BOREAS Level-1B TIMS Imagery: At Sensor Radiance in BSQ Format Summary The BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program focused on providing the research teams with the remotely sensed satellite data products they needed to compare and spatially extend point results. For BOREAS, the TIMS imagery, along with other aircraft images, was collected to provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. The level-1B TIMS images cover the time periods of 16-Apr-1994 to 20-Apr-1994 and 06-Sep-1994 to 17-Sep-1994. The system calibrated images are stored in binary image format files. Table of Contents * 1 Data Set Overview * 2 Investigator(s) * 3 Theory of Measurements * 4 Equipment * 5 Data Acquisition Methods * 6 Observations * 7 Data Description * 8 Data Organization * 9 Data Manipulations * 10 Errors * 11 Notes * 12 Application of the Data Set * 13 Future Modifications and Plans * 14 Software * 15 Data Access * 16 Output Products and Availability * 17 References * 18 Glossary of Terms * 19 List of Acronyms * 20 Document Information 1. Data Set Overview 1.1 Data Set Identification BOREAS Level-1B TIMS Imagery: At Sensor Radiance in BSQ Format 1.2 Data Set Introduction The BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Staff Science effort covered those activities that were BOREAS community-level activities or required uniform data collection procedures across sites and time. These activities included the acquisition, processing, and archiving of 6-band Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) image data collected on the National Aeronautics and Space Administrator's (NASA's) C-130 aircraft. 1.3 Objective/Purpose For BOREAS, the TIMS imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images, was collected to provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes detailed land cover, biophysical parameter maps such as fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fPAR), Leaf Area Index (LAI) and surface thermal properties. 1.4 Summary of Parameters The level-1b TIMS images contain JPL supplied header information and at sensor radiance values in units of milliwatts/(m2 sr µm) for bands 1 to 6 in a band sequential (BSQ) format. 1.5 Discussion The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) personnel obtained the original data from NASA Ames Research center and processed them to the at-sensor radiance product described here. The data are not corrected for look angle or atmospheric effects. 1.6 Related Data Sets BOREAS Level-0 TIMS Imagery: Digital Counts in Band Interleaved (BIL) Format BOREAS Level-2 NS001 TMS Images: Reflectance and Temperatures in BSQ Format BOREAS Level-1b ASAS Imagery: At-sensor Radiance in Band Sequential (BSQ) Format 2. Investigator(s) 2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title BOREAS Staff. 2.2 Title of Investigation BOREAS Staff Science Aircraft Data Acquisition Program. 2.3 Contact Information Contact 1 ------------------- Sonia Chernobieff NASA JPL Pasadena, CA (818) 354-6363 Sonia.I.Chernobieff@jpl.nasa.gov Contact 2 ------------------- Jeffrey A. Newcomer Raytheon STX Corporation NASA GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-7858 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Jeffrey.Newcomer@gsfc.nasa.gov 3. Theory of Measurements According to Planck’s equation, all objects emit radiation, depending on their temperature and emissivity. The temperature of an object is of interest in determining the radiation balance at Earth’s surface. The emissivity of an object as a function of wavelength can provide information on the object’s composition. Though much of the radiation emitted from an object is absorbed by the atmosphere, a few good atmospheric windows from 3 to 5 micrometers (um) and 8 to 14 um exist for the remote sensing of emitted surface radiation. The NASA Earth Resources Aircraft Program at Ames Research Center (ARC) operates the C-130 aircraft to acquire data for Earth science research. The TIMS instrument used on the C-130 aircraft collects radiance measurements in six spectral bands covering the infrared spectrum from 8.2 to 12.2 µm. Thematic considerations have dictated, within technical constraints, the choice of spectral band position and width in the TIMS sensor. These bands were chosen after many years of analysis for their value in discrimination of geologic features, and they correspond to the emissivity anomalies associated with silicate and carbonate rocks. 4. Equipment 4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description The TIMS instrument is an optomechanical scanner designed to collect multispectral thermal imagery for geologic mapping. The TIMS is generally flown at medium altitudes and provides 3- to 20-m resolution at nadir at an altitude of 1,200 to 8,000m., respectively. The TIMS is flown aboard NASA's C-130 aircraft based at the ARC. The six spectral channels of the TIMS sensor have the following bandpasses: TIMS Channel Wavelength, um ------------- -------------- 1 8.2-8.6 2 8.6-9.0 3 9.0-9.4 4 9.4-10.2 5 10.2-11.2 6 11.2-12.2 4.1.1 Collection Environment As part of the BOREAS Staff Science Data Collection effort, ARC personnel collected, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) personnel calibrated, and BOREAS Information System (BORIS) personnel distributed 6-band level-1B TIMS image data. The TIMS was flown on NASA's C-130 aircraft during the various BOREAS missions (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details and objectives). The C-130 aircraft flew at nominal altitudes of 3000 and 5000 m during the BOREAS flights. Maintenance and operation of the instrument are the responsibility of ARC. The C- 130 Experimenter's Handbook (supplemental) produced by the Medium Altitude Missions Branch at ARC provides a description of the instrument, calibration procedures, and data format. 4.1.2 Source/Platform NASA's C-130 Earth Resources Aircraft 4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives The original purpose of the TIMS scanner was to provide low-altitude data in the thermal infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum for use in geologic mapping. For BOREAS, the TIMS was flown on the C-130 with a set of other scanners to provide full coverage of the reflected and emitted surface energy. The C-130 aircraft housed and provided appropriate power and other electronic connections for operation of the TIMS instrument. 4.1.4 Key Variables Emitted radiation Reflected radiation 4.1.5 Principles of Operation Design parameters of the TIMS are based on the specifications of Dr. Anne B. Kahle of the NASA JPL. A rotating scan mirror scans the instrument’s Instantaneous Field-Of-View (IFOV) across track as the motion of the aircraft moves the sensor along the data collection path. 4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry IFOV 2.5 mrad Total Scan Angle 76.56° Pixels/Scan Line 638 Sensor footprint is 10 x 10 m at nadir at 4,000 m altitude. 4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument The TIMS instrument was built by Daedalus Enterprises, of Ann Arbor, Michigan. It was further modified by the NASA Stennis Space Flight Center. 4.2 Calibration As with the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE), BOREAS staff attempted to further relate remotely sensed radiance to land surface radiometers. The TIMS instrument carries two onboard blackbody sources, which fill the full aperture of the system with energy of a preset, known temperature. The two blackbody sources are viewed by the TIMS once every scan line. The spectral bandpass of each channel was determined by the calibration laboratory at Stennis on an annual basis. TIMS data may be intentionally overscanned, e.g., operated at some integral multiple of the desired scan rate and then subsampled in preprocessing. The subsampling factor is reported as a "demagnification factor." 4.2.1 Specifications The wavelength ranges (in micrometers) of the bands for the TIMS are: Noise Equivalent Change Band Detector Wavelength in Temperature (NEdT) ------ -------- ------------- ----------------------- 1 HgCdTe 8.2 - 8.6 0.2°C 2 “ 8.6 - 9.0 0.2°C 3 “ 9.0 - 9.4 0.2°C 4 “ 9.4 - 10.2 0.2°C 5 “ 10.2 - 11.2 0.2°C 6 “ 11.2 - 12.2 0.2°C DESIGN DATA: IFOV 2.5 mrads Across-track Field-Of-View 76.56° Nominal aperture diameter 7.5 inches Effective aperture area 59.8 cm 2 f/number Not available Primary focal length Not available Inflight calibration Two controllable blackbodies V/H range Variable, 0.025 to 0.25 Scan rate Variable, 7.3 to 25 scans/sec. Scan speed ability One-third of the IFOV, scan line to scan line Data quantization 8 bits (256 discrete levels) Number of video samples/scan line 638 Roll compensation +/-15° Scan mirror 45° rotating mirror NEdt 0.25 K 4.2.1.1 Tolerance The TIMS channels were designed for noise-equivalent temperature differences for the channels, represented by the radiometric sensitivity (NEdT) of 0.25° K. 4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration The TIMS was spectrally calibrated prior to each flight season at Stennis to determine the spectral response function of each channel. 4.2.3 Other Calibration Information The TIMS instrument periodically viewed an extended-area precision blackbody source at ARC to verify linearity of response over the range of 0 - 50°C. 5. Data Acquisition Methods As part of the BOREAS Staff Science data collection effort, BORIS distributed 6- band level-1B TIMS image data. The TIMS was flown on NASA's C-130 aircraft during the BOREAS mission (see the BOREAS Experiment Plan for flight pattern details and objectives. Personnel at NASA ARC processed the raw data to level-0 products which were supplied to BORIS and JPL personnel. JPL personnel in turn processed selected level-0 images to the level-1b at-sensor radiance products described here. 6. Observations 6.1 Data Notes The data obtained from NASA Ames processed easily into the level-1b products. 6.2 Field Notes Flight summary reports and verbal records on videotapes are available for the BOREAS TIMS data. 7. Data Description 7.1 Spatial Characteristics The BOREAS Level-1B TIMS images primarily cover the Northern Study Area (NSA) and the Southern Study Area (SSA). A few images were acquired for the transect area between the SSA and the NSA. The SSA and the NSA are located in the southwest and northeast portions of the overall region. 7.1.1 Spatial Coverage The North American Datum 183 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 54.321 N 106.228 W Northeast 54.225 N 104.237 W Southwest 53.515 N 106.321 W Southeast 53.420 N 104.368 W The NAD83 corner coordinates of the NSA are: Latitude Longitude -------- --------- Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W 7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map Not available. 7.1.3 Spatial Resolution Typical altitudes for BOREAS flights were 5,000 and 3,000 m above ground level (surface elevation of 400 m), which normally required 25 scan lines per second. These altitudes produced 12.5 m and 7.5 m pixels at nadir given the TIMS's 2.5 mrad IFOV. 7.1.4 Projection Not applicable. 7.1.5 Grid Description The BOREAS level-1B TIMS images are stored in their original data collection frame with increasing pixel sizes from nadir to the scanning extremes based on the scan angle. 7.2 Temporal Characteristics 7.2.1 Temporal Coverage The data were collected during the BOREAS Focused Field Campaign-Thaw (FFC-T) and Intensive Field Campaign (IFC)-3, covering the periods of 16 to 20-Apr-1994 and 06 to 16-Sep-1994. 7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map IFC# Dates ----- -------------------------- FFC-T 16-Apr-1994 -- 20-Apr-1994 IFC-3 06-Sep-1994 -- 17-Sep-1994 7.2.3 Temporal Resolution Images were acquired on at least one day during the field campaigns. 7.3 Data Characteristics Data characteristics for the image inventory file are defined in the companion data definition file (tims1bil.def). 7.3.1 Parameter/Variable The main parameter contained in the image data files is: At Sensor Radiance in milliwatts/(m2 sr µm). 7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition For the image data files: At-sensor radiance - The value representing the radiant energy incident on the sensor aperture at the time of data collection in the specific TIMS wavelength regions. 7.3.3 Unit of Measurement For the image data files: At-sensor radiance - milliwatts/(m2 sr µm) 7.3.4 Data Source The level-1B TIMS data were derived by JPL personnel from the original level-0 data. 7.3.5 Data Range The maximum range of DNs in each level-1B TIMS image band is limited from -16,384 to 16,383 so that the values can be stored in a two-byte field. 7.4 Sample Data Record A sample data record for the level-1B TIMS images is not available here. Data format for the image inventory file is shown in the companion data definition file(tims1bil.def). 8. Data Organization 8.1 Data Granularity All of the BOREAS Level-1B TIMS Imagery: At Sensor Radiance in BSQ Format data are contained in one dataset. Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual level-1B TIMS images are not. See section 15 for information about how to obtain the data. The smallest unit of data for level-1B TIMS images is a single image. 8.2 Data Format(s) The image inventory listing file consists of numerical and character fields of varying length separated by commas. The character fields are enclosed with a single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between the fields. The inventory file format is shown in the companion data definition file(tims1bil.def). Each level-1B TIMS scene is stored in 6 files, one per spectral band. Each band in a scene is contained in a file of 1276 byte records, the first two of which are ASCII header information. The following records each contain one image line of 698 2-byte pixels. These 16-bit data are high-order byte first. For computer systems using low-order byte first ordering, the bytes in these fields need to be swapped before they can be interpreted properly. 9. Data Manipulations 9.1 Formulae 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms First, a header label is created for the file that includes the number of scan lines, number of samples, number of bands (default: six), and file organization (default: BSQ). The TIMSCAL program is used next to convert the raw data to instrument perceived radiance data. This file is then separated into six files constituting the six TIMS bands for further manipulation. Additional calibration programs used by the JPL science team are FIT, XFORM, and C130RECT (see 9.2.1 for detailed description of these programs). 9.2 Data Processing Sequence 9.2.1 Processing Steps TIMSCAL produces an output of instrument perceived radiance data. The output is a data set of all six bands stored in two byte integers. The units output for radiance images are: milliwatts/(m2 sr µm). The units output for temperature images are in hundredths of degrees Centigrade. Output is in two byte signed integer format. Next the data are separated into the six TIMS bands for processing by the investigator, or further processing of the data to output a hardcopy quality image. FIT is a VICAR applications program which performs automatic linear stretches on two-byte images anywhere in the two-byte range (-32768 to +32767). FIT computes a grey level frequency table (histogram) of the input image. The histogram has 65536 bins, hence spans the entire halfword range from -32768 to +32767 The program determines linear stretch constants IMIN and IMAX such that: a) IMIN is the largest I which satisfies the equation A(-32768,I) <= PL * A(-32768,32767) b) IMAX is the smallest I which satisfies the equation A(I,32767) <= PH * A(-32768,32767) The linear stretch which is applied to the image is defined as: HV - LV Y = ----------- (X - IMIN) + LV IMAX - IMIN where X and Y are the input and output DN values respectively for each pixel. XFORM" will perform a linear transformation on the input data. The transformation is specified by a matrix input as a parameter. Each corresponding pixel from the input data sets is represented by a vector x[T] = (x1,x2,...xm)[T], where [T} denotes Transpose. A gain and offset are then applied to each component before it is written to the output data set. Auto-scale mode is the default condition and was used in the processing of this data. In auto-scale mode, the gains and offsets for each band are calculated by fitting the output histogram to user - specified parameters. C130RECT removes scan-angle distortion in images acquired by scanners that sample at equal angular increments. Tilt can be corrected and the aspect ratio of the image can be adjusted. C130RECT is essentially divided into three parts. The first of these handles simple initialization and computes (using basic trigonometry) values for the variables which are dependent on the image tilt and scan width. The second part of the program fills a resampling address array which, for each input pixel position, gives a real-valued index into the input buffer from which values may be interpolated; this array mapping may be dumped to the screen by specifying the DEBUG option. The third part of the program reads in each line of the image, and using the resampling address array and C routine resamp, corrects each line for distortion according to the tilt and scan width specified, finally outputing each line to the output image. BORIS staff processed the level-1B TIMS images by: 1) Extracting the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) header record from the Level-1B image product and placing it on disk. 2) Reading the information in the disk file and loading the online data base with needed information 9.2.2 Processing Changes None 9.3 Calculations 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments The TIMS data are not geometrically corrected. The data contain both panoramic distortion, as a function of the 76.56 degree total FOV, and other spatial perturbations induced by a moving aircraft. 9.3.2 Calculated Variables Not applicable. 9.4 Graphs and Plots Not applicable. 10. Errors 10.1 Sources of Error See Section 9.3.1. Other sources of error include possible nonunity emissivity of the onboard blackbodies and inexact knowledge of the exact blackbody temperatures in flight conditions. In 1989 a honeycomb scheme container was used for the blackbodies which made the above errors much smaller. 10.2 Quality Assessment 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source Spectral errors could arise because of image-wide signal-to-noise ratio, saturation, cross-talk, spikes, response normalization caused by a change in gain. There was no error validation performed by JPL personnel. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment System optical focus is continually monitored by close observation of the apparent sharpness and resolution of objects appearing in scenes after data processing. Although this approach is somewhat subjective, it has proven to be a viable alternative compared to the classical resolution measurement method which requires removing the scanner system from the C-130 airplane with subsequent setup. This is not a practical option during the flying/deployment portion of the year. However, any observed focus degradation would be corrected by focus adjustment. There was no reason to believe that the data was faulty, therefore, the confidence level was high for this data. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters The NEdT for the channels is typically 0.2°C. or less, depending on aircraft flight regime, with variations caused by vibration. 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments The TIMS has periodically viewed a precision extended-area blackbody calibration source to verify linearity over the 0 - 50°C. range. The hardcopy images are visually reviewed for any obvious distortions that may be eliminated by the JPL programs. None were noticed and the data was not manipulated further. 10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center BORIS personnel reviewed the values extracted from the tape files and loaded into the data base and visually reviewed a random set of the images on a display screen. No anomalous items were discovered in the review. 11. Notes 11.1 Limitations of the Data None given. 11.2 Known Problems with the Data None given. 11.3 Usage Guidance Because of variable conditions found in different flight regimes on the C-130 aircraft, the onboard blackbody temperatures reported in the housekeeping data may be artificially high, which will result in apparently elevated ground temperatures. This is caused by cold air blasting on the front surface of these reference sources. An airdam (air fence) was installed to shelter the sensor from the wind, thereby minimize the effects of the wind blast. The TIMS data are not geometrically corrected. The data contain both panoramic distortion, as a function of the 76-degree total FOV, as well as other spatial perturbations induced by a moving aircraft. 11.4 Other Relevant Information None given. 12. Application of the Data Set The TIMS data can be used to analyze the thermal properties of various surface targets. The data provides a six channel spectral emmisivity curve, which is used as a diagnostic tool to identify various minerals and man-made surfaces. 13. Future Modifications and Plans None. 14. Software 14.1 Software Description BORIS staff developed software and command procedures for: 1) Extracting header and calibration information from level-1B TIMS images on tape and writing it to ASCII files on disk 2) Reading the ASCII disk file and logging the level-1B TIMS image products into the Oracle data base tables 14.2 Software Access The software is written in C and is operational on VAX 6410 and MicroVAX 3100 systems at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The primary dependencies in the software are the Oracle data base utility routines. 15. Data Access 15.1 Contact Information Ms. Beth Nelson BOREAS Data Manager NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, MD (301) 286-4005 (301) 286-0239 (fax) Elizabeth.Nelson@gsfc.nasa.gov 15.2 Data Center Identification See Section 15.1. 15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data Users may place requests by telephone, electronic mail, or fax. 15.4 Data Center Status/Plans The level-1B TIMS image data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The BOREAS contact at ORNL is: ORNL DAAC User Services Oak Ridge National Laboratory (865) 241-3952 ornldaac@ornl.gov ornl@eos.nasa.gov 16. Output Products and Availability 16.1 Tape Products The BOREAS level-1B TIMS data can be made available on 1600- or 6250- BPI 9- track, 8-mm, or DAT tapes. 16.2 Film Products Color aerial photographs and video records were made during data collection. The video record includes aircraft crew cabin intercom conversations and an audible tone that was initiated each time the sensor was triggered. BOREAS aircraft flight documentation, such as flight logs, videotapes, and photographs are available. 16.3 Other Products Although the image inventory is contained on the BOREAS CD-ROM set, the actual level-1B TIMS images are not. See section 15 for information about how to obtain the data. 17. References 17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation There is a Daedalus Operator’s Manual for TIMS, but it is proprietary and may not be reproduced without their permission. Contact Daedalus Enterprises, Ann Arbor, MI for details. NASA. 1990. C-130 Earth Resources Aircraft Experimenter's Handbook. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, California. Airborne Instrumentation Research Project. Flight Summary Reports for Flight No. 94-004-09 to 94-009-09 or April 16, 1994 to September 19, 1994. NASA Ames Research Center, Airborne Missions and Applications Division, Moffett Field. California, 94035. 17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Sellers, P., and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN-94). Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M. G. Ryan, B. Goodison, P. Crill, K. J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D. E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9):1549-1577. Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K. F. Huemmrich. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). Sellers, P., and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version 1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN-96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K. F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96). Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K. F. Huemmrich. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994 Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94). Sellers, P. J., F. G. Hall, R. D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K. J. Ranson, P. M. Crill, D. P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P. G. Jarvis, S. T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D. E. Wickland, and F. E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (D24): 28,731-28,770. 17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation The collected data of the BOREAS are currently archived at NASA/GSFC. 18. Glossary of Terms None. 19. List of Acronyms ARC - Ames Research Center ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange BIL - Band Interleaved by Line BOREAS - BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study BORIS - BOREAS Information System BPI - Byte per inch CCRS - Canada for Remote Sensing CCT - Computer Compatible Tape CD-ROM - Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory DAAC - Distributed Active Archive Center DAT - Digital Archive Tape DN - Digital Number EOS - Earth Observing System EOSDIS - EOS Data and Information System FIFE - First ISLSCP Field Experiment FFC-T - Focused Field Campaign - Thaw FOV - Field-Of-View fPAR - fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation GMT - Greenwich Mean Time GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center HgCdTe - mercury-cadmium-tellurium IFC - Intensive Field Campaign I/O - Input/Output IFOV - Instantaneous Field-of-View ISLSCP - International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory LAI - Leaf Area Index NAD83 - North American Datum 1983 NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NEdt - Noise-Equivalent Change in Temperature NSA - Northern Study Area ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory PANP - Prince Albert National Park SSA - Southern Study Area TIMS - Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner TM - Thematic Mapper TMS - Thematic Mapper Simulator URL - Uniform Resource Locator 20. Document Information 20.1 Document Revision Date(s) Written: 21-Mar-1995 Last Updated: 01-Feb-1999 20.2 Document Review Date(s) BORIS Review: 06-Jan-1997 Science Review: 20.3 Document ID 20.4 Citation The BOREAS level-1B TIMS data were collected and processed from the original aircraft tapes by personnel of the Medium Altitude Aircraft Branch at NASA ARC. Their contributions to providing this data set are greatly appreciated. 20.5 Document Curator 20.6 Document URL Keywords C130 EMITTED RADIATION THERMAL INFRARED MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER TIMS TIMS_L1B.doc 03/03/99