Management Recommendations•Group 3

Undescribed Taxa: Arcangeliella camphorata(Singer & Smith) Pegler & Young (= Arcangeliella sp. nov. #Trappe 12382, & Arcangeliella sp. nov. #Trappe 12359)
Rare False Truffles: Arcangeliella crassa Singer & Smith and Arcangeliella lactarioides (Zeller)
Undescribed Taxa: Gymnomyces abietis Trappe & Castellano (= Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 4703, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5576, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5052, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1690, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1706, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1710, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 7545, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 1700, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 311, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 5903
Rare False Truffles: Martellia monticola (Harkness) Singer & Smith sensu Singer & Smith)
Uncommon False Truffles: Macowanites chlorinosmus Smith & Singer
Rare False Truffles: Macowanites lymanensis Cázares & Trappe, Macowanites mollis Singer & Smith
Undescribed Taxa: Martellia fragrans Smith (= Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 1700)
Rare False Truffles: Martellia idahoensis Singer & Smith
Undescribed Taxa: Martellia maculata Singer & Smith (= Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038) Martellia nondistincta Trappe & Castellano (= Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 649)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Species: Arcangeliella camphorata(Singer & Smith) Pegler & Young (= Arcangeliella sp. nov. #Trappe 12382, & Arcangeliella sp. nov. #Trappe 12359), Arcangeliella crassa Singer & Smith, Arcangeliella lactarioides (Zeller), Gymnomyces abietis Trappe & Castellano (= Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 4703, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5576, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5052, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1690, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1706, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1710, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 7545, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 1700, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 311, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 5903, and Martellia monticola (Harkness) Singer & Smith sensu Singer & Smith), Macowanites chlorinosmus Smith & Singer, Macowanites lymanensis Cázares & Trappe, Macowanites mollis Singer & Smith, Martellia fragrans Smith, Martellia idahoensis Singer & Smith, Martellia maculata Singer & Smith (= Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038), Martellia nondistincta Trappe & Castellano (= Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 649)

Taxonomic Group: Fungi

ROD Component(s): 1 & 3

Other Management Status: none

Potential Changes from Table C-3: There are no threats to Martellia maculata (= Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038) as this taxon has been revealed to be common in the assessment area with many dozens of locations in western Oregon, and western Washington.

Range: Arcangeliella camphorata is known from 7 sites which occur along the coastal forests of Oregon and Washington from the Olympic National Forest in Washington south to Siskiyou National Forest. Arcangeliella crassa is known from 2 sites, both from northern California in the Sierra Mountains on Federal land. This taxon is also on 3 other sites outside the assessment area. Arcangeliella lactarioides is known from 3 sites located near Mt. Shasta, California. A fourth site is located outside the assessment area on Swain Mountain experimental Forest. Gymnomyces abietis is known from 16 sites along the Cascade mountains in Washington, Oregon, and California. Macowanites chlorinosmus is known from 9 sites in coastal forests from northern California to northwest Washington. Macowanites lymanensis is known from one site located in the Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, Washington. Macowanites mollis is known from 3 sites from the Columbia Gorge in Oregon north to Mt. Rainier National Park. Martellia fragrans is known from 3 sites from the Williamette National Forest in Oregon south to Humboldt Co. in California. Martellia idahoensis is known from 2 sites on the Siuslaw National Forest and the Williamette National Forest. Martellia maculata is known from many dozens of locations in western Oregon, and western Washington. Martellia nondistincta is known from one site on the Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon.

Specific Habitat: All these taxa are presumed ectomycorrhiza formers with various members of the Pinaceae and form sequestrate sporocarps in soil that develop and mature beneath the surface of the ground. Arcangeliella camphorata is found in association with the roots of assorted Pinaceae, particularly Tsuga heterophylla or Pseudotsuga menziesii at low to mid elevation. Arcangeliella crassa is found in association with the roots various Pinaceae in mixed forests containing Abies magnifica, A. concolor, Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, or P. jeffreyii. Arcangeliella lactarioides is found in association with the roots of Abies magnifica and Pinus ponderosa at high- elevation. Gymnomyces abietis is found in association with the roots of Abies spp. and possibly other Pinaceaeabove 3,000 ft. elevation. Macowanites chlorinosmus is found in association with the roots of Picea sitchensis and Tsuga heterophylla at low elevation. Macowanites lymanensis is found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis and A. lasiocarpa at high elevation. Macowanites mollis is found in association with the roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis, and Tsuga heterophylla above 3,500 ft. elevation. Martellia fragrans is found in association with the roots of Tsuga mertensiana or Pseudotsuga menziesii at high elevation. Martellia idahoensis is found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa, A. procera, Picea engelmannii, and Tsuga mertensiana above 3,500 ft. elevation. Martellia maculata is found in association with the roots of various Pinaceae from sea level to high elevation. Martellia nondistincta is found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis and Tsuga mertensiana at high elevation.

Threats: Actions that disturb soil or remove overstory hosts are the most serious threats to Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliella lactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta. Seven of the 9 sites of Macowanites chlorinosmus are located in high recreational use areas. The only known population of Macowanites lymanensis is located in a recreational use area.

Management Recommendations: Maintain habitat for Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliella lactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta at known Federal sites by retaining forest structure and soil conditions. Avoid disturbance at known Federal sites, including modification of canopy until additional data is collected on population viability.

Information Needs: Revisit known sites of all taxa except Martellia maculata and collect ecological data to more completely characterize habitat. Conduct inventories, particularly in late-successional reserves, Research Natural Areas and when appropriate where management treatments or projects are scheduled or proposed. No additional information is needed for Martellia maculata.

I. NATURAL HISTORY

A. Taxonomic/Nomenclatural History

Arcangeliella camphorata was originally described as Elasmomyces camphorata by Singer and Smith (1960). Pegler & Young (1979) transferred this taxon into the genus Arcangeliella. It is listed in the FEMAT report, ROD and the known site database as Arcangeliella sp. nov. #Trappe 12382, & Arcangeliella sp. nov. #Trappe 12359. There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Arcangeliella crassa was originally described by Singer and Smith (1960) from Cow Creek on the Stanislaus National Forest, California. Arcangeliella tenax Smith & Wiebe (Smith 1963) is listed as a synonym by Thiers (1984). It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Arcangeliella lactarioides was originally described by Zeller (1947) from below timberline, Diller Canyon, Shasta-Trinity National Forest, California. There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Gymnomyces abietis is currently in the process of being published. It is listed in the FEMATreport, ROD and the known site database as Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 4703, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5576, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5052, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1690, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1706, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1710, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 7545, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 1700, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 311, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 5903. Martellia monticola (Harkness) Singer & Smith sensu Singer & Smith is also this taxon as the collection (Smith 60297) cited by them matches exactly and differs significantly from the holotype (Harkness 13) of Octaviania monticola described by Harkness (1899). There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Macowanites chlorinosmus was originally described by Smith and Trappe (1963) from Cape Lookout State Park, Tillamook Co., Oregon. There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Macowanites lymanensis was originally described by Cázares and Trappe (1991) from Lyman Lake campground, Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, Wenatchee National Forest, Washington. There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Macowanites mollis was originally described by Singer and Smith (1960) from Lower Tehoma Creek, Mt. Rainier National Park, Pierce Co., Washington. Pegler and Young (1979) transferred M. mollis to Elasmomyces mollis (Singer & Smith) Pegler and Young based on the statismosporic spores. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Martellia fragrans was originally described by Smith (1963) from Brundage Mt. near McCall, Valley Co., Idaho. There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Martellia idahoensis was originally described by Singer and Smith (1960) from Squaw Meadows, Valley Co., Idaho. There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Martellia maculata was originally described by Singer and Smith (1960) from Comstock, Douglas Co., Oregon. It is listed in the FEMAT report, ROD and the known site database as Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038. There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Martellia monticola was originally described by Harkness (1899) from near Auburn, Placer Co., California. Singer and Smith (1960) transferred it to Martellia and cited collection Smith 60297 from Kinney Point, Payette National Forest, Adams Co., Idaho as the only collection studied. Known synonyms include Hydnangium monticola (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge (1935). It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

Martellia nondistincta is currently in the process of being published. It is listed in the FEMAT report, ROD and the known site database as Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 649). There are no known synonyms. It is a member of the family Russulaceae in the order Russulales.

B. Species Description

These fungal taxa are grouped together because they all belong to the family Russulaceae and all form similarly structured sporocarps.

1. Morphology

Arcangeliella camphorata is characterized by small, globose to subglobose spores that at maturity have a strongly amyloid partial to complete reticulum. These in combination with the various tones of orange in the peridium and gleba and the strong, maple-syrup odor of dried specimens set it apart from all other taxa.

Basidiomata 3-10 x 4-17 mm, glabrous, even to somewhat rugose or pitted, the base indented around a slight basal protrusion. Peridium orange red to brownish orange, slowly becoming darkening to orange brown where handled, the peridium meeting the basal protrusion or detaching to leave a gap up to 5 mm exposing underlying locules. Gleba with orange yellow to orange or brownish orange trama separating locules lined with pale orange yellow, spore deposit; columella ranging from percurrent and protruding beyond the base, 1-2 mm broad, to absent and represented as a small basal pad, concolorous with the peridium; locules tending to be sublamellate-radiating near the base, towards the peridium smaller and rounded. Latex white to watery white, unchanging. Odor when fresh ranging from slight to pronounced, on dried specimens strongly sweet (of maple syrup). Taste mild. Peridial epicutis a compact trichodermium of variously shaped, thin-walled hyphal elements, often with yellow walls, but this soon collapsing to form a ± amorphous yellow layer over the subcutis of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae with scattered greatly inflated cells. Glebal trama with a mediostratum of loosely interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae (4-) 8-12 µm in diam. Subhymenium of interwoven hyphae similar to mediostratum but also with isodiametric inflated cells. Basidia 28-36 x 8-9 µm, with 1-4 sterigmata up to 9-12 µm long. Cystidia not seen. Spores globose to subglobose, 7-10.5 x 7-10 µm excluding the ornamentation of amyloid lines that in youth have many short side-branches and often form a partial reticulum = 0.5 µm tall, at maturity more strongly amyloid and commonly forming a partial to complete reticulum 0.5-1 µm tall, occasional minute, solitary, amyloid warts in spaces between lines; sterigmal attachment inconspicuous ±2 x 1 µm, oblique to axial and straight; spore walls ±0.5 µm thick, in Melzer’s reagent olive gray.

Arcangeliella crassa is characterized by the sphaerocysts in the context of the peridium having thickened somewhat refractive walls, because of the ellipsoid, amyloid, reticulate spores, and because of the undifferentiated peridium.

Basidiomata (as dried) up to 3.5 cm broad, convex depressed, pale pinkish buff (dried), glabrous but unpolished; stipe-columella 5-8 mm broad, about 1 cm high, becoming hollow in largest specimen, pallid, surface unpolished; gleba pale pinkish buff, varying lamellate to lacunose on same specimen; peridium up to 5 mm thick as dried, pale pinkish-buff within, margin remaining attached to the stipe (hence basidiomata remaining closed, -condition shown in largest specimen) or not reaching the stipe in places thus exposing the gleba (younger specimens). Spores ellipsoid, 8-11 x 6.5-8 µ (not including sterigmal appendage); sterigmal appendage oblique and prominent; with a nearly smooth but well marked plage with an amorphous mass of amyloid material on it; ornamentation in the form of a small-meshed reticulum or broken amyloid reticulum, prominences + 0.25 µ high, spore wall slightly thickened and inamyloid. Basidia 42-53 x 10-12 µ, pedicelate-clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata straight-conic, 4-7 µ long. Cystidia rare, pseudocystidial type, 52-65 x 7-12 µ, flexuous, often pointed at apex. Hyphal layers. Subhymenium cellular, some cells enlarged to sphaerocyst size; hymenopodium of subparallel hyphae and 2-3 hyphae thick; yellowish in KOH; mediostratum interwoven, hyphae yellow to hyaline, enlarged cells (8-12 µ) seen in groups, but these may represent cut ends of hyphae; laticiferous hyphae abundant. Epicutis of pileus of appressed filamentose hyphae 3-6 µ broad, the outermost ochraceous in KOH but the walls smooth; context ofinterwoven hyaline hyphae with nests of large sphaerocysts with refractive somewhat thickened walls hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections none. Laticiferous hyphae very numerous.

Arcangeliella lactarioides is characterized by the agaricoid sporocarp with innately fibrillose peridium which does not stain when bruised.

Basidiomata 2.5-3 cm broad, 1.5-2 cm high, resembling a stout agaric button, subspherical becoming expanded, convex pileate, somewhat depressed at summit, stipitate; surface smooth, innately fibrillose, dry, pale yellowish, drying brownish; peridium thin, especially below or at margins, where it breaks away from base of stem (columella), filamentous with lactiferous ducts; columella percurrent, becoming a stipe as the cap expands, 4-6 cm broad, lactiferous; gleba white, becoming creamy, drying brownish, exposed below, adnexed, very ventricose, cavities labyrinthiform, partially filled with white spores; septa whitish in section, filled with lactiferous ducts; basidia clavate, four-spored, with long sterigmata bearing the spores acrogenously; spores ellipsoid, verrucose with protuberances of various sizes and somewhat connected by reticulate lines (as in Russula and Lactarius), pedicelate, 8-10.5 x 6-6.3 µ.

Gymnomyces abietis varies strikingly with developmental stages and possibly with weather conditions at time of fruiting. In Gymnomyces abietis several taxa could be described on the basis of spore ornamentation if one had separate collections at different stages of maturity. Relatively young material would have spores with short, lightly and irregularly amyloid ornamentation with little or no amyloid deposits around the sterigmal appendage, few spores would be partially reticulate. Well matured specimens, on the other hand, would have taller, strongly and evenly amyloid ornamentation, heavy amyloid deposits around the sterigmal appendage, and most spores at least partially reticulate. Gymnomyces abietis differs from Martellia alba (Harkness) Singer & Smith in lacking cystidia and gelatinized peridial hyphae. In addition, the spore ornamentation of G. abietis is strongly and evenly amyloid, with rods often joined to form short, thick lines. The spore ornamentation of M. alba, in contrast, is erratically amyloid (amyloid deposits mostly at tips of the rods), and the rods are occasionally connected by low, nonamyloid lines. Moreover, the spores of G. abietis are globose to broadly ellipsoid and nearly all 8-10 µm long, whereas those of M. alba are all globose and nearly all 10-15 µm long.

Basidiomata 6-28 x 10-40 mm, the base indented, radially rugose, and with soil attached by basal mycelium. Peridium readily separable, in youth thin, white, pubescent, soon becoming smooth and the sides and upper surface dull, light yellow, sometimes with rose-blushed to orange brown areas, not staining where bruised or slowly becoming slightly brown, often rupturing to expose glebal locules as the basidioma expands. Gleba dry, white in youth, soon pale orange yellow (ISCC-NBS #73) from spores lining the labyrinthiform locules 0.5-3 x 0.1-0.5 mm, with a white, small to prominent, basal pad of sterile tissue and occasional, narrow, white, sterile veins or a narrow, columnar to dendroid, white columella up to 6 x 0.5-3 mm. Odor and taste not distinctive. Peridium 100-200 µm thick. Intact epicutis a loose to tightly packed trichodermium of obtuse-cylindric to clavate or occasionally versiform, hyaline, thin-walled end cells (2-) 3-5 µm in diam, this in age collapsing to appear appressed-interwoven, where ruptured often leaving a tangle of loose hyphae. Subcutis of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 µm in diam with scattered cells inflated up to 10 µm and occasional nests of sphaerocysts where subcutis and tramal intersections merge. Glebal trama of subparallel, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 µm in diam, at tramal junctions with occasional to many cells inflated up to 25 µm and with occasional nests of sphaerocysts; basal pad or columella with abundant sphaerocysts. Subhymenium with 3-4 tiers of isodiametric cells, those nearest the central stratum of the trama up to 25 µm in diam, grading tothose nearest the hymenium at 6-15 µm in diam. Basidia clavate, 23-29 (-40) x (6-) 8-13 (-15) µm, with 1-4 sterigmata ± 5 x 1 µm. Cystidia absent. Spores globose to subglobose or broadly ellipsoid, 8-10 (-14) x (7-) 7.5-9.5 (-11) µm, hyaline, ornamented in youth by unevenly amyloid rods and nonamyloid lines = 0.5 x 0.2-0.5 µm, the rods sometimes loosely joined in short rows, by maturity the rods strongly and evenly amyloid, (0.3-) 1 (-1.5) x 0.3-1 µm, often joined to form short, thick lines or connected by narrow, low, amyloid lines on the spore surface to form a partial to or sometimes nearly complete reticulum; sterigmal appendage with a strongly amyloid, basal collar or a large, amyloid deposit on one side.

Macowanites chlorinosmus is characterized by the subgelatinous epicutis of the peridium with its elements forming a distinct layer, dark brown gleba, and the numerous thin-walled cystidia. Macowanites chlorinosmus is distinguished from the similar Macowanites fulvescens by its smaller spores.

Basidiomata 2.5-5.5 cm broad, convex becoming broadly convex-depressed, surface at least subviscid when wet but soon dry, cutis in age splitting irregularly or merely somewhat rimose, ivory to pallid yellow over marginal area, disc buff to more dingy ochraceous, cutis separable to center. Context thin, whitish; odor of chlorine faint in youngest specimens, strong in old ones and becoming objectionable; taste very unpleasant-somewhat clorinaceous but not acrid. Gleba adnate to apex of stipe, up to 2 cm deep in widest part, sublamellate to labyrinthiform, pale ochraceous when young, becoming orange ochraceous in age. Stipe-columella 1-3 cm long, 6-9 mm thick, equal or nearly so, solid, fragile, white within, surface white to pallid, unchanging on injury, pallid as dried. Spores 8-9.5 x 6.5-7.5 µ, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, wall not amyloid; ornamentation strongly amyloid, of small warts 0.3-0.5 (0.8) µm high, closely gregarious or united into small groups but no semblance of a reticulum present, typically with an amorphous amyloid jacket around base of sterigmal appendage, plage area ornamented. Basidia 23-30 x 9-12 µ, clavate, 4-spored, hyaline in KOH. Cystidia abundant and voluminous, 50-65 x 10-15 µm, subclavate-mucronate, cylindric mucronate, or narrowly clavate, with a slight amount of refractive content, walls very thin and cystidia collapsing by late maturity and then hard to demonstrate in KOH mounts. Hymenophoral trama with a cellular subhymenium, the cells 6-12 µ in diam, this area grading imperceptibly into the central area which is composed of inflated cells and appears to be entirely pseudoparenchymatic in sections revived in KOH. Context of peridium of heteromerous tissue, the sphaerocysts thin-walled. Subcutis of peridium appressed-interwoven hyphae with scattered greatly inflated isolated cells along the base of the epicuticular turf. Epicutis of a compact subgelatinous (revived in KOH) trichodermium of versiform elements adhering tenaciously together to form a layer with outlines of individual cells often not too clear, the component elements of the hyphae with variously enlarged cells (up to 20 µ broad) clavate, cylindric, or fusoid end-cells showing clearly, dermatopseudocystidia scattered to rare. Clamp connections none.

Macowanites lymanensis is characterized by the thin peridial epicutis of appressed hyphae, the relatively large spores with ornamentation 1-2 µm tall, consisting of individual rods or warts often connected in lines or forming a partial reticulum, and a total absence of cystidia.

Basidiomata single to gregarious or caespitose, 7-23 x 12-36 mm in diam, subglobose to turbinate, lobed or depressed at the center. Peridium pale dull yellow with brown stains on disc, grading to white towards the margin, glabrous, recurved and often attached to stipe but sometimes separated to reveal the basal locules. Gleba pale orange yellow (ISCC-NBS 73) or slightly yellowed, loculate, locules 0.3-1 mm broad. Stipe-columella barely projecting or prominent, white, percurrent or truncated, context white. Rhizomorphs absent. Odor strongly yeasty with a slight wine essence,taste mild. Spores 7-13 (-17) x 7-12 (-14) µm, excluding ornamentation, globose to subglobose, symmetrical, the wall and ornamentation amyloid, ornamentation 1-2 µm tall, consisting of rods or warts, separate or often connected by lines, occasionally forming a partial reticulum, sterigmal appendage with an amyloid collar or amyloid deposit on one side. Basidia 28-45 x 11-17 µm, thin-walled, clavate, with 2 or 4 sterigmata, hyaline in KOH, pale yellow in Melzer’s reagent. Cystidia absent. Trama 35-140 µm wide, of thin-walled, hyaline sphaerocysts but occasionally also with a central strand of interwoven, thin-walled hyphae 3-6 µm in diam at septa. Subhymenium cellular, 1-3 (-5) cells deep, the cells 10-15 (-20) µm in diam, hyaline in KOH, pale yellow in Melzer’s reagent. Stipe-columella of hyaline, thin-walled, tightly interwoven hyphae, 2-8 µm in diam at septa, many cells inflated up to 10-20 µm in diam. Epicutis of peridium 20-70 µm thick, composed of appressed, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 µm in diam at septa, with most cells inflated up to 10-20 µm in diam, light yellow in KOH and Melzer’s reagent, and a subcutis composed of thin-walled, hyaline, inflated cells and sphaerocysts 10-40 µm in diam. Clamp connections absent.

Macowanites mollis is characterized by its soft flesh, white peridium and much reduced stipe which dry alutaceous, extremely narrow elements of the spore ornamentation, and peridial structure.

Basidiomata 10-30 mm broad, depressed globose to depressed-pileate, surface white and soft to the touch, lubricous, drying cinnamon buff to alutaceous; gleba white to buff and drying slightly paler than the peridium, moderately large, soft in consistency; stipe-columella present but greatly reduced, columella part percurrent or nearly so, stipe portion 4-6 x 2-3 mm, white; peridium extending to stipe-columella or leaving a narrow to wide and irregular "ring-hole" exposing the gleba. Spores globose and 10-15 µm in diam or 11-14 (16) x 9.5-13 µm and subglobose to ellipsoid; sterigmal appendage inconspicuous; ornamentation in the form of small spines unconnected or fused in groups of 2-3, 0.6-1 µm high and + 0.25 µm broad at base, completely covered with amylaceous material; plage area ornamented as the remainder of the surface, spore wall thin to slightly thickened. Basidia 1-, and 2-spored, clavate, 24-33 x 10-13 µm, hyaline readily collapsing. Basidioles numerous. Cystidia rare to scattered, 38-56 x 5-8 µm, filamentose-acuminate to narrowly clavate-mucronate, with a small amount of refractive content variously distributed (as seen in KOH). Pseudoparaphyses none. Subhymenium of vesiculose elements which at maturity are 10-18 µ in diam and form a layer 2-3 cells deep. Mediostratum of tramal plates at first (near margin of peridium) filamentose but at maturity greatly enlarged cells seen scattered through it. Cuticle complex, in the form of a modified "virescens structure" as described by Russula specialists; i.e., a basal cellular layer, the cells 8-15 µm diam over and from which there is a turf of dermatopseudocystidia mixed with branched filaments of fundamental hyphae and this layer somewhat gelatinous in KOH, the turf elements versiform-clavate, contorted, fusoid, capitate-pedicelate, etc., but generally under 30µ long though dermatopseudocystidia may be longer. Oleiferous hyphae absent. Clamp connections absent.

Martellia fragrans is characterized by the brown gleba, medium spores with rods and spines that are somewhat connected, and the turf of dermatocystidia.

Basidiomata 1-4.5 cm broad, globose or nearly so, surface dry, glabrous but unpolished and usually with much dirt adhering, pallid when young, but by maturity pale cinnamon brown; FeSO4 on surface no reaction, KOH on surface russet; Rhizomorphs absent. Gleba dry and firm (like Styrofoam), cavities large and irregular, pallid to whitish young, staining cinnamon around the worm holes or flushed cinnamon in age (finally dark russet); Columella absent. Spores 8-11 x 7.5-10 µm, globose to subglobose; wall nonamyloid and slightly thickened; ornamentation as separate rods and spines 0.7-1.5 (2) µm high, some fused into small groups or lines; plage area ornamentedsame as remainder of surface; sterigmal appendage inconspicuous. Basidia 4-spored; clavate, thin-walled, hyaline in KOH, 23-38 x 8-11 µ, sterigma very fine. Cystidia in hymenium rare to scattered, filamentose with crooked apices, content homogeneous or nearly so (pseudocystidia). Subhymenium 1-3 cells deep, the "cells" 4-8 µ in diam, and mostly representing cut ends of hyphae because of the intricately interwoven nature of the layer; central strand entirely of filamentose hyphae 3-8 µ in diam, and not gelatinous (though slightly refractive in KOH), lacking sphaerocysts. Epicutis of peridium of dermatocystidia 18-27 x 4-8 µ, bluntly fusoid, and many brown to ochraceous in KOH, the layer almost obliterated in old specimens. Peridial context ochraceous to rusty brown in KOH, of interwoven filaments, no sphaerocysts present.

Martellia idahoensis is characterized by the large echinate to verrucose spores and the presence of macrocysitida.

Basidiomata 8-40 (50) mm broad, globose-depressed, circular or quite irregular in outline; peridium uneven to ribbed with irregular ridges and grooves, more or less distinctly radiating from the base of the basidioma (point of attachment), at first merely wrinkled, with little or no dirt adhering to the surface, white to dead white when young, finally with a pale alutaceous tone in some areas, rarely over all, drying pallid, two-layered, the outer layer separable, thin (little more than half a millimeter thick when dried); gleba white, in age pale cinnamon buff, composed of minute, irregular empty chambers, dry in consistency when cut; columella poorly developed, dendroid, in fresh material observable as a few white lines of sterile tissue extending out from a small basal tubercle of sterile tissue or a thickened basal portion of the interior layer of the peridium. Context of peridium white, unchanging, odor none, taste not recorded. Spores 10-13 x 9-11.5 µ, globose to broadly ellipsoid; sterigmal appendage inconspicuous, straight or oblique, attached at geometric base of spore; ornamentation essentially echinate to verrucose, the prominences 1-1.5 (-2) µ high, elements unconnected or anastomosing to form compound warts which are also more or less unconnected to each other, very few anastomosing lines or ridges, amylaceous material denser at apex of the spines and warts. Hymenium. Basidia 29-45 x 11-16 µ, clavate, hyaline, 91-), 2-, 3-, and 4-spored; sterigmata 5-8 µ long, narrowly conic, erect or slightly oblique, straight or nearly so, apical. Macrocystidia arising from deeper in the tramal tissue than the basidia, 40-50 x 9-10 µ, with banded to granular pale yellowish content turning brown in sulfobenzaldehyde, clavate to subcylindric, obtuse, scattered. Leptocystidia (?) rare, 30-37 x 12-15 µ, clavate-mucronate and with weakly refractive amorphous interior mass as revived in KOH; a second type (76-90 x 9-14 µ) present and narrowly clavate, found on fresh material but not demonstrated again from dried material, their content hyaline and homogenous and the wall very slightly thickened. Hyphal layers. Subhymenium broad, cellular, of large and small sphaerocysts; mediostratum of tramal plates relatively narrow, composed entirely of filamentous hyaline subparallel to slightly interwoven hyphae extending in the direction of the tramal plates; laticiferous hyphae rare (best seen in immature fruits), brown in KOH, crooked. Peridium consisting of an epicuticular layer over 200 µ thick consisting of a staggered palisade of hyphae with enlarged cells and ending in clavate end-cells, or these showing irregular proliferation’s, rarely with narrow or branched elements in the palisade; interior to this layer is a layer of repent filamentose hyphae more or less interwoven and with pockets of slightly inflated cells (rudimentary sphaerocysts), not at all gelatinized. Clamp connections absent; all hyphae inamyloid. Chemical characters. FeSO4, KOH and ethyl alcohol not showing any color reaction in or on the peridium or gleba.

Martellia maculata is characterized by the cellular peridial epicutis, large spores with unique amyloid reaction and lack of cystidia.

Basidiomata 1-2 cm thick, globose, surface uneven to alveolate, pallid, with brown stains in places; gleba pallid but also with brown stains in places; columella and sterile base absent. Spores 10-15 x 8.5-11µm, subglobose to ellipsoid, wall about 1-1.5 µm thick, pale orange to orange buff in Melzer’s and nearer cinnamon-buff in KOH; sterigmal appendage inconspicuous; ornamentation in the form of spines up to 1 µm high and 0.5 µm broad which are amyloid only at the tip or on one side near the tip, smaller amyloid granules also present on the spore surface but for the most part all elements unconnected; plage area not different from remainder of surface. Basidia clavate, 20-24 x 10-12 µm, yellowish in KOH, 2- and 4-spored. Basidioles numerous, content yellowish in KOH. Cystidia absent. Subhymenium gelatinous, hyaline in KOH, the cells badly collapsed but short and more or less isodiametric; mediostratum subgelatinous, hyphae only slightly inflated, hyaline in KOH, thin-walled; no sphaerocysts present. Epicutis an epithelium several cells deep, the walls hyaline to yellowish, smooth, not gelatinous. Context of interwoven hyaline subgelatinous filaments, no sphaerocysts present. Clamps none.

Martellia nondistincta lacks distinctive features. Of the other Martellia spp. with small, globose spores (Singer & Smith 1960, Smith 1963), M. subochracea Smith and M. fragrans Smith both have a peridial epicutis of dermatocystidia, which M. nondistincta lacks. M. foetens Singer & Smith has a spore ornamentation and peridial epicutis similar to that of M. nondistincta but has cystidia and a subhymenium of enlarged, isodiametric cells, both lacking in M. nondistincta.

Basidioma 4 x 5 cm, subglobose, the base indented. Peridium cream color, slowly turning light reddish brown where handled, smooth. Gleba pale brownish yellow, with rounded locules 0.2-0.5 mm in diam lined by pale yellow spore deposits; columella lacking. Odor of wine. Taste not recorded. Peridium 100-150 µm thick; epicutis 25-50 µm thick, of appressed, thin-walled hyphae 2-4 µm in diam, the cell contents yellowish brown; subcutis 75-125 µm thick, of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-4 µm in diam. Clamp connections not found. Glebal trama of subparallel-interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 µm in diam. Subhymenium of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 µm in diam, with occasional cells inflated to 7-12 µm. Basidia clavate, 15-30 x 10-15 µm, with 1-4 sterigmata ± 6 x 1 µm. Cystidia and clamp connections not found. Spores globose, 7-9 (-11) µm in diam, hyaline to light yellow in KOH, in Melzer's reagent with gray walls ornamented with strongly amyloid rods and spines (0.5-) 1-1.5 (-2) x 0.5-1 µm, these often merged in 2's or 3's to form short lines, in places the spore surface with minute amyloid granules; sterigmal appendage inconspicuous, ± 1 x 0.5 µm.

2. Reproductive Biology

All taxa are sequestrate fungi and thus are presumed to be dependent on mycophagy for dispersal of spores. Sequestrate fungi have sporocarps that have evolved from having exposed hymenia and forcibly discharged spores to a closed or even hypogeous habit in which the spores are retained in the sporocarp until it is consumed by an animal vector or it decays. Sequestrate fungi encompasses an artificial grouping of various genera or taxa from different families that are dependent on mycophagy for spore dispersal. Mycophagy is the consumption of fungi by animals. No specific information on reproductive biology is available for any of these taxa at this time.

3. Ecology

All taxa are presumed ectomycorrhiza formers. Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic, mutually beneficial association between a fungus and plant root. This highly interdependent relationship involves the translocation of mineral nutrients and water by the fungus to the host plant while the fungus obtainsphotosynthetic carbon from the host plant. Some mycorrhizal associations are strongly host specific. Many plants depend upon mycorrhizal fungi for adequate uptake of nutrients and survival in nature. Likewise mycorrhizal fungi depend upon their host plant for carbohydrate. No specific ecological information is available for any of these taxa at this time except that all these taxa form ectomycorrhiza with Pinaceae.

C. Range, Known Sites

Arcangeliella camphorata is known from 7 sites, 5 of which are on Federal land within the range of the northern spotted owl: Washington: Jefferson Co., Olympic National Forest, Lost Creek at 570 m elevation; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Forest, Lower Shumway Creek at 200 m elevation. Oregon: Siuslaw National Forest, Cummins Creek Wilderness Area, Cummins Creek trail; Benton Co., Lane Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Green Mt.; Curry Co., Siskiyou National Forest, Pistol River at 2,800 ft. elevation. One site is on private land in Oregon, Polk Co., near Valsetz and another site is located within Bogachiel State Park in Washington, Jefferson Co.

Arcangeliella crassa is known from 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: California: Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, junction of Cecilville rd. and The Pacific Crest trail at 6,100 ft. elevation; Siskiyou Co., Shasta-Trinity National Forest, flats just below Sand Flats at 6,500 ft. There are also 3 other sites on Federal land outside the assessment area in California: Stanislaus National Forest, Cow Creek; Lassen National Forest, at Mineral Ranger Station; Tahoe National Forest, San Francisco State University Biological Field Station.

Arcangeliella lactarioides is known from 4 sites, 2 of which are on Federal land within the range of the northern spotted owl: California: Siskiyou Co., Shasta-Trinity National Forest, below timberline in Diller Canyon at 7,500 ft. elevation; Siskiyou Co., Shasta-Trinity National Forest, McBride Springs campground at 5,000 ft. elevation. Another site on Mt. Shasta, Bear Springs is on private land. A fourth site is outside the assessment area but on Federal land in California: Plumas Co., Lassen National Forest, Swain Mountain Experimental Forest, stand SG4 at 6,400 ft. elevation.

Gymnomyces abietis is known from 16 sites, 14 of which are on Federal land within the range of the northern spotted owl: California: Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Carter Meadows summit; Siskiyou Co., Marble Mtn. Wilderness area, Haypress Meadows; Siskiyou Co., Mt. Shasta, Wagon camp; Tehama Co., Mineral, home of E.L. Adams. Oregon: Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Mary’s Peak summit; Clackamas Co., Mt. Hood National Forest, Phlox Point; Deschutes Co., Three Sisters Wilderness Area, trail up South Sister; Jefferson Co., Mt. Jefferson Wilderness Area, south of Shirley Lake; Klamath Co., Crater lake National Park, Mt. Scott; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, West Lava campground; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, 1 mile up Olallie trail; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Wildcat Mtn.; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Bunchgrass Mtn.; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Parish Lake trail; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Crescent Peak, on ridge just south of summit; Washington, Chelan Co., Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Rainy Pass, trail to Lake Ann. Another site is known from outside the assessment area in Lassen National Park.

Macowanites chlorinosmus is known from 9 sites, only 2 of which are on Federal land within the range of the northern spotted owl: Oregon: Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest, at summit along old highway 101 at 500 ft. elevation. Washington: Grays Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest, Willaby Creek, near Rain Forest trail on South Shore rd. at 400 ft. elevation. One site is on private land in Oregon, Tillamook Co., Camp Meriweatherboy scout camp. The other 6 sites, some with multiple collections, are from State Parks: California: Redwoods State Park. Oregon: Cape Lookout State Park, Boardman State Park, Cape Meares State Park, Neptune State Park, and Devils Lake State Park.

Macowanites lymanensis is known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: Washington: Chelan Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, Lyman Lake, campsite on eastern shore near the inlet of Cloudy Pass Creek at 5,100 ft. elevation.

Macowanites mollis is known from 3 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: Washington: Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier National Park, Lower Tehoma Creek; Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier National Park, Lower Tehoma Creek at junction of Nisqually River. Oregon: Multnomah Co., Columbia Gorge Recreational Area, Larch Mt. at 3,500 ft. elevation. Additional information is needed to ascertain if the two collections from Lower Tehoma Creek may in fact be one site.

Martellia fragrans is known from 3 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: Oregon: Jackson Co., Rogue River National Forest, one mile east of Dutchman’s Peak along Siskiyou Summit rd. at 7,500 ft. elevation; Lane, Co., Williamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area, Ollalie trail at 5,000 ft. elevation. California: Humboldt Co., near Big Hill at 4,500 ft. elevation. The original collection was from Idaho. There are also 3 sites outside the assessment area but on Federal land located on the Swain Mountain Experimental Forest, Lassen National Forest, Plumas Co., California above 5,900 ft. elevation.

Martellia idahoensis is known from 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: Oregon: Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Mary’s Peak campground at 3,500 ft. elevation; Lane Co., Williamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area, Ollalie trail at 5,000 ft. elevation. The original collection was from Idaho. There are also 6 additional collections from an unknown number of sites in Idaho.

Martellia maculata is known from many dozens of locations in western Oregon, and western Washington. It occurs from sea level to high elevation. This taxon was inadvertently added to the list as Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038.

Martellia nondistincta is known from only one site within the range of the northern spotted owl in Oregon: Clackamas Co., Mt. Hood National Forest, Phlox Point at 5,500 ft. elevation.

D. Habitat Characteristics and Species Abundance

All these taxa form sequestrate sporocarps in soil that develop and mature beneath the surface of the ground.

Arcangeliella camphorata is found in association with the roots of assorted Pinaceae, particularly Tsuga heterophylla or Pseudotsuga menziesii at low to mid elevation.

Arcangeliella crassa is found in association with the roots various Pinaceae in mixed forests containing Abies magnifica, A. concolor, Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, or P. jeffreyii.

Arcangeliella lactarioides is found in association with the roots of Abies magnifica and Pinus ponderosa at high elevation.

Gymnomyces abietis is found in association with the roots of Abies spp. and possibly other Pinaceae above 3,000 ft. elevation.

Macowanites chlorinosmus is found in association with the roots of Picea sitchensis and Tsuga heterophylla at low elevation.

Macowanites lymanensis is found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis and A. lasiocarpa at high elevation.

Macowanites mollis is found in association with the roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis, and Tsuga heterophylla above 3,500 ft. elevation.

Martellia fragrans is found in association with the roots of Tsuga mertensiana or Pseudotsuga menziesii at high elevation.

Martellia idahoensis is found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa, A. procera, Picea engelmannii, and Tsuga mertensiana above 3,500 ft. elevation.

Martellia maculata is found in association with the roots of various Pinaceae from sea level to high elevation.

Martellia nondistincta is found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis and Tsuga mertensiana at high elevation.

II. CURRENT SPECIES SITUATION

A. Why Species is Listed under Survey and Manage Standards and Guidelines

Potentially all taxa, except Gymnomyces abietis and Martellia maculata, are at risk from management and recreational activities that remove the mycorrhizal host or disturb the soil.

Arcangeliella camphorata is found within the range of the northern spotted owl from 5 disjunct populations. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 0 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 60 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 40 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands. This taxon is believed to be at high risk under the Northwest Forest Plan because of its rarity and dependent mycorrhizal association with Tsuga heterophylla or Pseudotsuga menziesii at low to mid elevation.

Arcangeliella crassa and Arcangeliella lactarioides are each found within the range of the northern spotted owl from 2 disjunct populations. Under Option 9, these taxa were considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout their range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 50 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 15 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands. These taxa are believed to be at high risk under the Northwest Forest Plan because of their rarity and dependent mycorrhizal association with Abies spp. or Pinus spp. at high elevation.

Gymnomyces abietis was listed in the FEMAT report, ROD and the known site database as Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 4703, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5576, Gymnomyces sp. nov.#Trappe 5052, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1690, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1706, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1710, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 7545, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 1700, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 311, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 5903 and Martellia monticola (Harkness) Singer & Smith. Further examination of these collections revealed them to be conspecific. The difficulty lies in the highly variable characters of Gymnomyces abietis. Reexamination of Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 4703, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5576, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 5052, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1690, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1706, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1710, Gymnomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 7545, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 1700, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 311, Martellia sp. nov. #Trappe 5903 allowed experts to clarify the taxon concept of Gymnomyces abietis. In addition, Singer and Smith (1960) transferred Octaviania monticola Harkness into Martellia but studied only one collection (Smith 60297). Close examination of both the holotype of Octaviania monticola and Smith collection 60297 reveal them to be two different taxa. Since the recombination into Martellia was legally done by Singer and Smith the combination stands but the collection cited by them is actually Gymnomyces abietis.

Macowanites chlorinosmus is found within the range of the northern spotted owl from 9 disjunct populations. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 20 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 30 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 40 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 10 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands. This taxon is believed to be at high risk under the Northwest Forest Plan because of its rarity and dependent mycorrhizal association with Tsuga heterophylla or Picea sitchensis at low elevation.

Macowanites lymanensis is found within the range of the northern spotted owl from only one population. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 12 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 72 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 17 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands. This taxon is believed to be at high risk under the Northwest Forest Plan because of its rarity and dependent mycorrhizal association with Abies amabilis or A. lasiocarpa at high elevation.

Macowanites mollis is found within the range of the northern spotted owl from only 3 populations. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 50 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 15 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands. This taxon is believed to be at high risk under the Northwest Forest Plan because of its rarity and dependent mycorrhizal association with Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis and Tsuga heterophylla at mid elevation.

Martellia fragrans is found within the range of the northern spotted owl from only 3 populations. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 50 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 15 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands. This taxon is believed to be at high risk under the Northwest Forest Plan because of its rarity and dependent mycorrhizal association with Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga mertensiana at high elevation.

Martellia idahoensis is found within the range of the northern spotted owl from only 3 populations. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 35 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 50 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 15 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands. This taxon isbelieved to be at high risk under the Northwest Forest Plan because of its rarity and dependent mycorrhizal association with Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa, A. procera, Picea engelmannii, and Tsuga mertensiana at high elevation.

Martellia maculata was listed in the FEMAT report, ROD and the known site database as Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038. Further examination of this collection revealed it to be conspecific with Martellia maculata. The difficulty lies in the highly variable characters of Martellia maculata. Reexamination of Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038 allowed experts to clarify the taxon concept of Martellia maculata. This taxon should be removed from further management consideration.

For a discussion of Martellia monticola see under Gymnomyces abietis.

Martellia nondistincta is found within the range of the northern spotted owl from only one population. Under Option 9, this taxon was considered to have a 0 percent likelihood of being well-distributed throughout its range, 0 percent likelihood of being locally restricted, 60 percent likelihood of restriction to refugia, and 40 percent likelihood of extirpation on Federal lands. This taxon is believed to be at high risk under the Northwest Forest Plan because of its rarity and dependent mycorrhizal association with Abies amabilis and Tsuga mertensiana at high elevation.

B. Major Habitat and Viability Considerations

The major viability consideration for Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliella lactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta is loss of the known populations within the range of the northern spotted owl. Considerations include all management or recreational activities that disturb the soil or duff.

Relatively little is known about the autecology of Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliella lactarioides, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta. They are presumed mycorrhiza formers of a restricted group of Pinaceae species. Therefore, disturbance that affects the host will potentially strongly affect these taxa. Fire is not a significant threat to Arcangeliella crassa and Arcangeliella lactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta because the habitat where these taxa occur is cool and wet and not prone to fire. However, if fire were to occur, particularly a hot ground fire, it could harm populations from disturbance to soil or by damaging or killing host trees.

Fire is a potential threat to populations of Arcangeliella camphorata and Macowanites mollis, because of their location in mid-elevational, dry forests.

Climate change may result in decline in vigor of these taxa and may result in the extirpation of these taxa from the range of the northern spotted owl. Climate change could potentially impact all populations of Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliella lactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta. An increase in temperature or a decrease in precipitation could affect disjunct populations.

Remove Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038 from further consideration.

C. Threats to the Species

Threats to Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliella lactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta are those actions that disrupt stand conditions necessary for their survival, particularly damage to host trees and disturbance of soil occupied by host tree roots. These include logging that removes its presumed mycorrhizal host and other actions that cause disturbance to the soil, particularly road, trail, and campground construction. Seven of the 9 sites of Macowanites chlorinosmus are located in high recreational use areas. The only known population of Macowanites lymanensis is located in a recreational use area. There are no threats to Elasmomyces sp. nov. #Trappe 1038 as this taxon has been revealed to be common in the assessment area.

These taxa are not routinely harvested for use as food.

D. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations

Arcangeliella camphorata is known from one site that is within a late-successional reserve, Green Mt., Siuslaw National Forest; one site is congressionally withdrawn, Cummins Creek Wilderness Area; one site is matrix land, Siskiyou National Forest; and two sites on the Olympic National Forest are in late-successional reserves. The site on matrix lands located on the Siskiyou National Forest is on land dedicated to long term ecosystem research and is in fact included in a long-term study already in progress.

Arcangeliella crassa is known from one site that is matrix land immediately adjacent to a wilderness on the Klamath National Forest. The other site within the assessment area is on the Shasta-Trinity National Forest and is in a late-successional reserve.

Arcangeliella lactarioides is known from one site that is administratively withdrawn, McBride Springs campground, Shasta-Trinity National Forest and one site that is on matrix land, Diller Canyon, Shasta-Trinity National Forest. Another site within the assessment area is on private land located at Bear Springs, Mt. Shasta, California. The fourth site is located outside the assessment area but on Federal land, Swain Mountain Experimental Forest, Lassen National Forest, California.

Gymnomyces abietis is known from 7 sites are congressionally withdrawn: Carter Meadows, Haypress Meadows, Mt. Scott, Olallie trail, Shirley Lake, South Sister, and West Lava campground. Two sites are in a late-successional reserves: Mary’s Peak and Parish Lake trail. Three sites are administratively withdrawn: Rainy Pass, Phlox Point, and Crescent Peak. One site is on matrix land on Wildcat Mtn. One site is in an adaptive management area on Bunchgrass Mtn. Two sites are on non-Federal land: Wagon camp, and Mineral.

Macowanites chlorinosmus is known from 2 sites that are administratively withdrawn; Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest and Olympic National Forest, Willaby Creek. One site is on private land: Oregon, Tillamook Co., Camp Meriweather Boy Scout camp. The other 6 sites are from State Parks in California, Redwoods State Park or Oregon, Cape Lookout State Park, Boardman State Park, Cape Meares State Park, Neptune State Park, and Devils Lake State Park

The only known population of Macowanites lymanensis is on congressionally withdrawn land: Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, Lyman Lake.

Macowanites mollis is known from 2 sites that are congressionally withdrawn; Mt. Rainier National Park. The third site on the Columbia Gorge Recreational Area is located in a late-successional reserve. The two sites on the Mt. Rainier National Park may in fact be one population.

Martellia fragrans is known from one site that is congressionally withdrawn, Williamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area and one site that is on an adaptive management area, Rogue River National Forest, 1 mile east of Dutchman’s Peak. Another site within the assessment area is on private land located at Big Hill, Humboldt, California. Three other sites are located outside the assessment area but on Federal land, Swain Mountain Experimental Forest, Lassen National Forest, California. The original site is located near McCall, Valley Co., Idaho.

Both known sites of Martellia idahoensis are located in late-successional reserves, Williamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area and Siuslaw National Forest, Mary’s Peak campground. The original site is located on the Payette national Forest in Valley Co., Idaho.

The only known population of Martellia nondistincta is on administratively withdrawn land: Oregon, Clackamas Co., Mt. Hood National Forest, Phlox Point.

III. MANAGEMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

A. Management Goals for Taxon

The goal for management of Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliella lactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta is to assist in maintaining viable populations of these taxa within the assessment area. Known sites of these rare taxa should be protected until sufficient information is generated to suggest management will not result in extirpation of these taxa.

B. Specific Objectives

Maintain habitat conditions at all known sites on Federal land for Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliella lactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta.

IV. HABITAT MANAGEMENT

A. Lessons from History

There has not been any specific management of sites for any of these taxa. Since all taxa are presumptive mycorrhiza formers, an abundance of potential hosts should be protected where fungal populations exist. When mycorrhiza host trees are damaged or removed a negative impact is usually reflected in the population of the fungal partner. Although not documented for these taxa, many fungi are harmed by air pollution, acid deposition, N deposition, and SOx (Goulden et al., 1992).

B. Identification of Habitat Areas for Management

Arcangeliella camphorata is known from several areas within the range of the northern spotted owl that have good potential to be managed to maintain population viability. In particular the 2 populations on the Olympic National Forest in Washington and the single populations on the Siskiyou National Forest, and Cummins Creek Wilderness Area should be managed to maintain population viability.

Arcangeliella crassa is known from only 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl that have good potential to be managed to maintain population viability. Both populations should be managed to maintain population viability.

Arcangeliella lactarioides is known from only 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl that have good potential to be managed to maintain population viability. Both populations should be managed to maintain population viability.

Gymnomyces abietis is known from 14 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl that have good potential to be managed to maintain population viability. All populations on Federal land should be managed to maintain population viability.

Macowanites chlorinosmus is known from only 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl that have good potential to be managed to maintain population viability. Both populations should be managed to maintain population viability.

The only known site of Macowanites lymanensis has good potential to be managed to maintain population viability.

Macowanites mollis is known from only three (possibly two) sites within the range of the northern spotted owl that have good potential to be managed to maintain population viability. All populations should be managed to maintain population viability.

Martellia fragrans is known from only 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl that have good potential to be managed to maintain population viability. Both populations should be managed to maintain population viability.

Martellia idahoensis is known from only 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl that have good potential to be managed to maintain population viability. Both populations should be managed to maintain population viability.

The only known site of Martellia nondistincta has good potential to be managed to maintain population viability.

The seemingly preferred habitat of these taxa is also somewhat under-collected by mycologists and in critical need of survey. New populations may be found with additional surveys.

C. Management Within Habitat Areas

Status of management activities is unknown for extant sites. However, at and around known sites, it is recommended that current habitat conditions and micro-climatic conditions be maintained, impacts from soil disturbing activities minimized, and damage or removal of host trees prevented.

The few known locations of Arcangeliella camphorata, Arcangeliella crassa, Arcangeliellalactarioides, Gymnomyces abietis, Macowanites chlorinosmus, Macowanites lymanensis, Macowanites mollis, Martellia fragrans, Martellia idahoensis, and Martellia nondistincta should be managed to include an area that is large enough to maintain the habitat and associated micro-climate of the populations. The Regional mycologist is available to consult with field staff and managers on the size of the appropriate area for management.

• Maintain dominance of specific host tree associates as outlined in section 1D, which are necessary for mycorrhizal association.
• Minimize loss, disruption or compaction of soil particularly from management, road construction, or recreational activities.
• Manage tree diseases in the area to minimize loss of host trees.

D. Other Management Issues and Considerations

No additional management issues or considerations are identified at this time.

V. RESEARCH, INVENTORY, AND MONITORING NEEDS

A. Data Gaps and Information Needs

Revisit known sites of all taxa and collect ecological data to more completely characterize habitat. Conduct surveys to locate additional populations of all taxa particularly in late-successional reserves, Research Natural Areas, and when appropriate where management treatments or projects are scheduled or proposed.

Data are lacking regarding the specific response of these taxa to management practices such as logging, road and trail construction, prescribed fire, and collection of secondary forest products. Also needed are information on each fungus taxon concerning the area required to support viable populations, population age structure, dispersal requirements, and maximum distance over which populations can interact. Exact host tree associations for each fungus taxon need documentation.

B. Research Questions

• What is the ecological amplitude of Arcangeliella camphorata, particularly is it restricted to association with Tsuga heterophylla or Pseudotsuga menziesii?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Arcangeliella crassa and Arcangeliella lactarioides, particularly are they restricted to association with Abies spp. or Pinus spp.?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Gymnomyces abietis, particularly is it restricted to association with Abies spp.?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Macowanites chlorinosmus, particularly is it restricted to association with Tsuga heterophylla or Picea sitchensis?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Macowanites lymanensis, particularly is it restricted to association with Abies amabilis or A. lasiocarpa?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Macowanites lymanensis, particularly is it restricted to association with Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla and Abies grandis?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Martellia fragrans, particularly is it restricted to association with Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga mertensiana?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Martellia idahoensis, particularly is it restricted to association with Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa, A. procera, Picea engelmannii, and Tsuga mertensiana?
• What is the ecological amplitude of Martellia nondistincta, particularly is it restricted to association with Abies amabilis and Tsuga mertensiana?
• How do all taxa respond to manipulation or modification of the micro-climate?
• What is the density of tree hosts needed to sustain viability of the populations of all taxa?
• What is the range of suitable microclimate conditions, particularly humidity, soil moisture, and soil temperature for these taxa?
• What is the relationship of stand age to population viability for all taxa?

C. Monitoring Needs and Recommendations

Known sites of all taxa should be revisited periodically to assess compliance with management guidelines and evaluate impacts.

VI. REFERENCES

Cázares, E., and J.M. Trappe. 1991. Alpine and subalpine fungi of the Cascade and Olympic Mountains. 2. Macowanites lymanensis sp. nov. Mycotaxon 42:333-338.

Goulden, G., K. Hoiland, K. Bendiksen, T.E. Brandrud, B.S. Foss, H.B. Jenssen, and D. Laber. 1992. Macromycetes and Air Pollution: Mycocoenological studies in three oligotrophic spruce forests in Europe. Bibliotheca Mycologica 144: 1-81.

Harkness, H.W. 1899. Californian hypogeous fungi. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Third series 1(8) 241-292.

Pegler, D.N., and T.W.K. Young. 1979. The gastroid Russulales. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 72: 353-388.

Singer, R., and A.H. Smith. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 21:1-112.

Smith, A.H. 1963. New astrogastraceous fungi from the Pacific Northwest. Mycologia 55:421-441.

Thiers, H.D. 1984. The genus Arcangeliella Cav. in the western United States. Sydowia 37: 296-308. 

Zeller, S.M. 1947. More notes on gasteromycetes. Mycologia 39:282-312.