No. 07-668
In the Supreme Court of the United States
JASON DANIEL TAYLOR, PETITIONER
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES IN OPPOSITION
PAUL D. CLEMENT
Solicitor General
Counsel of Record
ALICE S. FISHER
Assistant Attorney General
KEVIN R. GINGRAS
Attorney
Department of Justice
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
(202) 514-2217
QUESTION PRESENTED
Whether petitioner's prior conviction for escape con stituted a violent felony under the Armed Career Crim inal Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. 924(e).
In the Supreme Court of the United States
No. 07-668
JASON DANIEL TAYLOR, PETITIONER
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES IN OPPOSITION
OPINIONS BELOW
The opinion of the court of appeals (Pet. App. 1a-11a) is reported at 489 F.3d 1112.
JURISDICTION
The judgment of the court of appeals was entered on June 13, 2007. A petition for rehearing was denied on August 20, 2007. Pet. App. 22a. The petition for a writ of certiorari was filed on November 16, 2007. The juris diction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1).
STATEMENT
Following a guilty plea in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida, petitioner was convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(1). The district court sentenced petitioner to 72 months of imprisonment, to be followed by five years of supervised release. The court of appeals affirmed. Pet. App. 1a-13a.
1. The Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) imposes a mandatory minimum term of 15 years of imprisonment for any person convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon if that person had "three previous convictions * * * for a violent felony or a serious drug offense." 18 U.S.C. 924(e)(1) (2000 & Supp. V 2005). The ACCA de fines a "violent felony," in relevant part, as any crime "punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year" that "is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that pres ents a serious potential risk of physical injury to an other." 18 U.S.C. 924(e)(2)(B)(ii).
2. On July 24, 2004, petitioner, who had six prior fel ony convictions, sold a rifle to a pawn shop in Tallahas see, Florida. After the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms investigated the sale, petitioner was charged with one count of possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 922(g). Petitioner later pleaded guilty to the count. Presentencing Report paras. 7-13 (PSR); Gov't C.A. Br. 2-3.
The probation officer recommended in the PSR that petitioner be sentenced under the ACCA's 15-year mini mum sentence because he had previously been convicted of three violent felonies (two burglaries and one escape). PSR paras. 22, 70. At sentencing, petitioner argued that his escape conviction was not a violent felony.1 The dis trict court overruled petitioner's objection and held that he was an armed career criminal. After determining that petitioner's advisory Sentencing Guidelines range was 180-210 months of imprisonment, the court imposed a sentence of 72 months of imprisonment-below the Guidelines range and the statutory minimum-based on the government's motion, pursuant to Sentencing Guide lines § 5K1.1, for a reduction in petitioner's sentence because of substantial assistance. See 5/25/06 Sent. Tr. 13-14; Gov't C.A. Br. 2;
3. The court of appeals affirmed. Pet. App. 1a-11a. The court followed its ruling in United States v. Gay, 251 F.3d 950 (11th Cir. 2001), which held that the Geor gia offense of escape is a violent felony for the purposes of determining armed career criminal status under the Sentencing Guidelines. Pet. App. 2a-3a.
The court of appeals rejected petitioner's invitation to distinguish between his "non-violent 'failure to return' to a halfway house and other types of escapes," Pet. App. 4a n.3, explaining that such a distinction was fore closed by its decision in Gay, as well as this Court's mandate in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990), that courts apply a categorical approach to violent felony determinations. Pet. App. 4a n.3. The court also noted that the Second Circuit had previously determined in United States v. Jackson, 301 F.3d 59 (2d Cir. 2002), that a conviction under the same Florida escape statute was always a violent felony under Section 924(e). Pet. App. 4a n.3
Judge Hill wrote a separate concurring opinion, which Judge Wilson joined. Pet. App. 4a-11a. While Judge Hill agreed that the court of appeals' decision in Gay compelled the decision in this case, he "wish[ed] to join a tiny, but growing, chorus[] of doubt that a district court is permitted to enhance a sentence under the ACCA based in part upon a 'failure to return' prior es cape conviction," id. at 4a-5a, and to "express [his] agreement with those who reject the rule that escape is categorically a violent felony," id. at 10a.
ARGUMENT
Petitioner argues (Pet. 7-12) that escape accom plished by a failure to return to confinement is not a violent felony under the ACCA. That argument lacks merit and does not warrant this Court's review.
1. A prior conviction for a "crime punishable by im prisonment for a term exceeding one year" qualifies as a "violent felony" under the ACCA if the offense "in volves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." 18 U.S.C. 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). Section 924(e) generally requires a "categorical ap proach" to determining whether or not a prior offense constitutes a "violent felony" within the meaning of Sec tion 924(e)(2)(B). Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 600-602 (1990). Under the categorical approach, sen tencing courts must "look[] only to the statutory defini tions of the prior offenses, and not to the particular facts underlying th[e] convictions." Id. at 600.
The categorical approach does not, however, "requir[e] that every conceivable factual offense covered by a statute must necessarily present a serious potential risk of injury before the offense can be deemed a violent felony." James v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 1586, 1597 (2007). "Rather, the proper inquiry is whether the con duct encompassed by the elements of the offense, in the ordinary case, presents a serious potential risk of injury to another." Ibid.
The crime of escape is a violent felony because, in the ordinary case, it poses a serious potential risk of physi cal injury. As the Tenth Circuit has explained:
[E]very escape scenario is a powder keg, which may or may not explode into violence and result in physi cal injury to someone at any given time, but which always has the serious potential to do so. A defen dant who escapes from a jail is likely to possess a variety of supercharged emotions, and in evading those trying to recapture him, may feel threatened by police officers, ordinary citizens, or even fellow escapees. Consequently, violence could erupt at any time. Indeed, even in a case where a defendant es capes from a jail by stealth and injures no one in the process, there is still a serious potential risk that injury will result when officers find the defendant and attempt to place him in custody.
United States v. Moudy, 132 F.3d 618, 620, cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1036 (1998) (quoting United States v. Gosling, 39 F.3d 1140, 1142 (10th Cir. 1994)).
Petitioner errs in asserting (Pet. 11-12) that a fail ure-to-report offense, unlike an escape accompanied by violence, creates no risk of injury in the ordinary case. As an initial matter, the Florida offense at issue here is not limited to failures to return to custody. Instead, it applies whenever "[a]ny prisoner confined in any prison, jail, road camp, or other penal institution, state, county, or municipal, working upon the public roads, or being transported to or from a place of confinement * * * escapes or attempts to escape from such confinement[.]" Fla. Stat. Ann. § 944.40 (1998). Under the categorical approach any argument about the nature of the particu lar escape at issue here-i.e., that petitioner failed to return as opposed to escaping directly from a jail through the use of force-is not persuasive. See Pet. App. 4a & n.3 (rejecting petitioner's argument that the court should "distinguish between his non-violent 'fail ure to return' to a halfway house and other types of es capes").
In any event, an escape accomplished by a failure to return to custody presents a "powder keg" situation be cause the subsequent recapture of an escapee gives rise to a serious potential risk of physical injury, even if that risk does not ripen into actual violence. Gosling, 39 F.3d at 1142. "Even though initial circumstances of an escape may be non-violent, there is no way to predict what an escapee will do when encountered by authorities." United States v. Turner, 285 F.3d 909, 916 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 895 (2002). While petitioner con tends (Pet. 11-12) that apprehension of any "lawbreak er" presents some risk of injury, that risk is heightened for escapees. "Individuals who find custody intolerable to the point of escape are unlikely to calmly succumb to recapture efforts." United States v. Mathias, 482 F.3d 743, 748 (4th Cir. 2007), petition for cert. pending, No. 07-61 (filed July 12, 2007); see United States v. Jackson, 301 F.3d 59, 63 (2d Cir. 2002) ("[E]scape invites pursuit; and the pursuit, confrontation, and recapture of the es capee entail serious risks of physical injury to law en forcement officers and the public."), cert. denied, 539 U.S. 952 (2003).
2. Petitioner greatly overstates (Pet. 8-10) the ex tent to which courts of appeals are divided over the question whether a felony escape conviction constitutes a violent felony under the ACCA or a crime of violence under the Sentencing Guidelines. In fact, every circuit to have confronted the specific question presented here, whether a felony escape offense categorically constitutes a violent felony under the ACCA, has answered in the affirmative. See, e.g., United States v. Lancaster, 501 F.3d 673, 679-681 (6th Cir. 2007), petition for cert. pend ing, No. 07-7987 (filed Nov. 29, 2007); United States v. Maddox, 388 F.3d 1356, 1368-1369 (10th Cir. 2004) (fail ure to return from work-release program), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 935 (2005); United States v. Adams, 442 F.3d 645, 647 (8th Cir. 2006) ("walkaway" escape), cert. de nied, 127 S. Ct. 2095 (2007); United States v. Golden, 466 F.3d 612 (7th Cir. 2006) (failure to report to county jail), petition for cert. pending, No. 06-10751 (filed Apr. 9, 2007); Mathias, 482 F.3d at 748 ("walkaway" from work release program).
a. Petitioner is mistaken in contending (Pet. 9-10) that the conflict between this case and the Sixth Cir cuit's decision in United States v. Collier, 493 F.3d 731 (6th Cir. 2007), warrants this Court's review. In Collier, the Sixth Circuit drew a narrow exception to its general rule that a felony escape conviction is a violent felony under the ACCA for state escape offenses that a State deems not a continuing offense, but instead complete upon the defendant's departure from custody. Id. at 735; see Lancaster, 501 F.3d at 679-680 (stressing that escape is generally viewed as a continuing offense, and that only six states "arguably" take a contrary view). Id. at 680. Because the Florida escape statute, like the Michigan statute at issue in Collier, defines the offense of escape as complete when a defendant leaves custody without having been discharged, the Eleventh Circuit's opinion in this case conflicts with the decision in Collier. This case would be a particularly poor vehicle to address that question, however, because petitioner did not raise the issue in the district court or on direct appeal. Ac cordingly, reversal would be appropriate only if peti tioner could show plain error, which he cannot. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993). Be cause the courts of appeals have overwhelmingly con cluded that felony escape convictions categorically con stitute violent felonies within the ambit of § 924(e), any error could not be "clear" or "obvious." Ibid.
b. Contrary to petitioner's contention (Pet. 8), the court of appeals' decision does not conflict with the Ninth Circuit's decision in United States v. Piccolo, 441 F.3d 1084 (2006), which concluded that a walkaway es cape from a halfway house was not a "crime of violence" under Sentencing Guidelines § 4B1.2(a)(2).2 Piccolo, 441 F.3d at 1088. Significantly, Piccolo interpreted the Sen tencing Guidelines, not the ACCA. Because the Sen tencing Commission is charged by Congress with "peri odically review[ing] the work of the courts" in applying the (now-advisory) Guidelines and making "whatever clarifying revisions to the Guidelines conflicting judicial decisions might suggest," Braxton v. United States, 500 U.S. 344, 348 (1991), the Ninth Circuit's Guidelines deci sion in Piccolo does not warrant review of the statutory question presented in this case. See Rita v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2464 (2007) ("The Commission's work is ongoing" and includes responding to court deci sions.); United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 263 (2005) ("The Sentencing Commission will continue to collect and study appellate court decisionmaking. It will con tinue to modify its Guidelines in light of what it learns, thereby encouraging what it finds to be better sentenc ing practices."); see also Kimbrough v. United States, 128 S.Ct. 558, 574 (2007) ("While [Booker] render[ed] the Sentencing Guidelines advisory * * * "we have nevertheless preserved a key role for the Sentencing Commission."). Although some of Piccolo's reasoning may suggest that the Ninth Circuit would hold that walkaway escapes are not violent felonies for purposes of the ACCA, to date the Ninth Circuit has not reached that question.
3. This Court has recently denied petitions for writs of certiorari presenting virtually the same question as the petition in this case. See, e.g., Brooks v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 3003 (2007) (No. 06-9681); Flowers v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2935 (2007) (No. 06-9320); Ad ams v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2095 (2007) (No. 06- 6541); Ballard v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2094 (2007) (No. 06-5729). The Court should deny this petition as well.
Alternatively, the Court may wish to hold the peti tion pending its decision in Begay v. United States, cert. granted, No. 06-11543 (Sept. 25, 2007), which presents the question whether driving while intoxicated is a "vio lent felony" under the ACCA. While this case and Be gay involve different crimes, they both involve the ques tion whether a particular crime "involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." 18 U.S.C. 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). To the extent that this Court has decided to hold petitions claiming that escape is a violent felony, e.g., Mathias v. United States, petition for cert. pending, No. 07-61 (filed July 12, 2007), the Court should accord similar treatment to this peti tion by holding it for Begay and then disposing of it as appropriate in light of the decision in that case.
CONCLUSION
The petition for a writ of certiorari should be denied. In the alternative, the petition should be held pending this Court's disposition of Begay v. United States, No. 06-11543, and then disposed of as appropriate in light of this Court's decision in that case.
Respectfully submitted.
PAUL D. CLEMENT
Solicitor General
ALICE S. FISHER
Assistant Attorney General
KEVIN R. GINGRAS
Attorney
JANUARY 2008
1 The escape conviction was for violation of a Florida state law which prohibits any "prisoner confined in any prison, jail, road camp, or other penal institution," from "escap[ing] or attempt[ing] to escape from such confinement[.]" Fla. Stat. Ann. § 944.40 (1998).
2 Additionally, this case does not conflict with any decision from the
D.C. Circuit. The language petitioner cites (Pet. 11-12) from the D.C.
Circuit's decision in United States v. Thomas, 333 F.3d 280, 282 (2003),
was merely dicta. See id. at 283 (reserving the question whether a walkaway
escape would qualify as a crime of violence under Guidelines § 4B1.2).
That court later held, albeit in a decision vacated on other grounds, that
such escapes are violent felonies. United States v. Thom as, 361 F.3d 653,
658 (D.C. Cir. 2004), vacated on other grounds, 543 U.S. 1111 (2005).