BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT OF WHEAT 06/12/95 PREPARED BY ROY D. WILCOXSON Department of Plant Pathology University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108 ** = Reprints or photocopies not in the collection at the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. BIOCONTROL 1. Christensen, J. J. 1936. Associations of microorganisms in relation to seedling injury arising from infected seed. Phytopathology 26:1091-1105. 2. Lai, P., and Bruehl, G. W. 1968. Antagonism among Cephalosporium gramineum, Trichoderma spp., and Fusarium culmorum. Phytopathology 58:562-566. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 1. Bosland, P. W., and Williams, P. H. 1987. An evaluation of Fusarium oxysporum from crucifers based on pathogenicity, isozyme polymorphism, vegetative compatibility, and geographic origin. Canadian J. Bot. 65:2067-2073. 2. Drysdale, R. B., and Bratt, P. M. 1971. Electrophoretic patterns of isolates of Fusarium graminearum. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 57:172-175. 3. Hogarth, S. J., and Bowden, R. L. 1994. RFLP variation among 24 isolates of Gibberella zeae. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 84:1147. 4. Nicholson, P., Jenkinson, P., Rezanoor, H. N., and Parry, D. W. 1993. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of variation in Fusarium species causing ear blight of cereals. Plant Pathology 42:905-914. 5. Reddy, M. N., and Stahmann, M. A. 1972. Isozyme patterns for Fusarium species and their significance in taxonomy. Phytopath. Z. 74:115-125. 6. Saito, M., Ichinoe, M., and Tsuruta, O. 1980. Usefulness of gel electrophoretic comparison of peroxidase for identification of Fusarium species. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 21:229-235. Translated from Japanese into English by Michael J. Osgard. 7. Schilling, A. G., Moller, E. M., and Geiger, H. H. 1994. RAPDs of Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum: Application for genotyping and species identification. pages 47-56. IN: Modern Assays for Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Identification, Detection, and Quantification. A. Schots, F. M. Dewey, and R. P. Oliver (eds). CAB International, UK. 8. **Szecsi, A., Szentkiralyi, F., and Koves-Pechy, C. 1976. Comparison of esterase patterns of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum. Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 11:183-203. 9. Woodward, R. P. 1994. Characterization of variation in Fusarium graminearum Schwabe using isozymes, rDNA fingerprinting, and pathogenicity. PhD Thesis. University of Minnesota. 10. Ye, H., and Wu, G. 1985. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies of the esterase patterns of Fusarium sp. causing headblight of wheat and barley. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 15:87-94. In Chinese with English Abstract. BREEDING 1. Busch, R. 1994. Spring wheat breeding in Minnesota. pgs. 16-18. IN: Proccedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 2. Cooper, B. 1994. Private breeding programs. pgs. 25-29. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 3. Rudd, J. 1994. Wheat breeding in South Dakota. pgs. 21-23. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 4. Elias, E. 1994. Durum breeding in North Dakota. pgs. 24. IN: Proccedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 5. Frohberg, R. 1994. Spring wheat breeding in North Dakota. pgs. 19-20. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 6. **Gocho, H. 1985. Wheat breeding for scab resistance. Wheat Inform. Serv. (Kyushu Nat. Agric. Expt. Stat. Japan) 60:41. 7. He, Z., and Chen T. 1991. Wheat and wheat breeding in China. Wheat Special Report No. 2. Mexico, D. F.: CIMMYT. 8. **Jin, S. B. 1983. Chinese wheat cultivars and their pedigrees. Agric. Press. Beijing, China. 9. Luzzardi, G. C. 1984. Wheat breeding for scab resistance. pgs. 158-168. IN: Wheats for More Tropical Environments. A. R. Klatt (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 10. Mesterhazy, A. 1989. Progress in breeding of wheat and corn genotypes not susceptible to infection by Fusaria. pgs. 357-377. IN: Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. J. Chelkowski, (ed.). Elsevier. New York. 11. Mesterhazy, A. 1983. Breeding wheat for resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. Z. Pflanszenzuchtg. 91:295-311. 12. Sheng, C. S., and He, J. M. 1989. Our experience with wheat breeding for scab resistance. Jiangsu Agric. Sci. Suppl.1:58-59. In Chinese with no English abstract. 13. Snidjers, C. H. A. 1989. Current status of breeding wheat for Fusarium head blight resistance and mycotoxin problems in the Netherlands. pgs. 141-144. IN: Taller Sobre la fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 14. Snijders, C. H. A. 1989. Current status of breeding wheat for Fusarium head blight resistance and the mycotoxin problem in the Netherlands. pgs. 17-20. IN: Workshop on Fusarium Head Blight and Related Mycotoxins. CIMMYT, Mexico, D. F., Mexico. CONTROL 1. **Boskovic, M., Kostic, B., Monicilovic, U., Prilakovic, C., and Jerkovic, Z. 1986. Control of leaf rust, powdery mildew and head blight on some wheat varieties in 1985. (in Serbo-Crotian). Zastita Bilja 37:51-58. 2. Calhoun, J. 1972. Control of Fusarium diseases of cereals. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 11:292-297. 3. Galich, M. T. 1989. Avances en el Control de la Fusariosis del Trigo en Argentina. pgs. 27-31. In: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F:CIMMYT. 4. Gilbert, Jeannie, and Tekauz, A. 1994. Effects of delayed harvest on Manitoba wheat. pgs. 30-32. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 5. Jones, R. K. 1994. Managing Fusarium head scab for 1995. University of Minnesota Plant Pest Newsletter. PPST17. August 5, 1994. pgs. 100-102. 6. **Li., K. 1982. Wheat Fusarium head blight and its control. Shanghai Scientific & Technical Press. Shanghai, China. 7. Martin, R. A., and Johnston, H. W. 1982. Effects and control of Fusarium diseases of cereal grains in the Atlantic provinces. Canadian J. Plant Pathol. 4:210-216. 8. Reis, E. M. 1991. The changing concepts in controlling head blight and spot blotch. pgs. 165-177. IN: Wheat for the Nontraditional Warm Areas. D. A. Saunders (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 9. Teich, A. H., and Nelson, K. 1984. Survey of Fusarium head blight and possible effects of cultural practices in wheat fields in Lambton County in 1983. Canadian Plant Dis. Survey 64:11-13. 10. Tekauz, A. 1994. Management strategies and disease observations in Canada. pgs. 33-37. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. 3 November 1993. Moorhead, MN. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 11. Turnipseed, E. B. 1994. Testing of scabby seed. pgs. 38- 41. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. DETOXIFICATION 1. Searles, S. 1994. Detoxifying infected grain. pgs. 74-79. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. DISTRIBUTION 1. German, S. 1989. Importancia de la Fusariosis de la espiga en la Uruguay. pgs. 49-59. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga in America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 2. Luzzardi, G. D., y Pierobom. C. R. 1989. Importancia y distribucion de la Fusariosis del Trigo en Brasil. pgs. 33- 27. In: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 3. Torres, E. 1989. Assessing the importance of Fusarium head blight in wheat. pgs. 129-120. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 4. Viedma, L. de. 1989. Importancia y distibucion de la Fusariosis de Trigo en el Paraguay. pgs. 39-48. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 5. Wearing, A. H., and Burgess, L. W. 1978. Distribution of Fusarium roseum `Graminearum' Group I and its mode of survival in eastern Australia wheat belt soils. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 69:429-442. ECOLOGY 1. Burgess, L. W., Wearing, A. H., and Toussoun, T. A. 1975. Surveys of Fusaria associated with crown rot of wheat in eastern Australia. Australian J. Agric. Res. 26:791-799. 2. Christensen, J. J. 1963. Variability of the microflora in barley kernels. Plant Dis. Reporter 47:635-638. 3. Christensen, J. J. 1963. Longevity of fungi in barley kernels. Plant Dis. Reporter 47:639-642. 4. Cook, R. J., and Papendick, R. I. 1970. Soil water potential as a factor in the ecology of Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis `Culmorum'. Plant and Soil Sci. 32:131-145. 5. Dickson, J. G. 1922. Wheat scab influenced by climate. Wisconsin Agri. Expt. Station Bul. 339:32-34 6. Djerbi, M. 1971. Ecological study of the parasitical actions on wheat of Fusarium species. Bul. INAT 28-29. pgs 155-156. 7. Djerbi, M. 1970. Etude ecologique des actions parasitaires des especes Fusariennes a l'egard du ble. Faculte d'Agronomie de Tunis. Bul. Faculte d'Agronomie Nos. 26-27. More precise citation unknown to me. 8. Fernandez, M. R., and Fernandes, J. M. C. 1990. Survival of wheat pathogens in wheat and soybean residues under conservation tillage systems in southern and central Brazil. Canadian J. Plant Pathology 12:289-294. 9. Fernandez, M. R. 1991. Recovery of Cochliobolus sativus and Fusarium graminearum from living and dead wheat and nongramineous winter crops in southern Brazil. Canadian J. Bot. 69:1900-1906. 10. Follstad, M. N. and Christensen, C. M. 1962. Microflora of barley kernels. Applied Microbilogy 10:331-336. 11. Francis, R. G., and Burgess, L. W. 1977. Characteristics of two populations of Fusarium roseum `Graminearum' in eastern Australia. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 68:421-427. 12. Francis, G. R., and Burgess, L. W. 1975. Surveys of Fusaria and other fungi associated with stalk rot of maize in Eastern Australia. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 26:801-807. 13. Golzar, H. 1989. Head blight of wheat, study on causal organism and its transmission through seed. Iran J. Plant Path. 25:7-8. 14. Khonga, E. B., and Sutton, J. C. 1988. Inoculum production and survival of Gibberella zeae in maize and wheat residues. Canadian J. Plant Pathology 10:232-239. 15. Khonga, E. B., and Sutton, J. C. 1986. Survival and inoculum production by Gibberella zeae in wheat and corn residues. Canadian J. Plant Pathol. (Abstr.) 8:351. 16. Klaasen, J. A., Matthee, F. N., Marasas, W. F. O., and Van Schalkwyk, D. J. 1992. Survey of Fusarium species associated with crowns of healthy-head and white-head wheat plants in the southern and western Cape province. Phytophylactica 24:85-94. 17. Kommedahl, T., and Bean, G. A. 1985. Fusarium species isolated from roots, rhizosperes and soils of Baccharis species in Brazil. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 75:1964. 18. Kommedahl, T., Burnes, P. M., Stienstra, W. C., Ocamb- Basu, C. M., Andow, D. A., Ostile, K. R., and Moncrief, J. F. 1988. Tillage and rootworm effects on maize roots infected with Fusarium graminearum in Minnesota. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 78:1545. 19. Kommedahl, T., Stienstra, W. C., Burnes, P. M., Sabet, K. K., Andow, D. A., Ostlie, K. R., and Moncrief, J. F. 1987. Tillage and other effects on Fusarium graminearum in corn roots. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 77:1775. 20. Mesterhazy, A. 1974. Fusarium diseases of wheat and triticale in South-East Hungary. Cereal Research Communications 2:167-173. 21. Miles, M. R., and Wilcoxson, R. D. 1984. Microflora associated with discolored barley kernels. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 74:792. 22. Piglionica, V., Gigante, F., and Frisullo, S. 1975. Le malattie dei cereali nell'Italia meridionale. II. Fusarium roseum f. sp. cerealis (1) su grano duro. Phytopath. Medit. 14:60-68. 23. Sanders, P. L, and Cole, H. Jr. 1981. The Fusarium diseases of turfgrass. pgs. 195-209. IN: Fusarium-Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, and R. J. Cook (eds.). The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, PA. 24. Seppanen, E. 1989. Fusaria as pathogens of potato tubers and their pathogenicity. pgs. 421-433. IN: Fusarium- Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. J. Chelkowski (ed.). Elsevier. New York. 25. Shands, R. G. 1937. Longevity of Gibberella saubinetii and other fungi in barley kernels and its relation to the emetic effect. Phytopathology 27:749-762. 26. Sung, J. M., and Cook, R. J. 1981. Effect of water potential on reproduction and spore germination by Fusarium roseum `Graminearum', and `Avenaceum'. Phytopathology 71:499-504. 27. Wearing, A. H., and Burgess, L. W. 1979. Water potential and saprophytic growth of Fusarium roseum `Graminearum'. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11:661-667. 28. Wilcoxson, R. D., Ozmon, E. A., and Pierce, A. R. 1989. Effect of necrotic spikelets and location of plots on infection of wheat cultivars by Fusarium graminearum. International J. Tropical Plant Diseases. 7:55-60. 29. Windels, C. E. 1972. Populations of Fusarium species in natural and agricultural soils. MS Thesis. University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN. 30. Windels, C. E., and Kommedahl, T. 1976. Fusarium species in roots and stalks of corn in Minnesota in 1974 and 1975. (Abstr.) Proc. Amer. Phytopathol. Soc. 3:292. 31. Windels, C. E., and Holen, C. 1987. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium species on roots of spring wheat in different root rot severity classes. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 77:1758. 32. Windels, C. E., Kommedahl, T., and Stienstra, W. C. 1986. Cornstalks as reserviors of Fusarium species pathogenic to cereals in Northwest Minnesota. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 76:1061. 33. Windels, C. E., and Kommedahl, T. 1974. Population differences in indigenous Fusarium species by corn culture of prairie soil. Amer. J. Bot. 61:141-145. 34. Windels, C. E., Windels, M. B., and Kommedahl, T. 1976. Association of Fusarium species with picnic beetles on corn ears. Phytopathology 66:328-331. 35. Ylimaki, A. 1970. The microflora of Finnish cereal seeds. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A, IV Biologica:168. pgs. 66-67. EFFECTS 1. Abrahamson, T. 1994. How end-users address scab and vomitoxin. pgs. 60-61. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 2. Bechtel, D. B., Kaliekau, L. A., Gaines, R. L., and Sietz, L. M. 1985. The effect of Fusarium graminearum infection on wheat kernels. Cereal Chem. 62:191-197. 3. Booth, C. 1984. The Fusarium problem: Historical, economic, and taxonomic aspects. Pgs. 1-13. IN: The Applied Mycology of Fusarium. M. O. Moss and J. E. Smith (Eds.) Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 4. Englund, R. 1994. How foreign buyers deal with scab and vomitoxin. pgs. 62-63. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. 3 November 1993. Moorhead, MN. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 5. Fulcher, G. 1994. Milling and baking scab and vomitoxin infected wheat. pgs. 64. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 34 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 6. Johnson, L. 1994. Livestock feeding: Ruminant animals. pgs. 65-67. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 7. Jones, R. K., and Meronuck, R. A. 1991. Head scab and vomitoxin in Minnesota Spring wheat. University of Minnesota Extension Newsletter. September 1991. 8. Lottie, R. 1994. How end-users address scab and vomitoxin. pgs. 58-59. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 9. Mathewson, J. 1994. U researchers seek funds to rid crops of wheat scab. Minnesota Daily. January 24, 1994. 10. Meronuck, R. 1994. Livestock feeding: Swine and poultry. pgs. 68-73. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 11. **Miller, J. D. 1989. Effects of Fusarium graminearum metabolites on wheat cells. pgs. 449-452. IN: Phytotoxins and Plant Pathogensis. A Granti, R. D. Durbin, and Ballio, A. (eds.). NATO ASI Series H 27. 12. Moore, W. 1994. Milling and baking scab and vomitoxin infected wheat. pgs. 56-57. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 13. Page, S. 1994. FDA research and Information: Food and drug administration perspective. pgs. 80-84. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 14. Reis, E. M. 1989. Methodologia para la determinacion de perdidas causadas en trigo por Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch. pgs. 103-108. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 15. **Schmickle, Sharon. 1993. "To Harvest or Destroy Crops? Disaster forces tough choices on farms." Saturday. 4 September, 1993. Minneapolis Star Tribune. pp 1, 12a, and 13a. 16. Scott, P. M., Kanhere, S. R., and Weber, D. 1993. Analysis of Canadian and imported beers for Fusarium mycotoxins by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Food Add. Contamination 10:381-389. 17. Seitz, L. M., Eustace, W. D., Mohr, H. W., Shogren, M. D., and Yamazaki, W. T. 1986. Cleaning, milling, and baking tests with hard red winter wheat containing deoxynivalenol. Cereal Chem. 63:146-150. 18. Shimada, T., and Otani, M. 1990. Effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on the growth and shoots and roots at germination in some Japanese wheat cultivars. Cereal Res. Communications 18:229-232. 19. Sinha, K. K., Prasad, G., and Kumar, N. 1993. Effect of zearalenone on some physiological processes of maize seeds (Zea mays L. var. Suwan composite). Mycotoxin Research 9:79- 84. 20. Trenholm, H. L. 1989. Health/economic effects of fusarium toxins in animal feed. pgs. 13-16. IN: Workshop of Fusarium Head Blight and Related Mycotoxins. CIMMYT, Mexico, D. F., Mexico. 21. Snijders, C. H. A., and Perkowski, J. 1990. Effects of head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum on toxin content and weight of wheat kernels. Phytopathology 80:566-570. 22. Wagner. J. J. 1993. Scab-infested wheat or barley for feedlot cattle or sheep. South Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Service. Extension Extra ExEx2017. EPIDEMICS 1. Bergstrom G. C., Kalb, D. W., Schilder, A. M. C., Cox, W. J., Harman, G. E, and Saminy, C. 1987. Assessment of the 1986 winter wheat scab epidemic in New York. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 77:1613. 2. Boosalis, M. G., Doupnik, B. L., Jr., Wysong, D. S., and Watkins, J. E. 1983. The wheat scab epidemic of 1982. Farm, Ranch and Home Quarterly 29:7-9. 3. Busch, R. 1993. Fusarium head blight epidemic in spring wheat in North Central USA. Unpublished remarks made at CIMMYT. 4. Gallenberg, D. J. 1993. Wheat Scab. South Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Service. Extension Extra. ExEx 8097. 5. Gilbert, J., Tekauz, A., Mueller, E., and Kromer, U. 1994. Occurrence of Fusarium head blight in Manitoba in 1993. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 74:77. 6. Johnston, H. W., and Martin, R. A. 1994. Diseases of cereals in the Maritime Provinces, 1993. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 74:69. 7. Jones, R. K., and Meronuck, R. A. 1991. Head scab and vomitoxin in Minnesota spring wheat. Minnesota Extension Newsletter. September 1991. 8. **Mains, E. B., Vestal, C. M., and Curtis, P. B. 1928. Scab of small grains and feeding trouble in Indiana in 1928. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 39:101-110. 9. **McKay, R., and Loughnane, J. B. 1945. Observations on Gibberella saubinetti (Mont.) Sacc. on cereals in Ireland in 1933 and 1944. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. 24:9-18. 10. Tuite, J., Shaner, G., and Everson, R. J. 1990. Wheat Scab in soft red winter wheat in Indiana in 1986 and its relation to some quality measurements. Plant Disease 74959- 962. 11. Tuite, J., Shaner, G., Rambo, G., Foster, J., and Caldwell, R. W. 1974. The Gibberella ear rot epidemic of corn in Indiana in 1965 and 1972. Cereal Sci. Today 19:238-241. 12. Vestal, E. F. 1964. Barley scab in South Korea in 1963 and 1964. Plant Dis. Reptr. 48:754-755. EPIDEMIOLOGY 1. Anderson, A. L. 1948. The development of Gibberella zeae head blight of wheat. Phytopathology 38:595-611. 2. **Bergstrom, G. C. 1993. Scab (head blight). pgs. 83-93. IN: Seed-borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of Wheat. S. B. Mathur and B. M. Cunfer (Eds.). Jordbrugsforlaget. Frederiksberg, Denmark. 3. Boosalis, M. G., and Doupnik, B. Jr. 1976. Management of crop diseases in reduced tillage systems. Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 22:300-302. 4. **Burgess, L. W., Klein, T. A., et. al. 1987. Head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum group 1 in New Wales in 1983. Aust. Plant Pathol. 16:72-78. 5. **Burgess, L. W., and Griffin, D. M. 1968. The recovery of Gibberella zeae from wheat straws. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 8:364-370. 6. Calhoun, J. 1970. Epidemiology of seed-borne Fusarium diseases of cereals. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A, IV Biologica: 168. pgs. 31-36. 7. Cassini, R. 1981. Fusarium diseases of wheat and corn in Western Europe. pgs. 55-63. IN: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. Nelson, P. E., Tousson, T. A., and Cook, R. J. (eds.). Pennsylvania State University Press. 8. Cassini, R. 1970. Sur l'importance de la contamination des semences dans l'apparition et le developpement de la maladie de pied des cereales due a Fusarium roseum (Link) Sn et H. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A, IV Biologica: 168. pages 28-30. 9. Castonguay, Y., and Couture, L. 1983. Epidemiologie de la contamination des grains de cereales par les Fusarium spp. Canadian. J. Plant Path. 5:222-228. 10. Cavanaugh, K. 1994. Scab in West Central Minnesota. pgs. 12-15. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research Council. Red Lake FAlls, MN. 11. Cook, R. J. 1981. Fusarium diseases of wheat and other small grains in North America. pgs. 39-52. IN: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. Nelson, P. E., Tousson, T. A., and Cook, R. J. (eds.). Pennsylvania State University Press. 12. Hart, L. P., Pestka, J. J., and Liu, M. T. 1984. Effect of kernel development and wet periods on production of deoxynivalenol in wheat infected with Gibberella zeae. Phytopathology 74:1415-1418. 13. **Hatmanu, M. 1972. Epiphytotics on wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. and factors favoring them (in Romanian). Lucrari Stiintifice, I. Iasi, Rumania, Inst. Agron. I. Ionescu de la Brad. (1972) 157-162. 14. Inglis, D. A., and Malloy, O. C. 1983. Scab caused by Gibberella zeae occurring on irrigated wheat in eastern Washington. Plant Dis. 67:827-828. 15. Koehler, B., Dickson, J. G., and Holbert, J. R. 1924. Wheat scab and corn rootrot caused by Gibberella saubinetii in relation to crop succession. J. Agric. Res. 27:861-878. 16. Lacicowa, B. 1989. Fusarium diseases of wheat and triticale in some regions of eastern Europe. Pgs 283-268. IN: Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. J. Chelkowski (ed.). Elsevier. New York. 17. **Leiteritz, R., and Focke, I. 1977. Auftreten der spelzenbraune (Septoria nodorum Berk.) und der partiellen weizahrigkeit (Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc.) an winterweizen in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Arch. Phytopath. Pflschutz 13:407-418. 18. Liang, S., Chen, X., and Chen, C. 1981. Factors affecting infection of some winter wheat cultivars to scab diseases caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. Acta Phytopath. Sinica 11:7-122. In Chinese with English abstract. 19. Love, G. R., and Seitz, L. M. 1987. Effects of location and cultivar on Fusarium head blight (scab) in wheat from Kansas in 1982 and 1983. Cereal Chem. 64:124-128. 20. Marasas, W. F. O., Voigt, W. G. J., Lamprecht, S. C., and VanWyk, P. S. 1988. Crown rot and head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum groups 1 and 2 in the Southern Cape Province. Phytophylactica 20:385-389. 21. Martin, R. A. 1988. Use of a high-through-put jet sampler for monitoring viable airborne propagules of Fusarium in wheat. Canadian J. Plant Pathology 10:359-360. 22. Mathis, A., Forrer, H. RT., and Gessler, C. 1986. Powdery mildew pustules supporting Fusarium culmorum infection in wheat leaves. Plant Disease 70:53-54. 23. Mauler-Machnik, A., and Zahn, K. 1994. Ear fusarioses in wheat-new findings on their epidemiology and control with Folicur (tebuconazole). Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 47:129=155. 24. Mesterhazy, A., and Rowaished, A. K. 1977. Analysis of symptoms caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and its relation to powdery mildew infection in wheat. Acta Phytopath. Acad. Sci. Hung. 12:287-299. 25. **Mielke, H. 1980. Untersuchungen zue anfalligkeit von weizensorten fur Septoria nodorum (Berk.) und Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. Nachrbl. dt. Pflanzenschutzdienstes 32:65-67. 26. Mihuta-Grimm, L., and Foster, R. L. 1989. Scab on wheat and barley in southern Idaho and evaluation of seed treatment for eradication of Fusarium spp. Plant Disease 73:769-771. 27. **Nakagawa, M. O., Watanabe, S., Gocho, H., and Nishio, K. 1966. Studies on the occurrence forecast of Gibberella zeae on wheat varieties caused by climatic factors. Bull. Tokai Kinki Natl. Agic. Expt. Stat. 15:55-67. 28. Noble, M. 1970. Seedborne infection in Scottish cereals. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A, IV Biologica:168. pgs. 61-62. 29. Ooka, J. J., and Kommedahl, T. 1977. Wind and rain dispersal of Fusarium moniliforme in corn fields. Phytopathology 67:1023-1026. 30. Paulitz, T., Seaman, W. L., and Dutilleul, P. 1994. Disease and infection gradients of Fusarium head blight (Gibberella zeae) in wheat. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 84:1142. 31. Pearce, R. B., Stange, R. N., and Smith, H. 1976. Glycinebetaine and choline in wheat: distribution and relation to infection by Fusarium graminearum. Phytochemistry (Oxf.) 15:953-954. 32. Price, D. 1984. Fusarium and plant Pathology: The reservoir of infection. pgs. 71-93. IN: The Applied Mycology of Fusarium. M. O. Moss and J. E. Smith (Eds.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 33. Pugh, G. W., Johann, H., and Dickson, J. G. 1933. Factors affecting infection of wheat heads by Gibberella sabinetii. J. Agric. Res. 46-771-797. 34. Reis, E. M. 1989. Fusariosis: Biologia y epidemiologia de Gibberella zeae en trigo. pgs. 97-102. Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Su. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 35. Scott, D. B., DeJager, E. J. H., and VanWyk, P. S. 1988. Head blight of irrigated wheat in South Africa. Phytophylactica 20:317-319. 36. Seaman, W. L. 1982. Epidemiology and control of mycotoxicogenic fusaria on cereal grains. Canadian J. Plant Pathol. 4:187-189. 37. Shands, R. G. 1937. Longevity of Gibberella saubinettii and other fungi in barley kernels and its relation to the emetic effect. Phytopathology 27:749-762. 38. Stack, B. 1994. Biology of the disease. pgs. 6-11. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 39. Stack, R. W. 1989. A comparison of the inoculum potential of ascospores and conidia of Gibberella zeae. Canadian J. Plant Pathol. 11:137-142. 40. Strausbaugh, C. A., and Maloy, O. C. 1986. Fusarium scab of irrigated wheat in central Washington. Plant Dis. 70:1104- 1106. 41. Sturz, A. V., and Johnston, W. H. 1983. Early colonization of the ears of wheat and barley by Fusarium poae. Canadian J. Plant Pathology 5:107-110. 42. Summerell, B. A., Burgess, L. W., Klein, T. A., and Pattison. A. B. 1990. Stubble management and the site of penetration of wheat by Fusarium graminearum group I. Phytopathology 80:877-879. 43. Sutton, J. C. 1982. Epidemiology of wheat head blight and maize ear rot caused by Fusarium graminearum. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 4:195-209. 44. Sutton, J. C., and Procter, R. 1982. Dispersion analysis of gibberella ear rot in maize. Canadian J. Plant Pathol. 4:254-258. 45. Teich, A. H. 1989. Epidemiology of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) scab caused by Fusarium spp. pgs 269-282. IN: Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. J. Chelkowski (ed.). Elsevier. New York. 46. Teich, A. H., and Nelson, K. 1984. Survey of Fusarium head blight and possible effects of cultural practices in wheat fields in Lambton County in 1983. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 64:11-13. 47. Teich, A. H., and Hamilton, J. R. 1985. Effect of cultural practices, soil phosphorus, potassium and pH on the incidence of Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol levels in wheat. Applied Environ. Microbiology 49:1429-1431. 48. **Tu, D. S. 1953. Factors affecting the reaction of wheat blight infection caused by Gibberella zeae. PhD Thesis. Ohio State University Columbus. 49. Tuite, J., and Shaner, G. 1990. Wheat scab in soft red winter wheat in Indiana in 1986 and its relation to some quality meaurements. Plant Disease 74:959-962. 50. Vargo, R. H., and Baumer, J. S. 1986. Fusarium sporotrichoides as a pathogen of spring wheat. Plant Dis. 70:629-631. 51. Wearing, A. H., and Burgess, L. W. 1977. Distribution of Fusarium roseum "graminearum" group I and its mode of survival in eastern Australia wheat belt soils. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 69:429-442. 52. Wilcoxson, R. D. 1994. Historical overview of scab research. pgs. 1-6. IN: Proceedings 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. 3 November 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 53. Windels, C. E., and Kommedahl, T. 1984. Late-season colonization and survival of Fusarium graminearum Group II in corn stalks in Minnesota. Plant Dis. 68:791-793. 54. Windels, C. E., Kommedahl, T., and Stienstra, W. C. 1986. Cornstalks as reserviors of Fusarium species pathogenic to cereals in Northwest Minnesota. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 76:1061. ETIOLOGY 1. Duthie, J. A., Hall, R., and Asselin, A. V. 1986. Fusarium species from seed of winter wheat in eastern Canada. Canadian J. 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Comparative isolation of Fusarium species from plant debris in soil, and wheat stubble and crowns at different locations in the southern and western Cape. Phytophylactica 23:299-307. 8. Klassen, J. A., Matthee, F. N., Marasas, W. F. O., and Van Schalkwyk, D. J. 1992. Survey of Fusarium species associated with crowns of healthy-head and white-head wheat plants in the southern and western Cape Province. Phytophylactica 24:85-94. 9. Koizumi, S., Kato, H., Yoshino, R., Hayashi, N., and Ichinoe, M. 1991. Distribution of causal Fusaria of wheat and barley scab in Japan. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 57:165- 173. 10. Koizumi, S., Komada, H., Kato. H., Yoshino, R., Ichinoe, M., and Hayashi, N. 1991. Isolation of wheat and barley scab pathogens from wheat and barley field soil in Japan. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 57:263-267. 11. Liu, Z. Z. 1984. Recent advances in reserach on wheat scab in China. pgs 174-181. IN: Wheats for More Tropical Environments. R. L. Villareal (organizer). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 12. Manka, M. 1989. Fusaria as pathogens of cereal seedlings. pgs. 329-356. IN: Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. J. Chelkowski (ed.). Elsevier. New York. 13. Marasas, W. F. O., Voigt, W. G. J., Lamprecht, S. C., and Van Wyk, P. S. 1988. Crown rot and head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum groups 1 and 2 in the southern Cape Province. Phytophylactica 20:385-389. 14. Mc Gee, D. C. 1988. Maize Diseases. American Phytopathological Soc., St. Paul, MN. This book has brief sections on Fusarium stalk and ear rots, pages 13-15; Fusarium stalk and root rot, pages 15-17, Gibberella ear and stalk rot, pages 60-62. 15. Nirenberg, H. I. 1989. Identification of Fusaria occurring in Europe on cereals and potatoes. pgs. 179-193. IN: Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. J. Chelkowski (ed.). Elsevier. New York. 16. Ozer, N., and Soran, H. 1991. Fusarium genus and Fusarium species isolated from the cultivated plants in Turkey. J. Turk. Phytopathol. 20:69-80. 17. Shurtleff, M. C. 1984. Compendium of Corn Diseases. American Phytopathological Soc., St. Paul, MN. This book has brief sections on Diplodia stalk rot, page 44; Gibberella stalk rot, page 45; Fusarium stalk rot, page 45-46; Fusarium kernel or ear rot and Gibberella or red ear rot, pages 51-52. 18. Strange, R. N., and Smith, H. 1978. Specificity of choline and betaine as stimulants of Fusarium graminearum. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 70:187-192. 19. Strange, R. N., Deramo, A., and Smith, H. 1978. Virulence enhancement of Fusarium graminearum by choline and betaine and of Botrytis cinerea by other constituents of wheat germ. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 70:201-207. 20. Strange, R. N., Smith, H., and Majer, J. R. 1972. Choline, one of two fungal growth stimulants in anthers responsible for the susceptiblity of wheat to Fusarium graminearum. Nature (Lond.) 238:103-104. 21. Sundheim, L. 1970. Pathogenicity of Fusarium species on red clover roots. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A,IV Biologica:168. pgs. 63-65. 22. Sung, J. M., and Cook, R. J. 1981. Effect of water potential on reproduction and spore germination by Fusarium roseum `Graminearum', `Culmorum' and `Avenaceum'. Phytopathology 71:499-504. 23. Tinline, R. D. 1994. Etiology of prematurity blight of hard red spring wheat and durum wheat in Saskatchewan. Canadian J. Plant Pathology 16:87-92. 24. Wilcoxson, R. D., Kommedahl, T., Ozmon, E. A., and Windels, C. E. 1988. Occurrence of Fusarium species in scabby wheat from Minnesota and their pathogenicity to wheat. Phytopathology 78:586-589. 25. Wong, L. S. L., Tekauz, A., Leisle, D., Abramson, D., and McKenzie, R. I. H. 1992. Prevalence, distribution, and importance of Fusarium head blight in wheat in Manitoba. Canadian J. Plant Pathol. 14:233-238. 26. Zheng, Y., Lin, Z., and Zhu, Z. 1983. Study of pathogenic species and forms of wheat scab fungi in Fujian province. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 13:12-54-59. FERTILIZER 1. Rowaished, A. K. 1981. The influence of different forms of nitrogen on Fusarium root-rot disease of winter wheat seedlings. Phytopathol. Z. 100:331-339. 2. Smiley, R. W., and Uddin, W. 1992. Influence of tillage and nitrogen on crown rot (dryland foot rot), 1991. Biological and Cultural Tests 7:76. 3. Teich, A. H. 1987. Less wheat scab with urea than with ammonium nitrate fertilizers. Cereal Res. Communications 15:35-38. 4. Teich, A. H., Sampson, D. R., Shugar, L., Smid, A., Curnoe, W. E., and Kennema, C. 1987. Yield, quality and disease of soft white winter wheat cultivars to nitrogen fertililzation in Ontario, Canada. Cereal Res. Communications. 15:265-272. 5. Teich, A. H., Hamilton, J. R. 1985. Effect of cultural practices, soil phosphorus, potassium, and pH on the incidence of Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol levels in wheat. Applied Environ. Microbiology 49:1429-1431. 6. Warren, H. L., and Kommedahl, T. 1973. Fertilization and wheat refuse effect on Fusarium species associated with wheat roots in Minnesota. Phytopathology 63:103-108. FUNGICIDES 1. Baird, R. E. 1992. Effects of foliar fungicides on wheat, 1991. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 47:178. 2. Baird, R. E. 1993. Effects of foliar fungicides on wheat, 1992. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 48:223. 3. Boyacioglu, D., Hettiarachchy, N. S., and Stack, R. W. 1992. Effect of three systemic fungicides on deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) production by Fusarium graminearum in wheat. Canadian J. Plant Science 72:93-101. 4. Buechley, G., and Shaner, G. 1989. Effect of seed treatment on stand establishment from scabby seed, 1988. Fungicide & Nematacide Tests 44:220. 5. Buechley, G., and Shaner, G. 1992. Effect of seed treatments and foliar fungicides on wheat, 1991. Fungicide & Nematacide Tests 47:266. 6. Cassini, R. 1968. Activite remarquable du thiabendazole vis a vis de Fusarium roseum (Link) Sn. et H. en traitement des semences. Phytiatrie-Phytopharmacie 2:79-88. 7. Doupnik, B., Jr., and Watkins, J. E. 1992. Effect of fungicide treatment on foliar and head disease development in winter wheat. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 47:187. 8. Fauzi, M. T., and Paulitz, T. D. 1994. The effect of plant growth regulators and nitrogen on Fusarium head blight of the spring wheat cultivar Max. Plant Disease 78:289-292. 9. Francl, L. J., and Jordahl, J. G. 1994. Action thresholds for fungicidal control of wheat diseases, 1993. Fungicide & Nematacide Tests 49:210. 10. Jacobsen, B. J. 1977. Effect of fungicides on Septoria leaf and glume blotch, fusarium scab, grain yield and test weight of winter wheat. Phytopathology 67:1412-1414. 11. Johnston, R. H., and Mathre, D. E. 1994. Seed treatment test for control of Fusarium root rot of spring wheat, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:274. 12. Lamprecht, S. C., Marasas, W. F. O., Knox-Davies, P. S., and Calitz, F. J. 1990. Seed treatment and cultivar reactions of annual Medicago species and wheat to Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium graminearum Gr. 1. Phytophylactica 22:201-208. 13. Martin, R. A., and Johnston, H. W. 1982. Effects and control of Fusarium diseases of cereal grains in the Atlantic Provinces. Canadian J. Plant Pathol. 4:210-216. 14. Martin, R. A., MacLoed, J. A., and Caldwell, C. 1991. Influences of production in-puts on incidence of infection by Fusarium species on cereal seed. Plant Disease 75:784-788. 15. McMullen, M. P. 1994. Foliar fungicide control of Septoria leaf blight and Fusarium head scab of wheat, 1993. Fungicide and Nematacide Tests 49:226. 16. Milus, E. A., and Parsons, C. E. 1994. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for controlling Fusarium head blight of wheat. Plant Disease 78:697-699. 17. Neto, N., and Giordani, N. A. 1989. Control quimico de la Fusariosis en trigo. pgs. 109-118. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F:CIMMYT. 18. Shaner, G., and Buechley, G. 1992. Effect of foliar fungicides on wheat, 1991. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 47:206-207. 19. Smiley, R., Patterson, L., and Jacobsen, E. 1994. Seed treatments for controlling crown rot and Rhizoctonia root rot, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:315-316. 20. Smiley, R., Patterson, L., and Rhinhart, K. 1994. Interactions among seed treatments and wheat cultivars for controlling eyespot, 1993. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 49:317-319. 21. Wilcoxson, R. D., Ozmon, E. A., and Warnes, D. D. 1989. Fusarium species from kernels of spring wheats sprayed with fungicides, 1984. Biological and Cultural Tests 4:60. 22. Wilcoxson, R. D., Ozmon, E. A., and Wiersma, J. 1989. Effect of Tillage, fungicides and wheat cultivars on scab, 1986. Biological and Cultural Tests 4:59. GENERAL 1. Bai, G. and Shaner, G. 1994. Scab of wheat: Prospects for control. Plant Disease 78:760-766. 2. Bekele, G. T. 1989. Historia de la participacion del CIMMYT. pgs. 119-124. IN: TAller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 3. Booth, C. 1984. Fusarium diseases of cereals. pgs. 375- 394. IN: Review of Tropical Plant Pathology. Vol. 1. S. P. Raychaudhuri and J. P. Verma (eds.). Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers. New Delhi, India. 4. Burgess, L. W., Dodman, R. L., Pont, W., and Mayers, P. 1981. Fusarium diseases of wheat, maize, and grain sorhum in Eastern Australia. pgs. 64-76. IN: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, and R. J. Cook (eds.). The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, PA. 5. Cassini, R. 1967. A propos des degats provoques par Fusarium roseum (Link) Sn. et H. dans les cultures de cereales du bassin parisien. pgs. 858-867. IN: Academie d' Agriculture de France. More precise citation unknown. 6. Cassini, R. 1981. Fusarium diseases of wheat and corn in Western Europe. pgs. 56-65. IN: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, and R. J. Cook (eds.). The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, PA. 7. Cook, R. J. 1981. Fusarium diseases of wheat and other small grains in North America. pgs. 39-52. IN: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, and R.J. Cook (eds.). The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, PA. 8. Cook, R. J. 1981. Fusarium diseases in the People's Republic of China. pgs. 53-55. IN: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, and R. J. Cook (eds.). The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, PA. 9. Dubin, H. J., and Ginkel, M. van. 1991. The status of wheat diseases and disease research in warmer areas. pgs. 125-145 IN: Wheat for the Nontraditional Warm Areas. D. A. Saunders (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 10. Galich, M. T. 1989. Importancia y diffusion de la fusariosis de trigo en Argentina. pgs. 7-26 IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico D. F.:CIMMYT. 11. German, S. 1989. Importancia de la fusariosis de la epsiga en el Uruguay. pgs. 49-57 IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga in America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 12. Hobbs, P. R., Mann, C. E., and Butler, L. 1988. A perspective on research needs for the rice-wheat rotation. pgs. 197-211. IN: Wheat Production Constraints in Tropical Environments. A. R. Klatt (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 13. Hulluka, M., Woldeab, G., Andnew,, Desta, R., and Badebo, A. 1991. F. graminearum main cause of FHB in Ethiopia, but F. longipes and F. semitectum also isolated. Pgs. 173-218. IN: Wheat Research in Ethiopia, A Historical Perspective. H. Gebre-Mariam, D. G. Tanner and M. Hulluka (eds.). ILCA. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. IAR/CIMMYT.) 14. Ireta, M. J., and Gilchrist S. L. 1994. Fusarium head scab of wheat (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). Wheat Special Report No. 21B. Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 15. Jones, R. K., McMullen, M., Gallenberg, D., Fulcher, G., Hughes, H. (Planning and Facilitating Committee). 1994. The Proceedings of the 1993 Regional Scab Forum. Moorhead, MN. November 3, 1993. Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Fall, MN. 16. Jones, R. K. 1994. Understanding head scab epidemics: A less than brief introduction. Department of Plant Pathology and Minnesota Extension Ser. An informal paper that should not be cited or copied without permission of Dr. Jones. 17. Kohli, M. M.,and McMahon, M. A. 1988. A prespective of research needs for nonirrigated tropical conditions. pgs. 330-347. IN: Wheat Production Constraints in Tropical Environments. A. R. Klatt (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 18. Kohli, M. M. 1990. Discussion on scab of wheat in the southern cone region. Unpublished talk given at the Reunion Technica Sobra Fusariosis. Ascuncion, Paraguay. 3-5 Abril, 1990. 19. Kohli, M. M. 1989. Analisis de la fusariosis del trigo en el Cono Sur. pgs. 1-6. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.: CIMMYT. 20. Mathre, D. E. 1982. Compendium of barley diseases. American Phytopathological Soc. St. Paul, MN. There is a short discussion of scab and one on common root rot and seedling blight. 21. Mehta, Y. R. 1978. Doencas do Trigo e Seu Controle. Chapter 2.2, pgs 60-67. Editora Agronomica Ceres Ltda. Summa Phytopathologica. Edicao Ceres XX. Impresso no Brasil. 22. **Nelson, P. E., Tousson, T. A., and Cook, R. J. 1981. Fusarium Diseases: Biology, and Taxonomy. Pennsylvania State University Press. 23. Nisikado, Y. 1958. Studies on the wheat scab, caused by Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch, and its control. pgs. 155-162. Citation unknown. 24. Rajaram, S. 1988. Breeding and testing strategies to develop wheats for rice-wheat rotation areas. pgs. 187-196. 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Research Report to the Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. 36. Wilcoxson, R. D., Stewart, E. L., and Busch, R. H. 1991. Evaluation of wheat scab resistance and development of resistant varieties. Research report to the Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council. Red Lake Falls, MN. GENETICS OF RESISTANCE 1. Bai, G., Zhou, C., Qian, C., Xia, S., Ge, Y., and Cheng, Z. 1990. Genetic analysis on resistant genes to scab extension in wheat. pgs. 171-177. IN: Advances in Researches on Inheritance to Diseases in Major Crops. L. H. Zhu (ed.). Jiangsu Sci-Tech. Publishing House. Nanjing, China. In Chinese with an English Abstract. 2. Carson, M. L., and Hooker, A. L. 1981. Inheritance of resistance to stalk rot of corn caused by Colletotrichum graminicola. Phytopathology 71:1190-1196. 3. **Chen, C. 1983. The inheritance of resistance to scab (Gibberella zeae) in wheat. Acta Agric. Universitatis Zhejiangensis 9:11-126. 4. **Gu, Jiaqing. 1983. A study on the genetics of resistance to wheat scab. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 6:61-64. 5. **Liao, Y., and Yu, Y. 1985. Genetic analysis of scab resistance in the local wheat variety Wangshuibai. J. Huazhong Agric. College 45:6-14. 6. **Lin, Y., Yang, Z., and Wu, Z. 1992. Genetic analysis of resistance to scab (Gibberella zeae) in wheat varieties from different region. Acta Agric. Shanghai 8:31-36. 7. Nakagawa, M. 1955. Studies on ear-scab resistance of wheat plants. 2. genetical factors affecting on the inheritance of ear-scab disease of wheat plants. Japan J. Breeding. 5:15-22. In Japanese with English summary. 8. **Nakagawa, M. O., Gocho, H., Nishio, K., and Watanabe, S. 1966. Nature and inheritance of ear scab resistance in wheat. I. Heritability estimates and heritable relationships of ear scab resistance and some agronomic characters in F2 of the cross Scinchu-Naga x Norin 12. Tokai Kinki Nogyo Shi. Ken. Hok. Bull. 15:43-54. 9. Snidjers, C. H. A. 1990. Diallel analysis of resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum in winter wheat. Euphytica 50:1-9. 10. Snidjers, C. H. A. 1990. The inheritance of resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum in winter wheat. Euphytica 50:11-18. 11. Stack, R. W., and Frohberg, R. D. 1991. Inheritance of head blight resistance in a spring wheat cross. (Abstr.) Canadian J. Plant Pathology 13:286. 12. Yu, Y. J. 1982. Monosomic analysis for scab resistance and yield conponents in the wheat cultivar Soo-moo-3. Cereal Res. Communications. 10:185-190. 13. Yu, Y. J. 1990. Genetic analysis for scab resistance in four wheat varieties Phjzm, HHDTB, CYHM and YGFZ. pgs. 197- 205. IN: Advances in Researches on Inheritance to Diseases in Major Crops. L. H. Zhu (ed.). Jiangsu Sci-Tech. Publishing House. Nanjing, China. In Chinese with an English Abstract. HISTORY (usually articles before 1950) 1. Adams, J. F. 1921. Observations on wheat scab in Pennsylvania and its pathological histology. Phytopathology 11:115-125. 2. **Appel, O., Wollenweber, H. W. 1910. Grundlagen einer monographie der gattung Fusarium (Link.). Arb. Aus der Kaiserlichen Biol. Inst. fur Land-und Forstw. 8:1-198. 3. Arthur, J. C. 1891. Wheat Scab. Indiana Agric. Expt. Stat. Bul. 36:129-132. 4. Atanasoff, D. 1920. Fusarium blight (scab) of wheat and other cereals. J. Agric. Res. 20:1-32. 5. **Atanasoff, D. 1923. Fusarium blight of the cereal crops. Medel. Landbouwhooge-school. Wageningen. 27:1-123. 6. Bennett, F. T. 1931. Gibberella saubinetti (Mont.) Sacc. on British cereals. II. Pysiological and pathological studies. Ann. Appl. Biol. 18:158-177. 7. Brown, W. 1926. Studies on the the genus Fusarium. IV. On the occurrence of saltations. Annals Botany 40:223-243. 8. Chester, F. D. 1890. The scab of wheat. Delaware Agric. Expt. Stat. Rept. 3:89-90. 9. Christensen, J. J., Stakman, E. C., and Immer, F. T. 1929. Susceptiblity of wheat varieties and hybrids to Fusarial head blight in Minnesota. Minnesota Agr. Expt. Stat. Tech. Bul. 59 10. Dickson, J. G. 1922. Breeding strains to resist wheat scab. Wisconsin Agr. Expt. Stat. Bul. 339:36 11. Dickson, J. G. 1923. Influence of soil temperature and moisture on the development of the seedling blight of wheat and corn caused by Gibberella saubinetii. Jour. Agric. Res. 23:837-870. 12. Dickson, J. G. 1942. Scab of wheat and barley and its control. U. S. Dep. Agric. Farmer,s Bull. 1599. 22pp. 13. Dickson, J. G., and Mains, E. B. 1929. Scab of wheat and barley and its control. U. S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bul. 1599. 14. Hayes, H. K., Johnson, I. J., and Stakman, E. C. 1933. Reaction of maize seedlings to Gibberella saubinetii. Phytopathology 23:905-911 15. Hoffer, G. N., Johnson, A. G., and Atanasoff, D. 1918. Corn root-rot and wheat scab. Jour. Agr. Res. 14:611-612. 16. **Hynes, H. J. 1924. On the occurrence in New South Wales of Gibberella saubinetti, the organism causing scab of wheat and other cereals. Jour. and Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 5:337- 348. 17. Koehler, B., Dickson, J. G., and Holbert, J. R. 1924. Wheat scab and corn root-rot caused by Gibberella saubinetti in relation to crop successions. Jour. Agr. Res. 27:861-879. 18. Jones, L. R., Johnson, J., and Dickson, J. G. 1926. Wisconsin studies upon the relation of soil temperature to plant disease. Wisconsin Agr. Expt. Stat. Res. Bul. 71. 19. MacInnes, J. 1919. Wheat Scab. Master of Science Thesis. University of Minnesota. 49 pp. Illustrations not copied. 20. MacInnes, J., and Fogelman, R. 1923. Wheat scab in Minnesota. Minnesota Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 18, 22 pp. 21. McKeen, W. E. 1951. A preliminary study of corn seedling blight in southern Ontario. Canadian J. Botany 29:125-137. 22. Petch. T. 1936. Gibberella zeae (Mont.) Sacc. Annals Mycol. 34:257-260. 23. Pugh, G. W., Johann, H., and Dickson, J. G. 1932. Relation of the semipermeable membranes of the wheat kernel to infection by Gibberella saubinetii. Jour. Agric. Res. 45:609-626. 24. Pugh, G. W., Johann, H., and Dickson, J. G. 1933. Factors affecting infection of wheat heads by Gibberella saubinetii. Jour. Agri. Res. 46:771-797. 25. Scott, I. T. 1927. Varietal resistance and susceptibility to wheat scab. Missouri Agric. Sta. Res. Bull. 11. 14 pp. 26. Selby, A. D., and Manns, T. F. 1909. Studies in diseases of cereals and grasses. Ohio Agric. Expt. Stat. Bull. 203:187-236. 27. **Smith, W. G. 1884. Diseases of field and garden crops, chiefly such as are caused by fungi. Macmillan Co. London. 353 p. 28. **Weed, C. M. 1890. The scab of wheat heads (Fusisporium culmorum). American Natur. 24:958. HOST PATHOGEN RELATIONS 1. Moreno, J. I., and Bekela, G. T. 1989. Histopatologia de la penetracion de Fusarium graminearum Schw. en trigo. pgs. 85-89. In: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 2. Strange, R. M, and Smith H. 1971. A fungal growth stimulant in anthers which predisposes wheat to attack by Fusarium graminearum. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 1:141-150. 3. Strange, R. M., Majer, J. R., and Smith, H. 1974. The isolation and identification of choline and betaine as the two major components in anthers and wheat germ that stimulate Fusarium graminearum in vitro. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 4:277- 290. 4. **Takegami, S. 1957. Studies on the resistance of wheat varieties to Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch. (head blight) and in mechanism. I. Varietial difference of the position of florets in the wheat spikelet attacked by head blight incipiently and the relationships between existence of anther corpses in florets and the infection by head blights. Sci. Rep. Agric. Okayama University. 10:33-42. 5. **Zhang, L. Q., and Pan, X. P. 1982. A study on resistance to colonization of Gibberella zeae in wheat varieties. J. South China Agric. Coll. 3:21-29. HOSTS 1. Armstrong, G. M., and Armstron, J. K. 1948. Non- susceptible hosts as carriers of wilt Fusaria. Phytopathology 38:808-826. 2. Fogelman, R. 1920. The host range of Fusarium spp. causing wheat scab. PhD Thesis. University of Minnesota. 38 pp. Illustrations not copied. 3. Nyvall, R. F., Poter, R. A., and Percich, J. A. 1995. First report of scab on cultivated wild rice in Minnesota. Plant Disease 79:82. 4. Padwick, G. W. 1935. Influence of wild and cultivated plants on the multiplication, survival and spread of cereal foot-rotting fungi in soil. Canadian J. Res. 12:575-589. IMPORTANCE 1. Bilai, V. I. 1970. Phytopathological and hygienic significance of representatives of the section Sporotrichiella in the genus Fusarium Lk. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A, IV Biologica 168. pages 19-24. METHODS 1. Abbas, H. K. 1993. Technique for measuring solute leakage from johnsongrass leaves. This procedure was sent to me by Dr. Abbas without a citation. 2. Anonymous. Procedures in the development of Fusarium head blight resistant germplasm. No reference available. 3. Bekele, G. T. 1984. Head blight screening methods used by CIMMYT. pgs. 169-173. IN: Wheats for More Tropical Envirnoments. Proc. International Symposium. September 24-28. Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 4. Bekele, G. T., Wilcoxson, R. D., Suganda, T., Busch,R. H., and Warnes, D. D. 1994. Comparison of methods for estimating head blight reactions of spring wheat cultivars infected with Fusarium graminearum. Internat. J. Trop. Plant Dis. 12:89- 100. 5. Beuningen, L. T., van. 1989. Tres anos de evaluacion de germoplasma del cono sur para resistencia a la Fusariosis. pgs. 59-70. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 6. Beuningen, L. T., van. 1989. Wheat technology for warm marginal environments of South America. Final and Extended Report for CIMMYT and UNDP. St. Paul, MN. May 1989. 7. Booth, C. 1971. Methods of isolation, culture and stimulation of sporulation. Chapter 2, Pgs 19-23. IN: The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, Surry, England. 8. Booth, C. 1971. Preservation. Chapter 3, Pgs 24-26. IN: The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, Surry, England. 9. **Burgess, L. W., Liddell, C. M., and Summerell, B. A. 1988. Laboratory manual for Fusarium research. Second Edition. Fusarium Research Laboratory. Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Entomology. The University of Sydney, Australia. 10. Fisher, N. L., Burgess, L. W., Toussoun, T. A., and Nelson, P. E. 1982. Carnation leaves as a substrate and for preserving cultures of Fusarium species. Phytopathology 72:151-153. 11. Hagborg, W. A. F. 1970. A device for injecting solutions and suspensions into thin leaves of plants. Canadian J. Bot. 48:1135-1136. 12. Jiang, Z., Liu, M. 1982. A method of conidial production of Fusarium graminearum Schw. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 12:10-20. In Chinese with English summary. 13. **Klittich, C. J. R., and Leslie, J. F. 1988. Multiwell plates for complementation tests of Fusarium. Fungal Genet. Newsltr. 35:21-22.NOT IN THE LIBRARY 14. Leslie, J. F. 1983. Some genetic techniques for Gibberella zeae. Phytopathology 73:1005-1008. 15. Mesterhazy, A. 1978. Comparative analysis of artificial inoculation methods with Fusarium spp. on winter wheat varieties. Phytopathol. Z. 93:12-25. 16. **Mesterhazy, A. 1984. A laboratory method to predict pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum in field and resistance to wheat scab. Acta Phytopath. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19:205-218. 17. Mesterhazy, A. 1977. The effect of inoculation method on the expression of symptoms caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe in wheat. Pgs. 223-232. IN: Current Topics in Plant Pathology. A. Kiraly (ed.), Acad. Kiado. Budapest, Hungary. 18. Moreno, J. I. 1989. Seleccion de un modelo de crecimiento para la Fusariosis de trigo causada por Fusarium graminearum Schw. pgs. 91-96. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 19. **Naito, H., Mogi, S., Gochol, H., and Hirai, T. 1984. A simple method for evaluation of vertical resistance to Gibberella zeae in wheat. Bull. Kyushu Natl. Agric. Expt. Stat. 23:355-386. 20. Nash, S. M., and Snyder, W. C. 1962. Quantitative estimations by plate counts of propagules of the bean rot Fusarium in field soils. Phytopathology 52:567-572. 21. Nirenberg, H. I. 1981. A simplified method for identifying Fusarium spp. occurring on wheat. Canadian J. Botany 59:1599-1609. 22. Papavizas, G. C. 1967. Evaluation of various media antimicrobial agents for isolation of Fusarium from soil. Phytopathology 57:848-852. 23. Singh, B. K., and Jenner, C. R. 1983. Culture of detached ears of wheat in liquid culture: Modification and extension of the method. Aust. J. Plant Physiology 10:227-236. 24. Takeda, K., and Heta, H. 1989. Establishing the testing method and a search for the resistant varieties to Fusarium head blight in barley. Japan J. Breeding 39:203-216. Translated from Japanese into English by Michael J. Osgard. 25. **Takegami, S., and Sasai, K. 1967. Studies on resistance of wheat varieties to scab (Gibberella zeae Schw.) Petch.). VI. Scab infection of wheat heads by the improved methods of inoculation and varietial differences in resistance. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan. 36:162-168. 26. **Takegami, S., and Sasai, K. 1970. Studies on resistance of wheat varieties to scab (Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch.). X. The improved method of inoculation by either conidiospores or hyphae of the scab cultures on potato agar medium. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan 39:1-6. 27. **Takegami, S., and Sasai, K. 1970. Investigations on the resistance of wheat varieties to Gibberella zeae after particular inoculation techiques. X. Experiments on improved inoculation methods involving conidiospores and hyphae. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan 39:1-6. 28. Tschantz, A. T., Horst, R. L., and Nelson, P. E. 1975. A substrate for uniform production of perithecia in Gibberella zeae. Mycologia 67:1101-1108. 29. Wang, Y., Yang, X, and Hsiao C. 1982. The improvement of identification technique of scab (Gibberella zeae Petch) resistance of wheat and the development of resistant sources. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 5:67-77. Translated from Chinese into English by Charles C. C. Hu. 30. Windels, C. E., Mirocha, C. J., Abbas, H. K., and Xie, W. 1989. Perithecium production in Fusarium graminearum populations and lack of correlation with zearalenone production. Mycology 81:272-277. 31. Xu, Y, and Fang, Z. 1982. Methods of testing the resistance of wheat cultivars to the scab and the differentiation of the virulence of the causal organism. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 12:53-57. Translated from Chinese into English by Daqun Liu. MYCOLOGY 1. Armstrong, G. M., and Armstrong, J. K. 1975. Reflections on the wilt Fusaria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 13:95-103. 2. **Booth, C. 1971. The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew Surrey, England. 3. Booth, C. 1971. Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. Pgs. 179- 182. IN: The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, Surry, England. 4. Booth, C. 1971. Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. Pgs. 173-176. IN: The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, Surry, England. 5. Booth, C. 1971. Fusarium Morphology and Pigmentation. Chapter 1, Pgs. 14-18. IN: The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, Surry, England. 6. Booth, C. 1973. Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum). CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. No. 384. 7. Burgess, L. W., Forbes, G. A., Windels, C. E., Nelson, P. E., Marasas, W. F. O., and Gott, K. P. 1993. Characterization and distribution of Fusarium acuminatum subsp. Armeniacum subsp. Nov. Mycologia 85:119-124. 8. Bowden, R. L., and Leslie, J. F. 1992. Evidence for outcrossing in Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum). (Abstr.) Phytopathology 82:1065. 9. Bowden, R. L., and Leslie, J. F. 1991. Vegetative compatiblity groups in Fusarium graminearum from wheat head scab. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 81:1168. 10. Bowden, R. L., and Leslie, J. F. 1994. Diversity of Gibberella zeae at small spatial scales. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 84:1140. 11. Gams, V., and Nirenberg, H. For filing purposes exact year unknown. A contribution to the generic definition of Fusarium. This is a typed manuscript. I do not know the place of publication. 12. Jamalainen, E. A. 1970. Studies on Fusarium fungi in Finland. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A, IV Biologica: 168. pgs. 54- 56. 13. Lamprecht, S. C., Marasas, W. F. O., Knox-Davies, P. S., and Calitz, F. J. 1990. Cross-pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum and F. graminearum Gr 1 to Medicago truncatula and wheat. Phytophylactica 22:209-211. 14. Leslie, J. F. 1993. Fungal vegetative compatibility. Annual Review of Phytopathology 31:127-150. 15. **Nelson, P. E., Toussoun, T. A., and Marasas, W. F. O. 1983. Fusarium Species. The Pennsylvania University Press. University Park, PA. 16. **Nelson, P. E., Toussoun, T. A., and Marasas, W. F. O. 1983. Fusarium species-An illustrated manual for indentification. Pennsylvania State Univ. Press. University Park, PA. 193 pp. 17. Nyvall, R. F. 1970. Chlamydospores of Fusarium roseum `Graminearum' as survival structures. Phytopathology 60:1175- 1177. 18. Petch, T. 1936. Gibberella saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc. Annales Mycologici 34:256-260. 19. Sitton, J. W., and Cook, R. J. 1981. Comparative morphology and survival of chlamydospores of Fusarium roseum `Culmorum' and `Graminearum'. Phytopathology 71:85-90 20. Snyder, W. C., and Hansen, H. N. 1945. The species concept in Fusarium with reference to discolor and other sections. Amer. J. Botany 32:657-666. 21. Toussoun, T. A., and Nelson, P. E. 1980. Fusarium. A pictorial guide to the identification of Fusarium species according to the taxonomic system of Snyder and Hansen. Second Edition. The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, PA. 22. Trinci, A. P. J. 1994. Evolution of the Quom myco-protein fungus, Fusarium graminearum A3/5. Microbiology 140:2181- 2188. 23. Ye, H. Z. 1980. On the biology of the perfect stage of Fusarium graminearum Schw. Acta Phytophylacica Sin. 7:35-42. In Chinese with Engligh abstract. MYCOTOXINS 1. Abbas, H. K., and Mirocha, C. J. 1988. Production of Fusarenon-X, Nivalenol, and Zearalenone by Gibberella zeae isolates, and their toxicity in fibroblasts and rats. Mycotoxin Research 4:67-74. 2. Anonymous. 1989. Special supplement (in English). pgs. 127-144. IN: Taller Sobre la Fusariosis de la Espiga en America del Sur. M. M. Kohli (ed.). Workshop on Fusarium Head Blight and Related Mycotoxins. March 30-31, 1989. Mexico, D. F.:CIMMYT. 3. **Bhat, R. V., et. al. 1989. Outbreak of trichothecene mycotoxicosis associated with consumption of mould-damaged wheat products in Kashmir Valley, India. Lancet 4:35-37. 4. Bottalico, A., Logrieco, A., and Visconti, A. 1989. Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in infected cereals in the field and in stored grains. pgs. 85-119. IN: Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. J. Chelkowski (ed.). Elsevier. New York. 5. Bukovcakova, M., Srobarvoa, A., and Vozar, I. 1991. Zearalenone production in wheat cultivars infected with the fungus Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. Mycotoxin Research 7(1):84-90. 6. Chelkowski, J. 1989. Formation of mycotoxins produced by Fusaria in heads of wheat, triticale and rye. pgs. 63-84, IN: Fusarium, mycotoxins, taxonomy, and pathogenicity. J. Chelkowski (ed.). Elsevier, New York. 7. Chelkowski, J., and Perkowski, J. 1992. Mycotoxins in cereal grain (Part 15). Distribution of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated wheat kernels. Mycotoxin Research 8:27-30 8. Christensen, J. J., and Kernkamp, H. C. H. 1936. Studies on the toxicity of blighted barley to swine. Minnesota Agric. Expt. Stat. Bull. 113. 9. Cutler, H. G. 1988. Trichothecenes and their role in the expression of plant disease. pgs. 50-72. IN: Biotechnology for Crop Protection. P. A. Hedin, J. J. Menn, and R. M. Hollingworth (eds.). American Chemical Society. Washington D. C. 10. Drysdale, R. B. 1984. The production and significance in phytopathology of toxins produced by species of Fusarium. pgs. 95-105. IN: The Applied Mycology of Fusarium. M. O. Moss and J. E. Smith (Eds.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 11. **Eugenio, C. P. 1968. Factors influencing the biosynthesis of the fungal estrogen (F-2) and the effects of F-2 on perithecia formation by Fusarium species. PhD Thesis. University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN. 12. Eugenio, C. P., Christensen, C. M., and Mirocha, C. J. 1970. Factors affecting production of the mycotoxin F-2 by Fusarium roseum. Phytopathology 60:1055-1057. 13. Hagler, W. M., Tyczhowska, K., and Hamilton, P. D. 1984. Simultaneous occurrence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and aflatoxin in 1982: Scabby wheat from the midwestern United States. Appl. Enviorn. Meicrobiol. 47:151-154. 14. **Jelinek, C. F., Pohland, A. E., and Wood, G. E. 1989. Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds-an update. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 72:223-230. 15. Kamimura, H. M., Nishijima, K., Yasuda, K., Saito, K., Ibe, A., Nagayama, T., Ushijama, H., and Naoi, Y. 1981. Simultaneous detection of several Fusarium toxins in cereals, grains and foodstuffs. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chem., Inc. 64:1067-1073. 16. **Lee, U. S., Jong, H. S., Tanaka, T., Asegawa, A., Oh, Y. J., and Ueno, Y. 1985. The coexistance of Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxnivalnol, and zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1983. Fd. Add. Contam. 2:185-192. 17. **Lee, U. S., Jong, H. S., Tanaka, T., Asegawa, A., Oh, Y. J., Cho, U. N., Sugiura, Y., and Ueno, Y. 1986. Further survey on the Fusarium mycotoxins in Korean cereals. Fd. Add. Contam. 3:253-261. 18. Leionov, A., Kononenko, G. P., and Soboleva, N. A. 1990. Production of DON-related trichothecenes by Fusarium graminearum Schw. from Krasnodarski Krai of the USSR. Mycotoxin Res. 6:54-60. 19. Lew, H., Chelkowski, J., Wakullinski, W., and Edinger, W. 1993. Monilliformin in wheat and triticale grain. Mycotoxin Research 9:66-71. 20. Lew, H., Adler, A., and Edinger, W. 1991. Moniliformin and the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Mycotoxin Research 7(1):71-76. 21. **Luo, X. Y. 1988. Fusarium toxin contamination of cereals in China. Proc. Japan Assoc. Mycotoxicology Suppl. 1:97-98. 22. Luo, Y, Yoshizawa, T., Yang, J. S., Zhang, S. Y., and Zhang, B. J. 1992. A survey of the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fusarochromanone) in corn and wheat samples from Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces, China. Mycotoxin Research 8:85-91. 23. Manka, M., Visconti, A., Chelkowski, J., and Bottalico, A. 1985. Pathogenicity of Fusarium isolates from wheat, rye, and triticale towards seedlings and their ability to produce trichothecenes and zearalenone. Phytopatho. Z. 113:24-29. 24. Marasas, W. F. O., Leistnev, L., Hofmann, G., and Echardt, C. 1979. Occurrence of toxicogenic strains of Fusarium in maize and barley in Germany. European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 7:289-305. 25. Marasas, W. F. O. 1991. Toxigenic Fusaria. pgs.119-139. IN: Mycotoxins and Animal Foods. J. E. Smith and R. S. Henderson (eds.). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 26. **Marasas, W. F. O., Nelson, P. E., and Tousson, T. A. 1984. Toxigenic Fusarium species. Pennsylvania State Univer. Press. 27. McMullen, M. P., Stack, R. W., and Casper, H. 1994. Vomitoxin levels in durum and hard red spring wheats infected with Fusarium head blight, 1993. Biological and Cultural Tests 9:116. 28. Miller, J. D. 1989. Biochemical nature of mycotoxins and host tolerance. pgs. 4-12. IN: Workshop on Fusarium Head Blight and Related Mycotoxins. 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