Table D-25. Three-Year Wave Conditions as Hindcast for Selected Nearshore Sites on Lake Huron HINDCAST SITE ID WAVE HEIGHT (METERS) WAVE PERIOD (SECONDS) HURON-01 6.1 9.1 HURON-02 6.2 10.0 HURON-07 5.6 9.1 HURON-11 6.3 9.1 HURON-12 6.2 9.5s HURON-15 6.1 9.1 HURON-20 5.0 -- HURON-25 4.1 7.7 HURON-26 4.3 9.1 Table D-26. Three-Year Wave Conditions as Hindcast for Selected Nearshore Sites on Lake Erie HINDCAST SITE ID WAVE HEIGHT (METERS) WAVE PERIOD (SECONDS) ERIE-01 2.0 6.2 ERIE-04 1.9 6.2 ERIE-07 3.3 -- ERIE-10 3.6 7.7 ERIE-12 4.0 8.3 ERIE-15 4.2 -- ERIE-18 4.6 9.1 ERIE-21 4.9 9.1 ERIE-24 4.2 9.1 ERIE-47 1.8 5.6 Table D-27. One-Half-Year Wave Conditions as Hindcast for Selected Nearshore Sites on Lake Ontario HINDCAST SITE ID WAVE HEIGHT (METERS) WAVE PERIOD (SECONDS) ONT-04 2.7 -- ONT-06 2.9 6.7 ONT-07 3.0 7.1 ONT-11 3.2 7.1 ONT-14 2.6 -- ONT-17 3.2 7.1 ONT-21 2.4 5.9 [February 2002] D.4 Wave Elevation Determination and V Zone Mapping: Pacific Ocean No FEMA guidance documents have been published for Pacific Ocean coastal flood studies. Guidance is to be developed based on existing methodologies recommended by FEMA and coastal states for coastal analyses in the Pacific Ocean. Mapping Partners that are undertaking a flood hazard analysis of a Pacific coast site should consult with the FEMA RPO for that area. [February 2002] D.5 Erosion Hazard Study, Identification, and Mapping No FEMA guidance documents have been published for erosion hazard studies and mapping. Guidance is to be developed based on new or existing methodologies recommended by FEMA and coastal states for erosion hazard studies and mapping in all coastal areas. [February 2002] D.6 References Abel, C. E., Tracy, B. A., Vincent, C. L., & Jensen, R. E. (1989). Hurricane Hindcast Methodology and Wave Statistics for Atlantic and Gulf Hurricanes from 1956-1975. WIS Report 19. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Birkemeier, W. A., Kraus, N. C., Scheffner, N., & Knowles, S. C. (1987). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Technical Report CERC-87-8. Feasibility Study of Quantitative Erosion Models for Use by FEMA in the Prediction of Coastal Flooding. Vicksburg, Mississippi Cox, J. C. & Machemehl, J. (1986). "Overland Bore Propagation Due to an Overtopping Wave." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 112, pp. 161-163. Dawdy, David & Maloney, M. David. (1980). Method of estimating on-shore propagation of storm waves. Geophysical Research Letters. Vol. 7. (pp. 845-847). de Waal, J. P. & van der Meer, J. W. (1992). Wave Runup and Overtopping on Coastal Structures. Proceedings 23rd Coastal Engineering Conference, pp. 1758-1771. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. (1983). Wave Runup and Overtopping at Dunes During Extreme Storm Surge Report M1819, Part II. (in Dutch). Delft, The Netherlands. Dewberry & Davis. (1990). Investigation and Improvement of the Capabilities of the FEMA Wave Runup Model (Technical Documentation for RUNUP 2.0), Report and Computer Program. Fairfax, Virginia. Dewberry & Davis. (1991). Technical Documentation for RUNUP 2.0. Report and computer program, Fairfax, Virginia Dewberry & Davis. (1995). Basic Analyses of Wave Action and Erosion with Extreme Floods on Great Lakes Shores, draft prepared for Federal Emergency Management Agency. Fairfax, Virginia. Driver, D. B., Reinhard, R. D., & Hubertz, J. M. (1991). Hindcast Wave Information for the Great Lakes: Lake Erie, WIS Report 22, USACE, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Driver, D. B., Reinhard, R. D., & Hubertz, J. M. (1992). Hindcast Wave Information for the Great Lakes: Lake Superior, WIS Report 23, USACE, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (January 1981). Computer Program for Determining Wave Height Elevations for Flood Insurance Studies, revised. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (February 1981). Users Manual for Wave Height Analysis, revised. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (1984). Procedures for Applying Marsh Grass Methodology. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (1986). Assessment of Current Procedures Used for the Identification of Coastal High Hazard Areas (V Zones). Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (September 1988). Wave Height Analysis for Flood Insurance Studies (Technical Documentation for WHAFIS Program Version 3.0). Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (August 1988). Coastal Flooding Hurricane Storm Surge Model, Volumes 1, 2, and 3. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (November 1988). Basis of Erosion Assessment Procedures for Coastal Flood Insurance Studies. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Insurance Administration. (1989). Guidelines and Specifications for Wave Elevation Determination and V Zone Mapping, Third draft report. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (1990). "Memorandum on Criteria for Evaluating Coastal Flood Protection Structures for National Flood Insurance Program Purposes." Washington, DC, dated April 23, 1990. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Insurance Administration. (1991). Guidelines for Great Lakes Wave Runup Computation and Mapping. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Insurance Administration. (August 1994). Basic Analyses of Wave Action and Erosion with Extreme Floods on Great Lakes Shores, draft report. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (1994). Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping at Coastal Sites on the Great Lakes, draft. Washington, D.C. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Insurance Administration. (1995.) Guidelines and Specifications for Wave Elevation Determination and V Zone Mapping, final report. Washington, D.C. French, J. (1982). Memorandum on Special Computation Procedure Developed for Wave Runup Analysis for Casco Bay, FIS - Maine, 9700-153. Camp Dresser & McKee. Gadd, P. E., Potter, R. E., Safaie, B. & Resio, D. (1984). Wave Runup and Overtopping: A Review and Recommendations. OTC 4674. Proceedings 1984 Offshore Technology Conference, pp. 239-248. Gilhousen, D. B., Meindl, E. A., Changery, M. J., Franks, P. L., Burgin, M. G., & McKittrick, D. A. (1990). Climatic Summaries for NDBC Buoys and Stations: Update 1. National Data Buoy Center, National Space Technology Laboratory. Mississippi. Goda, Yoshima. (1985). Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures. University of Tokyo Press. Japan. Hardisky, M.A. & Reimold, R. J. (1977). Nondestructive Assessment of Salt Marsh Plant Biomass, unpublished report. University of Georgia: Athens, Georgia. Hopkinson, C. W., Gosselink, J. G., & Parrondo, R. T. (1980). Production of Coastal Louisiana Marsh Plants Calculated from Phenometric Techniques. Ecology, 61(5), 1091-1098. Ho, F. P., Su, J. C., Hanevich, K. L., Smith, R. J., & Richards, F. P. (1987). Hurricane Climatology for the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. NOAA Technical Report NWS 38. National Weather Service. Silver Spring, Maryland. Hubertz, J. M., Driver, D. B., & Reinhard, R. D. (1991). Hindcast Wave Information for the Great Lakes: Lake Michigan, WIS Report 24, USACE, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Hubertz, J. M., Brooks, R. M., Brandon, W. A., & Tracy, B. A. (1993). Hindcast Wave Information for the U.S. Atlantic Coast. WIS Report 30. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Hydraulics Research Station. (1980). Design of Seawalls Allowing for Wave Overtopping. Report no. ex. 924. Wallingford, United Kingdom. Jensen, R. E., Hubertz, J. M., Thompson, E. F., Reinhard, R. D., Borup, B. J., Brandon, W. A., Payne, J. B., Brooks, R. M., & McAneny, D. S. (1992). Southern California Hindcast Wave Information. WIS Report 20. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Knutson, P. L. & Woodhouse, W. W. Jr. (1983). Shore Stabilization with Salt Marsh Vegetation. Special Report 9. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Kruczynski, W. L., Subrahmanyam, C. B., & Drake, S. H. (1978). Studies on the Plant Community of a North Florida Salt Marsh: Part I: Primary Production. Bulletin of Marine Science. 28(2), 316-334. Leenknecht, D. A., Szuwalski, A., & Sherlock, A. R. (1992). Automated Coastal Engineering System, Version 1.07. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Levels Reference Study Board. (1993). Levels Reference Study: Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River Basin. Annex 2 to report submitted to International Joint Commission. Ottawa, Ontario/Washington, D.C. Messmore, J. A., Vogel, T. C., & Pearson, A. R. (1979). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Topographic Laboratories. Terrain Analysis Procedural Guide for Vegetation. ETL- 0178. Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Monte, J. A. (1983). Field Data from the Florida Panhandle, unpublished report. Greenhorne & O'Mara, Inc. Greenbelt, Maryland. Nagai, S. & Takada, A. (1972). Relations Between the Runup and Overtopping of Waves. Proceedings 13th Coastal Engineering Conference, pp. 1975-1992. National Academy of Sciences. (1977). Methodology for Calculating Wave Action Effects Associated with Storm Surges. Washington, D.C. Owen, M. W. (1980). Design of Seawalls Allowing for Wave Overtopping. Report Ex. 924. Hydraulics Research Station. Wallingford, United Kingdom. Reinhard, R. D., Driver, D. B., Hubertz, J. M. (1991). Hindcast Wave Information for the Great Lakes: Lake Huron, WIS Report 26, USACE, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Saville, T., Jr. (1958). Wave Runup on Composite Slopes. Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Coastal Engineering. ASCE. Council on Wave Research. Stoa, P. N. (1978). Reanalysis of Wave Runup on Structures and Beaches. Technical Paper 78- 2. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation. (1978). Development and Verification of a Synthetic Northeaster Model for Coastal Flood Analysis. Boston, Massachusetts. Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation. (1981). Manual for Wave Runup Analysis, Coastal Flood Insurance Studies. Boston, Massachusetts. Suhayda, J. N. (1984). Attenuation of Storm Waves Over Muddy Bottom Sediments. Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Thompson, E. F. (1977). Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along U.S. Coasts. Technical Report 77-1. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Turner, R. E. & Gosselink, J. G. (1975). A Note on Standing Crops of Spartina alterniflora in Texas and Florida. Contributions in Marine Science, University of Texas. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District. (1973). General Guidelines for Identifying Coastal High Hazard Zone, Flood Insurance Study - Texas Gulf Coast Case Study. Galveston, Texas. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District. (1975). Guidelines for Identifying Coastal High Hazard Zones. Galveston, Texas. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. (1984). Shore Protection Manual, Volumes I and II, 4th Edition, Washington, D.C. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District. (1988). Revised Report on Great Lakes Open- Coast Flood Levels, Phase I/Phase II. Detroit, Michigan. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District. (June 1989). Great Lakes Wave Runup Methodology Study. Detroit, Michigan. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District. (September 1989). Saginaw Bay Flood Levels Report, Detroit, Michigan. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. (1992). Automated Coastal Engineering System Version 1.07. Computer Programs and Documentation. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Vellinga, P. (1986). Beach and Dune Erosion During Storm Surges. Communication No. 372. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. Delft University of Technology. Delft, The Netherlands. Walton, T. L., Jr., Ahrens, J. P., Truitt, C. L., & Dean, R. G. (1989). Criteria for Evaluating Coastal Flood-Protection Structures. Technical Report CERC-89-15. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Williams, P. (1983). Interoffice Correspondence on Wave Runup Methodology, Massachusetts and Rhode Island Flood Insurance Studies. PRC Harris, Inc. [February 2002] Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners Section D.3 D-178 February 2002 Edition D-1 Section D.4 D-185 February 2002 Edition Section D.5 D-186 February 2002 Edition Section D.6 D-191 February 2002 Edition