, Pisces
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Residues of MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate) in muscle tissue of Northern
pike, muskellunge, and walleye following anesthesia were measured by a modified
Bratton-Marshall colorimetric method and confirmed by TLC. The residues
dissipate rapidly from the muscle when fish are withdrawn from the anesthetic
and are near the background readings of the controls within 24 hours.
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: MS 222, Northern pike, muskellunge, walleye,
anesthetic
NAL Call No.
SH157.7 I58
MS-22, a commonly used fish anesthetic, reacts with the Bratton-Marshall
reagents to form a winered dye. Residues of MS-222 determined by this reaction
are not distinguished from other primary aromatic amines. TLC was used to
identify MS-222 in the presence of background primary aromatic amines in fish
muscle, brain, and blood. This method, in which the Bratton-Marshall reaction
is used to visualize the spots, gave both the specificity of the
Bratton-Marshall reaction for primary aromatic amines and the Rf of MS-222 as
tools for identification of the residus. Recoveries of 25 to 60% were obtained
in muscle samples spiked with 2 to 10 ppm of MS-222. Quantitative estimation
was difficult in samples spiked with 2 ppm or less, but presence of MS-222
residues could be confirmed in samples spiked with as little as 0.2 ppm. Since
the meta-aminobenzoate ester can be identified at these concentrations, this
should be a useful ancillary or confirmatory method for determining the rate of
disappearance of drug residues in fish flesh and obtaining data for clearance
and registration of the anesthetic with the Food and Drug Administration.
Descriptors: MS-222, fish, tissues, anesthesia, analgesia,
concentration, residues, chromatography,
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No.
442.8 B77
Adult brown trout (300-600 g) were acclimated for 2 weeks to an artificial soft
water (Ca 2+, 50 mu moll-1) and maintained at either 5°C
(October to March) or 15°C (May to August). Following insertion of a cannula
into the dorsal aorta under MS-222 anaesthesia and a recovery period of 2 days,
the fish were exposed to a 4 day episode of sub-lethal copper levels at pH5 or
kept at control conditions of pH7 without copper. The copper concentrations had
been predetermined by toxicity testing and were approximately 0.47 mu moll-1
at 5°C and 0.08 mu moll-1 at 15°C. At 5°C, a group of fish was also
exposed to approximately 0.08 mu moll-1 copper at pH5. Plasma total
ammonia (Tamm) concentration was significantly elevated by exposure to
copper and pH5. In resting trout exposed to the appropriate sub-lethal copper
concentration at pH5, Tamm was six and 7.5 times greater at 5 and
15°C, respectively, than those of control trout at the respective temperatures.
Although unconfirmed, an elevation of ammonia production alone seems unlikely
to account for such substantial increases. From previous studies, there is
little evidence of impairment of respiratory gas exchange in trout exposed to
these copper concentrations and yet, in the acidic test waters, the gradient of
NH3 partial pressure between fish and water was 5.5-6 times greater
than that under control conditions. Swimming performance determined by the
critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was reduced by copper and acid
exposure, and a significant relationship existed between Ucrit and
the plasma ammonia concentration of exercised trout. Ammonium ions influence
several key enzymes involved in energy metabolism, and elevated ammonia levels
might, therefore, reduce the capacity of muscle to exercise. Alternatively,
ammonia may have affected the nervous coordination of exercise either centrally
or by disrupting peripheral motor innervation.
Descriptors: swimming, copper, pH effects, ammonia,
haematology, pollution effects, hypoxia, Salmo
trutta, pH, hematology, toxicity testing, trout, sublethal effects,
hydrogen ion concentration, toxicity, water pollution effects
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No.
RA565 A1E5
The effects of chrysotile asbestos on larval coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and juvenile green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) were investigated at
levels approximating those reported in the Great Lakes basin (106
fibers/liter). Behavioral stress effects, such as loss of rheotaxic position
and balance, were observed in salmon exposed at 3.0 x 106
fibers/liter and in sunfish exposed at 1.5 and 3.0 x 106
fibers/liter. Coho larvae at 1.5 x 106 fibers/liter were
significantly more susceptible to an anesthetic stress test, becoming ataxic
and losing equilibrium faster than control cohorts. Two of 106 larvae exposed
at 3.0 x 106 fibers/liter developed tumorous swellings and three
additional fish developed coelomic distentions. Cytological examination of
ventral epidermal tissue revealed cellular histolysis, and evidence by
transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of asbestos in the salmon
larvae. Distortion of the lateral line region in asbestos-treated coho salmon
was linked to behavioral and orientational aberrations.
Descriptors: asbestos, behavior, pathology, toxicity, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Lepomis cyanellus,
effects on
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a distinctive form of ichthyosarcotoxism characterised
mainly by gastrointestinal and neurological disturbances. The ciguatoxins, responsible
for this poisoning, are complex polyethers produced by toxic strains of the
dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. These toxins are increased to dangerous
levels for man during their transmission through herbivorous and carnivorous
fish, various species being contaminated. The known molecular target of ciguatoxins
is the voltagegated Na+ channel. During the action of these toxins, the permanent
opening of channels, at the resting membrane potential, produces a continuons
entry of Na+ ions in excitable tells causing a marked increase in membrane excitability
and in cellular volume. To precise the neurocellular bases of the efficacy of
some agents used in clinical and traditional treatments of ciguatera, their
effects were studied on frog myelinated axons exposed to Pacific ciguatoxin-1B
(CTX-1B). During the action of this toxin, the increase in axonal volume and
membrane excitability was reversed by lidocaine (a local anaesthetic), by CaCl2
and by hyperosmotic external solutions (containing D-mannitol, sucrose or tetramethylammonium
chloride). The CTX-1B-induced hyperexcitability of the membrane was also reversed
by extracts of Argusia argentea leaves
or Davallia solida rhizomes, used
traditionally in New-Caledonia. It is concluded that the various agents studied
are able to counteract the neurocellular effects of CTX-1B in myelinated axons.
These results are of particular interest since they provide a scientific basis
to understand the beneficial action of therapeutic agents used in the treatment
of ciguatera fish poisoning.
Descriptors: ciguatoxin,
fish poisoning, ions, therapy
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No.
500 N21P
Tecrodotoxin from Japanese puffer fish has been labeled with tritium and
purified from the crude mixture obtained. The interaction between the purified
[3H]tetrodotoxin and membrane suspensions from the olfactory nerve
of long-nosed garfish has been investigated by equilibrium dialysis.
Tetrodotoxin binds to membrane suspensions with a dissociation constant KD=8.3nM.
The nerve preparation binds 42 pmol of [3H]tetrodotoxin/g of wet
tissue at saturating toxin concentrations. With various hydrolic enzymes, the
binding component is shown to be a protein embedded in a phospholipid
environment. The binding is inhibited below pH 4.0 and is not stable towards
heat. Tetrodotoxin binding is not inhibited by the local anesthetic, procaine.
Descriptors: tetrodotoxin, puffer fish, nerve tissue
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: fish, anatomy, physiology, CNS, central
nervous sytem, neurobiology
Descriptors: neurobiology, CNS, comparative evolution,
ray-finned fish
NAL Call No. QH541.5.W3A6
The acute joint toxicity of industrial organic chemicals to the fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas) was determined
for binary and equitoxic multiple chemical mixtures. Results from binary tests
were used to define isobole diagrams. The degree of joint toxic action was
determined among 27 chemicals from seven different chemical classes. The slopes
of the acute concentration response relationships were quite similar for all
test chemicals. This suggests that the mode of acute toxic action for these
chemicals is alike though it may not be identical. Intoxication signs of fish
exposed to nearly all test chemicals were also similar and indicative of an
anesthetic like effect. The results of isobole diagrams for binary mixtures,
with 1-octanol as the reference chemical, demonstrated a near concentration
additive acute joint action over a wide range of mixture ratios, for each
chemical from 7 different classes.
Descriptors: organic compounds, synergism, toxicity,
chemical pollutants, Pimephales promelas,
acute toxicity, mixtures
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No. QP1.C6
(1) Comparative toxicity and anaesthetic
conc of quinaldine (2-methylquinoline), 9 related quinolines and
2-methylpyridine were studied in mice and several spp of fish. The compds were
administered as methanesulfonate salts. (2) The absorption and excretion rates
of quinaldine were similar in fish and the drug was excreted unchanged. (3) The
anaesthetic conc in sea water for 2-, 6-, 7-, and 8- methylquinolines in fish
was similar, 0.05-0.15 mM. (4) The LD50 values for mice were of the same order
of magnitude for all quinolines studied, i.e. 0.5-3 m-moles/kg, i.p.
Descriptors: quinaldine, shark, anesthetic, fish, LD50
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No. QP351 N3
Descriptors: teleost,
telencephalon, fish, neurobiology
NAL Call No. 444.8 G28
Descriptors: neurobiology,
glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactive neurons, Kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka kenerlyi
NAL Call No. QP351 J68
Descriptors: neurobiology,
neurology, CNS, elasmobranch, shark, serotonin, neuropeptides
Descriptors: neurology, peripheral nervous system,
Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina
Descriptors: neurobiology, telencephalon, CNS, electric
fish, Gymnotus carapo
Descriptors: teleost, telencephalon, neurobiology,
behaviour
Descriptors: neurobiology, CNS, brain, behaviour,
electrical stimulation
Descriptors: neurobiology, cerebellum, telencephalon
NAL Call No. QL614.Z44
Data on the blood chemistry of a chondrostean fish, the Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii), are reported as
measured with different sampling procedures, and as related to rearing
conditions and age. Serum cortisol, glucose, osmolality, Na+, Cl-,
Ca2+ and total protein concentrations were measured. Reference
values for the blood chemistry of farmed sturgeon were measured on samples from
resting undisturbed animals collected via a thronic indwelling catheter in the
dorsal aorta that was implanted under anaesthesia. Following 24 h recovery from
catheterization, serum cortisol, glucose and osmolality levels were 9.4 ng/ml,
58.8 mg/dl and 261.4 mOsm/kg, respectively. Furthermore, blood samples
collected with the chronic indwelling catheters indicated that the surgical
procedure of cannulation caused a stress response, with physiological changes
that followed a pattern like that described in teleosts. Cortisol, glucose and
osmolality were more sensitive to stress than the other variables measured.
Sampling by cardiac puncture tended to be associated with elevated serum
cortisol levels in older, larger sturgeon, but not in young fish. Greater capture,
confinement and handling stress in older, larger, sturgeon may have been
responsible for this and other age-related differences in blood chemistry
values measured following cardiac puncture. Within the same age class, both
rearing conditions and temperature affected cortisol, sodium and total protein
concentrations significantly. Anaesthesia did not appear to reduce the degree
of stress associated with cardiac puncture but altered serum ion
concentrations.
Descriptors: haematology, rearing, environmental
conditions, biological stress, Acipenser
naccarii
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Month-old rainbow trout alevins, of mean weight 0.15g, were immunised by
abdominal injection of dinitrophenol (DNP) combined with keyhole-limpet
haemocyanin, under MS-222 anaesthesia. Three months later (at mean body weight
3.0g) serum tested by Ouchterlony's gel diffusion technique with
DNP-haemocyanin gave a precipitation reaction in 10 out of the 28 fish. Thus in
an alevin at one month, i. e. before feeding begins, immune competence may
already have developed.
Descriptors: immunology, Oncorhynchus mykiss
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Recent work at the zebrafish neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has shown that
positively charged acetylcholine (ACh), at the high concentrations reached in
the cleft during neuromuscular transmission, blocks acetylcholine receptors
(AChRs) as soon as they open. Thus after two ACh molecules bind and open the
channel, a third molecule enters and blocks the pore at a site resembling that
for block by local anesthetics, suggesting that ACh is the endogenous
anesthetic of the NMJ. Recovery from open channel block results in a rebound
synaptic current only after ACh is cleared from the cleft. Kinetic modeling of
other AChRs suggests that a rebound current is generated at all vertebrate
NMJs, from fish to frogs to mammals. Open channel block prolongs the current at
fast zebrafish NMJs in order to more effectively spread charge along the
fibers, akin to multiple central synapses spread over dendrites. Together these
findings indicate the need for a fundamental revision of current thinking about
neuromuscular transmission at many levels, including channel structure,
function and pharmacology.
Descriptors: nerves, muscles, neurotransmitters,
electrophysiology, Danio rerio, zebra
danio
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No. 470 Sci2
Descriptors: neurobiology,
CNS, goldfish, telencephalon, cerebellum
NAL Call No. QP901 P4
Descriptors: morphine, biochemistry, neurobiology, MIF-1,
naloxone, Carassius auratus
Descriptors: neurobiology, physiology, psychobiology,
mesotelencephalic dopamine system
NAL Call No. 470 Sci2
Descriptors: neurobiology,
telencephalon, nonolfactory sensation, teleost
Descriptors: neurobiology, teleost, telencephalon,
cerebellum
NAL Call No. QL614 J68
The reproductive cycle of C. lavaretus
in
Descriptors: reproduction, seasonal variations, blood,
spawning, life cycle, Coregonus lavaretus,
British Isles, Scotland, Lomond L
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: neurobiology, dopaminergic neurons, MPTP,
goldfish, CNS, microscopy
Descriptors: neurobiology, physiology, CNS, fish
NAL Call No. QL614 J68
The histological effects of cyanide, stress and starvation on the
gastrointestinal tract of Pomacentrus
coelestris, a common marine aquarium fish species, were investigated.
Neither anaesthetic cyanide nor stress were found to have any detectable
effects on the mucosal lining of the intestine. However, starvation resulted in
a significant reduction in the intestine length, the surface area of the
intestinal mucosa and the mucosal thickness, all occurring within 13 days.
Descriptors: histology, cyanides, digestive system, Pomacentrus coelestris, biological
stress, aquariology
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: neurobiology, behaviour, fish, tonic
inhibition
Descriptors: anatomy, physiology, neurobiology, fish
NAL Call No. QP1 C6
Descriptors: physiology, hormones, pituitary,
adrenocorticotropic, opiate, carp, Cyprinus
carpio
NAL Call No. SH171 A56
Many aspects of the use of chemical agents to combat
diseases in aquaculture should be based on a firm knowledge of their
pharmacokinetic behaviour in fish. The environmental conditions (temperature,
salinity, pH etc.) under which kinetic studies are conducted, may vary greatly.
Pharmacokinetic experiments to determine the rate and magnitude of absorption
from water or feed, distribution, qualitative and quantitative metabolism and
excretion in fish under various environmental conditions, are important for the
determination of correct dosage regimens and withdrawal periods. These studies
are often technically very difficult to carry out. Several techniques and
experimental designs for different kinetic experiments are described in this
review. Techniques requiring considerable manipulation of the fish, such as
anaesthesia, catheterisation, cannulation, and immobilisation in metabolism
chambers, will subject the fish to significant stress, which in turn may
influence the data generated. The parameters reported thus often show
considerable divergence. The influence of the experimental design on the
results obtained has rarely been studied or addressed in papers describing
pharmacokinetic studies in fish. In future studies, more attention should be
paid to validation of the experimental methods.
Descriptors: fish culture, fish diseases, disease control,
pharmacology, drugs, Salmonidae, environmental factors
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Human ingenuity has made it possible to advent the chromosome manipulation
techniques to produce individuals with differing genomic status in a number of
fish using various causal agents such as physical shocks (temperature or hydrostatic
pressure), chemical (endomitotics) and anaesthetic treatments either to
suppress the second meiotic division shortly after fertilization of eggs or to
prevent the first mitotic division shortly prior to mitotic cleavage formation.
This results in the induction of polyploidy (triploidy and tetraploidy),
gynogenesis (both meiotic and mitotic leading to clonal lines) and androgenesis
in fish population. The rationale for the induction of such ploidy in fish has
been its potential for generating sterile individuals, rapidly inbred lines and
masculinized fish, which could be of benefit to fish farming and aquaculture.
In this paper, these are critically reviewed and the implication of recently
developed chromosome manipulation techniques to various fin fishes is
discussed.
Descriptors: aquaculture techniques, fish culture,
biotechnology, reproduction, chromosomes, cell division, fish eggs, polyploids,
gynogenesis, androgenesis, clones, hybrid culture
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: neurobiology, physiology, morphine, goldfish
NAL Call No. 389.8 F7322
After 40 hr storage at 2°C, the tensile strength of “rested” king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) “white” muscle
was 2.7 times that of the “exhausted” muscle with the “rested” muscle retaining
its immediate post-capture strength. A combination of behavioral conditioning,
conservative handling practices and chemical anaesthesia (AQUI-STM)
was used to minimize the extent of pre-mortem exercise and thereby provide
“rested” fish. Postmortem electrical stimulation of the “rested” animals was
used to produce “exhausted” muscle. This study highlights the importance of
reducing pre-harvest exercise in the production of high quality fish muscle.
Descriptors: muscles, mechanical properties, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, storage
effects, human food, fish handling, quality control, tensile strength
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No. SH138 W62
A commercially available heterogeneous, solid-phase tube enzyme-linked
immunoassay (ELISA) was modified and validated for the measurement of serum
cortisol in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss. The assay is accurate and precise. Resting and stress-elevated serum
cortisol concentrations were measured in rainbow trout with a sensitivity of
1.5 ng/ml. Fish held in net-pens at a density of 0.4 kg/m3/cm had a
resting cortisol level of 16.5 ± 3.8 ng/ml (mean ± SE). At 3 h
post-disturbance, serum cortisol levels were not affected by the removal of
fish from adjacent net-pens with dip nets or by the use of 200 mg/L tricaine
methanesulfonate (MS-222) as an anesthetic for obtaining samples. However, an
acute stress (60 s removal from water) elevated serum cortisol levels to 73.7 ±
9.4 ng/ml.
Descriptors: fish culture, cage culture, biological
stress, bioassays, serum, Oncorhynchus
mykiss, ELISA, corticosteroids
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No.
414.9 J274
According to the modified McFarland's criterion and the diagrammatical
display procedure, behavioural analyses of the central nervous system
depressant activity of 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole, a piscine anesthetic, were
carried out. Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
as a representative of a fresh water type, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii irideus) as a mid type between fresh and salt
water and yellowtail (Seriola
quinqueradiata) as a salt water type were used. The analyses resulted in
establishing a methodological standardization procedure for the application of
anesthetics upon a given fish for handling and transportation for aquacultural
use. For the bathing anesthetization of carp, a conc of 30-40 ppm provided good
anesthesia for 20-40 min. For the bathing sedation, a conc at 12 ppm provided
good sedation for 3-72 hr. For the bathing anesthetization of rainbow trout, a
conc at 20-30 ppm provided good anesthesia for 40 min to 3 hr and for the
bathing sedation, a conc at 10 ppm provided good sedation for 24 hr. For the
bathing anesthetization of yellowtail, a conc at 15-20 ppm provided good anesthesia
for 10-25 min. For the bathing sedation, a conc at 8 ppm provided good sedation
for 4.5 hr.
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: 2-ammino-4-phenylthiazole, CNS, neurobiology, anesthesia, anesthetic, fish
Descriptors: neurobiology, CNS, evolution, fish
NAL Call No. 447.8 P563
Descriptors: neurobiology,
mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic network, physiology
NAL Call No. QP901 P4
Descriptors: biochemistry,
goldfish, amphetamine, pentobarbital
NAL Call No. 444.8 Z3
Descriptors: physiology, trigeminal,
neurobiology, sea lamprey
NAL Call No. QP901 P4
Descriptors: neurobiology,
substance P, dopaminergic system, neuropeptide, Carassius auratus
Descriptors: goldfish, neurobiology, behaviour, substance
P, neuropeptide
NAL Call No. QP1 P4
Descriptors: telencephalon, physiology, neurobiology,
dopaminergic drug, teleost, Oreochromis
NAL Call No.
SH1 A72
Body temps of brown trout, rainbow trout, perch, pike, chub, barbel and eel
have been measured using orally and surgically implanted temp transmitters.
Temps of resting fish did not differ significantly from the temp of the ambient
water. Vigorous struggling in a net caused the muscle temp to rise to a maximum
of 0.72°C above ambient. During continuous swimming in the fish wheel the body
temp did not rise substantially, but after swimming, moderate temp rises were
usually observed. Adjustment of body temp after activity to the water temp took
place within 20 to 100 minutes. Feeding increased the body temp mainly in conjunction
with swimming activity. Time for body temp adaptation in living fish after
thermal shock is two thirds of that observed in dead fish, which again depends
on a body wt-length relation. Blood circulation intensity is essential for
thermal exchange in large fish and can be influenced by an anaesthetic (MS222).
Under normal conditions, no specific differences in thermal regime were found
among the fish spp tested.
Descriptors: water temperature, temperature effects,
methodology, body temperature, thermoregulation, length-weight relationships,
blood circulation, controlled conditions, Pisces, Anguilla anguilla, Leuciscus, Barbus, Perca fluviatilis, Esox lucius,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: apomorhpine, d-amphetamine, chloropromazine,
psychoparmacology, teleost, Aequidens
pulcher, neurobiology
Descriptors: neurobiology, CNS, neuroendocrine control,
fish
NAL Call No. QP1 C6
Descriptors: neurobiology, adrenocorticotropin-like,
opiate-like, CNS, red grouper, teleost, Epineaphelus
akaara
NAL Call No.
QL639.1.F583
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
were sampled individually, at rest, following air exposures of up to 8 min,
during recovery from a 5 min air exposure or after a 5 min chase. The spleen
was photographed in vivo at rest and following 5 min air exposure in one fish.
The effect of individual versus serial sampling from the same tank and of MS222
anaesthesia was also examined. Spleen hemoglobin content (SpHb), spleen somatic
index (100 x spleen weight/body weight; SSI), blood hemoglobin concentration
(Hb), and hematocrit (Ht), were measured. Mean cell hemoglobin concentration
(MCHC), erythrocyte reservoir size, and relative contributions of reservoir
release, erythrocyte swelling, and plasma water loss to hemoconcentration were
calculated.
Descriptors: erythrocytes, spleen, fish physiology, body
weight, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo gairdneri, haemoglobins, somatic
index
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No.
442.8 B77
(1) In the free-swimming electrode-implanted goldfish, the neural response
in the medulla to a constant auditory stimulus may exhibit reversible
fluctuations in amplitude which are abolished by anaesthesia. (2) The results
are consistent with the action of an auditory control system which can reduce
or enhance the input following a click. (3) Noise-masking effects and reflex
muscular control were excluded by demonstrating the relative constancy of the
rectified microphonic during simultaneous changes in the clic-evoked action
potential at the medulla. (4) There are 3 kinds of response modification:
habituation, rapid inhibitory feedback, and facilitation. (5) Both feedback and
habituation act predominantly on high-threshold auditory fibres. Low-threshold
fibres do not become habituated, and dishabituation does not occur. (6) As in
the mammal, anaesthetic reduces the tendency of the system to become habituated
by an amount which depends on the dosage. Auditory fibres with highest
threshold have the greatest tendency to become habituated and are the least
affected in this respect by anaesthetic. (7) Simple conditioning experiments
indicate that control influences exerted over the input can be biased by
positive or negative reinforcement which follows the auditory stimulus. (8) The
control system may work in attention, in frequency analysis, or in suppressing
input to self-made sounds. (9) A new hypothesis is made on the biological
significance of hearing in fish. A fish may be able to tell if other swimming
fish are approaching, receding, or moving tangentially by analysing the
proportions in time of the compressions and rarefactions present in the
swimming sounds, which are proposed to be asymmetrical.
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: goldfish, audition,
hearing, neurobiology, medulla
This thesis studies the hydrostatic pressure effects until 151 atm on the
trout (Salmo trutta) in experimental
conditions. The high pressure effects of several inert gases (nitrogen, helium,
argon) are examined by observing the respiratory ventilation, the nervous
regulation and the heart rhythm. Some anesthetic substances first at barometric
pressure, then at hydrostatic pressure are used to compare their narcotic
effects on the fish physiology and behavior. The methodology and experimental
conditions are described.
Descriptors: pressure effects, rare gases, helium,
nitrogen, argon, nervous system, heart, respiration, physiology, Salmo trutta
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No.
414.9 Am3
Quinaldine, an anaesthetic for fish, loses its effectiveness in solutions
having pH values< 6. Measured quantities of un-ionized quinaldine in
solution compared favourably with calculated values at selected pHs. Quinaldine
residues in fish and un-ionized quinaldine in solution were measured by gas
chromatography.
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: pH, quinalidine, anesthetic,
fish
URL: http://gessler.ingentaselect.com/vl=2030559/cl=122/fm=docpdf/nw=1/rpsv/cw/rsl/09628452/v270n1520/s2/p1115
Descriptors: fish, pain, nociception, trout, teleost, CNS,
behaviour, physiology, noxious stimuli
NAL Call No. 414.9 AM3
Data for fish growth studied often derive from formalin preserved specimens,
but little information is available on the effect of the preservation on
spiny-rayed fishes. The effect of 10% formalin on length and weight of yellow
perch (Perca flavescens) was checked
during an 18.5 months period. 55 perch were left in anaesthetic solution (0.8%
ethylether) until death. Length and weight were recorded prior to death, after
1 hour, then after 1 hour in formalin. Observations were repeated on a
geometric time scale for 1 week, weekly for 1 month, then monthly for 7 months
and finally 18.5 months after killing. Tabled results show immediate shrinkage
in small fish, largely complete in 24 hour but an initial increase in large
fish with subsequent shrinkage complete in 5 days. No length corrections are
thought necessary for preserved perch. In all perch weight showed an initial
rapid increase, which slowed for a short period, then a protracted period of
increase followed by a period of decrease (135 to 557 days).
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: formalin, yellow perch,
spiny-ray fishes, preservative, anesthetic
NAL Call No.
SH1 F8
The aim of this work was to investigate the factors that affect the metabolic
rates of guppies, Poecilia reticulata, by measuring the oxygen uptakes of
guppies individually or in groups in closed vessels to simulate the actual
packaging conditions. Metabolic rates of guppies increased with the increase of
temperatures. Anaesthetic, 2-phenoxyethanol, suppressed the oxygen consumption rates.
Grouped fish also showed lower metabolic rates than individual fish. Light and
starvation did not produced any effect. The pH of the water, ammonium and
carbon dioxide concentrations had significant effects on the metabolic rates of
guppies.
Descriptors: animal metabolism, controlled conditions, Poecilia reticulata, environmental
factors, oxygen consumption, group effects, light effects, starvation, pH
effects, temperature effects, ornamental fish, fish handling, metabolic rate
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No.
SH138.S64
Amongst the main toxicants for fish, heavy metals have been shown to induce a
wide range of effects including changes in respiratory and haematological
parameters or energetic resources. At the same time, molecular responses can
also be detected such as induction of metallothioneins in liver, low molecular
metal-binding proteins involved in heavy metal detoxification. The occurrence
of heavy metal contamination can be related as well to an stressing situation,
since the consequences of contamination lead to similar changes in some
particular physiological indicators (Torres et al. 1986). Moreover it has been
shown that both metal treatment and stress would rise the degree of lipid
peroxidation due to an increase in free radical production. In this work we try
to correlate the fish responses to both metal toxic concentrations and handling
stress by analyzing a number of metabolic, physiological or molecular
parameters. Thirty-two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) obtained from a fish farm were divided in four experimental groups
corresponding to control, injected intraperitoneally with saline, injected with
cadmium 20 ppm as cadmium chloride and stressed. The stress procedure consisted
in handling stress by holding the fishes in the net out of the tank during a
period of 10 sec. and repeating this three times a day during one week. After
experimental treatments fish were subjected to anaesthesia with phenoxiethanol.
Blood (1.5 to 2 ml) was taken off in less than 1 minute. The liver was then excised
and the fish weighed and measured. Routine haematological analysis were
performed and the concentration of total proteins, glucose and cortisol were
determined from plasma. From liver tissue the levels of hepatic protein,
metallothionein, thiol groups, peroxides and zinc were determined.
Descriptors: biological stress, pollution effects, heavy
metals, water quality, aquaculture facilities, fish culture, hematology, Oncorhynchus mykiss
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Pollutant substances mobilized from industrial and densely populated areas have
been shown to affect the environment, fish being one of the most affected
groups. A variety of methods and techniques regarding respiratory,
hematological and cardiovascular physiology are reviewed. Other significant
aspects such as anaesthesia, anticoagulants and stress are also included.
Descriptors: pollution effects, analytical techniques,
respiration, blood circulation, hematology, fish
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
NAL Call No. 414.9 J274
In the eel,
ASFA; Copyright © 2003, FAO
Descriptors: eel,
http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/~aquacentre/aec/publications/welfare-bib.html