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Contents Preface xi Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1 From Old Chinese to Middle Chinese: Word Order and Word Order Change 3 1.0.Introduction 3 1.1.OV word order in OC 5 1.1.1.Object = lexical NP 5 1.1.2.Object = pronoun 8 1.1.3. NEG+OV>NEG+VO (examples of ?? zhi zhi and ?? zhi zhi ) 15 1.1.4. Discussion 18 1.2.OV and VO 19 1.2.1.NP ? yi and ? yi NP 20 1.2.2.? shì V and V? shì 22 1.2.3.?? shì yi and ?? yi shì in OC and Late OC 24 1.2.4.Comparison between received texts and unearthed texts 27 1.2.5. Comparison between earlier texts and later annotated texts 30 1.2.6.Evolution of ? shì: from a demonstrative to a copula 31 1.3.Prepositions and postpositions 35 1.3.1.The status of ?/? yú in "location+yú" 36 1.3.2.The status of ? zhong in "zhong+location" 38 1.3.2.1.NP[+time]+? zhong/? zhong+NP[+time] 38 1.3.2.2. NP[+place word]+? zhong/? zhong+ NP[+place word] 41 1.4.Word order of motion verbs 43 1.4.1.Motion verbs and grammaticalization 45 1.4.2.? qù+NP[+locative]: leave a place>go to a place 48 1.4.3.?? dong qù and ??? xiàng dong qù 51 1.4.4.? l i, ? qù, and aspects 54 1.5.Preliminary conclusion 60 2Orientation of Verbs in Old Chinese 62 2.0.Introduction 62 2.1.Phonological and morphological evidence 63 2.2.The role of word order 68 2.3.Orientations of verbs marked by the preposition ? yú 76 2.3.1.The origin of the two yú (? yú and ? yú) 77 2.3.2.Functions of ? yú 81 2.3.3.Presence or absence of the preposition ? yú 85 2.3.4.Discussion in phonological approach 96 2.3.5.Tentative explanation 97 2.4.Passive voice marking 98 2.4.1.Marking by the same verb 98 2.4.2.Marking by the same structure 102 2.4.3.The rise of passive structures 108 2.5.Conclusion 110 3Causative Structures in Old Chinese 112 3.0.Introduction 112 3.1.Coexistence of different devices in OC 113 3.1.1.Phonological and morphological causatives in OC 113 3.1.2.Lexical causatives 117 3.1.3.Syntactic causatives 120 3.2.Comparison between ? shi and ? lìng causatives 124 3.3.Comparison between ? shi and ? ràng/? jiào causatives 129 3.4.Grammaticalization of the verb ? shi 133 3.5. New structures related to the causative structure (? ba and ? bèi constructions) 138 3.5.1.Causatives and the ? ba construction 139 3.5.2.Causatives and the ? bèi construction 141 3.6.Conclusion 145 4The Rise of Resultative Compounds 146 4.0.Introduction 146 4.1.Previous works 147 4.2.Distribution of V1V2 in contemporary Chinese 150 4.2.1.Verbs which can occur at V1 position 151 4.2.2.Verbs which cannot occur at V1 position 152 4.2.3.Syntactic and semantic constraints of V1 154 4.2.4.Verbs which can occur at V2 position 156 4.3.A single V and V1V2 in OC 157 4.4.Semantic features of V2 in the rise of resultative compounds 161 4.4.1.Semantic features of V2 during the Han period 161 4.4.2.Semantic features of V2 in Middle Chinese 169 4.5.The V1+O+V2 construction 172 4.6.? pò 'to break' 174 4.6.1."? pò NP" and "NP ? pò" 174 4.6.2.Reanalysis of ? pò: from a verb to an adjective 179 4.6.3.Syntactic position of ? pò in V1V2 181 4.6.4.The VR with ? pò in contemporary Chinese 186 4.7.Conclusion 187 5Negation in Old Chinese 189 5.0.Introduction 189 5.1.The negation system in OC 191 5.1.1.p/f negatives 191 5.1.2.m/w negatives 196 5.2.Simplification of the negation system 204 5.3. Comparison between transmitted versions and unearthed texts: replacement of ? w ng by ? wú 206 5.4.The merger of ? wú and ? wú 216 5.5.Replacement of ? wú by ? wú 223 5.6.The case of ? mò 229 5.7.From temporal meaning to modal meaning 231 5.8.Discussion in morphological approach 234 Conclusion 239 Appendix: Chinese Chronology 242 References 243 Sources of Examples 255 Index 257
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Chinese language -- Syntax.