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Your search term(s) "Diarrhea" returned 62 results.

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Compliance, Tone and Sensitivity of the Rectum in Different Subtypes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 14(3): 241-247. June 2002.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) consists of various subtypes; it is unknown whether these subtypes share a common pathophysiology. Evaluation of motor and sensory function of the rectum using a barostat may help to explore a common pathophysiological background or differences in pathophysiology in subtypes of BIS. This article reports on a study in which authors evaluated compliance, tone, and sensitivity of the rectum, in both fasting state and postprandially (after a meal), using a computerized barostat in 15 patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBSD), 14 patients with constipation-predominant IBS (IBSC), and 12 healthy controls. Rectal compliance was decreased in both IBS groups compared with controls. The perception of urge was increased only in IBSD patients, whereas pain perception was significantly increased in both IBS groups. Spontaneous adaptive relaxation was decreased in IBSD patients. Postprandially, rectal volume decreased significantly in the controls and in IBSD patients, but not in IBSC patients. In conclusion, both rectal motor and sensory characteristics are different between IBSD and IBSC patients. Therefore, testing of rectal visceroperception, adaptive relaxation, and the rectal response to a meal may help distinguish groups of patients with different subtypes of IBS. 5 figures. 2 tables. 23 references.

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Diarrhea. In: Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 131-153.

Diarrhea is a symptom of many conditions and thus the evaluation and management of diarrhea can be complex. This chapter on diarrhea is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include a definition of diarrhea; pathophysiology and mechanisms of diarrhea, including osmotic diarrhea, secretory diarrhea, and complex diarrhea; clinical classification; acute versus chronic diarrhea; differential diagnosis of diarrhea; evaluation of the patient with diarrhea; chronic watery diarrhea; chronic fatty diarrhea; chronic inflammatory diarrhea; nonspecific treatment of diarrhea; and highlights of selected diarrheal syndromes, including diarrhea in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), microscopic colitis syndrome, postsurgical diarrhea, diarrhea in hospitalized patients, bile acid-induced diarrhea, factitious diarrhea, idiopathic secretory diarrhea, and diarrhea of obscure origin. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, full-color illustrations, and extensive references. 9 figures. 8 tables. 175 references.

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Diarrhea. In: Reisman, A.B.; Setevens, D.L., eds. Telephone Medicine: A Guide for the Practicing Physician. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians. p. 123-142.

This chapter on diarrhea is from a reference book for practicing physicians who are providing information for their patients over the telephone. The author notes that most episodes of acute diarrhea are self-limited and do not require or result in physician assistance. The chapter summarizes key points, then outlines an approach to diagnosing acute diarrhea and its sequelae in the adult patient. Topics include epidemiology, utility of early telephone evaluation, traveler's diarrhea, the general approach to the telephone evaluation, determining whether the patient is dehydrated, invasive versus noninvasive diarrhea, how to determine which patients need to be seen immediately (emergency room) and which patients can wait a few days to be seen (physician's office), recommended fluid intake, recommended anti-diarrheal medications, what to tell the patient, and what to document. The author notes that although most patients with acute diarrhea improve with symptomatic treatment at home, the physician needs to identify patients at high risk for complications such as severe dehydration, sepsis, and death. Physicians must also identify those requiring non-urgent referral for evaluation for underlying programs, such as colon cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, aggressive home treatment with the proper medications and appropriate fluids will lead to rapid symptomatic improvement in many patients and may prevent progression to severe dehydration. A patient care diagnostic algorithm is provided. 1 figure. 8 tables. 11 references.

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Diarrhea: Differentiating the Acute from the Chronic. Patient Care. p.52-56. July, 2002.

Diarrhea is a response of the bowel to infection, drugs, foods, or disease. Three factors can lead to the passage of unformed stools: an increase in intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion (osmotic or secretory diarrhea), malabsorption of intraintestinal contents (due to damaged intestinal lining of the small bowel), and altered intestinal motility (dysmotility diarrhea). Proceeding directly to empiric or supportive therapy is often more practical than attempting to identify the cause of loose stools in some patients. This article focuses on differentiating acute and chronic diarrhea and how to determine which patients require diagnostic testing. Topics include the evaluation of acute and chronic diarrhea, and therapy for acute diarrhea. Stool examinations for ova and parasites may be indicated in patients when the illness originated during travel to high-risk areas or when illness persists longer than 2 weeks. Preventing dehydration is a major goal of therapy, and either over the counter (OTC) preparations or home remedies are often effective. Antibiotic therapy is generally not necessary for acute diarrheal episodes except when treatable parasites or some bacterial agents are known to cause the infection. 1 figure. 1 table. 4 references.

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Diarrhea: Differentiating the Acute from the Chronic. Patient Care. 36(9): 52-56. July , 2002.

This article assists general practice physicians in differentiating acute and chronic diarrhea, in evaluating both acute and chronic diarrhea, and in treating acute diarrhea. The authors note that proceeding directly to empiric or supportive therapy is often more practical than attempting to identify the cause of loose stools in some patients. Diarrhea present for less than a 2 week period is considered acute. Stool examinations for ova and parasites may be indicated in patients when the illness originated during travel to high-risk areas or when illness persists longer than 2 weeks. Preventing dehydration is a major goal of therapy, and either over the counter (OTC) preparations or home remedies are often effective. Antibiotic therapy is generally not necessary for acute diarrheal episodes. For chronic diarrhea, a physical examination often reveals important information about weight loss, fluid depletion, and signs of systemic illness. Possible causes include osmotic and secretory disorders, malabsorption syndromes, motility disorders, infections, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 2 tables. 4 references.

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Efficacy of Probiotic Use in Acute Diarrhea in Children: A Meta-Analysis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 47(11): 2625-2634. November 2002.

This article reports on a study undertaken to review the effectiveness of probiotic use in reducing the duration of increased stool output in children with acute diarrheal illness. Studies eligible for review were limited to trials of probiotic therapy in otherwise healthy children less than 5 years old with acute-onset diarrhea. The main outcome variable was difference in diarrhea duration between treatment and control groups. The meta-analysis of 18 eligible studies suggests that coadministration of probiotics with standard rehydration therapy reduces the duration of acute diarrhea by approximately 1 day. In subsequent analyses limited to studies of hospitalized children, to double-blinded trials, and to studies evaluating lactobacilli, the pooled estimates were similar. The authors conclude that bacterial probiotic therapy shortens the duration of acute diarrheal illness in children by approximately one day. 2 figures. 1 table. 48 references.

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Escherichia Coli as a Cause of Diarrhea. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 17(4): 467-475. April 2002.

Escherichia coli is the best known member of the normal microbiota of the human intestine and a versatile gastrointestinal pathogen (cause of disease). This article explores the role of E. coli as a cause of diarrhea. The varieties of E. coli that cause diarrhea are classified into named pathotypes, including enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteropathogenic, and enterohemorrhagic. Individual strains of each pathotype possess a distinct set of virulence-associated characteristics that determine the clinical, pathological and epidemiological features of the diseases they cause. In the article, the authors summarize the key distinguishing features of the major pathotypes of diarrhea-genic E. coli. Knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of these bacteria has led to the development of rational interventions for the treatment and prevention of E. coli induced diarrhea. The mainstay of antidiarrheal therapy is oral rehydration with sugar and electrolyte solutions. Importantly, patients suspected of being infected with these bacteria should not be treated with antibiotics because these may enhance toxin synthesis or promote its release from the bacteria with a consequent increased risk of hemorrhagic colitis. 4 figures. 4 tables. 59 references.

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Infectious Diarrhea and Bacterial Food Poisoning. In: Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1864-1913.

This chapter on infectious diarrhea and bacterial food poisoning is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include changes in normal flora caused by diarrhea; classification of bacterial diarrhea; toxigenic diarrheas, including cholera, other vibrios, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Escherichia coli; invasive pathogens, including Shigella, nontyphoidal Salmonellosis, typhoid fever, Campylobacter, and Yersinia; viral diarrhea, including that due to rotavirus, calicivirus, enteric andenovirus, astrovirus, and torovirus; traveler's diarrhea, including microbiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention; diarrhea in the elderly; diagnosis of infectious diarrheal disease; treatment of infectious diarrhea, including with fluid therapy, diet, antimicrobial drugs, and nonspecific therapy; tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract; and bacterial food poisoning, including that from Clostridium perfringers, Saphylococcus auerus, Listeria, Bacillus cereus, botulism, and Bacillus anthracis. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, illustrations, and extensive references. 8 figures. 16 tables. 329 references.

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Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Probiotic Administration on Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16(8): 1461-1467. August 2002.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea can be attributed in part to imbalances in intestinal microflora. Therefore, probiotic preparations are used to prevent the diarrhea. However, although several trials have been conducted, no conclusive evidence has been found to the efficacy of different preparations, e.g. Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces spp. This article reports on a meta-analysis of the data in the literature on the efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Twenty-two studies matched the inclusion criteria. Only seven studies (881 patients) were homogeneous. The results suggest a strong benefit of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhea, but further data are needed. The authors conclude that the evidence for beneficial effects is still not definitive. Published studies are flawed by the lack of a placebo design and by peculiar population features. 2 figures. 3 tables. 39 references.

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Miscellaneous Colitides. In: Corman, M.L.; Allison, S.I.; Kuehne, J.P. Handbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2002. p.855-898.

This chapter on miscellaneous colitides is from a handbook that addresses the entire range of diseases affecting the colon, rectum, and anus. The authors discuss a number of inflammatory conditions of the bowel that, generally speaking, are either infectious or noninfectious. The common denominator for all of these illnesses is an association with the symptom of diarrhea. The authors caution that although most diarrheal conditions are self-limiting (in Western countries), an acute onset of diarrheal disease may be the initial presentation of an underlying disorder that mandates thorough gastrointestinal investigation. Topics include eosinophilic gastroenteritis or colitis; microscopic colitis; collagenous colitis; neutropenic enterocolitis, ileocecal syndrome, and typhlitis; diversion colitis, disuse colitis, and starvation colitis; disinfectant colitis (pseudolypomatosis); corrosive colitis; NSAID (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) induced colitis; toxic epidermal necrolysis; bacterial infections; viral infections; fungal infections; and parasitic infections. 27 references.

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