ACROSOME. Caplike process at the distal end of the sperm that releases
proteins and enzymes that permit the sperm nucleus to enter the egg cytoplasm
ACUMINATE. Tapering to a point
AEDEAGUS. Penis
ALINOTUM. Wing-bearing plate on the dorsal surface of the mesothorax or metathorax
ANNULATE. Furnished with or composed of rings; composed of rings of cuticle
ANTECOSTAL. Pertaining to a particular ridge on the inner side of a tergal or sternal plate that forms an attachment site for longitudinal muscles
ANTERIOR. Situated before or toward the front; opposite Of POSTERIOR
APODEME. Any cuticular ingrowth of the body wall, usually formed in a multicellular matrix such as body cuticle
APOPHYSIS. (plural, APOPHYSES) Any internal or external outgrowth of the body wall (cuticle)
AROLIUM. Median lobe of the pretarsus, arising between the bases of the claws
ARTIFACTUAL. Pertaining to any artificial accoutrements in a natural process or subject; a substance or structure not naturally present
ATRIUM. Cuticular antechamber leading from the spiracular opening to the tracheal orifice
AURICLE. Structure in the front end of the first tarsal segment of the hind leg that pushes the pollen mass up into the pollen basket of the hind tibia
AUXILIA (plural, AUXILIAE). Small plates beneath the bases of the pretarsal claws that bear the pulvilli
AXONEME. Flagellar structure (tail) of an insect sperm
BASALARE. Pleurite (lateral sclerite) arising from the episternum, a rounded bib of exoskeleton anchoring (giving insertion to) the anterior pleural muscles of the wing
BASICONICUM. See SENSILLUM AMPULLACIUM and SENSILLUM BASICONICUM
BASISTERNUM. Principal sclerite or area of the sternum anterior to the roots of the sternal apophyses or the sternal costal suture
BASITARSUS. Proximal segment of the tarsus; the first and largest segment of the honey bee foot
BEE BREAD. Pollen stored in the comb, to which bees have added small quantities of nectar and other largely unknown products
BICONVEX. Convex or protuberant on both sides; in insect eyes, pertaining to the shape of the corneal lens of each ommatidium of the compound eye or the single lens surmounting each ocellus
BIPOLAR. Having two poles; pertaining to the most common type of sensory neuron of cuticular sense organs, one pole the distal dendrite (which is continuous with the neuronal cell body), the other (proximal) pole the origin of the axon
BLEB. Any small blisterlike projection
BROOD. Eggs, larvae, and pupae
CALCARIS. Multicellular spur set in a membranous socket (the wax spur
in the honey bee)
CAMERA (noun). Curved narrow sclerite underlying the paired lobes of the arolium; (adjective) pertaming to an eye type possessing a lens that admits and refracts light to a photosensitive retina behind the lens
CAMPANIFORM. Bell-shaped, pertaining to a type of external proprioceptor (a sense organ housed under a small dome or bell-shaped cuticular elevation that consists of a single relatively large bipolar rieuron whose distal tip is embedded in modified cuticle that is displaced as the surrounding cuticle is stressed, which action is the adequate stimulus for this receptor); pertaining to a stress receptor monitoring tension developed from muscle activity, usually at joints (these strain gauges are widely distributed on the body and appendages of the honey bee)
CANNULAR. Pertaining to a small tube or carmula, usually a cuticular canal or channel
CARDO. (plural, CARDINES) Basal ring in the genitalia; more commonly, the proximal subdivision of a maxillary appendage; and in the honey bee worker a slender, cuticular, sticklike process that articulates with the lorum and stipes
CERVIX (also CERVICUM). Neck, either the connecting piece between head and thorax or the neck of the drone penis between vestibulum and bulb
CHAETICA. See SENSILLUM CHAETICUM
CHALAZA. Discrete bulbous elevation of the body wall that constricts the hair socket
CHEMORECEPTOR (also CHEMOSENSOR). Sense organ that can detect odorant molecules in air or water
CHEMOSENSOR. See CHEMORECEPTOR
CIBARIUM. Food pocket of the external or preoral mouth cavity between the base of the hypopharynx and the undersurface of the clypeus
CLYPEUS. Facial area of the cranium just above the labrum, usually separated from the frons by an epistomal suture
COMET. Aggregation of airborne drone honey bees
CONDYLE. Any process by means of which an appendage is articulated in a rounded cavity
CORNEA. Optically transparent cuticle overlying the ommatidia of the compound eye or the photoreceptors of the dorsal ocelli
CORNUTUS (plural, CORNUTI). Horn or hornlike process of the male genitalia
COSTA. Thickened anterior margin of the wing (according to wing vein nomenclature, the costa is the vein extending along the anterior margin of the wing)
COXA. Basal (most proximal) segment of the leg, the medial surface of which articulates with the body
CUTICLE (adjective, CUTICULAR). Protein-chitinous material making up
the exoskeleton and lining of the foregut and hindgut
DENDRITE. Receptive portion (usually) of the nerve cell where the generator
potential (stimulus) originates; also the postsynaptic region of an interneuron
DENTICLE. Small tooth or toothlike process
DIOPTRIC. Refractive, pertaining to corneal lens and cones, which are capable of bending light rays toward the rhabdomeres of underlying photoreceptor cells
DISTAL. That part of the body (or an appendage) that is farthest from the body
DORSAL. Pertaining to the upper surface; opposite of VENTRAL
DORSUM. Upper surface.
EMPODIUM. Spinelike process springing from the unguitractor of the
foot
EPICRANIUM. Dorsal surface of the head
EPIMERON. Posterior division of a thoracic pleuron
EPIPLEURON. Pleural sclerite of the prothoracic segment
EPISTERNUM. Anterior and larger lateral thoracic sclerite between the sternum and the notum; the anterior sclerite of the pleuron
EPISTOMAL. Pertaining to the lower face between the mouth and eyes, or to a sclerite immediately behind or above the labrum
ESOPHAGUS. That part of the foregut that lies between the pharynx and crop
EXOCUTICLE. Primary cuticular layer, a rigid, relatively thick, structureless layer of cuticle situated between the epicuticle (outer) and endocuticle (inner) layer of the exoskeleton
EXORECEPTOR. Any receptor cells or organs that monitor and sense forms
of energy that arise outside of the bee (such as light quanta and odorant
molecules)
FACET. Polygonal (sometimes round in a frontal view) subdivision of
corneal lens cuticle forming the outer boundaries of an ommatidium of the
compound eye
FASCICLE. Bundle or cohesive group
FEMORAL. Pertaining to the femur
FEMUR. Third and usually largest (or stoutest) segment of a leg; the thigh
FIBULA. Jugal fold of the wing; also, the spur at the end of the tibia that closes over the toothed notch on the basitarsus to form an enclosed antenna cleaner
FLABELLUM (also LABELLUM). Distal lobe of the glossa (tongue)
FLAGELLUM. That portion of the antenna beyond the second segment, which may be subdivided; a whiplike process; the tail of a sperm
FLEXION. Bending in which the angle lessens between the bending components
FLEXUOUS. Having a bending quality; capable of bending
FORAMEN. Opening in the body wall to permit passage of viscera from one part to another
FORAMEN MAGNUM. Hole in the back of the head capsule that is linked with the cervix, through which passes the ventral nerve cord, esophagus, dorsal vessel, and other viscera
FOSSA. Pit or deep sulcus
FRONS. Unpaired sclerite of the head lying between the arms of the epicranial suture; the anterior portion (forehead) of the head capsule
FRONTAL. Pertaining to the front of the head or to the anterior aspect
of any part
GALEA. Outer lobe of the maxilla, which in the worker honey bee is
a long, thin, tapering blade
GASTER. Globular or ovoid last seven segments (two to eight) of the abdomen behind the petiole; the abdomen
GENA. Cheek, the part of the head on each side below the eyes
GLABROUS. Smooth, not hairy
GLIA. Nonexcitable cells that accompany and ensheath neurons
GLOSSA (plural, GLOSSAE). Tongue, which in the honey bee is long, densely hairy, and split posteriorly by a deep groove (the bee tongue is flexible and contractile)
GUSTATORY. Pertaining to gustation, the sensing of water-borne odorant
molecules; pertaining to the sense of taste
HEMOLYMPH (also HAEMOLYMPH). Blood; in bees a solution containing a
variety of nucleated cells called hemocytes possessing little or no respiratory
function
HIRSUTE. Hairy
HYPOPHARYNX. Ventral portion of the stomodeal section of the alimentary
canal posterior to the mouth (in the honey bee, the hypopharynx is an intergnathal
lobe, spanning functional mouth and cibarium)
INFRAEPIMERON. Lower (most ventral) sclerite of the epimeron
INNERVATED. Supplied with nerves that can communicate with other body parts
INTER-. Prefix meaning between
INTERSTITIAL. Pertaining to an area between two lines or two body tissues
INTRA-. Prefix meaning within
INTRAEPIMERON. That area within an epimeron (a posterior division of
a thoracic pleuron)
JOHNSTON'S ORGAN. Mechanoreceptor organ located in the second segment
of the antenna (a scolopophorous organ usually consisting of some scores
of bipolar neurons whose apical ends (dendrites) insert into the basal
part of the third segment of the antenna; these collective, oriented nerve
cells are stimulated by particular frequencies induced in the antenna when
the latter comes in contact with vibrations propagated in air, water, or
ground)
JUGAL. Pertaining to the area of origin of the forewing, particularly
its posterior margin
LABELLUM. See FLABELLUM
LABIUM. Second maxilla; the lower lip; in the honey bee worker, a compound structure consisting of the prementurn, postmentum, labial palpi, ligular lobes, glossa, paraglossae, and various glands
LABRUM. Upper lip, covering the base of the mandibles and forming the roof of the mouth
LANCET. Swordlike cuticular process with serrated edges used for piercing by the sting apparatus
LATERAL. Pertaining to the outside margins; opposite Of MEDIAL
LIGULA. Major portion of the labium, consisting collectively of the glossa and paraglossae
LORUM. Flexible, transverse band supporting the base of the submenturn,
with its extremities attached to the distal ends of the cardines (see CARDO)
MANDIBLE. One of two flattened, shovellike cuticular mouthparts in
worker and queen honey bees that act as a pair of grasping organs for food
ingestion and the manipulation of wax in comb building
MAXILLA (plural, MAXILLAE). Paired mouthparts for chewing and shredding located below the mandibles, consisting of a number of cuticular sclerites (galea, lacinia, stipes, cardo)
MECHANORECEPTOR. Sense organ capable of registering various mechanical (physical) perturbations that originate within or outside the insect
MEDIA. Wing vein; the fourth longitudinal vein extending from the base through approximately the middle of the wing
MEDIAL. Pertaining to the middle of something; opposite Of LATERAL
MENTUM (also PREMENTUM). Part of the tongue, the second sclerite bearing the labial palpi, paraglossae, and ligula
MESOEPISTERNUM. Mesothoracic episternum
MESOMERES. One of two medially situated, secondary lobes at the posterior end of the drone pupa, which are phallic rudiments that unite in the adults to form the aedeagus
MESONOTUM. Dorsal surface of the second or middle thoracic segment of the adult insect
MESOPEDE. Middle leg
MESOSTERNUM. Main ventral (breast) sclerite of the mesothorax
MESOTHORAX (adjective, MESOTHORACIC). Second thoracic segment
METANOTUM. Dorsal sclerite (plate) on the insect's back; on the last thoracic segment
METATHORAX (adjective, METATHORACIC). Third and last thoracic segment
MICROPYLE. Area of minute openings in the insect egg through which sperm gain entry
MICROTRICHIA. Miniature body hairs, not articulated and probably not innervated
MONOCONDYLE. Pertaining to a joint having only one condyle and thus
a single point of articulation
NEURON. Nerve cell, capable of being depolarized or hyperpolarized
when stimulated and conveying this transient potential change along its
length
NOTUM (adjective, NOTAL). General name or suffix given to dorsal sclerites
NUMERAL. Pertaining to a particular number
OCCIPITAL. Pertaining to the occiput
OCCIPUT. Back of the head
OCCLUSOR. Muscle that closes a spiracle when it contracts partially or completely
OCELLUS. Simple eye (so-called) consisting of relatively few photoreceptor cells under one smooth biconvex lens; in honey bees, three ocelli are situated on the vertex
OLFACTORY. Pertaining to reception of air-borne odorant molecules by chemoreceptors
OMMATIDIUM (plural, OMMATIDIA). All the photoreceptor cells, dioptric apparatus, and associated pigmented glial cells of one lens facet
OPERCULUM. Cover or lid
ORIFICE. Opening, entrance, or hole.
PALP. Telopodite or lobe of a mouthpart appendage PAPILLA (plural,
PAPILLAE). Minute, soft projection
PAPILLATE. Covered with small projections
PARAGLOSSA (plural, PARAGLOSSAE). One of the paired, thin, elongate lobes arising from the common ligular base on the prementum at the sides of the tongue, their concave inner surfaces clasping the base of the tongue
PARAMERE. One of the paired lateral processes or lobes of the phallobase
PECTINATE. Comblike; pertaining to the rigid incurved setae on the basal parts of the maxilla and labium or the rows of spines on the feet
PEDICEL (also PEDICELLUS). Second segment of antenna
PEG ORGAN . See SENSILLUM AMPULLACIUM and SENSILLUM BASICONICUM
PENULTIMATE. Next to last
PETIOLE. Stalk or stem; in honey bees, the greatly constricted area between the first and second abdominal segments
PHALLOBASE. Base of the phallus (penis)
PHALLOTREME. End or distal opening of the aedeagus (penis)
PHALLUS (adjective, PHALLIC). Penis
PHEROMONE. One of the biochemicals produced by various glands that have warning, aphrodisiac, trail-forming, and other functions, the chemoreception of which in insects initiates social responses and (perhaps) endocrine changes
PHoTONEGATIVE. Avoidance (behavioral) reaction to light
PHOTORECEPTOR. Cell or collection of cells, usually characterized by the presence of rhabdomeric microvilli containing visual pigment, that are specialized in the absorption of light quanta
PIPING. See QUACKING
PIT ORGAN. See SENSILLUM AMPULLACIUM and
SENSILLUM COELOCONICUM
PIT PEG. Peg sensillum arising from the base of a pit or other cuticular cavity
PLACOID. See SENSILLUM PLACODEUM
PLANTA. Sclerite forming the basal joint of the posterior tarsus, the sole of the posterior tarsal joint just proximal to the arolium, which is covered with ranks of strong spines
PLATE ORGAN. See SENSILLUM PLACODEUM
PLEURITE. Any sclerite in the pleural (lateral) portion of a body segment
PLEURON. Pleurite; also the subcoxal sclerotization above, before, and behind the coxa
POLARIZATION PATTERN. Electric vector of linearly polarized skylight, which can be perceived by ultraviolet receptors in the bee compound eye and used for navigation
POLYGONAL. Having many straight sides
PORE. Surface opening, blind-ended or continuous
POSTERIOR. Hindmost; opposite Of ANTERIOR
POSTMENTUM. Triangular, small sclerite, a constituent of the labium
POSTOCCIPUT. Extreme posterior rim of the head capsule, that portion behind the occipital suture
PREMENTUM. See MENTUM
PRESCUTUM. Anterior area of the mesonotum or metanotum between the antecostal suture and the prescutal suture
PRETARSUs. Terminal segment of the insect leg, the functional foot of the insect.
PROBOSCIS. Composite "organ" formed of the maxillae and labium, especially or only when those two appendages are brought together to form a tube through which liquids are drawn up to the mouth by the cibarial pump
PROCTIGER. Small papilla bearing the anus
PRONOTUM. Dorsal surface of the prothorax
PROPODEUM (adjective, PROPOIJEAL). First abdominal segment, which appears to be part of the thorax
PROPOLIS. Admixture of plant resin, beeswax, and other unknown products (probably glandular in origin) produced by worker bees and used for various purposes including filling cracks in the hive, glue for suspending combs, and for embalming intruders
PROPRIOCEPTOR. "Sense organs capable of continuously registering deformation
(changes in length) and stress (tensions, decompressions) in
the body, which can arise from the animal's own movements, its weight
or other external mechanical forces " (Lissman 1950)
PROTHORAX. First (most anterior) thoracic segment
PROTRACTOR MUSCLE. Muscle that permits an extension
PROXIMAL. Nearest the organism
PULVILLUS. Padlike structure between the tarsal claws or on the underside of the tarsal joint
PUNCTATE. Having pits or punctures
PUPATION. Metamorphosis from the larval stage to the pupal stage
PUTATIVE. Commonly accepted, reputed
QUACKING. Sound made by queen bees
RADIUS. Third of the longitudinal veins behind (or counting from) the
subcosta
RAMUS (plural, RANH). Branchlike division of any structure or appendage; a cuticular, curved sclerite that forms the base of a lancet of the sting apparatus
RASTELLUM. "Little rake"; in worker honey bees, a row of closely set spines forming a comb on the distal tip of the hind tibia that functions as a portion of the pollen press
RHABDOMERE. Ranked microvilli on the medial and distal surfaces of the photoreceptor cell, an array that constitutes the photoreceptor organelle (as these photosensitive membranes contain the visual pigment)
ROYAL JELLY. Generic term for glandular products fed to bee larvae; more correctly used to identify those glandular products fed to queen larvae for the first 3 days of life
RUGOSITY. Roughness in surface texture
SCAPE. First (most proximal) segment of the antenna
SCLERITE. Any portion of the insect exoskeleton bounded by sutures
SCLEROTIZED. Process of cuticular hardening and darkening leading to tanned protein called sclerotin
SCUTELLUM. Smaller part of the alinoturn set off by the transcutal suture (fissure) through the posterior part of the Scutum
SCUTUM. Part of the alinotum sandwiched between the prescutum and mesoscutum
SENSILLUM (plural, SENSILLA). One, several, or many aggregated sense cells, usually responsive to a common modality (although some trichoid sensilla may have several olfactory receptor cells and a single mechanoreceptor cell)
SENSILLUM AMPULLACIUM. Basiconic peg organ that is covert within a long cuticular canal within the cuticle and is reported to be an olfactory receptor (see SENSILLUM BASICONICUM)
SENSILLUM BASICONICUM. Olfactory sense organ, consisting of an external small cone or peg, usually unjointed at its base, with lateral side pores that permit ingress of odorant molecules, which contact the dendrite membranes of one to several bipolar sensory neurons within the peg
SENSILLUM CHAETICUM. Hairlike (or bristlelike) sense organ whose function is to detect movement and/or olfaction
SENSILLUM COELOCONICUM. Olfactory sense organ in the form of a pit peg
SENSILLUM PLACODEUM. Platelike olfactory sensillum, abundant on the honey bee antenna
SETA (plural, SETAE). General term for cuticular hairs, which may or may not be innervated
SETOSE (also HIRSUTE). Bearing setae
SPATULATE. Rounded and/or broad at the top and slender at the base
SPERMATHECA. Sac in the female insect acting as a reservoir for sperm received from the male
SPICULE. Slender, needlelike cuticular process
SPIRACLE. Breathing pore in the exoskeleton contiguous with internal tracheae
STERNACOSTA. Internal ridge developed from the (externally visible) sternal suture; usually the bases of the sternal apophyses line up on this ridge
STERNELLUM. Area of the sternum posterior to the bases of the sternal apophyses or the sternacostal suture
STERNITE. Subdivision of a sternal plate; any one of the sclerotic components of a definitive sternum
STERNUM. General name for the ventral aspect of the organism; opposite the dorsal TERGUM
STIPES. One of the basal segments of the maxilla, the distal part of the coxal base of the maxilla and the one to which the maxillary palps and galea are affixed distally
STRIGILIS. That portion of the antenna cleaner at the distal end of the tibia that closes over the notch in the basitarsus (in some texts STRIGILIS and FIBULA are synonymous)
STYLET. Medial part of the shaft of the sting, which is flanked by the barbed lancets (the lancets and stylet combine to form a channel through which the venom is discharged)
SUBALARE. Epipleurite (of the epimeron) that provides anchorage for the posterior muscles of the wing
SUBCOSTA. Wing vein immediately behind and parallel to the costa; the second vein projecting along the leading edge of the wing
SULCUS. Furrow or groove of the cuticle
SUPRAEPIMERON. Upper sclerite of the epimeron
SUPRAEPISTERNUM. Upper sclerite of the episternum
SUTURE. Seam in the cuticle indicating the division of distinct parts
of the body wall
TANGENTIAL. Pertaining to a direction oblique to the object in question
TARSOMERE. Any segment of the tarsus (foot)
TARSUS. Foot; the combined tarsomeres
TEGULA. Major, dorsally situated, triangular articular sclerite of the forewing
TELOPODITE. Distal portion of the insect limb beginning with the trochanter
TEMPORAL. Pertaining to the temples, the posterior aspect of the side of the head
TENTORIUM. Endoskeleton of the insect head; in the bee, consisting mainly of two cannular, sclerotized arms extending from the anterior tentorial pits in the epistomal suture posteriorly and upward to the posterior pits in the postoccipital sulcus, including a narrow, arched, hollow rod (tentorial bridge) that forms a bridge between the posterior ends of the bars
TERGITE. Any dorsal sclerite or part of a dorsal segment
TERGUM. Dorsal surface of any body segment, often subdivided into a number of smaller segments or sclerites
TERMINAL. Last, ultimate
TERMINALIA. Terminal or last abdominal segments, usually including the genital structures
TERMINUS. Extremity (at either end)
THENAR. Prominence at the base of a claw
THORAX. Second body region of the insect which bears the true legs and wings
TIBIA. Fourth division of the leg, situated between the femur and the tarsus
TORMOGEN CELL. Epidermal cell that gives rise to the socket housing a seta, then later functions as