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Published by the Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Forensic Sciences Washington, D.C. 20537 The Attorney General has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by the Department of Justice. The reliability and accuracy of the published information are the responsibility of the submitting office.
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Table I - Descriptions of Monograms Depicted
in Photo 1
Lightning bolt on blue, round (8.1-8.2 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight 210-230 mg/tablet; "dR" on orange or green, round (8.1-8.3 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight 200-210 mg/tablet; Outline of squirrel on yellow, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, flat/convex, average tablet weight 210 mg/tablet; Outline of apple on green, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight is 210 mg/tablet; "2000" on green or blue, round (8.1-8.3 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight 210-230 mg/tablet; "ABC" on blue, round (8.1-8.2 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight 210 mg/tablet; "U2" on orange, round (8.1-8.2 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight 210 mg/tablet; "J-A" on orange, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight 210 mg/tablet; Stylized flying horse on orange, round (8.1-8.2 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight is 210 mg/tablet; Honda "H" company trademark on orange or green, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight is 200-250 mg/tablet; Chili peppers on orange or green, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight is 205-210 mg/tablet; Outline of heart on pink, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight 210 mg/tablet; Stylized lobster (or fish) on red, round (8.1-8.2 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight is 210 mg/tablet; Toyota company trademark on red, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight is 210 mg/tablet; no monogram (partial single score on each side) on pink or brown, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight is 210-250 mg/tablet; "234" on orange or blue, round (8.1-8.3 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, biconvex, average tablet weight 205-210 mg/tablet. |
unscored tablet face (see Photo 2 and Table II). Most of the tablets contained a mixture of MDMA and caffeine; some also contained from trace to small amounts of amphetamine and MDA. Additional seizures submitted to the Special Testing and Research Laboratory's Source Determination Program indicated widespread distribution of these tablets in the United States, Australia, Myanmar (Burma), the People's Republic of China, and elsewhere.
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Table II - Descriptions of Monograms Depicted
in Photo 2
"?" [question mark] on green, round (8.1-8.2 mm diameter) tablets, unscored, flat/beveled, average tablet weight is 240 mg/tablet; Outline of butterfly on blue, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, partial single score, flat/convex, average tablet weight 205 mg/tablet; Stylized flying dove or peace dove symbol on light blue, round (8.2 mm diameter) tablets, unscored, flat/beveled, average tablet weight is 235 mg/tablet; "A1" on brown, round (8.0-8.1 mm diameter) tablets, unscored, flat/beveled, average tablet weight is 210 mg/tablet; Stylized Chanel company trademark (double Cs, back-to-back and overlapping) on red, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, unscored, flat/beveled, average tablet weight is 240 mg/tablet; "FOR" and "YOU" in two lines on pink, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, unscored, flat/beveled, average tablet weight is 200 mg/tablet; "KISS" inside lips on orange, round (8.1 mm diameter) tablets, unscored, flat/beveled, average tablet weight is 220 mg/tablet; Stylized horseshoe (Etienne Aigner company trademark; stylized "A" and "E") on orange, round (8.1-8.2 mm diameter) tablets, unscored, flat/beveled, average tablet weight is 240 mg/tablet. |
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Photo
3
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The Maryland State Police Crime Laboratory (Pikesville, Maryland) recently received a submission of 34 sugar cubes, each individually wrapped in aluminum foil, net mass 85.3 grams, suspected LSD (see Photo 3). The exhibits were discovered by a mechanic who was performing a state inspection on a vehicle, and were turned over to Maryland State Police. The cubes were white, standard sized, and had no outward discoloration. However, they did not fluoresce under ultraviolet light, and analysis of a chloroform extract by GC/MS, GC/FID, and UV spectrometry indicated not LSD but rather ketamine. This is the first time the Crime Laboratory has received a submission of ketamine-laced sugar cubes.
[Editor's Notes: According to the analyst, submissions of aluminum foil-wrapped sugar cubes to the Crime Laboratory are not unusual; however, most such submissions contain LSD. This likewise appears to be the first exhibit of ketamine-laced sugar cubes reported to Microgram Bulletin.]
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Photo
4
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The DEA North Central Laboratory (Chicago, Illinois) recently received 60 yellow tablets with a raised heart logo on one side, suspected Ecstasy (MDMA) (see Photo 4). The tablets were purchased in and nearby Warren, Ohio, by agents from the DEA Youngstown Resident Office, and were round and biconvex, measuring 7.5 mm x 4.5 mm x 2.1 mm, weighed 185 milligrams each, and were film coated with a white interior. Analysis by MS and IR, however, indicated not MDMA but rather aspirin (not quantitated).
[Editor's Notes: DEA/Youngstown indicates that these tablets are frequently sold as Ecstasy in eastern Ohio and neighboring regions. Interestingly, this product does not appear to be listed in the FDA database for approved Over-the-Counter medications. However, an inquiry on a national pharmacists' list server indicated two manufacturers of this or highly similar products, Smart Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Vancouver, Washington), and TimeCap Labs, Inc. (Farmingdale, New Jersey). In both cases, the tablets contain 81 milligrams of aspirin, and are intended for use as "preventive medicine" against heart attacks (this information courtesy of Dr. Donald H. Williams, Executive Director, Washington State Board of Pharmacy).]
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Photo
5
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The DEA Southeast Laboratory (Miami, Florida) recently received a large green suitcase with an internal framework-liner consisting of a hard, reddish colored, woodlike material, suspected to contain heroin (see Photo 5). The suitcase was seized at the Miami International Airport by the U.S. Customs Service from a passenger arriving from Cali, Colombia. The net mass of the removed material was about 3.64 kilograms. Analysis by GC, GC/MS, and FTIR-ATR confirmed 52 percent heroin hydrochloride and lidocaine (not quantitated). The supporting matrix was soluble in methylene chloride, but not in methanol, and was suspected to be a non-polar polymer (not further identified).
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PIPERAZINE MIXTURE TABLETS IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
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Photo
6
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The Cook County Sheriff's Police Department Forensic Laboratory (Maywood, Illinois) recently received 150 rose-colored tablets, imprinted with the Chanel logo, suspected 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (see Photo 6). The tablets were seized by the Cook County Sheriff's Police Department in Chicago from two Bosnian nationals, and were allegedly from the Philadelphia area. The tablets were approximately 10 x 4 millimeters, weighed approximately 450 milligrams each, and had a moist "mash" consistency rather than the standard dry powder form. Analysis by GC/MS, however, indicated not MDMA but rather a mixture of 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(3-trifluoro- methylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP), and ortho- methoxyphenylpiperazine. Standards of all three chemicals were acquired and submitted to GC/MS analyses to confirm the identifications (see Figures 1 - 3 on pages 8, 9, and 10). This was the Forensic Laboratory's first encounter with these type tablets.
The following articles and Intelligence Briefs have more information about one or more of the above chemicals:
1) Legal Ecstasy (MDMA)? Forensic Drug Abuse Advisor 2001;13(8):60.
2) BZP and TFMPP: Chemicals Used to Mimic MDMA's Effects. Microgram Bulletin 2002;35(5):123.
3) deBoer D, et al. Piperazine-like Compounds: A New Group of Designer Drugs-of-Abuse on the European Market. Forensic Science International 2001;21(1-2):47.
4) Recent Notifications Concerning BZP, TFMPP, 2C-T-7, and GBL. Microgram Bulletin 2002;35(7):177.
5) Unusual Piperazine Mixture in Alliance, Ohio. Microgram Bulletin 2002;35(8):190.
[Editor's Notes: These tablets appear to be quite similar
to those reported in the next Intelligence Brief, below. Note that
a compact red powder also containing a similar mixture of these same
three piperazines was reported in the August 2002 issue of Microgram
Bulletin. That exhibit was seized in Alliance, Ohio (Reference 5 above).
Also note that ortho-methoxyphenyl- piperazine is sometimes referred
to as "OMP"; however, this terminology has not yet been
widely accepted.]
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PIPERAZINE MIXTURE TABLETS IN THE BALEARIC ISLANDS (SPAIN)
The Laboratory of Drugs in The Balearic Islands (Spain) recently received five round red tablets (net mass 2.296 grams) with an unidentifiable logo on one side and single score on the opposite side, suspected Ecstasy (MDMA) (photo not available). The tablets were seized by the Guardia Civil at a beachside disco on Ibiza Island. Analysis by GC-FID and GC/MS, however, indicated not MDMA but rather a mixture of 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)- piperazine (TFMPP), and methoxyphenylpiperazine (isomer not determined). This was the first submission of these type tablets to the Laboratory of Drugs. Two small, noncommercial bottles of ketamine were also seized with the tablets. None of the exhibits were quantitated.
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Figures 1a-b
Total Ion Chromatogram and Mass Spectra of 1-Benzylpiperazine (BZP)
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Figures 2a-b
Total Ion Chromatogram and Mass Spectra of 1-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP)
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Figures 3a-b
Total Ion Chromatogram and Mass Spectra of ortho-Methoxyphenylpiperazine
* * * * *
Technical Communication
Butorphanol
Eric L. Jordan and Allen J. Catterton
Drug Enforcement Administration
Southeast Laboratory
5205 N.W. 84th Avenue
Miami, FL 33166
Butorphanol tartrate is an opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic used for pain management in humans and is marketed under the brand name Stadol NS (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.) For veterinary use, butorphanol is prescribed as an analgesic and antitussive under the trade names Torbutrol (Fort Dodge) and Torbugesic (Fort Dodge).1,2,3
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Butorphanol 4
Chemical Name: 17–(Cyclobutylmethyl)morphinan-3,14-diol |
Commercial Butorphanol Preparations
Human
Stadol® (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co) - Butorphanol
tartrate injection: 1 mg/mL in 1 mL
vial; 2 mg/mL in 1, 2, and 10 mL vials.
Stadol NS® (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co) - Butorphanol nasal spray: 10 mg/mL.
Animal
Torbutrol® (Fort Dodge) - Butorphanol tartrate injection: 0.5 mg/mL; 10 mL vials.
Torbutrol® (Fort Dodge) - Butorphanol tartrate tablets: 1 mg, 5 mg (Figures 1 and 2), and 10 mg tablets; bottles of 100.
Torbugesic® (Fort Dodge) - Butorphanol tartrate injection: 10 mg/mL; 50 mL vials (Figure 3).
Instrumentation and Supplies
Mass spectra (Figures 4 and 5) were obtained on a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC /5973 MSD using a HP 5MS, 5% phenyl methyl siloxane, 30 m (length) x 0.25 mm (internal diameter) x 0.25 m (film thickness) column. Temperature programming began at 120°C for 0.80 minutes, followed by a ramped run at 25°C per minute to 300°C, where the temperature was held for 2 minutes. Column flow was 1.2 mL per minute with an average velocity of 41 cm per second. The inlet was set on a 100:1 split mode with an initial temperature of 250°C. The total inlet flow was 122.6 mL per minute. The scan parameters were set at a Low Mass of 35 amu, High Mass of 500 amu, and a threshold of 150.
Fourier transform infrared spectra (Figures 6, 7 and 8) were obtained with a Nicolet Magna 560 with a potassium bromide (KBr) beamsplitter and a Deuterated Triglycine Sulfate (DTGS) KBr detector. A Durascope Dicomp ATR accessory with a 3-bounce Diamond ATR element was also utilized. KBr was IR grade. The resolution was set at 4.000 cm-1 for 32 scans between 4000 cm-1 and 550 cm-1. The mirror velocity was 0.6329 cm per second.
Vapor phase infrared spectra (Figure 9) were obtained with a 6890 GC/BioRad IRD II Infrared Detector using a HP 5, 5% phenyl methyl siloxane, 25 m x 0.32 mm x .52 m column. The temperature parameters began at 50°C for 1.50 minutes, followed by a ramped run at 35°C per minute to 290°C, where the temperature was held for 3 minutes. Column flow was 1.5 mL per minute with an average velocity of 28 cm/sec. The inlet was set at a splitless mode with an initial temperature of 260°C. The purge gas was nitrogen at 50.0 mL per minute.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra (Figures 10, 11, and 12) were obtained with a Varian Gemini 300 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (FT-NMR, 300 MHz). A 1D observed proton experiment was run for each sample, with the number of transients set to 64. Deuterated chloroform (CDCl3), deuterated methanol (CD3OD), and deuterated water (D2O) were all obtained from Aldrich.
The butorphanol tartrate standard was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (lot number 47H1023), with a purity stated at 99.4 percent. Conversion to the free form base was accomplished by dissolution in 1N NaOH (aq) with subsequent extraction with CDCl3 for the NMR and CH2Cl2 for the GC/IRD and FTIR. The extraction for the FTIR was dried over 50°C on the heated ATR plate.
Discussion
Effective October 31, 1997, butorphanol, including its salts and optical isomers, was placed into Schedule IV of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), Section 1308.14, paragraph (f) (2).2,6 This action was in response to increasing reports of diversion and abuse of butorphanol following the introduction of the Stadol NS nasal spray in 1992.1 For example, in the March 1997 issue of Microgram, the Division of Forensic Science in Roanoke, Virginia reported an increase in the number of Stadol NS nasal spray submissions.7 Significantly, veterinary prescriptions of butorphanol have also been subject to abuse. In one such case, a woman was found to be taking her dog to various veterinarians and providing false statements attesting to the canine's cough and collapsing trachea (ailments were consistent with a therapeutic regimen requiring Torbutrol® ). In this manner, the perpetrator obtained 7,568 dosage units in 180 visits to veterinarians.9 Following her arrest, a DEA Diversion Investigator involved with the case reported that the tablets were being dissolved in water and the resulting solution injected with a hypodermic syringe. The Investigator also reported the scene as being rife with drug paraphernalia, and also that friends of the subject had been solicited into the scheme.
Not surprisingly, butorphanol has also been linked to recreational drug use. Tennessee veterinarian Timothy A. Williams, DMV, whose office is close to a college campus, has had to rigorously restrict butorphanol prescriptions to clients with valid veterinary requirements, and then only after a valid patient-client-veterinarian relationship has been established, due to recreational abuse by the students. According to Dr. Williams, butorphanol is colloquially referred to by the students as "Torbo."
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Figure
1-Torbutrol 5mg
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Figure
2-Torbutrol Packaging
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Figure
3-Torbutrol Packaging
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Note: Pictures of Stadol are also available in Physicians' Desk Reference, 53rd Edition
Figure 4-Mass Spectrum of Butorphanol
Figure 5-Mass Spectrum of Butorphanol (Normalized to the 273 ion)
Figure 6-Infrared Spectrum of Butorphanol Tartrate on 3 - bounce Diamond
ATR
Figure 7-Infrared Spectrum of Butorphanol Tartrate KBr pellet
Figure 8-Infrared Spectrum of Butorphanol on 3-bounce Diamond ATR
Figure 9-Vapor Phase Infrared Spectrum of Butorphanol
Figure 10-NMR Spectrum of Butorphanol Tartrate in D2O
Figure 11-NMR Spectrum of Butorphanol in CDCI3
Figure 12-NMR Spectrum of Butorphanol Tartrate in CD3OD
References
1. Physicians' Desk Reference. 1999;53(1):863-865.
2. Federal Register. Rules and Regulations. 1997;62(190):51370-51371.
3. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. Butorphanol:
Pharmacological Effects and Patterns of Licit and Illicit Use. July
1997.
4. Budavari, S., Ed. The Merck Index. 1996;12:254.
5. Moffat, A. C. Ed. Clarke's Isolation and identification of Drugs.
1986;2(1):417.
6. Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, Office of Diversion Control,
Drug Enforcement
Administration. List of Scheduling Actions & Controlled Substances.
1998;2(1):2.
7. NEXUS, Ketamine and Butorphanol in Roanoke, Virginia. Microgram
1997;30(2):4.
8. Plumb, D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook. 1999:3(1):89-91.
9. Christian, P. Woman Feeds Addiction with Dog's Prescription. News
& Record Greensboro, North Carolina. January 9, 1999.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank William M. Callan, Diversion Investigator, Drug Enforcement Administration, Timothy A. Williams, DVM, Animal Medical Center, Murfreesboro, TN, and Edwin C. Derks, DVM, Derks Animal Clinic, P.A, Miami, FL, for their valuable contributions.
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SELECTED REFERENCES
[Note: Selected references are a compilation of recent publications of presumed interest to forensic chemists. Unless otherwise stated, all listed citations are published in English. If available, the email address for the primary author is provided as the contact information. Listed mailing address information (which is sometimes cryptic) exactly duplicates that listed by the abstracting services.]
1. Taber DF, Neubert TD, Rheingold AL. Synthesis of (-)-morphine. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2002;124(42):12416. [Editor's Notes: No abstract was provided. Contact: DF Taber, Univ Delaware, Dept Chem & Biochem, Newark, DE 19716.]
2. Booth G, Johnston F, Jackson G. Case assessment and interpretation - Application to a drugs supply case. Science and Justice 2002;42(2):123. [Editor's Notes: Presents a model for establishing drug trafficking patterns, emphasizing precise use of language. Contact: Forensic Science Service, Chepstow Laboratory, Usk Road, Chepstow, Gwent NP6 6YE, United Kingdom.]
3. Su C-W, Babcock K, deFur P, Noble T, Rigdon S. Columnless GC/IMS (II) - A novel on-line separation technique for ionscan analysis. International Journal of Ion Mobility Spectrometry 2002;5(2):160. [Editor's Notes: Presents results indicating that placing an extra layer of filter paper either under or over a swipe sample during ionscan analysis improved drug detection results (this was attributed to a temperature ramping and chromatographic effect). Contact: U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center, Groton, CT 06340.]
4. Su C-W, Rigdon S, Babcock K, Noble T, deFur P. Columnless GC/IMS (I) - A study of the variation in the thermal desorption profiles of three models of ionscan IMS instrument. International Journal of Ion Mobility Spectrometry 2002;5(2):175. [Editor's Notes: Presents results indicating that placing an extra layers of filter paper under a sample induced a thermal delay effect (similar to GC temperature ramping), whereas placing an extra layers of filter paper over a sample induced a chromatographic effect (similar to a GC column) during ionscan analysis. Contact: U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center, Groton, CT 06340.]
5. Griffin LBS. Trace level confirmation of controlled substances found by ion mobility spectrometry, with quadrupole ion-trap spectrometry. International Journal of Ion Mobility Spectrometry 2002;5(3):31. [Editor's Notes: Presents a study that indicates the CI-MS/MS is well suited to confirming results obtained by IMS spectroscopy. The method has been used for methamphetamine and cocaine. Contact: No contact information was provided.]
6. Alizadeh N , Mehdipour R. Drug-selective electrode for ketamine determination in pharmaceutical preparations and electrochemical study of drug with BSA. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2002;30(3):725. [Editor's Notes: For for determination of ketamine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations using direct potentiometry. A secondary study examining the binding between ketamine and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also presented. Contact: Alizadeh N, Tarbiat Modarres Univ, Sch Sci, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, POB 14115-111, Tehran 14488, Iran.]
7. Nudelman NS , Cabrera CG. Spectrofluorimetric assay for the photodegradation products of alprazolam. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2002;30(3):887. [Editor's Notes: Presents a new spectrofluorimetric assay for the photodegradation products of alprazolam. The drug was found to be highly photolabile, and special care should be taken to avoid light exposure during storage and handling. Contact: Nudelman NS, Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Quim Organ, Pab 2, P3 Ciudad Univ, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.]
8. Cody JT , Valtier S. Differentiation of the 2,3-methylenedioxy regioisomer of 3,4-MDMA (Ecstasy) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2002;26(7):537. [Editor's Notes: No abstract was provided. Contact: Cody JT, AMEDD C&S, MCCS HMP PA Branch, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234.]
9. Yritia M, Riba J, Ortuno J, Ramirez A, Castillo A, Alfaro Y, delaTorre R, Barbanoj MJ. Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carboline alkaloids in human plasma following oral administration of Ayahuasca. Journal of Chromatography B - Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2002;779(2):271. [Editor's Notes: Presents an analytical methodology for the quantification of the four main alkaloids present in ayahuasca, plus two major metabolites in human plasma, using GC and HPLC with fluorescence detection. Contact: Barbanoj MJ, Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Area Invest Farmacol, Inst Recerca, Dept Farmacol & Terapeut, Hosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, St Antoni Maria Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain.]
10. AboulEnein HY, Ali M, Laguerre M, Felix G. Molecular modeling of enantiomeric resolution of methylphenidate on cellulose tris benzoate chiral stationary phase. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 2002;25(18):2739. [Editor's Notes: The enantiomeric resolution of (+/-)-threo methylphenidate (Ritalin) was achieved on a Chiralcel OB column using hexane-ethanol-methanol-trifluoroacetic acid (480:9.75:9.75 :0.5, v/v/v/v), containing benzoic acid and phenol as mobile phase additives, with UV detection at 230 nm. Molecular modeling was carried out to explain the chiral resolution mechanism. Contact: Aboul-Enein HY, King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Biol & Med Res Dept MBC03, Pharmaceut Anal Lab, POB 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.]
11. Drager B. Analysis of tropane and related alkaloids. Journal of Chromatography A 2002;978(1-2):1. [Editor's Notes: Presents a review of the current methods for chromatographic separation and determination of tropane alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine and their derivatives, cocaine and derivatives, the metabolites and degradation products of these compounds occurring in plant material, calystegines as nortropane alkaloids, anatoxins as homonortropane alkaloids, and pelletierines and pseudopelletierines as alkaloids with isomeric structures. Recent developments in GC, HPLC, CE, and TLC are presented. Contact: Drager B, Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Pharmaceut Biol, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle Saale, Germany.]
12. Gambelunghe C, Melai P. Absinthe: Enjoying a new popolarity [sic] among young people? Forensic Science International 2002;130(2-3):183. [Editor's Notes: Includes chromatographic profiles of ethanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium leaves, and the mass spectra of beta- thujone, the presumed active constituent. Contact: P. Melai at: med_leg@unipg.it]
Additional References of Possible Interest:
1. Peng LJ , Wen ML , Yao Y. Potentiometric determination of fentanyl in pharmaceutical formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2002;30(3):667. [Editor's Notes: For determination of fentanyl citrate in injectable solutions. Contact: Wen ML, Yunnan Univ, Dept Chem, Kunming 650091, Peoples R China.]
2. Chamberlain RT. Dry transfer method for sample preparation and transfer of forensic test samples, especially for explosives and narcotics. U.S. US 6,470,730 (C1. 73-1.03; G01N17/00), 29 Oct 2002, Appl. 640,660, 18 Aug 2000. [Editor's Notes: Presents a method for sample preparation for analysis that includes the use of a non-porous flexible polytetrafluoro- ethylene (PTFE) strip. Contact: No contact information was provided.]
3. Gomez MR , Olsina RA , Martinez LD , Silva MF. Simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine and phenylephrine in expectorant and decongestant syrups by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2002;30(3):791. [Editor's Notes: Presents analysis via MECC and CZE with direct absorptiometric detection. Contact: Gomez MR, Univ Nacl San Luis, Catedra Control Calidad Medicamentos, Fac Quim Bioquim & Farm, RA-5700 San Luis, Argentina.]
4. Gentili S, Torresi A, Marsili R, Chiarotti M, Macchia T. Simultaneous detection of amphetamine-like drugs with headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B - Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2002;780(1):183. [Editor's Notes: Presents a headspace- SPME-GC/MS procedure for the simultaneous detection of MDA, MDMA, MDEA, and MBDB in hair. Contact: Macchia T, Ist Super Sanita, Dept Clin Biochem, Drug Abuse Sect, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.]
5. Liu RH, Lin D-L, Chang W-T, Liu C, Tsay W-I, Li J-H, Kuo T-L. Isotopically labeled analogues for drug quantitation. Analytical Chemistry 2002;74(23):619A.. [Editor's Notes: Presents an overview and review of the topic, with an emphasis on analysis of biological matrices. Contact: rayliu@uab.edu]
6. Ang CYW, Cui Y, Chang HC, Luo W, Heinze TM, Lin LJ, Mattia A. Determination of St. John's Wort components in dietary supplements and functional foods by liquid chromatography. Journal of the AOAC International 2002;85(6):1360. [Editor's Notes: Presents a rapid extraction technique and reversed-phase LC/UV analysis to determine the 4 characteristic biactive compounds in St. Hohn's Wort in dietary supplements and various foodstuffs. Contact: cang@nctr.fda.gov]
* * * * *
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
1. Title: 50th Anniversary Meeting
of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science (CSFS) (Third and
Final Posting)
Sponsoring Organization: Canadian Society of Forensic Science
Inclusive Dates: March 24 - 29, 2003
Location: Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada (Sheraton Wall
Centre)
Meeting Registration Procedure, Deadline, and Costs: [See website]
Recommended Lodging (Registration Deadline and Costs): [See
website]
Contact Individual's Name, Phone Number, and email Address:
[None Listed; CSFS General Number is: 613 738-0001;
CSFS General email Address is: csfs@sympatico.ca]
Website: [www.csfs.ca]
* * * * *
THE DEA FY - 2003 STATE AND LOCAL
FORENSIC CHEMISTS SEMINAR SCHEDULE
The remainder of the FY - 2003 schedule for the DEA's State and Local Forensic Chemists Seminar is as follows:
March 10 – 14, 2003
June 9 – 13, 2003
September 15 – 19, 2003
Note that the school is open only to forensic chemists working for law enforcement agencies, and is intended for chemists who have completed their agency's internal training program and have also been working on the bench for at least one year. There is no tuition charge for this course. For additional information, eligibility requirements, or to enroll, see the September 2002 issue of Microgram Bulletin, or call 703 668-3337.
* * * * *
THE JOURNAL/TEXTBOOK COLLECTION EXCHANGE
FREE TO ANY SUBSCRIBER
The following, partial collections of the journals Forensic Science International, Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, and Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology are offered free of charge to any subscriber who wants them, on an all-or-nothing basis for each journal (i.e., no "cherry picking" of single issues). Forensic Science Libraries will be given preference. If interested, please contact the Editor at: microgram_editor@mailsnare.net [Note: Postage will be covered by the DEA Office of Forensic Sciences.]
Forensic Science International - 1997 - 2000 (various issues missing from each year).Journal of Analytical Chemistry - 1999 and 2001 (various issues missing from both years).
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences - 1995 - 1999 (missing 1995(6) and 1998(5)).
Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology - 1995 and 1996 (both years complete).
If there are no responses, these collections will be discarded one month after the hard copy of the January 2003 issue (this issue!) is mailed; therefore, interested subscribers should contact the Editor as soon as possible.
Note that the next offering of journals and textbooks will be in the April 2003 issue of Microgram Bulletin. Subscribers who are interested in donating items or collections should consult the Information and Instructions section on pages 25 - 29 of this issue.
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| COMPUTER
CORNER |
#166
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| Digital Evidence Collection Strategies | by: Michael J. Phelan DEA Special Testing and Research Laboratory |
An essential element in every digital evidence examination is the creation of an exact duplicate of the original evidence. This "working copy" is always preferred because it eliminates any possibility that either the original evidence or the associated date/time stamp file information could be changed during the examination processes.
Advances in computer forensic technology give today's examiners a variety of software and hardware tools for creating duplicate copies. However, selection of the proper tool can be a complex decision, and may require compromises between the desired depth of analysis and time constraints, amount of data, and investigative scope.
Situation Assessment
When a computer forensic examiner receives a case that will require a significant amount of data acquisition, one of the first and most important steps is determining the overall scope of the investigation. For example, is a specific database (corporate sales, purchasing, shipping files, etc.) needed? Are network audit logs, e-mail archives, or other files needed? Are the required data files just a small fraction of a large search domain? Will the search be limited to just a few computers (i.e., gigabytes of data) or rather many dozens or hundreds of computers (i.e., terabytes of data)?
The answer to these questions drives the initial search. Small search domains (a few computers) can err on the side of caution and copy all of the potential digital evidence. However, large search domains (many computers) necessarily must restrict the data collection to either a workable number of computers or a reasonable number of files or databases. Failure to limit the scope in the latter such cases will result in an enormous amount of data that could easily take many months or even years to analyze.
Intake Reduction
Data reduction at the time of collection can follow one of several strategies. The actual number of computers seized or duplicated on-site can be minimized by a discussion between the examiner and the investigator(s). Knowledge of the alleged crime and the nature of the business are also valuable intelligence that can be used to limit the scope of seizure. For example, a medical fraud case may need to focus only on one doctor and cover only a limited period of time. Similarly, in a large business, only the computer belonging to the subject of the investigation, one or two server(s), the computers(s) with Internet connections, and/or the computer on the loading dock used for shipping, etc., may need to be examined. Limiting the number of seized computers means that the examination can likely be conducted in matter of weeks as opposed to several months, with little or no loss of material of investigative value.
Data Reduction
Similarly, even greater efficiencies can be achieved by focusing on the collection of just a few specific files, databases, or data storage folders. This approach requires advanced knowledge of how the computer system operates, where the pertinent data is stored, and what types of data are needed for the investigation. This strategy is most frequently successful when administrative inspection warrants are used to collect very narrow categories of information such as Medicare records, pharmacy prescription records, etc. Other scenarios may include specific accounting records, an individual's e-mail, or a document folder (such as /My Documents) containing employee, patient, or client correspondence.
Hard Drive Copy Tools
There are several good choices of hard drive duplication tools available today. The selection of a duplication tool is usually based upon factors such as prior examiner training or familiarity, cost, or ease of integration of the duplication tool into the follow- on examination software. For example, only Encase examination software will make a duplicate hard drive copy from an Encase image.
Encase or Ilook
Graphical User Interface (GUI) based Computer Forensic platforms, such as Guidance Software's Encase or the British Ilook software, come with relatively fast hard drive duplication utilities. These functions enable exact one-to- one copying and bit-stream imaging capabilities (enabling large data blocks to be mounted as a virtual drive that contain all of the data and format structure contained in the original evidence). These tools operate from a Windows operating system environment, with a hard drive write-blocking protection used to prevent the original evidence from being changed during the normal hard drive boot up and access processes.
Ghost
"Ghost" is a commercial hard drive software duplication utility that is included in Symantec's System Works suite. Ghost has a wide range of support levels, because it performs a number of different information technology functions, including file and hard drive backup. Note that it is important to always use the "forensic" software switches in order for Ghost to produce a complete, sector-by-sector copy.
Safeback
A widely used DOS-based Computer Forensic tool is New Technologies, Inc.'s "Safeback". This utility can both duplicate hard drives and produce a bit stream image file. Safeback files can also be processed by the Encase or Ilook examination platforms. However, Safeback only operates using DOS, and this greatly reduces its copying speed versus GUI-based tools.
Unix "dd" and SMART
Another effective choice can include use of the Unix "dd" copy command. This choice requires moving the examination platform, at least for the hard drive data copying process, to a Unix-based computer running Linux Red Hat or some other variant. Unix is able to write- block a hard drive through standard line commands (a unique feature). However, a potential problem with the Unix- based acquisition approach involves the complexity of the command line syntax. This requires examiners to receive specialized training or on-the- job skill development.
Recently, ASR Data Systems released their SMART software, which uses a GUI-based "click- and-drag" interface to simplify hard drive duplication and imaging processes.
Hard Drive Duplicators
Hard drive duplicators are hardware-based solutions to the data duplication process. Some of the latest devices are forensically enabled, and will copy all sectors on a hard drive to a second hard drive. The devices themselves are small and can fit into a small carry case or standard briefcase. Integrated Computer Solution's Image Maaster Solo2 and Logicube's SF-5000 are two products that are specifically designed for on-site hard drive duplication. Similar hard drive duplicators exist, but are commercially used to deploy clones of network clients or specialized computer terminals. However, some of these systems only copy active files, limiting their utility if a complete forensic examination is required.
Conclusions
The increasing volume of potential data to search is creating a nationwide problem for law enforcement. Seizing all the computers at a search site, and examining them at the deepest levels, are the most significant factors contributing to the examination backlog. In order to alleviate this problem, new data intake and data reduction strategies must be implemented. Data acquisition strategies must be adapted to the case-specific investigative goals, and these strategies must be pragmatic with regards to data volume and time constraints. Failure to recognize that yesterday's computer is not the equivalent of today's computer - and is not even remotely similar to tomorrow's computer - will inevitably result in lost investigative leads, and ineffective prosecutions.
Questions or comments?
e-mail: mphelan@erols.com
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INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR MICROGRAM BULLETIN
[Editor's Preface: The following information and instructions are
derived from the Microgram website
< http://www.dea.gov/programs/forensicsci/microgram/index.html
>, and are provided here for the convenience of those subscribers
who do not have access to the Internet. This material will henceforth
be published only in the respective January issues for each year.]
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