SPACE/DATA - Online and Other sources of Images and Data

Last-modified: $Date: 94/03/01 17:24:35 $

ONLINE AND OTHER SOURCES OF IMAGES, DATA, ETC.

INTRODUCTION

A wide variety of images, data, catalogs, information releases, and

other material dealing with space and astronomy may be found on the net.

The sources with the broadest selection of material are the NASA Ames

SPACE archive and the National Space Science Data Center (described

below).

A few sites offer direct dialup access or remote login access, while

others offer file transfer over the Internet (referred to as 'anonymous

FTP'). Sites not connected to the Internet cannot use FTP directly, but

there are a few automated FTP servers which operate via email. Send mail

containing only the word HELP to ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com,

bitftp@pucc.princeton.edu, or ftpmail@doc.ic.ac.uk, and the servers will

send you instructions on how to make requests.

Shorthand for a specific file or directory at an anonymous FTP site is

ftp://sitename/pathname[/]

(e.g. ftp://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/SPACE/FAQ/Index). The format has

been changed to valid URLs for users of the World Wide Web. If you are

using a normal FTP client, you will connect to the sitename part of the

URL (explorer.arc.nasa.gov, in this case) and get the file specified by

the pathname (/pub/SPACE/FAQ/Index). If a '/' terminates the URL, it

indicates a directory containing multiple files.

WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

WWW is a global hypermedia network carried on the Internet and

incorporating popular protocols including FTP, WAIS, gopher, archie,

NNTP (netnews), etc. The Web is growing at an explosive pace, and huge

amounts of space-related information are already online. This FAQ is

evolving towards a fully hyperlinked Web document (a plain text version

will continue to be posted to the net, of course). The primary change at

present is the use of Web URLs (Universal Resource Locators) to specify

files available by FTP (discussed above), sites accessible by telnet

(URLs of the form telnet://sitename), and Web hypertext documents

(http://site/page).

If you are not familiar with the Web, you should probably begin by

obtaining a Web browser (typically NCSA Mosaic for X, Mac, and PC) and

exploring. The newsgroup 'comp.infosystems.www' is also available.

The NASA Web home page is at

http://hypatia.gsfc.nasa.gov/NASA_homepage.html

Other space-related material may be found on the Web starting with the

overview page at

http://info.cern.ch/Space/Overview.html

There is also a pointer in the "information by subject" page under

"Space Science."

VIEWING IMAGES

Don't ask for images to be posted to the space/astro newsgroups. They're

clumsy to access, wasteful of net resources, and inappropriate in

discussion groups. Retrieve images on your own using FTP or Web clients.

The possible combinations of image formats and machines is forebodingly

large, and I won't attempt to cover common formats (GIF, etc.) here. To

read PDS and VICAR (and many other) formats on Unix systems running X,

use XV 3.00, available in

ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/xv-3.00.tar.Z

The FAQ for the Usenet group alt.binaries.pictures discusses image

formats and how to get image viewing software. A copy of this document

is available from the Usenet FAQ archives in

ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/alt.binaries.pictures

ONLINE ARCHIVES

DEFENSE METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE PROGRAM (DMSP)

DMSP is a two satellite constellation of near-polar orbiting, sun

synchronous satellites monitoring meteorological, oceanographic and

solar-terrestrial physics environments. DMSP sample data and information

may be accessed on-line via:

ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/DMSP/

http://web.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html

Contact Greg Deuel (dmsp@mail.ngdc.noaa.gov).

INFRARED PROCESSING & ANALYSIS CENTER

Caltech's IPAC provides access to an easy-to-use interface for making

queries of many astronomical catalogs, especially those from the

Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) mission. You can also query the

Bright Star catalog, SAO star catalog, a number of extragalactic

(galaxy/quasar) catalogs, etc. Results can be saved to flat ASCII tables

or FITS files and copied to your computer via FTP. Using the interface

requires a machine running X Windows. You can get to IPAC via

http://xcatscan.ipac.caltech.edu

telnet://xcatscan.ipac.caltech.edu

Contact Joe Mazzarella (mazz@ipac.caltech.edu).

LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE

LPI offers online searching of planetary science databases, including

bibliographies, images, meeting abstracts, and other categories.

Internet users can access LPI via

telnet://lpi.jsc.nasa.gov

This system is primarily for professionals in planetary science.

NASA AMES

Extensive archives are maintained at NASA Ames and are available via

anonymous FTP or an email server. These archives include many images and

a wide variety of documents including this FAQ list, NASA press

releases, shuttle launch advisories, and mission status reports. Please

note that these are NOT maintained on an official basis.

A listing of files available in the archive is in

ftp://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/SPACE/Index

An email server for the SPACE archive is temporarily out of service due

to the archive moving to its new home, explorer. Instructions for

accessing the email server will be returned to the FAQ when the server

is running again.

Magellan, Voyager, and Viking CD-ROMs are online in

ftp://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/cdrom/

Tens of thousands of images are available.

The GIF directory contains images in GIF format. The VICAR directory

contains Magellan images in VICAR format (these are also available in

the GIF directory). A PC program capable of displaying these files is

found in the IMDISP directory (see the item "VIEWING IMAGES" below).

The NASA media guide describes the various NASA centers and how to

contact their public affairs officers; this may be useful when pursuing

specific information. It's in

ftp://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/SPACE/MISC/media.guide

Contact Peter Yee (yee@ames.arc.nasa.gov).

NASA ASTROPHYSICS DATA SYSTEM

The ADS is a distributed data retrieval system which is easy to use and

provides uniform access to ground-based and space-based astronomy data

from NASA data centers across the country. It currently has over 140

data catalogs of radio, infrared, optical, UV, and X-ray data which can

be queried by position or any other parameter in the catalog. The ADS

also provides tools to manipulate and plot tabular results. In addition,

ADS has a Beta version of an Abstracts Service which allows users to

query over 125,000 abstracts of astronomy papers since 1975 by authors,

keywords, title words, or abstract text words.

ADS use requires direct Internet access. For more info and to sign up to

become a user, email ads@cuads.coloradu.edu. The User's Guide and

"QuickStart" Guide (PostScript files) are in

ftp://sao-ftp.harvard.edu/pub/ads/ADS_User_Guide

Contact Carolyn Stern Grant (stern@cfa.harvard.edu).

NASA DIRECTORY OF WAIS SERVERS

A WAIS database describing servers of interest to the space community is

described by the source file:

(:source

:version 3

:ip-name "ndadsb.gsfc.nasa.gov"

:tcp-port 210

:database-name "NASA-directory-of-servers"

:cost 0.00

:cost-unit :free

:maintainer "stelar-info@Hypatia.gsfc.nasa.gov"

:description "Server created with WAIS release 8 b5.1 on May 5 14:05:34 1993 by warnock@Hypatia

Maintainers of WAIS databases of interest to the NASA community can

the source file to stelar-info@hypatia.gsfc.nasa.gov. Contact Archie

Warnock (warnock@hypatia.gsfc.nasa.gov).

NASA JET PROPULSION LAB (MISSION INFORMATION AND IMAGES)

ftp://pubinfo.jpl.nasa.gov

is an anonymous FTP site operated by the JPL Public Information Office,

containing news releases, status reports, fact sheets, images, and other

data on JPL missions. It may also be reached by modem at (818)-354-1333

(no parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit).

Contact newsdesk@jplpost.jpl.nasa.gov or phone (818)-354-7170.

NASA Langley (TECHNICAL REPORTS)

ftp://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/pub/techreports/larc/92/

offers technical reports. Start with files README and abstracts.92. Most

files are compressed PostScript. The reports are also in a WAIS database

with the following description:

(:source

:version 3

:ip-name "techreports.larc.nasa.gov"

:tcp-port 210

:database-name "nasa-larc-abs"

:cost 0.00

:cost-unit :free

:maintainer "M.L.Nelson@LaRC.NASA.GOV"

:description "NASA Langley Research Center Technical Reports

Contact tr-admin@techreports.larc.nasa.gov.

NASA SPACELINK

SpaceLink is an online service located at Marshall Space Flight Center

in Huntsville, Alabama. The system is specifically designed for

teachers. The data base is arranged to provide easy access to current

and historical information on NASA aeronautics, space research, and

technology transfer information. Also included are suggested classroom

activities that incorporate information on NASA projects to teach a

number of scientific principles. Unlike bulletin board systems, NASA

Spacelink does not provide for interaction between callers. However it

does allow teachers and other callers to leave questions and comments

for NASA which may be answered by regular mail. Messages are answered

electronically, even to acknowledge requests which will be fulfilled by

mail. Messages are generally handled the next working day except during

missions when turnaround times increase. The mail system is closed-loop

between the user and NASA.

SpaceLink also offers downloadable shareware and public domain programs

useful for science educators as well as space graphics and GIF images

from NASA's planetary probes and the Hubble Telescope.

You can access SpaceLink via

telnet://spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov

ftp://spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov

Or you can dial in at (205)-895-0028 (300/1200/2400/9600(V.32) baud, 8

bits, no parity, 1 stop bit).

Most of this information is also available from the Ames server in

ftp://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/SPACE/SPACELINK

NATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE DATA CENTER (NSSDC)

The National Space Science Data Center is the official clearinghouse for

NASA data. The data catalog (*not* the data itself) is available online:

telnet://nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov

email to 'request@nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov'.

You can also dial in at (301)-286-9000 (300, 1200, or 2400 baud, 8 bits,

no parity, one stop). At the "Enter Number:" prompt, enter MD and

carriage return. When the system responds "Call Complete," enter a few

more carriage returns to get the "Username:" and log in as "NODIS" (no

password).

The system is menu-driven; topics available as of 3/93 are:

1 - Master Directory - NASA & Global Change

2 - Personnel Information Management System

3 - Nimbus-7 GRID TOMS Data

4 - Interplanetary Medium Data (OMNI)

5 - Request data and/or information from NSSDC

6 - Geophysical Models

7 - CANOPUS Newsletter

8 - International Ultraviolet Explorer Data Request

9 - CZCS Browse and Order Utility

10 - Astronomical Data Center (ADC)

11 - STEP Bulletin Board Service

12 - Standards and Technology Information System

13 - Planetary Science & Magellan Project Information

14 - Other Online Data Services at NSSDC

15 - CD-ROMS Available at NSSDC

For users with Internet access, datasets are made available via

anonymous FTP once you select the desired datasets from the online

catalog. For other users, data may be ordered on CD-ROM and in other

formats. Among the many types of data available are Voyager, Magellan,

and other planetary images, Earth observation data, and star catalogs.

Viewers for Macintosh and IBM systems are also available. As an example

of the cost, an 8 CD set of Voyager images is $75. Data may ordered

online, by email, or by physical mail. The postal address is:

National Space Science Data Center

Request Coordination Office

Goddard Space Flight Center

Code 633

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Telephone: (301) 286-6695

Email address: request@nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov

SPACE TELESCOPE SCIENCE INSTITUTE ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICE

STEIS contains a large amount of information about the Hubble Space

Telescope, such as status reports and newsletters, in addition to

material oriented towards HST observers and proposers. To get started,

ftp://stsci.edu/README

Contact Pete Reppert (reppert@stsci.edu) or Chris O'Dea (odea@stsci.edu).

STARCAT

The Space Telescope European Coordination Facility, at ESO/Garching

provides on-line access to a huge astronomical database, featuring

- Observation log files of several satellites/telescopes

(IUE,IRAS,HST,NTT...).

- Spectra and images (IUE, HST).

- Most of the astronomical catalogues (SAO, HR, NGC, PPM, IRAS,

Veron, GSC and many others, more than 50) in a very convenient

way (give center+radius+kind of objects, and you get the

corresponding files!).

Access at

telnet://stesis.hq.eso.org (or STESIS on DECnet).

FTP. Contact: Benoit Pirenne (bpirenne@eso.org) (phone +49 89 320 06

433) at ST-ECF

ASTRONOMICAL DATABASES

The full SAO stellar database is probably not available online yet. It

may be ordered on magnetic tape from the NSSDC. A subset containing

position and magnitude only is available by FTP (see "Astronomy

Programs" below).

ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/astro/

contains a large collection of astronomical programs for many types of

computers, databases of stars and deep sky objects, and general

astronomy information. This site is mainly for European users, but

overseas connections are possible.

ftp://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/SPACE/MISC/galaxy.dat

is a database of 8,436 galaxies including name, RA, declination,

magnitude, and radial velocity, supplied by Wayne Hayes

(wayne@csri.utoronto.ca).

ftp://explorer.arc.nasa.gov:pub/SPACE/FAQ/

contains constellation boundary data (files constell.*) in a form

suitable for the construction of star charts and atlases.

ftp://iris1.ucis.dal.ca/pub/gif/

contains a number of GIFs from Voyager, Hubble, and other sources (most

of this data is also in pub/SPACE/GIF on the Ames server). Please

restrict access to 5pm - 8am Atlantic time.

ftp://pomona.claremont.edu (directory [ANONYMOUS.YALE_BSC])

contains the Yale Bright Star catalog. Web users, note that this is a

VMS site and Mosaic does not get along with their server, so this URL is

a placeholder - run FTP manually. Contact James Dishaw

(jdishaw@pomona.claremont.edu).

The Hubble Guide Star catalog is available on CD-ROM for the Mac and PC

for $49.95 US (catalog #ST101).

Astronomical Society of the Pacific

390 Ashton Ave.

San Francisco, CA 94112

Phone: (415) 337-2624 9 AM - 3 PM Pacific Time

FAX: (415) 337-5205

For German (and possibly other European) readers, Jost Jahn

(j.jahn@abbs.hanse.de) has a mail service to distribute astronomical

data to interested amateurs at cost. About 30-40 catalogs are available

for DM 6..8/disk. Several floppy disk formats are available. He also has

a FAX service with current news on the observable sky. Email him if

interested in these services, or write:

Jost Jahn

Neustaedter Strasse 11

W-3123 Bodenteich

GERMANY

Phone: FRG-5824-3197

FAX: (49)-581-14824

ASTRONOMY PROGRAMS

A more complete list is posted monthly to sci.astro or available in

ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/astro/general/astroftp.txt

This list is maintained by Veikko Makela (Veikko.Makela@Helsinki.FI).

Some astronomy-related programs and databases archived from

Usenet source groups:

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume8/phoon.Z

Moon phase and date routines

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume8/moon.Z

Another moon phase program

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume15/moontool.Z

Show moon phase picture on Suns

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume12/starcharts/

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume13/starchart/

Starchart program & Yale star data

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume11/starchart

Starchart program, version 3.2

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume12/starchart2

Starchart program, update to version 3.2.1

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume16/sao/

Reduced SAO catalog

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume11/n3emo-orbit

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume14/n3emo-orbit

Orbit: track earth satellites

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume13/jupmoons

Plotter for Jupiter's major moons [in perl]

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume13/lunisolar

Lunisolar (not sure what this does)

ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.misc/volume18/planet

Planet generation simulator

Xephem is an interactive astronomical ephemeris program for X11R4/Motif

1.1 (or later) X Windows systems. It computes lots of information about

the planets and any solar system objects for which orbital elements are

available. A sample database of some 16000+ objects is included in the

release kit. It's in

ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/xephem/xephem_2.4e.tar.Z

and has been submitted to comp.sources.x. Contact Elwood Downey

(ecdowney@noao.edu). Ephem is the forefather of xephem designed for

simple 24x80 character displays, in

ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/ephem_4.28.tar.Z

XSAT, an X based satellite tracking program, is available in

ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/xsat1.0.tar.Z

Contact Dave Curry (davy@ecn.purdue.edu).

Xsky 2.0.1, a computerized sky atlas for the X Window System, is

available in

ftp://arizona.edu (file path [.software.unix.xsky]xsky2-0-1.tarz)

(This is a VMS FTP site, so the URL is nonfunctioning). Contact Terry R.

Friedrichsen (terry@venus.sunquest.com).

The "Variable Stars Analysis Software Archive" is in

ftp://kauri.vuw.ac.nz/pub/astrophys/

This is intended for specialists in this field, and they would

appreciate people from outside New Zealand confining their FTP access to

the astrophys directory, as they pay a significant amount for Internet

access. Contributions are encouraged. Contact the archive administrator,

Timothy Banks (bankst@kauri.vuw.ac.nz).

The "IDL Astronomy Users Library" is in

ftp://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov/README

This is a central repository for general purpose astronomy procedures

written in IDL, a commercial image processing, plotting, and programming

language. Contact Wayne Landsman (landsman@stars.gsfc.nasa.gov).

ORBITAL ELEMENT SETS

The most recent orbital elements from the NASA Prediction Bulletins are

carried on the Celestial BBS, (513)-427-0674. Documentation and tracking

software are also available on this system. The Celestial BBS may be

accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, or 2400 baud using 8 data bits, 1

stop bit, no parity.

Orbital element sets are FTPable from the following directories:

ftp://archive.afit.af.mil/pub/space/ NASA,TVRO,Shuttle

ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/astro/pc/satel/ NASA,TVRO,Molczan,CelBBS,Shuttle

ftp://kilroy.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/space/ NASA,Molczan

SPACE DIGEST ARCHIVES

Copies of back issues of Space Digest are archived on

LISTSERV@UGA.BITNET. Send mail containing the message "INDEX SPACE" to

get an index of files; send it the message "GET filename filetype" to

get a particular file.

LANDSAT AND NASA PHOTOS

You can get black-and-white 1:1M prints, negatives, or positives for

$10, $18, $12 respectively for any Landsat data more than 2 years old

from EDC, (Eros (Earth Resources Orbiting Satellite) Data Center). Call

them at (605)-594-6511. You get 80 meter resolution from the MSS

scanner, 135x180 kilometers on a picture 135x180 mm in size. I think you

have to select one band from (green, red, near IR, second near IR), but

I'm not sure. Digitial data is also available at higher prices.

Transparencies of all NASA photos available to the public can be

borrowed from the NASA photo archive; you can have copies or prints

made.

NASA Audio-Visual Facility

918 North Rengstorff Ave

Mountain View, CA 94043

(415)-604-6270

PLANETARY MAPS

The following list gives brief references to maps of all bodies other

than Earth for which maps have been drawn - 45 by Nov. 1993. The list

will be updated periodically. Where many maps exist for a world (e.g.

Mars) a good general purpose global map is listed. Where appropriate

these are subdivided further: relief maps (usually with feature names),

topography (contours), geological maps etc. Otherwise (e.g. Deimos) the

best available map is listed. Some (e.g. Comet Encke) are very simple

diagrams of possible surface features ('sketch' under map type). A few

interesting atlases are listed at the end of the main table. Users

noting errors or omissions are urged to contact Phil Stooke at

stooke@vaxr.sscl.uwo.ca.

References: USGS refers to the U.S. Geological Survey. Order maps by I-

number from USGS Map Sales, Box 25286, Denver, Colorado USA 80225. Most

maps cost about $3 per sheet (some listed maps are sets of several

sheets), but check cost with USGS before ordering. NASA Tech. Memo.

4395, 'Indexes of Maps of the Planets and Satellites 1992' by J.L. Inge

and R.M. Batson, is an excellent guide to sheet maps (but not the

journal illustrations). Apollo-era Moon maps (LAC, LTO) are mostly out

of print, but some may still be available from NSSDC (as are NASA

CD-ROMs): National Space Science Data Center, Goddard Space Flight

Center, Greenbelt, Maryland USA 20771. Other references are to books and

journals. Although not full bibliographic entries, to save space, there

should be enough information to enable the item to be found.

I will answer questions about planetary maps by e-mail at:

stooke@vaxr.sscl.uwo.ca (Phil Stooke)

BODY MAP TYPE REFERENCE

Mercury relief USGS maps I-1149,1171,1822

geology USGS maps I-1199,1233,1408,1409,1658,1659,1660,

2015,2148

atlas Davies et al., ATLAS OF MERCURY, NASA SP-423, 1978

globe USGS (out of print- see at Cornell U. or LPI)

Venus relief USGS map I-2041 (Venera 15/16 data)

topography USGS map I-1324 (Pioneer Venus data)

+ GxDR CD-ROM (Magellan) available from NSSDC

geology USGS map I-2059 (Venera 15/16 data)

atlas ATLAS POVERKHNOSTI VENERY, Russia, 1989

globe USGS (out of print - see at Cornell U. or LPI)

Moon relief USGS maps I-1218,1326,2276

topography NSSDC: LAC maps (earthside)+ LTO maps (Apollo zone)

geology USGS maps I-703,948,1034,1047,1062,1162,

+ Wilhelms, USGS Professional Paper 1348, 1987

atlas LUNAR ORBITER PHOTO ATLAS, NASA SP-206, 1971

+ A. Rukl, ATLAS OF THE MOON, Hamlyn, 1990

globe Replogle Globes (via Sky Publ., ads in SKY+TELESCOPE)

Mars relief USGS maps I-1618,2179

topography USGS map I-2160

+ MDIM CD-ROM, disk 7, available from NSSDC

geology USGS map I-1802

digital MDIM CD-ROMs, disks 1-6, available from NSSDC

atlas Batson et al., ATLAS OF MARS, NASA SP-438, 1979

globe Sky Publishing (ads in SKY+TELESCOPE)

Phobos outline Thomas, ICARUS, 40: 223-243, 1979

relief Bugaevsky et al., ADV.SPACE.RES. 12(9):17-21, 1992

topography Thomas, ICARUS, in press

globe Max Planck Institut fur Physik+Astrophys., 1988

Deimos outline Thomas, ICARUS, 40: 223-243, 1979

relief Stooke, SKY+TELESCOPE 69:551-553, 1985

topography Thomas, ICARUS, in press

Amalthea sketch Veverka et al., J.GEOPHYS.RES. 86:8675-8692, 1981

relief,top Stooke, EARTH,MOON,PLANETS 56:123-139, 1992

Io relief USGS map I-1713

topography Gaskell+Synnott,GEOPHYS.RES.LET. 15:581-584, 1988

geology USGS map I-2209

Europa relief USGS maps I-1241,1493,1499

geology SATELLITES OF JUPITER, Ch.14, U.Arizona Press, 1982

Ganymede relief USGS map I-2331

geology USGS map I-1934,1966 (13 other sheets to come)

Callisto relief USGS map I-1239,2035

Prometheus relief,top Stooke, EARTH,MOON,PLANETS, in press

Pandora relief,top Stooke, EARTH,MOON,PLANETS, in press

Janus relief,top Stooke, EARTH,MOON,PLANETS, in press

Epimetheus relief,top Stooke, EARTH,MOON,PLANETS, in press

Mimas relief USGS maps I-1489,2155

geology Croft, NASA TECH.MEM. 4300, 95-97, 1991

Enceladus relief USGS maps I-1485,2156

geology Smith et al., SCIENCE, 215:504-537, 1982

Tethys relief USGS maps I-1488,2158

geology Moore+Ahern, J.GEOPHYS.RES. 88:A577-A584, 1983

Dione relief USGS maps I-1487,2157

geology Moore, ICARUS, 59:205-220, 1984

Rhea relief USGS maps I-1484,1921

geology Moore et al., J.GEOPHYS.RES. 90:C785-C795, 1985

Titan sketch Lemmon et al., ICARUS 103:329-332, 1993

Hyperion sketch Thomas+Veverka, ICARUS, 64:414-424, 1985

Iapetus relief USGS maps I-1486,2159

geology Croft, NASA TECH.MEM. 4300, 101-103, 1991

Phoebe sketch Thomas et al., J.GEOPHYS.RES. 88:8736-8742, 1983

Puck sketch Croft+Soderblom, URANUS, U.Ariz.Press, 1991

Miranda relief USGS map I-1920

topography Wu, LUNAR PLANET.SCI XVIII, 1110-1111, 1987