MARCH, 1901. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 107
Jver ice. P'. --
(13) T log p = 5.409 (t-100) -0.505 x 10-8
x (365--t)'-265' I
in which t is measured from Oo C. This equation, which only contains two constants to be
determined from the observations of vapor tension, repre-
sents the best observations between Oo C. and 180° C. quite well ; from i t there follows:
Over water. Y.
Mfn.
.........
d log p --- -0.07268 a t Oo C!. d T
0.473
0.234 0.167 0.m 0.054
0.029 0.016
0.m
0.001 0.009
Hence we obtain by our second method the value:
0. tllu
.............. ..............
..............
..............
............. ..............
............. ......... ..............
L=- x 0.07268 = 0.00974 R Tt 596.3
The perfect agreement of this second with the preceding value demonstrates the applicability of the Avogadro law a t
Oo C. and makes quite probable the assumption of the appli-
cability of Marriott's law, which was assumed in deducing
equation (5). The still remaining value of 1'' in equation (8 ) is the sum
of p and G for Oo C. and is equal to 676.2. Its variation with
temperature a t Oo C. is equal to - 0.545 + 0.526 = - 0.019 for
each degree centigrade and can be neglected in the present problem. This is materially smaller than the change of the
density of ice with temperature ; a still greater constancy [in
the change of p' with temperature] results from the agree-
ment of the values of the specific heat of ice and vapor as
observed by Regnault.
If now we sum up all our results we find that the equation
of condition (8) takes such a form that t is a quantity that
depends on quantities that vary slowly with t . Therefore we
easily find for t an approximate value, and after coinputing
for this approximate value the slowly varying quantities, we
find the exact value of t . The execution of this computa-
tion gives the following:
,-- 676.9
(14)
lug --
0.00975 x 1.005
-t = 603.7 = l1.'70, ......
Consequently the extrapolation of the quantities that enter
into the computation extends to a few degrees only, and the
computed value can be considered as quite certain. Fischer, in hie observations, had already come so near to this tempera- ture ' that he certainly would, a t lower temperatures, have
observed no appreciably greater difference between the ten-
sion of saturated vapor over ice and over water. We now proceed to the attempt to compute the tensioiis
themselves and first the tension of vapor over ice. From equation (6) by integration, considering the above found ap- proximate constancy of p' as being perfect, there results
(15)
and if we substitute the above fouid value and pass to com-
mon logarithms, we obtain
P O
t Log 1'' = 9.78 5" (16)
The value of Log p , resulting from equation (13) is -2.2198,
or + 0.6610 in cage we adopt a millimeter of mercury as the
unit of pressure. With this value, the values of p', given in
the table below have been computed by the use of equation
I n the computation of the vapor tension over water the
value of p given by equation (12) is to be substituted in equa-
tion (5) in order to be consistent with the assumptions of
this present article. The result of the integration of the equation thus obtained can be expressed in definite form, but
(16).
~
. .~
* W. Fischer, Wiedemann's Annslen, 1886, Vnl. SSVIII, p. 400.
15-2
a developnient in series is preferable. For high temperaturea
the result will then certainly be incorrect, since the law of
Marriott then no longer obtains; but for very low tempera-
tures this is of no importance, since a t these temperatures it is uo longer possible to keep the water in its fluid Condition;
therefore we give the development that form which seems
most appropriate for temperatures in the neighborhood of Oo
C., viz :
(17) log 2 = --E- P t t 3r--ST0 {L . ,) P O R T,' d' - 6(:-T,) + 18 T ,(r - Toy
31 after the substitution of the numerical values :
( 18)
The valiies of p given below have been computed by this formula.
AB above stated the empirical formula (13) represents the
Dbservatione of vapor tension a t the higher temperatures very
well. But it would appear n yriori improper to apply it to very low temperatures, siuce this formula does not harmonize
well with the assumption of the applicability of the Marriott
law. It is therefore necessary to investigate to what extent
the continuity is practically preserved in the computation of
p by the two formule (13) and (18). We therefore rewrite
equation (13) in the same form as equation (15) and i t be-
conies :
(19)
The difference between the values of p computed by formuls
(19) and (18) attains a maximum of about 0.0016"" of mer-
xiry in the neighborhood of t = - 13.6O C. Therefore, in
consideration of the accuracy of our present knowledge of
the observed vapor tensions, we may consider foriiiulae (18)
and (19) as identical for temperatures below Oo C. Of all the assumptione that underlie the computation of
the values of p and p' in the following table, that of the vapor tension a t 00 C. is the most uncertain. However, even a per-
€ectly accurate new determination for the lower temperatures
would scarcely give anything more than an improvement on
this value, but it would of course be more desirable to deter- mine i t directly. The values of p' for very low temperatures
we of interest in questions of coeniic physics.
Prsssurea of saturnled ague-
oua mpor twpreaescl k, mill& meiera of mwewy.
t Log := i~ (8.628 -0.W394t + 0.oo0oo3tz - ... .).
Lng = _f_ (8.617-0.00406t + 0.000007t' . . ) . o T
-
t.
OC. 0
-5
-10
-11.7
- 15 -.!?a -25
-80 --I -40 -45 4 5 0
-55
-60 -flJ
-70 -i6
-80
AURORAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SECOND WELL- MANN EXPEDITION MADE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF FRANZ JOSEF LAND.
By EVELYN 8. BALDWIN, Observer, Weather Bureau.
A very complete record of auroral phenomena was kept by
108 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. MARCH, 1901
Mr. E. B. Baldwin as the meteorologist of the second Well-
mann Expedition, in connection with his detailed meteoro.
logical record. The latter was published as Part VI1 of the
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1899-
1900. It is understood that the hours and minutes in thir
record refer to local mean time.
The record itself is as follows:
AT FORT MCPINLEY.
October 7, 1898, 7:45 p . in.-Aurora visible in the east firal
as a faint band of light, highteniug into a waving curtail1
or curtaiiis, extending from a point in tho sonthwest to far
into the northeast. From 10 p. m. of the 7th to 2:30 a. m. of
the 8th display very bright and beautiful. A t 10 p. m. beanie
of light shot upward, convnrging in the vicinity of Cassiopeia.
Pressure, 30.13 to 30.14; temperature, 1 3 O to 9O F.; wind,
northeast a t 8 miles per hour.
October21,1S98,7 p. ma.-Aurora, curtain form, in the zenith.
Pressure, 39.70; temperature, -lo F; wind, northwest at 12
miles-per hour.
ON A SLEDGE JOURNEY.
October 22,1898,631. na.-Aurora, curtain form, in the zenith.
Pressure, 29.96; temperature, -1lc; wind, north a t 10 miles
per hour. October 25, 1895, 5 11. ne.-Aurora, curtain form and fine,
east to west across the zenith. Pressure, 29.89 ; temperature,
13O F ; wind, calm.
Octobtr 27,1598,411. in,.-Aurora, a faint streak in the zenith,
extending from east to west. Pressure, 30.05 ; temperature,
4 O F.; wind, north, light.
AT HARMSWORTH HOUSE, FRANZ JOEEF LAND, SOo N. ; 5 8 O E. NO-
VEMBER 1, 1S9S. TO MARCH 13, 1599.
Nocreinbcr 1, 1891, 13 iaoon.-Light auroral streaks, extend-
ing east and west, from Cassiopeia across Ursa Major. Pres-
sure, 30.23 ; temperatures, -11O F. ; wiud, north a t 34 miles
per hour.
ATovomber 3, 1893, 6 p . ni.--Aurora, light parallel rays in two bands extending east and west through Ursa Major over
Polaris and terminating in Cepheus. Pressure, 30.40 ; tem-
perature, -5O F. ; wind, north a t 14 miles per hour.
9 p. m.-Aurora, a faint p t c h of auroral rays over the head
of Taurus, being Ixightest in the vicinity of Aldebaran. Prea-
sure, 30.38; temperature, -5.S0 F. ; wind, north a t 15 miles per hour.
Novenaboy 4, 1898, 8 p . ni.-Aurora, a light or yellowish band
upon tlie rump of Ursa Major and a siniilar phenomenon just
below Aldebaran, or Alpha Tauri. Pressure, 30.30 ; tempera-
ture, -go F.; wind, north a t 15 miles per hour.
10 p. m.-Aurora, two light parallel bands from Taurus to
Pegasus. Pressure, 30.30 ; temperature,-9.0° F. ; wind, north
a t 16 miles. ATovenaber 5, 1895, S p. na.-Aurora, two light parallel bands
extending from the head of Taurus (brightest in the vicinity
of Aldebaran) just below Cassiopeia, and terminating imine-
diately below the head of Draco. Pressure, 30.25; tempera-
ture, -1O.OO F. ; wind, northeast a t 8 miles per hour.
10 p. ni.-Aurora, a fine display of yellowish light h n d s and curtains extending from Taurus in the east, across the
head of Cetus, the lower member of Pisces, Aquarius, and
Capricornus. Pressure, 30.25 ; temperature, -1O.OO F. ; wind, north a t 8 miles per hour.
November 6, 1895, 10 p. nb.-Aurora, a grand display under all the circumpolar constellations within 3 5 O of Polaris.
Form variable, in bands, curtains, patches, and ray8 ; color,
yellowish ; movement, northwest to south or southeast. Pres- sure, 30.23; temperature, 4 .O 0 F.; wind, south, light.
Novenabar 7, 1595, 4 p. n,.-Aurora, three nearly parallel
bands from east to west, or from Cassiopeia across the neck
of Camelopardus and the body of Ursa Major to the body of
Leo. Aurora and stars visible through alto-cumulus clouds.
Pressure, 29.95 ; temperature, KOo F. ; wind, north at 10 miles per hour.
620 11. m.-Aurora, continuation of the above display as
four waving curtains of light yellowish hue, following, in a,
general way, the zodiacal constellations Aries, Cetus, Pisces,.
Pegasus, Aquila, Aquarius, and Capricornus. Meteor de-
sceuded from east to west. Pressure, 30.00; temperature, 0"
F. ; wind, north a t 10 miles per hour.
Nwmber 7, 1898, 9:lO p. ,))e.-Continuatioi1 of the above
aurora.1 display, including the constellations Gemini, Taurus,.
mid Ophiuchus. Pressure, 30.05 ; temperature, -4.0° F. ;;
wind, north a t 10 miles per hour.
9:20 p. m.-Very beautiful display, extending over all cir-.
cumyolar constellations. Form, folding curtains, inclining
toward Gamma Cephei (knee of Cepheus). Color, light yel-.
low generally, hut at times showing the colors of the spectrum
and occasionally of uniform reddish-yellow as portions of the
curtains changed to cloud-like forms. Motion through every
point of the compass, but wave movement generally from
east to west and from west to east, the curtains moving en
masse from south to north or vice versa. Display remarkably
bright a t times, casting sufficient light to give the appearance
of moonlight upon the snow, and strong enough to cast
shadows of the limbs of tlie observer. Pressure, 30.05; tem-
perature, -5.0° F. ; wind, north at 10 d e s per hour.
10 p. in.-Gradual diminution of the display till its final
cessation about 10:30 p. m. Pressure, 30.05 ; temperature,
-6.0° F. ; wind, northwest at 10 miles per hour.
November 8, 1895, 3:56 p. m.-Aurora, a light yellowish bow
extending from Aries, in the east, across the head of Taurus,
md across the bodies of Camelopardus, Lynx, and Ursa Major, terminating on thebodies of Leo Minor niid Leo Major aud
ascending from Ursa Major, as a bright yellow curtain (tinted
wit.h the colors of the rainbow), the beanis or rays of light
inclining toward a point midway between Polarie and the
head of Draco, that is toward the body of Draco and the knee
D f Cepheus (see also auroral display 9:20 p. m. of yesterday).
Meteor shot acros8 the body of Leo Minor, from north to
south. Pressure, 30.82, temperature,-12.O0 F. ; wind, uorth-
mitt, light.
8:45 1). in.-Continuation of the display through varying
phases to its appearance at this period as an irregularly
3haped bow, between Aries and Taurus, in the east, below
Pegasus, over the body of Aquarius, between Aquila and
Zapricornus, across Ophiuchus and Serpens, Libra and Virgo. 3ky overcast, but the bow plainly indicated in subdued yel-
low. Wind, light from the north. Pressure, 30.30; tempera-
ture, -13.5O F. ; wind, north, light.
No~~~inber 9, 1898, 12:50 a. i)i..-Aurora, a yellow patch or :loudlike form over the body of Pegasus. Pressure, 30.18;
temperature, -14.0° F. ; wind, north, light.
3 p. m.-Aurora, display began a t 3 p. m. as a luminous
patch nearly in the zenith, and a t 3:45 p. ni. gradually as- 31inied the form of an irregularly shaped yellowish bow er-
tending from east to west across Cetus, Pisces, head of Pegasus,
Equuleus and Aquarius, head of Ophiuchus, Serpens and Her- :des, Corolla Borealis, Bootes, Canes Venatici, and Coma
Berenices, the phenomenon a t 4 p. 111. being a series of long
tnd short bows covering, in a general way, the circumpolar :onstellations. Meteor, describing a short path from north-
?ast to southwest across the body of Leo Minor, was observed r t 3.45 p. m. Gradual appearance or growth of bows from iouth to north, but movement from north to south. Pressure,
30.05 ; temperature, -15.0° F. ; wind, northeast, light.
6.55 p. m.-Continuation as a great luminous canopy, ellip- ;ical in contour, extending in a northeast and southwest direc-
MARCH, 1901. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 109
tion. Folding curtain hanging from edges of canopy and rapic
movement of curtain in opposite directions, that is, in a gen-
eral way; east curtaiu moving eastward and the west curtail
moving westward, thus extending the canopy to axes of from
15O (northwest and southwest) to 45O (northeast and south-
west) from the zenith. Portion of curtain hanging in thr
northeast being of a greenish color. Pressure, 30.05; tem- perature, -16.0° F. ; wind, northeast and nearly calm.
8 p. m.-Continuation of the display as in the previoui
paragraph, with the addition of a bow from 5O to loo north.
ward of the central luminous canopy. In general, the die- play permanent from Orion and Taurus in the east to Libra
and Virgo in the west. The curtains inclining sharply and
distinctly toward Cepheus, converging or knotting in that
constellation. Rapid movenients in the bow and canopy froni
west to east, alternating irregularly with turbulent motion in
the canopy, as in snow driven about by violent gusts of wind
Occasional appearances of shafts, rays or beams of yellowish
light, separate from the curtains, but parallel with the planes
or faces of the same, and therefore pointing toward Cepheus.
Pressure, 30.04 ; temperature, - 17.0° F. ; wind, northeast,
light.
Noveniber 10, 1898, 520 p . m.-Aurora, a light yellowish
seniibow extending from the rump of Leo Major, in the west, across Coma Berenices, Canes Venatici and the tail of Ursa
Major to Cepheus. Pressure, 30.05 ; temperature, -18.0° F. ;
wind, north a t 18 miles.
7:45 y. m.-Continuation of the display as a field of light
or thin canopy covering the constellations immediately sur-
rounding Polaris, with curtains hanging from the edges of the canopy, the brightest curtain on the north edge, extending from
Taurus in the east, the feet of Auriga the bodies of Lynx and
Leo Minor, Coma Berenices, the tail of Ursa Major and Canes
Venatici, and terminating in the west, upon the breast of
Bootes. Pressure, 30.06 ; temperature, -17O F. ; wind, north-
east a t 18 miles per hour.
9:48 p. m.-Continuation of the display aR R, light yellowish
patch, covering the head of Orion and the horus of Taurus and
springing thence as a tenuous bow across Perseus, Cassiopeia,
Cepheus, Draco, and Hercules. Pressure, 30.06 : tempera- ture, -17.0° F. ; wind, northeast at 18 miles per hour.
November 11, 1898, 5 p. m.-Aurora, a yellowish bow ex- tending from Taurus in the east-northeast across Triangnlum,
Andromeda, Cygnus, Lyra, the heads of Hercules, Ophiuchus
and Serpens, and terminating in the west southwest in the region of Virgo. Pressure, 30.19; -19.3O F.; wind, north-
east a t 19 miles per hour.
7 to 8.30 p. wz.-Continuation of the display as a double arc or bow extending from Orion in the east, the fore
limbs of Taurus, bodies of Aries, Pegasus, Vulpecula, heads
of HerculeR, Ophiiichus, and Serpens and terminating in the
region of Virgo, the northernmost bow is the brighter. A light
series of “patches” extending from the fore limbs of Taurus
across the head of Cetus, the lower member of Pisces, Aqua- rius, Capricornus, the lower limbs of Ophiuchus, Libra, and
terminating iipon the skirt of Virgo. Pressure, 30.20; temp-
erature, -20.0° F. : wind, northeast at 19 miles per hour.
November 12, 1898,6 a. nt.-Aurora, a light bow springing
froni Orion and extending thence irregularly toward Cepheus.
Pressure, 30.23 ; temperature, -19.0” F. ; wind, northeast a t
19 miles per hour.
9 a. ni.-Aurora, an arch or bow of yellowish light, extend-
ing from Orion in the west, and crossing Canis Minor, Cancer,
the head of Hydra, Leo Mnjor, Canes Venatici, the tail of
Ursa Major, and resting upon Draco. Pressure, 30.25 ; temp-
erature, -18.6O; wind from the northeast a t 18 miles per
hour.
5 11. ni.-Aurora, a double arch springing from Cetus, the
lower and brighter bow passing thence over Pegasus, Aqua-
rius, Capricornus, the lower limbs of Ophiuchus, Libra, Virgo, and terminating upon Coma Berenices in the west ; the up-
per bow covering Pegasus Vulpecula, Hercules, Corona Bo-
realis, Bootes, and meeting the lower bow upon Coma Berenices.
Pressure, 30.40 ; temperature, -18.0° F. ; wind, northeast a t
17 miles per hour.
6:30 1). In.-Continuation of the display as a light “patch” over Orion and the fore limbs of Taurus, with beams ascend-
ing thence to Cassiopeia and Cepheus. Pressure, 30.44;
temperature, -18.6O F.; wind, northeast a t 17 miles per hour.
9 p . wi.-Continuation of the display as a golden bow, par-
tially obscured by thick weather, extending from Orion in
the east and thence following the constellations of the celes-
tial equator to Bootes in the west, also two bands or series of
parallel beams, the one extendiug from Coma Berenices,
across the breast of Bootes and the body of Draco, to the
lower limbs of Cepheus, the other from Vulpecula, across the
neck and northern wing of Cygnus to the lower limbs of
Cepheus (the two bands thus forming an acute angle upon
the lower limbs of Cepheus). Pressure, 30.49 ; temperature,
-18.5O F. ; wind, northeast a t 17 miles per hour.
Nomniber 13, 1899, 4 1). ni.-Aurora, light beanis ascending
from Coma Berenices across Canes Venatici, the tail of Ursa Major, and body of Draco. Pressure, 30.74 ; temperature,
-2O.OO F. ; wind, northeast a t 8 niiles per hour.
5 p. nz.-Aurora, a golden bow extending from the head of
Cetus across lower Pisces, the back of Pegasus, Aquarius, Capricornus, the lower limbs of Ophiuchus, Libra, Virgo, and
Leo Major, with beanis ascending from the portion of the bow :overing Leo Major and Virgo, acroes Canes Venatici, Coma
Berenices, Bootes, tail of Ursa Major, bodies of Draco and Ursa
Minor to Cephus. Pressure, 30.74 ; temperature, --31.0° F. ;
wind, northeast a t 8 miles per hour.
8 11. nb.-Continuation of the display; beams or shafts of
yellowish light ascending from Orion and Taurus and cross-
ing Perseus and the feet of Cassiopeia and meeting upon
Cepheus, similar shafts ascending, firstly, from Corona Bore-
d i s and Hercules, and crossing the body of Draco, and, sec-
mdly, from Aquila, crossing Vulpecula and Lyra. Presmre,
30.70; temperature, -20.6O F.; wind, northeast at 8 miles
per hour. November 16, 1898, 5 p. ,nh.-Aurora, a light arch (golden), brightest a t the beginning or origin, springing from the head
3f Cetus, crossing the lower member of Pisces, Aquarius,
Capricornus, Ophiuchue, and Libra, and terminating in the
vicinity of Libra. Very light arc extending from Corona
Borealis across the feet of Hercules, the body of Draco and
Cepheus to Cassiopeia. Meteor, originating in Cassiopeia,
iescended loo toward southeast. Pressure, 30.00 ; tempera-
ture, 37.5O F. ; wind, east, very light.
Noamber 17, 1898, 5 a. nb.-Aurora, arch. Pressure, 28.65 ;
temperature, 26.5O F. ; calm. 9 p. ni.-Aurora, a golden glow, producing a striking effect
upon the edges of a long, black-looking stratus cloud in the
~outh, i. e., the aurora behind the cloud, thus givind the cloud
R golden “lining” froni the belt of Orion i n the east across the
head of Cetus, lower member of Pisces, and terminating upon
the breast of Aquarius, with beams passing thence upward
wross the heads of Aqiiarius and Pegasus to the body of
Cepheus. Pressure, 28.61 ; temperature, 18.0° F. ; wind, west,
light.
10:30 p. m.-Continuation of the display as an irregular how covering the above-mentioned constellations. Meteor
descended southeast from Cassiopeia. Pressure, 28.61 ; tem-
perature, 14.5 F. ; wind, west, light.
11:30 p . m. to 12:30 a. ab.-Same as a t 10:30 p. m., with in-
crease in light and number of arcs or broken bows from the tail of Ursa Major to Cassiopeia. Noticeable moonshine
110 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. MARCH, 1901
effect directly traceable to the display, varying with intensity
of display and clearly casting a shadow of the Observer. Pressure, 28.61 ; temperature, 14.0° F. ; wind, west, light.
November 18, 1898, 12:36 p. m.-Aurora, a shaft of light
ascending from Canis Minor in the west-northwest. Pressure,
28.66; temperature, -5.0° F.; wind, northwest a t 16 miles
per hour.
1 p . ni.-Continuation of display, arcs and beams ascend-
ing from Aquarius in the east across the head and neck of Pegasus, Equuleus, Delphinus, Vulpecula, and neck of Cygnus
to Cepheus. Pressure, 28.65; temperature, -5.0° F. ; wind,
northwest a t 16 miles per hour; dip circle, 82.0; azimuth,
oscillating, eastern declination, increased. 3:46 p. m.-Continuation of display ; bright golden glow
around dark stratus clouds above eastern, southern, and
western horizon, the glow being very bright upon belly and fore limbs of Pegasus, lower member of Pisces, breast of
Aquarius and back of Capricornus, and reflected upon alto-
cumulus clouds, extending from edge of stratus clouds to
zenith. Alto-cumulus clouds moving from northwest and
stratus clouds from southwest. Wind from northwest and
gusty, blowing fine, wet snow. Pressure, 28.65 ; temperature,
6.0° F. ; wind, northwest a t 16 miles per hour.
5JJ. m.-Dip circle, normal, 82O 30'; reading, 82O 30'; azi-
muth circle, normal, 151O 40', with slight oscillation of
needle ; aurora, bright oval-shaped field of light springing
from Orion and head of Cetus, in the east, across Taurus,
Aries, Perseus, Andromeda, Camelopardus, Cassiopeia, Ce-
pheus, Ursa Minor (including Polaris), Draco, tail of Ursa
Major, and Bootes. Pressure, 28.66 ; temperature, 6.0° F. ;
wind, northwest a t 18.5 miles' per hour.
8p.m.-Dip circle, normal, 82O 00'; reading, 82O 30'; azi-
muth circle, normal, 151O 40'; first reading, 163O 25'; second
reading, 152O 06'; declination increased a t first reading (circle
increasing from left to right) ; no oscillation observable.
Aurora, bright display in west, with light glow in east, drift-
ing snow, and dark stratus clouds preventing exact location
of display, referred to constellations or etars. Pressure,
2&68 ; temperature, 8.0° F. ; wind, northwest a t 90 miles per
hour.
November 19, 1898, 6 p . ni.-Aurora, light yellow bow ex-
tending from Taurus and Cetus, in the east, across Perseus,
Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Ursa Minor, tails of Draco and Ursa Major to Bootes, in the west, with yellowish streamers and diffused light arising from Leo Major, i n the north, crossing
Leo Minor, head and shoulders of Ursa Major, and appa.rently
inclined toward Polaris and Cepheus. Pressure, 29.19 ; tem-
perature, 3.0° F. ; wind, northwest a t 12 miles per hour. 5:40 11. na.-Continuation of display with yellow band ex-
tending along eastern horizon from Orion to shoulder of
Taurus and head of Cetus, rising thence as divergiilg bows or
semicircles of gold, inclining from Polaris 46O southward and
converging upon Bootes. Pressure, 29.16 ; temperature, 3.5c
F. ; wind, northwest a t 10 miles per hour.
7 p. m.-Aurora, continuation of display as series of incom
plete and complete bows rising from Orion and Taurus, in the
east, and covering space thence northward to Polaris and de- scending to Bootes; also continuous bow springing from head
of Cetus, crossing Pegasus, Aquila, heads of Ophiuchus and
Hercules,and uniting with the other bow upon Bootes. BowE
crowed transversely by lower stratus clouds, thus concealing
sections of bows. Movements of eastern arcs from south t a
north, with streamers or rays converging thence toward Po-
laris and Cepheus. Arcs of bows a t highest altitude, shad-
ing from violet or lilac on northern edges to green. Pressure, 29.18 ; temperature, 2.0° F. ; wind, southeast, nearly calm.
Dip circle: 82O 30' (normal). Azimuth circle: 162O 30'
and no oscillations of needle observable.
7:40 y. m.-Display continues as about described in preced-
ing paragraph, with increased movement of eastern arcs toward the north (geographical). Meteor descends midway
between Ras Alhague and Ras Algethic, disappearing upon the
left shoulder of Ophiuchus. Pressure, 29.19 ; temperature,
D.Oo ; wind, calm. 8:30 p . ani.-Continuation, with increase of light in west,
niovenient of arcs in that region from north to south. Streamers from all parts of display converging toward and
upon Cepheus. Black spots upon eastern arcs having appear-
ance of clouds, but in reality being blue sky appearing black
by contrast; stars scintillating brightly in these black spaces,
and light, or edges of arcs surrounding them, expanding till
the identity of clear sky is revealed. Traces of green and red
Dbservable. Movement of eastern arcs from south to north as a whole, with shuttle-like motion from east to west, or
vice versa in individual arcs, with occasional rapid spring-
ing of portions of the arcs in opposite directions from given
points in the same arc a t the same moment. Pressure,
29.20; temperature, -l.Oo F.; wind, southeast, very light.
11:46 p. m.-Continuation of the dieplay from Orion,
across Cetus, Aquarius, and Capricornus to the breast of Ophiuchus. Dark stratus clouds breaking the bow. Pres-
sure, 29.20; temperature, -2.0° F. : wind, souiheast, very
light.
November 21, 1898, 4 p. na.-Aurora, yellow cloud-like forms
in the south.
4:45 11. m.-Continuation of the display as a waving cur-
tain from Gemini in the north, across Lynx and Camelopar-
dus, meeting an arc or curtain ascending from Taurus across
Perseus, feet of Cassiopeia and Cephus, Polaris, and tail of
Urea Major. Pressure, 29.62 ; temperature, -l.Oo F. ; wind, north a t 7.6 miles per hour.
5 p . m.-Dip circle: Oscillntiug between 82O 30' (normal)
aiid 83O 00' for twenty minutes. Azimuth circle: oscillat-
iug for twenty minutes. First reading, 158O 25'; second
reading, 156O 05' (normal 151O 50'). Continuation of auroral
display; bright yellow arc or three-quarters of a circle rest-
ing upon Auriga, Camelopardus, and Lynx, brightest por-
tion upon Camelopardus, with opening in opposite direc-
tion, toward Gemini, and great spiral tongue shading into
tints of green, red, and blue, curving from Auriga around
upon Perseus, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Draco, Ursa Minor, Ursa
Major, and Bootes, followed by wide expansion of arc and
tongue into great arc or bow extending from east to west
through zenith with alto-stratus clouds crossing and veiling sections of same in west; bow accompanied by short arcs,
rays, and masses of yellow on both sides, while beams of sil-
very yellow shot upward converging upon Cepheus and Cas- siopeia, the display then gathering great intensity with a
storm of yellow surging upon Cepheus, during which time
oscillations of dip and azimuth needles were greatest. Pres-
sure, 29.63 ; temperature, -l.Oo F. ; wind, north a t 7.5 miles
per hour.
9 p. ni.-Display continues as an acute angle of light yel-
low streaks extending from Orion in the east-southeast across
the head of Cetus, Pegasus, and Aquarius, meeting similar
streak upon Aquila, this streak or band extending thence
acrosu Cygnus and Cepheus to Cassiopeia. Pressure, 29.63 ;
temperature, -l.Oo ; wind, north a t 7.5 miles per hour. 9:30 21. w.-Corona Borealis in northwest flaming in yellow
tinged with green, violet, and blue. Pressure, 29.63; tem-
perature, -l.Oo F. ; wind, north a t 7.5 miles per hour.
Novenaber 22, 1898, 3:30 a. m-Aurora, yellow plane loc in
width, streaked with stratus clouds extending across Canis
Minor, head of Monoceros, Orion, head of Cetus, lower mem-
her of Pisces, hack of Pegasus, head of Aquarius, and Aquila,
with bow of silvery yellow beams springing from region of
Monoceros, crossing Canis Minor, Gemini, Cancer, Lynx, head
of Ursa Major, tail of Draco, body of Ursa Minor, and rest-
MARCH, 1901. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 111
ing upon the head of Draco. Pressure, 29.63 ; temperature
-6.0° F. ; wind, northeast a t 12 miles per hour.
2 p. ni.-Aurora, a waving curtain of yellow tinted wit1
green and lilac, extending from Aquila, Vulpecula, Cygnus
head of Draco and Bootes. Pressure, 29.60; temperature -13.6O F. ; wind, northeast a t 20 miles per hour.
November 23, 1898, 5 11. ne.-Aurora, a double arc of silvei
from the head of Cetus in the east, across Pegasus, Cygnus
Vulpecula, Lynx, Hercules, Corona Borealis, and Bootes, witk silvery cloud-like forms scattered generally over the heavens
Moon shining brightly. Pressure, 29.63 ; temperature, -1 1.0'
F. ; wind, northeast 29.7 miles per hour.
November 24, 1898, 11 21. 1)i--Aurora, a light shaft (oj
beams) ascending loo from the feet of Gemini. Weather fine ;
bright moonshine through the clouds. Pressure, 29.70 ; tern. perature, 2.0° F.; wind, northwest a t 11.5 miles per hour.
November 87, 1898, 3:30 to 4:30 p. m-Aurora, light beanir playing upward from Bootes (in the west), Leo Major, Lec
Minor, Cancer, Gemini, and Auriga. Pressure, 29.86 ; tern.
perature, -8.0 to 9.5 F.; wind, northeast, light.
3:30 to 9:30 p. in.-Aurora, a beautiful display in thc
form of beams and brilliantly colored curtains darting and
moving from Leo Major in the northeast, across Canis Minor
Orion, head of Cetus, lower member of Pisces, Aquarius
Capricornus, and Aquila. At 9:30 p. m. the dip circle oscil.
lating between 85O (normal) and S4O 30'. Bright moonshine
Pressure 29.84; temperature, -12.0° to -15.0° F.; wind
northeast, light.
November 28, 1898,9 p. ni.-Awora, a very brilliant display of curtain form, first from Orion in the east-southeast, acrose
the head of Cetus, lower member of Pisces, Aquarius, Capri-
cornus, rising higher and playing rapidly among the stars of
Aquila, Cygnus, Pegasus, and Cepheus, forming a t length a
whirlpool of green, purple, and lilac with beams and curtain
planes converging upon Cepheus, a t which moment the azi- muth circle moved quickly from its normal position a t 14O.10
(reset), to 1 7 O 40'. The general movenient of the entire dis-
play was from east to west, a t 9:30 p. m., a curtain of color
extending from Bootes in the north across Ursa Major, Lynx,
and Leo Major. Pressure, 29.90 ; temperature, -17.0° F. ;
wind, northeast, light.
Noveiiaber 29, 1898, 4 p. in.-Aurora, faint yellowish beams
displaying from Cancer, Virgo, and Bootes, becoming a bright combination of green and lilac in the vicinity of Virgo.
Pressure, 29.87 ; temperature, -18.0 F. ; wind, northeast at
10 miles per hour.
Decembcr 2,1898,lO p. ni.-Aurora, a light arc hanging from
Cassiopeia. Preesure, 29.87 ; temperature, -16.0° F. ; wind,
northeast a t 6 miles per hour.
December 4, 1898, 5 y. ,)n..-Aurora, a bright golden double
arc from Taurus and Cetus in the east-southeast across Pe-
gasus and the lower member of Pisces, Equuleus, Vulpecula,
the heads of Ophiuchus and Serpens, Hercules, and Corona
Borealis to Bootes. Pressure, 30.10 ; temperature, -1O.OO F. ;
wind, northeast a t 32 miles per hour.
10 p. m.-Continuation of above display. Pressure, 30.12;
temperature, -l l .O o F. ; wind, northeast a t 30 miles per hour.
Dccember 7, 1898, 11 a. ni.-Aurora, a bright double bow of
gold, varying in form to that of curtains extending from Taurus and Cetus, in the northeast, across Andromeda, Cassi-
opeia, Cepheus, Ursa Minor, and rump of Ursa Major, to Leo
Major, on the one hand, and from same initial point across
Andromeda and belly of Pegasus, CygnuR, and Draco to
Bootes. Display continued during p. m., strea.ks of stratus
clouds crossing same a t lower elevation. Pressure, 30.46 ;
temperature, -9.0° F. ; wind, north a t 36 miles per hour.
5 p. ne.-Aurora, continuation of the display as an arc of
yellowish light extending from Bootes across Corona Bore-
alis, Hercules, and Draco to Cepheus. Pressure, 30.44 ; tem-
perature, -11.2O F.; wind, north a t 14 miles per hour.
9:30 p . i)e.-Aurora, golden figures, in shape resembling the
comma and interrogation mark, extending from Bootes, in
the north, across the tail and runip of Ursa Major, the tail of
Draco, Ursa Minor, and the lower limbs of Cepheus, to Cassi-
opeia. Pressure, 30.29 ; temperature, 3 .O 0 F. ; wind, north- east a t 6 miles per hour.
December 8,1898, 11 a. ne.-Aurora, golden glows crossed by
narrow bands of stratus clouds from the head of Cetus, in the
northeast, across Aries, shoulders and neck of Taurus (Pleia-
des visible through the same) and terminating upon the lower
limbs of Auriga. Pressure, 30.27 ; temperature, -4.8O F. ;
wind, southwest a t 9 miles per hour.
5 p . in..-Aurora, a very light arc extending from Leo Major,
in the east, across Auriga, Ursa Major, Coma Berenices, and
Canes Venatici to Bootes. Pressure, 30.26 ; temperature, -13.5O F. ; wind, west-northwest a t 6 miles per hour.
9:30 p . w$..-Aurora, continuation of the forenoon display as
a bright golden semicircle extending from Sextans and the
fore paws of Leo Major across the head of Hydra, Monoceros,
Canis Minor, the belt of Orion, Cetus, Aquarius, and Capri-
cornua. Pressure, 30.2.5 ; temperature, -21.0° F. ; wind, north
a t 10 miles per hour.
10 to 10:30p. mi.-Grandest display of the season, nearly the entire northern heavens being resplendent in green and red purple beautifully intermingled with waving curtains of gold,
graceful arcs of silver, and darting, dancing, leaping, falling
shaftsof fire the entire phenomenon forming a t lop. m.a vast
corona seemingly supported upon pillars of fire converging
upon the region between Cassiopeia and the lower limbs of Cepheus, a t which moment there was rapid oscillation of the
azimuth needle and pendulum-like motion of the dip circle
needle between 86O 00' (normal) and &io 30'. Pressure 30.26 to 30.26; temperature, -22.0° F.; wind, north a t 10 miles
per hour.
December 9, 1898, 3 p. m-Aurora, a light band extending from Taurus (covering the Pleiades) in the east, across Andro-
meda, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Draco, Ursa Minor, tail and rump
of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, and terminating upon Bootes.
Pressure, 30.28 ; temperature, -38.0° F. ; wind, northeast a t
8 miles an hour.
4 11. ni.-Continuation of the display as a bright silver-
yellow double arc covering the preceding constellations with
maximum brightness over Cepheus and Draco. Arcs swing-
ing gradually from north to south and vice versa. Pressure,
30.29; temperature, -28.0° F.; wind, northeast a t 8 miles
per hour. 6 p. m.-Afternoon auroral display a1 ternately appearing
and vanishing, gradually reappearing a t 6 p. m. as two golden
Belds, the one in the east covering the head of Cetus, slowly
rising thence across the Bee, Triangulum, Aries, the upper
member of Pisces, Andromeda, and Cassiopeia, and meeting
upon Cepheus ; the other emerging from the head of Serpens,
in the west, and crossing thence Hercules and Draco. Pres-
sure, 30.28; temperature, -28.0° F.; wind, northeast a t 5.8
miles per hour.
10 1'. m.-Continuation of the auroral display as a flaming
zone of yellow with the apex upon Cepheus and the base ex- tending from Leo Major, in the east, across the feet of Gemini, heads of Orion, Taurus, and Cetus to Aquarius ; then gradu-
ally crumbling into a field of delicate blue-green and again
:hanging to a waving curtain, now folding itself rapidly to
the east and then as rapidly to the west. Presmre, 30.30;
temperature, -24.0° F. ; wind, northeast a t 9 miles per hour.
Deceniber 10, 1898, 3 to 6 p. ne.-Aurora, continuation of the
lisplay, appearing as a faint light in the northwest a t 3 p. m.,
but a t 6 p. m. existing as a pale green arc curtain-shaped for LOo above the horizon a t the east and west points, with a spray
31 mist-like roll intervening, the entire bow springing from
112 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. MARCH, 1901
the shoulders of Orion (in the east), curving sharply upon the
head of Taurus (place of greatest intensity with curtain of red-green color) and thence over Perseus, Cassiopeia, Cepheus,
Ursa Minor, the main part of the body of Draco and Hercules
to the head of Serpens. Pressure, 30.42 ; temperature, -23.0°
F.; wind, northeast at 11.6 miles per hour. 10 p. m.-Aurora, a dull green arc extending from Leo
Major and Sextans, in the northeast, acrom the head of Hydra,
the lower claw of Cancer, Canis Minor, feet of Gemini, head
of Taurus, lower member of Pisces, and resting upon the back
of Pegasus. Pressure, 30.45 ; temperature, --24.0° ; wind,
northeast a t 8.4 miles per hour.
Decenaber 11, 1898, 3 to 7:30 1). na.-Aurora began a t 3:OO p.
m. as a light green arc extending from Leo Major in the north-
east across the constellation thence to Ursa Major and gradu-
ally expanding into a collection of small arcs and lumiiious
spaces covering Cepheus, Cassiopeia, and Cygnus. At 5 p. m.
the display was marked by reddish-green shafts inclining
from the constellations in the east and west, toward Cepheus.
At 7:30 p. m. a silvery green bow, folded in places into a cur-
tain form, marked its course from the paws of Leo Major
upon the head of Hydra, lower claw of Cancer, feet of Gemini,
head of Orion, Taurus, Aries, Pisces, and Pegasus. Pressure,
30.66 to 30.70; temperature, -28.0° F. to -29.0° F.; wind,
south, very light.
10 p. nL.-Aurora, covering the constellations as a t 7:30 p. m., of the curtain variety and of beautiful red-green color.
. Parts of the curtain waving in opposite directions (to the east
and to the west) from given points. Occasionally meteors of short paths ascending toward Aries from the head of Taurus.
Pressure, 30.70 ; temperature, --27.0° F. ; wind, southwest,
very light. Deccrnber 12, 1898, 5 p. ni..-Aurortt, a dim yellow band in
the north and northwest, much obscured by drifting mow,
covering Leo Major, Cancer, the feet of Gemini, the lower limbs of Taurus, and the head of Cetus. Pressure, 30.75;
temperature, 4.8O F. ; wind, northwest a t 20 miles per hour.
December 14,1895,6 y. ni.-A dull yellow arc (much obscured
by clouds) extending from Taurus, in the east, crossing Aries,
the lower member of Pisces, Aquarius, and Capricornus.
Pressure, 30.50; temperature, -6.0° F. ; wind, northeast a t
10 miles per hour.
December 15, 1898, 3 to 5 p. na.-Aurora, a dull yellow arc (begau at 3 p. m.) from Taurus, in the east, extending over
Aries and the lower member of Pisces to Aquarius. Pressure, 30.55; temperature, -8.0° F.; wind, north a t 18 miles per
hour.
10 to 11.30p. na.-Continuation of the display ; one brightly
colored arc in the east, seeming to extend from north to south, with a curvature or bend toward the west, covering the paws
of Leo Major, Cancer, the feet of Gemini, Canis Minor, and
the right shoulder of Orion ; in reality, only one of a series
of arcs and bows covering the constellations and parts of con-
stellations of the celestial equator and ecliptic, viz, Taurus,
Aries, Cetus, the lower member of Pisces, Aquarius, and
Capricornus; all of the arcs brightly tinted in green and
blue and red, with silvery rays stringing the stars upward half way to the zenith and of unusually low elevation above
the sea level, the entire phenomenon displaying singular ab- sence of motion (was this owing to great humidity of the
air 1 ). Pressure, 30.57 to 30.58 ; temperature, -6.5O F. ; wind,
north a t 18 miles per hour.
December 16, 1698, 11 a. ni.-Aurora, very light beanis and
rays in the north playing upon Gemini, Auriga, and the head
of Taurus. Pressure, 30.60 ; temperature, -10.3O F. ; wind,
north at 24 miles per hour.
12 noon.-Bright patch covering the rump of Ursa Major,
with beams playing thence and from Coma Berenices across
Draco and Ursa Minor, and an arc crossing Cancer and the
~ ~~
feet of Gemini, in the northeast. Pressure, 30.60; tempera- ture, -l l .O o F. ; wind, north a t 24 miles per hour.
5 p. ?)i.-Aurora, continuation of the, day’s display as
a bright silvery arc covering Canis Minor, the head of
Moiioceros, the upper portion of Orion, Taurus, Cetus, Aries,
the lower member of Pisces, the back of Pegasus and Aquarius,
with thin sheets of rays scattered here and there to a second
arc extending from Auriga across Lynx, the belly and legs of
Ursa Major, Leo Minor, Canes Venatici and Coma Berenices
to Bootes, the arcs changing to curtain forms tinted in green and red and waving from west to east, with the rays con-
verging or inclining toward the zenith. Pressure, 30.@2;
temperature, -1O.OO F. ; wind, northeast a t 17 miles per hour.
December 17, 1898, 3 to 9:30 p . na.-Aurora, a bright silver-
yellow double curtain accompanied by ascending beams ex- teuding from the fore limbs of Taurus across the head of
Cetus, Aries, Pegasus, and Aquila to the heads of Ophiuchus
and Hercules. Display began a t 3 p. m. as a series of beams
ascending from Coma Berenices, in the northwest, passing
thence through varying phases to the form observed a t 5 p. m.,
a t which time waving folds rapidly moved from east to west
and vice versa (alternating), deeply tinged with red-green
color, brightest in the region of the head of Cetus. 9:30
p. m., a whirlpool of light (beams, swaying curtains, broken
arches, globular patches) covering the head of Leo Major, Leo Minor, Ursa Major, Draco, Ursa Minor, the lower
limbs of Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Camelopardus, Lynx, Cancer,
Gemini, Canis Minor, the head of Monoceros, the head and
breast of Orion, Auriga, Taurus, the head of Cetus, Aries, Perseus, Andromeda, and Pegasus, the brightest portion tinged with green and red, undulating rapidly from southwest to
northeast, from Pegasus across Cassiopeia to Leo Major, and
swirling about with great rapidity in the region of Cepheus,
n restless canopy of color in mid-air throwing its light upon the earth as from the full moon on a clear night. Pressure,
30.45; temperature, -16.0° F.; wind, northeast a t 13 miles
per hour.
Deccniber 18, 189S, 2:30 to 5 p . ni.-Aurora, began a t 2:30
p. m. as light beanie ascending from Leo Major, Cancer, and
Gemini. Pressure, 30.35 ; temperature, --32.0° F. ; wind,
northeast a t 21.5 iiiiles per hour.
Dreember 19, 1898, 2 p . tn.-Aurora, ’ a bright golden sheet
beautifully tinted in green and red arching from the head of Cetus in the east, crossing Auriga, Camelopardus, and Lynx,
to Leo Major and Leo Minor in the west. Pressure, 30.35; temperature, -14.5O F. ; wind, northeast a t 25 miles per hour.
8 to 9 p. ni.-Continuation of the aurora; two writhing
serpents of light, extending from the east to the west, and
covering the stars and constellations as follows : The first, and brightest, with its head upon Regulus, crossing thence
Cancer and the head of Gpmini (Castor and Pollux) Lynx,
the head of Ursa Major, the tail of Draco to the body of
Hercules ; the second, much more tenuous in appearance,
springing from the shoulders of Orion, and crossing the feet
of Auriga, Perseus, Camelopardus, Ursa Minor, and Draco,
and finally blending with the termination of the first upon
the body of Hercules. 9 p. in., a continuous arc, brightly colored in green and red in places, extending from the Leos
i n the uorth-northeast, across the lower claw of Cancer, the head of Hydra, Canis Minor, and the body of Monoceros, to
the breast of Cetus. Pressure, 30.14 ; temperature, -17.0°
F. ; wind, northeast n t 9 miles per hour.
Dccmber 20, 1895, 2 a. in. - Aurora, .yellowish streaks
crossed by stratus clouds in Orion and vicinity. Pressure,
29.99 ; temperature, -15.0° F. ; wind, northeast a t 0 milen
per hour.
2 to 9:30p. m-Aurora, began a t 3 p. m. as slightly colored
Brcs of reddish yellow, covering Taurus in the northeast and
Virgo and Coma Berenices in the west; a t 6 p. m. a series of
MARCH, 1901. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 113
alternating yellow arcs and silvery veils tinged with red anc
green, extending from Taurus in the east, across Auriga
Camelopardus, the knees of Cepheus, Ursa nor, Draco, aiic
Hercules to Ophiuchus in the west. 9:30 p. in., bright goldei
arc extending from Canes Venatici, across the head of Draco
and between Hercules and Lyra to Aquila. Pressure, 30.7:
to 30.70; temperature, -21.0° F.; wind, northwest at 9.t miles per hour.
Dceeniber 21, 1898, 5 p. m.-Aurora, a silvery band crossiq
Auriga, Lynx, and Leo Minor, all in the north. Pressure
30.64; temperature, -25O F. ; wind, northwest, very light.
7:15 to 10 p . m.-A golden band and arch streaked anc
spotted with stratus clouds to a distance of one-fourth of itr
length, 1)eginniug a t Leo Major in the northeast, passing thence across the lower claw of Cancer, the feet of Gemini
Canis Minor, the head and shoulders of Orion, the head ol
Taurus, and ascendiug thence across Auriga, Camelopardus
Cassiopeia, and Cepheus, descending upon Cygnus and Vul.
pecula to Aquila. 10 p. m., silvery yellow arcs swinging
above dark stratus clouds, but below alto-stratus clouds in
the west. Display carefully observed and relation to thc
clouds strikingly apparent. Pressure. 30.65 ; temperature
-27O F. ; wind, northwest, very light.
Dcccniber 23, 1898,ll a. ma.-Aurora, light streamers ascend. ing from Aries (tinted here in red and green and playing
vigorously), the head of Taurus, Auriga, and Gemini, all
above the northern horizon. Pressure, 29.66 ; temperature
-34.5O F. ; wind, W0Et-nOrthWeEt, very light.
6 p . ni.-Aurora, a silvery yellow arc above the iiortherii
horizon covering the feet of Gemini, Cancer, and the shouldera
of Leo Major. Pressure, 30.60 ; temperature, -22O F. ; wind,
northwest a t 7 miles per hour.
DeCeJJ&btT 28, 1898. 2 1). n~.-Aurora, bright silvery-golden arcs and streamers tinted here and there with green and red.
covering the head of Cetus in the east, Aries, Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Ursa Minor, the main body of Draco, and
Bootes in the west, arcs swaying from south to north; the
surface wind from the northeast; arcs a d streamers appear-
ing to meet upon or incline toward Cepheus. Pressure, 29.35 ;
temperature, -30° F ; wind, north, very light.
DeCeJJibel. 29, 1898, 6 to 9 p. JJl.-Aurora, a light golden arch
extending from Gemini in the east across Auriga, Cassiopeia,
Cepheus, body and head of Draco, to Lyra in the southwest. 7:30 p. m., golden bow reaching from shoulders of Orion in the
southeast across Taurus, Aries, Pisces, and Pegasus. Wind from the west, light. Bright meteor visible two seconds, de-
scending (approaching observer like head light of locomotive)
from Gamma Geminorum. 9 p. m., visible beneath alto-
stratus clouds covering three-tenths of the sky in the south-
east. Pressure, 29.77 to 30.08; temperature, -15O to -22O
F. ; wind, northwest a t 8 miles per hour.
December 30, 1898,5 p. na.-Aurora, a light silvery arch from
the shoulders of Orion in the southeast across Taurus, Aries, Pisces, belly of Pegasus, and Vulpecula to head of Ophiuchus,
and Hercules. 9 p. m., continuation as an irregular golden
sheet covering Pegasus (in south-southwest), Vulpecula, Lyra,
Hercules, and lower limbs of Bootes in the north. Pressure, 39.57 ; temperature, -36O F. ; wind, northeast, light.
nece?~aber 31, 1898, 9:30 p. ?JL.-AUPO~&, a light arc crossing
the chest of Orion (in the southeast), Cetus and Aquarius (in
the west), simultaneous with a display of red-green streamers
ascending from Vulpecula, Cygnus, Lyra, Hercules, Corona
Borealis, Bootes, Coma Berenices, and the Leos. Pressure, 29.98; temperature, -32O F.; wind, north a t 8 miles per
hour. January 1, 1899, 11 a. m.-Aurora, light silvery streamers
tinged with green ascending from Cetus (in the northeast),
Taurus, and Auriga (in the north). Pressure, 30:32; tem-
perature -34.4O F. ; wind, sonthmrest a t 10.6 miles per hour.
January 3,1899,2 p. m.-Aurora, streamers ascending from
Taurus (in the northeast), the head of Auriga, Camelopardus,
Ursa Major, Bootes, and the main body of Draco, and inclining
toward Cepheus. Pressure, 29.93 ; temperature, -2O.OO F. ; wind, northeast at 12.3 miles per hour.
5 to 10 p. na.-Aurora, yellowish arcs, crossing Taurus, in
the southeast, also rising from Gemini and Cancer, in the east,
crossing Lynx, Ursa Major, Draco, Ursa Minor, and Cygnus.
10 p. m., continuation as a yellow band springing from the
limbs of Leo Major (in the northeast), crossing Sextans, the
head of Hydra, Canis Minor, the belt of Orion (clearly visible
in the south, with Rigel sparkling like a diamond), the head
of CetuR, and the lower member of Pisces. First time since the stars became visible this season (1895-99) that they have
twinkled or sparkled with intensity, doubtless owing, on this
occasion, to lack of humidity in the upper air currents. No clouds visible a t 10 p. m. Pressure, 30.00 to 30.10; tempera- ture, -7.0° F. to -14.0° F. ; wind, north a t 14.3 miles per
hour.
Janicary 4,1899,9:30 to 11 a. ?,&.-Aurora, streamers ascend- ing from Aries and Taurus (in the north) ; at 10 a. m. ex-
tending across Gemini; a t 11 a. m. rising only from the feet
of Gemini. Pressure, 30.33 to 30.35 ; temperature, -14.6O F. to -K O o F. ; wind, northeast a t 9.3 miles per hour.
2 to 5 p. na.-Aurora, bright streamers ascending from Tau-
rus (in the northeast), Gemini, Cancer (in the north), the
Leoe, Ursa Major, and Bootes (in the west), and inclining to-
ward and upon Cepheus and Ursa Minor. 4 p. m., a bright
double curtain of gold with changing tints of rose, lilac, and purple, screened or draped in a veil of silvery gauze, extend-
ing from Orion (in the east-northeast) across the head of
Taurus, Aries, the upper member of Pisces, the belly of Pe-
gasus, Vulpecula, Cygnus, Lyra, and Hercules. 6 p. m., a golden band extending from Canis Minor (in the northeast)
across the head of Orion (in the east), and thence nearly through the zenith to the position of Hercules, in the west;
appearing in spaces between ClOUdE-EtratUE and stratus-
cumulus. Pressure, 30.29 to 30.33 ; temperature, -18.0° F.
to -20.0O F. ; wind northeast, at 8 miles per hour.
Januaiy 6, 1899, 9:30 to 11 a. nr.-Aurora, light streamers ascending from Taurus (in the north) Gemini, and Cancer.
10 a.m., light streaniers ascending from Aries. 11 a. m., con-
tinuation. Pressure, 30.58 to 30.61 ; temperature, -20.6O to
--23.0° F. ; wind, northeast, light to calm.
5 to 10 p. ?..-Aurora, bright arcs and arches extending
from Orion and Canis Minor, in the east, across the horns of
Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo Major, Auriga, Lynx, Leo Minor,
Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Cepheus, and Draco to Hercules and
Corona Borealis, in the west. 10 p. m., continuation. Pres-
sure, 30.63 to 30.60 ; temperature, -9.5O to -17.0° F. ; wind,
southwest, light.
January 7, 1899, 5 p. aurora, bright streamers in the west ascending from Corona Borealis and the upper portion
Df the body of Bootes, Crossed by narrow bands of stratus
clouds beneath. Pressure, 30.50 ; temperature, -13.0° F. ;
wind, northwest a t 12 miles.
Jannary 9, 1899,5 p . nr.-Aurora, a light golden band from
Canis Minor, in the east-northeast, crossing the lower claw of
Cancer. the upper portion of Leo Major (in the north), and
Coma Berenices, with light streamers ascending from Bootes,
Corona Borealis, and Hercules. Pressure, 20.23 ; tempera-
ture, -13.0° F. ; wind, northeast a t 8 miles per hour.
Jiminmj 10, 2899, 9:46 p. m.-Aurora, a golden arc spring-
ing from Cancer (in the east), and crossing Gemini and Tau-
rus (in the south). Pressure, 30.10; temperature, -18.0° F.; wind, northeast a t 20 miles per hour.
Jaiii~amj 11, 1899, 2 to 11 p.ni..-Aurora, light streamers as-
:ending from Leo Major (in the north-northwest) and Coma
Berenices a t 2 p. m. ; bright golden arcs tinged with red, rising
114 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. MARCH, 1901
from the shoulders of Orion (in the east), crossing Auriga, Camelopardus, Ursa Minor, Draco, and Hercules a t 4 p. m. ;
the same much increased in intensity and number of arc8
and expanse of celestial dome covered, at 5 p. ni. to 10 p. m.,
continuation. Pressure, 30.07 to 30.09 ; temperature, -lO.Oc to 4 .0 ° F. ; wind, northeast at 15 miles per hour.
Jnnzcnmj 14, 1899, 5 11. ma.-Aurora, a bright arc in the south.
Pressure, 30.21 ; temperature, -19.0° F. ; wind, northeast at
27.3 miles per hour.
Jnnzcamj 15, 1899,2 to 5 p. ,m.-Aurora, bright golden arcs,
arches, and spots, crossing the entire celestial dome from east
to west. Lunar halo in the south- west. Pressure, 30.12 to 30.08 ; temperature,-26.0° F ; wind,
north at 30 miles per hour. 9 p. m.-Aurora, bright golden arc crossing belt of Orion
(in the south) and other constellations of celestial equator.
(No pressure, temperature, or wind, entered in connection with this aurora).
January 17, 1899, 5 to 10 p. m.-Aurora, bright golden
arches, extending from Orion and Gemini, in the east., across
Auriga, Lynx, Ursa Major, and the upper portion of Bootes
to Hercules, in the west. A t 7 p. m., a great, writhing, ser-
pent of gold, tinted reddish-green in places, extending from
Coma Berenices at the head and chest of Virgo, in the north, across the limbs of Leo Major, Cancer, Gemini, Auriga., Per-
seus, Andromeda, the body of Pegasus, and Vulpecula, to the
heads of Hercules and Ophiuchus, in the west, with lighter
gauze like arches crossing Taurus, Aries, the head of Cetus,
Aquarius, and Capricornus. 8 p. m. Continuation, the dis-
play being especially bright in the regions of Leo Major and
the belt of Orion. 5 to 10 p. m. Display continuing through varying phases. Pressure, 29.90 to 29.97 ; temperature, -26.6O
to -33.i)O E’. ; wind, north at 16.7 miles per hour. January 18, 1899, 1 to 7:45 p. rn.-Aurora, began a t 1 ‘p. m.
as a light arch extending from Ophiuchus and Hercules, in
the west, across the head of Serpeiis, the lower limbs of Bootes, the shoulder of Virgo, Coma Berenices, the limbs of Leo
Major and Cancer to the lower limbs of Gemini. 2 p..m., continuation in about the same northern position as a bright
golden curtain ; bow delicately tinted reddish green. 5 p. m., continuation. 7:46 p. ni., a very beautiful double curtain arch
(or arches) extending from Sextans and the paws of Leo
Major (in the east-northeast) across Cancer, the lower limbs
of Gemini, Auriga, Taurus, Aries, and Cetus, with very bright
arcs upon the chest of Orion. Entire display lavishly tinted in red, green, and purple. Remarkable motion in the double
arch, the upper or more northern bow waving rapidly from
west to east, the other curtain undulating as hurriedly from
east to west. Wind blowing about 20 miles per hour from
the north. Bright moonligb t (new half moon in south-sonth-
west). No clouds visible. Arches appear to have uniisu-
ally low altitudes, referred to the surface of the earth. Pres- sure! 30.12; temperature, -38.0° F.; wind, northeast at 18
miles per hour.
Janzmy 20, 1899, 3 to 5 11. m.-Aurora, began at 3 p. m. as a double arch or golden bow, becoming a wide band extend-
ing from Auriga, in the east, across the fore limbs of Camelo-
pardus, Lynx, the tail of Draco, the head, rump, and tail of
Ursa Major and Ursa Minor to Bootes and Hercules. At the beginning of the display the western end of the bow was
crossed (subtended) by bands of stratus clouds, the eastern
extremity being submerged in a misty appearance of at.mos-
phere. 6 p. m., faint auroral arcs (quite buried in a shower
of minute snow crystals) covering the constellations of the celestial ecliptic (stars invisible, but the position of ecliptic
known). Pressure, 29.85 ; temperature, -29.5O to -%?ioo F. ;
wind, south, light.
Jan.rraq 21, 1899,4 to 6:46 1’. m.-Aurora., began a t 4 p. m.
as a series of bright red-green tinted golden curtain arcs from
Visible also at 2 p. m.
Auriga and Gemini, iu the east, across Lynx and Ursa Major
to Bootes, in the northwest. Invisible at 6 p. m. 6:46 p. m., phenomenon oE indescribable beauty, the arctic night dis-
playing a magnificent furnishing of vari-colored cloths of
gold a i d silks of silver, now in tumbling arcs or trembling
bows, in hanging curtains or waving tapestry, and then in
dancing beams or ascending rods of gold, in swirling pots of
color or quiescent seas of silver, all swinging from the spark-
ling stars, from Polaris to the bright moon-bearing Taurus,
in the south, to Corona Borealis and Bootes, in the north, to Leo Major and Cancer, in the east, and to Aquila, in the west,
deigning even to cast a resplendent arc to the snow-clad earth
itself, resting it upon the basaltic sentinel of Tegetthoff.
About 200 yards northwest of the observatory stands a bold
basaltic spire about 400 feet in height. A bright spot of this
display appeared to descend below the summit of the spire,
dimming its upper outline, the intense portion of the display
iiiteivening between the observer and the spire.
Pressure, 30.01 to 30.05 ; temperature, -31.0° to -33.0° F. ;
wind, west, light. Jnniwry 22, 1899, 3:30 lo 5 p. ne.-Aurora, 3:30 p. m., green-
ish gauze-like arches, extending from Leo Major, in the north-
east, across Cancer, Gemini, head of Orion, horns of Taurug,
Auriga, Lynx, Camelopardus, Ursa Major, Urea Minor, Ce-
pheus, Cassiopeia, Cygnus, Lyra, Hercules, Aquila, and Ophi- uchus. 5 p. m., in nearly the same position ; more intense.
Preasure, 30.18 to 30.15 ; temperature, -34.0° F. ; wind,
northeast a t 7 miles per hour.
Janzcamj 23, 1899, 9 a. wi.-Aiirora, very light beams ascend-
ing across Leo Major, in the west. Pressure, 30.14; tempera-
ture, -33.0° F. ; wind, southwest a t 7 miles per hour.
Jnuunry 24, 1899, 5 y. na.-Aurora, a bright golden curtain
above alto-stratus clouds in the northeast, crossing Leo Ma-
jor aiid Lynx. Pressure, 30.25 ; temperature, -13.5 ; wind,
iiorth, light.
Janunmj 27, 1899, 5 p . ?)&.-Aurora, a curtain arch from
Auriga, in the southeast, across the rump of Camelopardus,
Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Cygnus, Lyra, Hercules, and Corona
Borealis, in the west; brightest in its western termination
and tinted reddish-green. Pressure, 30.08 : temperature,
-27.0° F.; wind, northeast, a t 26 miles per hour. Bright
liinrtr halo in the northeast.
Jrrniialy 39, 1898, 5 to 8 p . m -Aurora, a golden bow from
Canis Minor, in the east-northeast, across the head and shoulders of Orion, Ta-urus, Aries, Pegasus, and Delphinus,
to Aquila ; western portion above alto-stratus clouds. 8 p. m., continuation of the display above stratus clouds in the
east. southeast, south, southwest, and west. Pressure, 30.24 to 30.20 ; temperature, -26.0 F. ; wind, north at 28 miles
per hour.
Jaiiuaq 30, 1899, 5 to 8:30 p. ?)$.-Aurora, light beams as-
cending from Gemini and Auriga, in the northeast and east,
and from Aquila, in the west. 8 p. m., a golden arc crossing
Canis Minor, Orion, Taurus, and Cetus. 8:30 p. m., bright
double curtain arches extending froin Leo Major, in the
northeast, and crossing Cancer, Gemini, Auriga, Andromeda,
and Pegasus, the more southern bow being bright golden,
the other of dark lilac color. Display subteuded in places
by lower stratus clouds. Pressure, 30.05 ; temperature, -35.0° F. to -39.0° F.; wind, northeast at 13.5 niiles per
hour.
Jmuary 31, 1898, 6 to 10 p. ni.-Aurora, a golden arc ex-
tending above stratus cloud bands, from Canis Minor, in the
eaet, across the head of Orion, Taurus, Aries, Andromeda,
Cygnus, and Vulpecula, in the southwest. 10 p. m., con-
tinuation somewhat higher in the heavens. Pressure, 30.00 ;
temperature, -43.0° to 4 5 .0 ° F. ; wind, northeast at 19.5
miles per hour. Fcbmniy 1, lS99, 6 11. m.-Aurora, a golden arc crossing
MARCH, 1901. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 115
!a% 28.89 24.76 a.10 %.lo
~-
Canis Minor, in the east, the head and shoulders of Orion,
Taurus, Aries, Pegasus, and Aquila. Pressure, 2939 ; tem-
perature, -38.0° F.; wind, northeast a t 20 miles per hour.
February 2, 1899, 6 p. ?)&.-Aurora, light beams ascending
from Canis Minor, in the east-northeast, crossing Gemini, and
continuing thence as a light gold wire band across Lynx,
IJrsa Major, the tail of Draco, Ursa Minor, the body of Draco, Cepheus, Cygnus, and Lyra to Aquila. Pressure, 39.84 ; tem-
perature, 4 1 .O 0 F. ; wind, north a t 27 miles per hour.
February, 6, 1899, 3 11. 111.-Aurora, springing from Leo Major, (in the east), and crossing Leo Minor, the forepaws
and heud of Ursa Major, Lynx, Cumelopardus, Cassiopeia, aud Cygnus. Pressure, 29.78 ; temperature, -1 1.5 F. ; wind,
east a t 96.2 miles per hour. Fcbruary 8, 1899, 7 p . ,m.-Aurora, a golden arch springiiig
from Leo Major, in the east-northeast, crossing the forepaws
and head of Urea Major, Lynx, Camelopardus, Cassiopeia,
Cepheus, and Lacerta,, the lower wiiig of Cygnus and Vul- pecula, and terminating upon Aquila, in the west. Pressure,
29.25; temperature, -28.0° F. ; wind, north, light. .
Fcbrua5-y 9, 1899, 5 p. n&.-Aurora, a light streamer arch
from Leo Major, in the east, and crossing the constellations,
thence through the zenith westward. Pressure, 29.64 ; tem-
perature, -32.5 F. ; wind, Routhwest, very light.
February 16, 1899, 4 to 7 y. ,m.-Aurora, plainly visible in the east and south a t 4 p. m., but veiled by fog. Stars in-
visible. 7 p. m., bright golden arcs and arches extending from
Leo Major, in the eaet, across Cancer, Gemini, Auriga, Taurus,
Aries, Pegasus, etc., westward to Aqnila. Display invisible
by reason of fog or heavy mist a t times. Pre8sure, 30.30 to
30.22 ; temperature, -6.0° to -1O.OO F. ; wind, north a t 9.5
miles per hour. February 16, 1899, 8 1’. ?)&.-Aurora, very active display of
yellow arcs and patches covering the heavens from the east-
ern to the’ western horizon for a space of about 90° in width and visible through a murky sky and light fall of MIOW. Oc-
casionally stars visible. Pressure, 30.18 ; temperature, -6.0° F.; wind, north, light.
Febmay 23, 1899, 9 p . na.-Aurora, golden arcs extending
from the feet of Bootes in the eastcnortheast acrossLeoMajor,
Cancer, the feet of Gemini, and the belt of Orion to Cetus in
the southwest. Wave like motion from west to east. Pres-
sure, 30 17 ; temperature, -30.7O F. ; wind, northeast, light. Mumh 2, 1899: 8 p. 11z..-Anrora, a faint silvery arc spring-
ing from Leo Major (in the east-southeast), and crossing Leo
Minor, Lynx, and Camelopardus, to the feet of Cassiopeia.
Pressure, 30.36; temperature, -35O F.; wind, north a t 10
miles per hour.
Murch 3,1899, S p . m.-Aurora, an intense display of coronal
type, covering the heavens from the belt of Orion in the south-
southwest to the lower limbs of Hercules in the north, and
from Virgo in theeast to Pegasus and Pisces in the west. Rapid
movement of streamers and curtains from west to east and
from south to north. Delicate tinting of the display in all
its parts, but particularly striking along the edges of the
enveloping or outer curtains. Central or zenithal portion
less ~~D U O U E than the parts nearer the horizon. Pressure,
30.30; temperature, -4 1 O F.; wind, north, light.
Murch 10, 1899, 11 p. m.-Aurora, the heavens from the
feet of Bootes in the east to the head of Cetus in the west;
from the paws of Leo Major in the south to Pegasus in the
north, curtained, festooned, tapestried, arched, and pillared
in gold and silver, in purple and lilac, and red-green, all
waving, trembling, tumbling, and leaping in every imagina-
ble direction. And yet, why, a t the same time, that motion-
less shaft upon the head of Taurus or that quiescent arc
amidst a vqrtex of motion ? Pressure, 39.76; temperature,
-32.0° F. ; wind, west., very light. March 11,1899,9:46 p. m-Aurora, yellowish bands, ertencl-
16-3
88.0 82.4 68.0 86.8 w.7
ing from east to west across the space between the back of
Leo Major, in the south, and Polaris. The sky much clouded
and a minute description of the display impossible. Pressure, 29.95 ; temperature, -24.0° F. ; wind, north, light.
March 13, 1899, 1 1 1). ,111. to 19 nricZ,/i.i~ht.-Aurora, pink-
tiiited arcs and dancing shafts upon Gemini and Auriga, in
the southwest. 12 midnight, golden hnxe upon Leo Minor.
Pressure, 30.38; temperature, --33.0° to 33.0° F. ; wind, north,
light. -- -e---
MEXIOAN OLIMATOLOGIUAL DATA.
Through the kind cooperation of Sefior Manuel E. Pastran.a,
Director of the Central Meteorologic-Magnetic Observatory,
the monthly summaries of Mexican data are now commu-
nicated in manuscript, in advance of their publication in
the Boletin Mensual. An abstract, translated into English
measures, is here given, in continuation of the similar tables
published in the MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW since 1896.
The barometric means have not been reduced to standard
gravity, but this correction will he given a t some future date when the pressures are published in our Chart IV.
M&n data for Mich, 1901.
47 Y 69 54 89
-
I
0.03 ’ 8.
T. i e.
...... 18.
...... 8W.
0.M I sse. I
c) Statlons.
Duranto (Semlnarlo). Leon (Guanajnato).. . Llnares(Nuevo Leon). Mszatlan . . . . . . . . . . . . lerlda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexico (Obs. Cent., . . Morella (Semlnado). . Puebla (Col. Cat.). . . Saltlllo (Col. 5. Juan). Yan Lnls Potosi.. . . . . Zapotlan (Jemlnrrlo)
Feel. 6.248
5 .w 1,188 25
E4 7,472 8,401 7.112
4 890 8,201
5,078
-
d a
OF. 85.8 84.0 42.8 83.9 57.0 85.6 41.4
88.8 82.0 89.8 89.8
-
-
-
d s
0 P. 1 .4 88.0 7 0 6 72.1
75.6 60.6 5% 9 88.8 81.7 68.8 64.4
-
SW.
8 W.
sw. .......... . . . . . . . . . W.
ssw.
8.
W. W.
-
RECENT PAPERS BEARING ON METHOROLOGY.
W. F. R. PaiLLira, In charge of Llbrary, etc.
The subjoined list of titles has been selected .from the con-
tents of the periodicals and serials receptly received in the
library of the Weather Bureau. The titles selected are of
papers or other communications bearing on meteorology or
cognate branches of science. This is not a complete index
of the meteorological contents of all the journals from which
i t has been compiled ; it shows only the articles that appear
to the compiler likely to be of particular interest in connec-
tion with the work of the Weather Bureau:
Comptea Rdndii~. Pa&. Tome 135.
Angot, A. Sur la variation diurne de la dbclinaison magnbtique. P. 317. Sptotu?s Melsarological Magazitw. London. pbl. 30. Curtis, R. H. Pressure of the Wind. P. 3.
Qaea. h i p i g . 37 Jahrg. Elster, J. und Geitel, H. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der atmosphiir- ischen Elektricit‘it. P. 143. Wollny, E. Ueber den Einfluss der Pflanaendecken ruf die Was- serfiihrung der Flusse. P. 162. &9?nolbn8yReviSta, Sockdad CtknlijSCa ’‘ Awtonw Akate.” M~xL’w. l’oino 15. Morena y Anda. Correcciones que deben aplicarse d la media diurna de la temperatura deducida de pocas observaciones. P 5 11. (feograp%wie Zei&h?jfl. Leiptg. 7 Jahrg.
Natwre. h n d o n . I%.!. 63. Hann, J. Wissenscliaftliche Luftfahrten. Pp. 121-140.
Judd, J. W. Recent “Blood Rains.” Pp. 514-515. Bryan, G. H. History and Progress of &rial Locomotion. Pp. 526-527. Hayward, R. B. Audibility of the Sound of Firing on February 1. PI). 538440. Buchanan, J. Y. Solar Calorinieter depending on the rate of gen- eration of Steam. Pp. 548551.