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JEL Classification	Press & hold CTRL key to select multiple entries.(select no more than 3 please) A100 - General Economics: General A110 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists A120 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines A130 - Relation of Economics to Social Values A140 - Sociology of Economics (citation analyses; departmental rankings; etc.) A190 - General Economics: Other A200 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: General A210 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: Pre A220 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: Undergraduate A230 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: Graduate A290 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics: Other A300 - Multisubject Collective Works: General A310 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals A320 - Multisubject Volumes A390 - Multisubject Collective Works: Other B000 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology: General B100 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: General B110 - History of Economic Thought: Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic) B120 - History of Economic Thought: Classical (includes Adam Smith) B130 - History of Economic Thought: Neoclassical through 1925 (includes Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian) B140 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Socialist; Marxist B150 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Historical; Institutional B160 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative B190 - History of Economic Thought through 1925: Other B200 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: General B210 - History of Economic Thought: Microeconomics B220 - History of Economic Thought: Macroeconomics B230 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative Studies B240 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Socialist; Marxist B250 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian B290 - History of Economic Thought since 1925: Other B300 - History of Thought: Individuals: General B310 - History of Thought: Individuals B400 - Economic Methodology: General B410 - Economic Methodology B490 - Economic Methodology: Other B500 - Current Heterodox Approaches: General B510 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian B520 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Institutional; Evolutionary B530 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Austrian B590 - Current Heterodox Approaches: Other C000 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods: General C100 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General C110 - Bayesian Analysis C120 - Hypothesis Testing C130 - Estimation C140 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods C150 - Statistical Simulation Methods; Monte Carlo Methods; Bootstrap Methods C160 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Specific Distributions C190 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Other C200 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: General C210 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Cross C220 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Time C230 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Models with Panel Data C240 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Truncated and Censored Models C250 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models C290 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Other C300 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: General C310 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Cross C320 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Time C330 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Models with Panel Data C340 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Truncated and Censored Models C350 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models C390 - Econometric Methods: Multiple/Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: Other C400 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics: General C410 - Duration Analysis C420 - Survey Methods C430 - Index Numbers and Aggregation; leading indicators C440 - Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research C450 - Neural Networks and Related Topics C490 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics: Other C500 - Econometric Modeling: General C510 - Model Construction and Estimation C520 - Model Evaluation and Testing C530 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications C590 - Econometric Modeling: Other C600 - Mathematical Methods and Programming: General C610 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis C620 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium C630 - Computational Techniques C650 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools C670 - Input C680 - Computable General Equilibrium Models C690 - Mathematical Methods and Programming: Other C700 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory: General C710 - Cooperative Games C720 - Noncooperative Games C730 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games C780 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory C790 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory: Other C800 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: General C810 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data C820 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data C870 - Econometric Software C880 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other Computer Software C890 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other C900 - Design of Experiments: General C910 - Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Individual C920 - Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Group Behavior C930 - Field Experiments C990 - Design of Experiments: Other D000 - Microeconomics: General D010 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles D020 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations D100 - Household Behavior: General D110 - Consumer Economics: Theory D120 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis D130 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation D140 - Personal Finance D180 - Consumer Protection D190 - Household Behavior and Family Economics: Other D200 - Production and Organizations: General D210 - Firm Behavior D230 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights D240 - Production; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity D290 - Production and Organizations: Other D300 - Distribution: General D310 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions D330 - Factor Income Distribution D390 - Distribution: Other D400 - Market Structure and Pricing: General D410 - Market Structure and Pricing: Perfect Competition D420 - Market Structure and Pricing: Monopoly D430 - Market Structure and Pricing: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection D440 - Auctions D450 - Rationing; Licensing D460 - Value Theory D490 - Market Structure and Pricing: Other D500 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: General D510 - Exchange and Production Economies D520 - Incomplete Markets D570 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Input D580 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models D590 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Other D600 - Welfare Economics: General D610 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost D620 - Externalities D630 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement D640 - Altruism D690 - Welfare Economics: Other D700 - Analysis of Collective Decision D710 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations D720 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent D730 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption D740 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances D780 - Positive Analysis of Policy D790 - Analysis of Collective Decision D800 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty: General D810 - Criteria for Decision D820 - Asymmetric and Private Information D830 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge D840 - Expectations; Speculations D850 - Network Formation D860 - Economics of Contract Law D890 - Information and Uncertainty: Other D900 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth: General D910 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving D920 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing D990 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth: Other E000 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General E010 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth E100 - General Aggregative Models: General (includes measurement and data on national accounts and wealth) E110 - General Aggregative Models: Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary E120 - General Aggregative Models: Keynes; Keynesian; Post E130 - General Aggregative Models: Neoclassical (New Classical) E170 - General Aggregative Models: Forecasting and Simulation E190 - General Aggregative Models: Other E200 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes measurement and data) E210 - Macroeconomics: Consumption; Saving E220 - Macroeconomics: Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity E230 - Macroeconomics: Production E240 - Macroeconomics: Employment; Unemployment; Wages; wage indexation E250 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution E260 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy E270 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: Forecasting and Simulation E290 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment and Investment: Other E300 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes measurement and data) E310 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation E320 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles E370 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Forecasting and Simulation E390 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Other E400 - Money and Interest Rates: General (includes measurement and data) E410 - Demand for Money E420 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System E430 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates E440 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy E470 - Money and Interest Rates: Forecasting and Simulation E490 - Money and Interest Rates: Other E500 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General (flow of funds) E510 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers E520 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects) E580 - Central Banks and Their Policies (organization, case studies, lender of last resort issues) E590 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: Other E600 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation; Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance; Macroeconomic Policy; General Outlook: General E610 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination E620 - Macroeconomic Aspects of Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation E630 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization Policy E640 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy E650 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes E660 - General Outlook and Conditions E690 - Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook: Other F000 - International Economics: General F010 - Global Outlook F020 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations; Economic Integration and Globalization: General F100 - Trade: General F110 - Neoclassical Models of Trade F120 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies F130 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Trade Organizations F140 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade F150 - Economic Integration F160 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions F170 - Trade: Forecasting and Simulation F180 - Trade and Environment F190 - Trade: Other F200 - International Factor Movements and International Business: General F210 - International Investment; Long F220 - International Migration F230 - Multinational Firms; International Business (International Competitiveness) F290 - International Factor Movements: Other F300 - International Finance: General F310 - Foreign Exchange (Exchange Rates; Intervention; Foreign Exchange Reserves; Currency Crises) F320 - Current Account Adjustment; Short F330 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions F340 - International Lending and Debt Problems F350 - Foreign Aid F360 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration F370 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation F390 - International Finance: Other F400 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: General F410 - Open Economy Macroeconomics F420 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission F430 - Economic Growth of Open Economies F470 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Forecasting and Simulation F490 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Other G000 - Financial Economics: General G100 - General Financial Markets: General (includes measurement and data) G110 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions G120 - Asset Pricing G130 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing; option pricing G140 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies G150 - International Financial Markets G180 - General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation G190 - General Financial Markets: Other G200 - Financial Institutions and Services: General G210 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages G220 - Insurance; Insurance Companies G230 - Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions; Institutional Investors G240 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital;Brokerage G280 - Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation G290 - Financial Institutions and Services: Other G300 - Corporate Finance and Governance: General G310 - Capital Budgeting; Investment Policy; cost of capital G320 - Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure; financial ratios; value of firm G330 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation G340 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Voting; Proxy Contests; Corporate Governance G350 - Payout Policy G380 - Corporate Finance and Governance: Government Policy and Regulation G390 - Corporate Finance and Governance: Other H000 - Public Economics: General H100 - Structure and Scope of Government: General H110 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government H190 - Structure and Scope of Government: Other H200 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General H210 - Taxation and Subsidies: Efficiency; Optimal Taxation H220 - Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence H230 - Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies H240 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes H250 - Business Taxes and Subsidies including sales and value H260 - Tax Evasion (Compliance, Collection) H270 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenues: Other Sources of Revenue (Lottery) H290 - Taxation and Subsidies: Other H300 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: General H310 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Household (effects on labor supply) H320 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Firm H390 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Other H400 - Publicly Provided Goods: General H410 - Public Goods H420 - Publicly Provided Private Goods H430 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate H490 - Publicly Provided Goods: Other H500 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General H510 - National Government Expenditures and Health H520 - National Government Expenditures and Education H530 - National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs H540 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock H550 - Social Security and Public Pensions H560 - National Security and War H570 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Procurement H590 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Other H600 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: General H610 - National Budget; Budget Systems H620 - National Deficit; Surplus H630 - National Debt; Debt Management H690 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: Other H700 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: General H710 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue H720 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures H730 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects H740 - State and Local Borrowing H770 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism H790 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: Other H800 - Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: General H810 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits H820 - Governmental Property H830 - Public Administration H870 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods H890 - Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: Other I000 - Health, Education, and Welfare: General I100 - Health: General I110 - Analysis of Health Care Markets I120 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior I180 - Health: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health I190 - Health: Other I200 - Education: General I210 - Analysis of Education I220 - Educational Finance I230 - Higher Education Research Institutions I280 - Education: Government Policy I290 - Education: Other I300 - Welfare and Poverty: General I310 - General Welfare; Basic Needs; Living Standards; Quality of Life; Happiness I320 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty I380 - Welfare and Poverty: Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs I390 - Welfare and Poverty: Other J000 - Labor and Demographic Economics: General J100 - Demographic Economics: General J110 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts; General Migration J120 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure J130 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth J140 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped J150 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non J160 - Economics of Gender; Non J170 - Value of Life; Foregone Income J180 - Demographic Economics: Public Policy J190 - Demographic Economics: Other J200 - Time Allocation; Work Behavior; Employment Determination and Creation; Human Capital J210 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure (by industry, occupation, demographic characteristics, etc.) J220 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply (hours of work, part J230 - Employment Determination; Job Creation; Demand for Labor; Self J240 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity (Formal Training Programs; On J260 - Retirement; Retirement Policies J280 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy (workmen's compensation) J290 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination: Other J300 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General J310 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. (industry, schooling, experience, tenure, cohort, etc.) J320 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions (fringe benefits, cost of social security, costs of hiring and firing, family support programs) J330 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods (piece rates, time rates, bonuses, profit J380 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy (wage subsidies, minimum wage legislation) J390 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Other J400 - Particular Labor Markets: General J410 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models, Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets (other contracts) J420 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets J430 - Agricultural Labor Markets J440 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations J450 - Public Sector Labor Markets J480 - Particular Labor Markets: Public Policy J490 - Particular Labor Markets: Other J500 - Labor J510 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects J520 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining J530 - Labor J540 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms J580 - Labor J590 - Labor J600 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General J610 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers J620 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion J630 - Labor Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs (includes separations, hires, redundancy, job tenure, displaced workers) J640 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search J650 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings J680 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy (Employment Services) J690 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Other J700 - Labor Discrimination: General J710 - Labor Discrimination (hiring and firing) J780 - Labor Discrimination: Public Policy (including comparable worth) J790 - Labor Discrimination: Other J800 - Labor Standards: National and International: General J810 - Labor Standards: National and International: Working Conditions (safety, hours) J820 - Labor Standards: National and International: Labor Force Composition (child labor, prison labor, bonded labor, immigrant labor, migrant workers, racial and gender discrimination) J830 - Labor Standards: National and International: Workers' Rights J880 - Labor Standards: National and International: Public Policy J890 - Labor Standards: National and International: Other K000 - Law and Economics: General K100 - Basic Areas of Law: General (constitutional law) K110 - Property Law K120 - Contract Law K130 - Tort Law and Product Liability K140 - Criminal Law K190 - Basic Areas of Law: Other K200 - Regulation and Business Law: General K210 - Antitrust Law K220 - Corporation and Securities Law K230 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law K290 - Regulation and Business Law: Other K300 - Other Substantive Areas of Law: General K310 - Labor Law K320 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law K330 - International Law K340 - Tax Law K350 - Personal Bankruptcy Law K390 - Other Substantive Areas of Law: Other K400 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior: General K410 - Litigation Process K420 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law K490 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior: Other L000 - Industrial Organization: General L100 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: General L110 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms (Concentration, Product Differentiation, Entry and Exit) L120 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies (cartels; collusion) L130 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets; monopolistic competition; contestable markets L140 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks L150 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility L160 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices L190 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: Other L200 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior: General L210 - Business Objectives of the Firm L220 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration; Conglomerates L230 - Organization of Production L240 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures L250 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales L290 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior: Other L300 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General L310 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs (foundations, etc.) L320 - Public Enterprises L330 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out L390 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: Other L400 - Antitrust Issues and Policies: General L410 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices L420 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts L430 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation L440 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations L490 - Antitrust Policy: Other L500 - Regulation and Industrial Policy: General L510 - Economics of Regulation L520 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods L530 - Government Promotion of Firms L590 - Regulation and Industrial Policy: Other L600 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General L610 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics L620 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment L630 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment L640 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments L650 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology L660 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco L670 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather L680 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables L690 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing: Other L700 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General L710 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels L720 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources L730 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper L740 - Construction L780 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: Government Policy L790 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: Other L800 - Industry Studies: Services: General L810 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e L820 - Entertainment; Media (performing arts, visual arts broadcasting, publishing, etc.) L830 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism L840 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services (Lawyers, Accountants, Barbers, Beauticians, Consultants, Opticians, etc.) L850 - Real Estate Services L860 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software L870 - Postal and Delivery Services L880 - Industry Studies: Services: Government Policy L890 - Industry Studies: Services: Other L900 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General L910 - Transportation: General L920 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports (trains, boats, ships, ocean liners, etc.) L930 - Air Transportation (airlines) L940 - Electric Utilities (power plants) L950 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities L960 - Telecommunications L970 - Utilities: General L980 - Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Government Policy L990 - Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Other M000 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting: General M100 - Business Administration: General M110 - Production Management M120 - Personnel Management; executive compensation M130 - Entrepreneurship (New Firms; Startups) M140 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility M190 - Business Administration: Other M200 - Business Economics: General M210 - Business Economics M290 - Business Economics: Other M300 - Marketing and Advertising: General M310 - Marketing M370 - Advertising M390 - Marketing and Advertising: Other M400 - Accounting and Auditing: General M410 - Accounting M420 - Auditing M490 - Accounting: Other M500 - Personnel Economics: General M510 - Personnel Economics: Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part M520 - Personnel Economics: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues) M530 - Personnel Economics: Training M540 - Personnel Economics: Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction) M550 - Personnel Economics: Labor Contracting: Outsourcing; Franchising: Other M590 - Personnel Economics: Other N000 - Economic History: General N010 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods N100 - Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations: General, International, or Comparative N110 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: U.S.; Canada: Pre N120 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: U.S.; Canada: 1913 N130 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Europe: Pre N140 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Europe: 1913 N150 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Asia including Middle East N160 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Latin America; Caribbean N170 - Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Africa; Oceania N200 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: General, International, or Comparative (exchange rates; debt) N210 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: Pre N220 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: 1913 N230 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Europe: Pre N240 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Europe: 1913 N250 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Asia including Middle East N260 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Latin America; Caribbean N270 - Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Africa; Oceania N300 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income and Wealth: General, International, or Comparative (Migration) N310 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income and Wealth: U.S.; Canada: Pre N320 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income and Wealth: U.S.; Canada: 1913 N330 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income and Wealth: Europe: Pre N340 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income and Wealth: Europe: 1913 N350 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income and Wealth: Asia including Middle East N360 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income and Wealth: Latin America; Caribbean N370 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income and Wealth: Africa; Oceania N400 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: General, International, or Comparative N410 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: U.S.; Canada: Pre N420 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: U.S.; Canada: 1913 N430 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Europe: Pre N440 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Europe: 1913 N450 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Asia including Middle East N460 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Latin America; Caribbean N470 - Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Africa; Oceania N500 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: General, International, or Comparative N510 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: U.S.; Canada: Pre N520 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: U.S.; Canada: 1913 N530 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Europe: Pre N540 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Europe: 1913 N550 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Asia including Middle East N560 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Latin America; Caribbean N570 - Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Africa; Oceania N600 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): General, International, or Comparative (multinational firms) N610 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): U.S.; Canada: Pre N620 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): U.S.; Canada: 1913 N630 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Europe: Pre N640 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Europe: 1913 N650 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Asia including Middle East N660 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Latin America; Caribbean N670 - Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction (includes Housing): Africa; Oceania N700 - Economic History: Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): General, International, or Comparative N710 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): U.S.; Canada: Pre N720 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): U.S.; Canada: 1913 N730 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): Europe: Pre N740 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): Europe: 1913 N750 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): Asia including Middle East N760 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (include Health Services): Latin America; Caribbean N770 - Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (includes Health Services): Africa; Oceania N800 - Micro N810 - Micro N820 - Micro N830 - Micro N840 - Micro N850 - Micro N860 - Micro N870 - Micro N900 - Regional and Urban History: General N910 - Regional and Urban History: U.S.; Canada: Pre N920 - Regional and Urban History: U.S.; Canada: 1913 N930 - Regional and Urban History: Europe: Pre N940 - Regional and Urban History: Europe: 1913 N950 - Regional and Urban History: Asia including Middle East N960 - Regional and Urban History: Latin America; Caribbean N970 - Regional and Urban History: Africa; Oceania O100 - Economic Development: General O110 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development (includes macro models and analyses of patterns and determinants of development) O120 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development (includes macro models) O130 - Economic Development: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products O140 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology O150 - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration (nutrition, health, education, fertility, household structure and formation, labor markets) O160 - Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment (Financial Intermediation) O170 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political O180 - Economic Development: Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses O190 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations (includes international assistance programs, trade and financial flows; IMF conditionality) O200 - Development Planning and Policy: General O210 - Planning Models; Planning Policy (includes input O220 - Project Analysis O230 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development O240 - Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy; Factor Movement; Foreign Exchange Policy O290 - Development Planning and Policy: Other O300 - Technological Change; Research and Development: General O310 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives O320 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D O330 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes (includes impact on production, welfare, income distribution, international competitiveness, military power, measurement, and case studies; international transfer of technology) O340 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues (patents, copyrights) O380 - Technological Change: Government Policy O390 - Technological Change: Other O400 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General (includes data sources) O410 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models O420 - Monetary Growth Models O470 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity O490 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: Other O500 - Economywide Country Studies: General O510 - Economywide Country Studies: U.S.; Canada O520 - Economywide Country Studies: Europe O530 - Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East O540 - Economywide Country Studies: Latin America; Caribbean O550 - Economywide Country Studies: Africa O560 - Economywide Country Studies: Oceania O570 - Comparative Studies of Countries P000 - Economic Systems: General P100 - Capitalist Systems: General P110 - Capitalist Systems: Planning, Coordination, and Reform P120 - Capitalist Enterprises P130 - Cooperative Enterprises P140 - Capitalist Systems: Property Rights P160 - Capitalist Systems: Political Economy P170 - Capitalist Systems: Performance and Prospects P190 - Capitalist Systems: Other P200 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General P210 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Planning, Coordination, and Reform P220 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Prices P230 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population (Labor; Capital) P240 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation P250 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation P260 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Political Economy; Property Rights P270 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Performance and Prospects (includes Spatial) P280 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Natural Resources; Energy; Environment P290 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Other P300 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: General P310 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions P320 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture P330 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid P340 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Financial Economics P350 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Public Economics P360 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty P370 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior P390 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Other P400 - Other Economic Systems: General P410 - Other Economic Systems: Planning, Coordination, and Reform P420 - Other Economic Systems: Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population P430 - Other Economic Systems: Public Economics; Financial Economics P440 - Other Economic Systems: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation P450 - Other Economic Systems: International Trade, Finance, Investment and Aid P460 - Other Economic Systems: Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty P470 - Other Economic Systems: Performance and Prospects (includes Spatial) P480 - Other Economic Systems: Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights P490 - Other Economic Systems: Other P500 - Comparative Economic Systems: General P510 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems P520 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies P590 - Comparative Economic Systems: Other Q000 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics: General Q010 - Sustainable Development Q100 - Agriculture: General Q110 - Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices Q120 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets Q130 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness Q140 - Agricultural Finance Q150 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation Q160 - Agricultural R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services Q170 - Agriculture in International Trade Q180 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy Q190 - Agriculture: Other Q200 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: General Q210 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply (the Commons) Q220 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Fishery; Aquaculture Q230 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Forestry Q240 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Land Q250 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Water Q260 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources Q280 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy Q290 - Renewable Resources and Conservation: Other Q300 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General Q310 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply Q320 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development Q330 - Resource Booms (Dutch disease) Q340 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts Q380 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy (includes OPEC policy) Q390 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Other Q400 - Energy: General Q410 - Energy: Demand and Supply Q420 - Alternative Energy Sources Q430 - Energy and the Macroeconomy Q480 - Energy: Government Policy Q490 - Energy: Other Q500 - Environmental Economics: General Q510 - Valuation of Environmental Effects (Recreational Effects; Health Effects; Contingent Valuation) Q520 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects (Firm Behavior) Q530 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling Q540 - Climate; Natural Disasters Q550 - Environmental Economics: Technological Innovation Q560 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting Q570 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics Q580 - Environmental Economics: Government Policy (Environmental Taxes; Tradable Permits; Command and Control; Regulation) R000 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: General R100 - General Regional Economics (includes Regional Data) R110 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes R120 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography) R130 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies R140 - Land Use Patterns R150 - General Regional Economics: Econometric and Input R190 - General Regional Economics: Other R200 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General R210 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Housing Demand R220 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Other Demand (spatial analysis) R230 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population R290 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: Other R300 - Production Analysis and Firm Location: General R310 - Housing Supply and Markets R320 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis (spatial analysis firm location decision; industrial districts) R330 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets R340 - Production Analysis and Firm Location: Input Demand Analysis (spatial) R380 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Production Analysis and Firm Location: Government Policies; Regulatory Policies (Rent Control) R390 - Production Analysis and Firm Location: Other R400 - Transportation Systems: General R410 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion R420 - Transportation Systems: Government and Private Investment Analysis R480 - Transportation Systems: Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies R490 - Transportation Systems: Other R500 - Regional Government Analysis: General R510 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies R520 - Land Use and Other Regulations R530 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock R580 - Regional Development Policy R590 - Regional Government Analysis: Other Z000 - Other Special Topics: General Z100 - Cultural Economics: General Z110 - Cultural Economics: Economics of the Arts and Literature Z120 - Cultural Economics: Religion Z130 - Cultural Economics: Social Norms and Social Capital; Social Networks Economic Anthropology Z190 - Cultural Economics: Other

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