Rec# 16477.  Western States Seismic Policy Council. Western States Seismic Policy Council
Catalog of Member States' Earthquake Preparedness and Hazard Mitigation Products.  Flagstaff,
Ariz.: Western States Seismic Policy Council.  1994; WSSPC-95. 141 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, British Columbia, CA, CO, Guam, HI, ID, MT, NE, NM, Canada, Oregon,
UT, WA, WY.
Note: Bibliography. OBSERVER 19, No. 3 (January 1995): 22.
This catalog provides a list of more than 300 earthquake-hazard-related products that have been
prepared by members of the Western States Seismic Policy Council, which includes the 13
western states as well as British Columbia, Guam, and the Yukon. The products include
earthquake preparedness brochures, posters, booklets, flyers, and videos. Each item lists the
author(s), title, date of publication, format, ordering information, and availability at the WSSPC
clearinghouse library. Most of the entries have a brief summary of their contents. The materials
listed range from statewide earthquake fault maps and preparedness brochures to local fault
maps, historical seismicity accounts, and general geology texts.
EZ01469.
earthquake/ geologic hazards/ preparedness/ emergency planning/ state planning/ local planning/
seismology/ risk assessment/ educational materials/ volcano.

Rec# 9025.  : Western States Seismic Policy Council. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual
Meeting of the Western States Seismic Policy CouncilBoise, Ida.: Western States Seismic Policy
Council (WSSPC), Idaho Bureau of Disaster Services; 1990; 308 pp.  
Geoarea: US, AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, NM, Oregon, TX, UT, WA, WY, Canada,
British Columbia, Loma Prieta.
Note: A few papers have references. Participant list.
The WSSPC is a regional organization formed by 14 western states to improve understanding of
earthquake preparedness measures and to formulate policy which will lessen impacts. This
volume contains the proceedings of the November 6-9, 1989, conference and addresses seismic
risk assessment (8 papers), loss estimation methods (10 papers), uniform building code zoning
processes (4 papers), preparedness planning and disaster exercises (6 papers), and current status
reports from the member states, Canada, and British Columbia. Specific topics examined include
contingency planning for business, school safety programs, and the involvement of the private
sector in disaster recovery activities.
E00727.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ schools/ preparedness/ emergency planning/ state planning/ building
codes/ private sector/ business/ seismology/ NEHRP/ risk assessment/ foreign planning/ disaster
exercise.

Rec# 17140.  Western States Seismic Policy Council. Awards in Excellence - 1996.  San
Francisco, Calif.: Western States Seismic Policy Council.  1997; 132 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon, CA, ID, NM, Canada.
Note: Some references.
This publication summarizes programs which the WSSPC recognized for their innovative
approaches to help reduce earthquake hazards.  Seven programs are described:  1) the Oregon
Department of Geology and Mineral Industries for its "Portland Earthquake Hazards Mapping"
effort;  2)  the British Columbia Geological Survey for its "Earthquake Hazard Mapping in SW
British Columbia";  3) the California Governor's Office of Emergency Services for its
"Earthquake Program--'Academic Aftershocks'";  4) the Idaho Geological Survey for its "Idaho
Earthquake Education Workshops";  5)  the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources for its "Lite Geology" project on regional earthquake hazards;  6)  the Oregon
Department of Geology and Mineral Industries for its "Tsunami Awareness on Oregon Coast"
project;  and 7)  the Canadian Red Cross, Yukon District's "Earthquake Awareness Contest".
EZ01696.
earthquake/ tsunami/ education/ awareness/ mapping/ risk assessment/ local planning/ schools.

Rec# 889.  Walsh, Timothy J. and others, eds. Proceedings of Conference 60: Fourth Annual
Workshop--Earthquake Hazards in the Puget Sound and Portland Areas.  Reston, Virginia: U.S.
Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1990; Open-File Report 90-703. 210 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, Puget Sound, CA, Loma Prieta.
Note: Most papers have references.
As part of the NEHRP effort to reduce earthquake vulnerability in the Pacific Northwest, the
USGS and FEMA have instituted a series of annual workshops to communicate the data
collected by earth scientists and others to a wider audience that can use the information to
prepared for future large earthquakes in the region. This volume comprises the proceedings of the
1990 workshop, which was specifically aimed at engineers, architects, and planners. It first
presents 13 papers that examine the geological and geophysical bases for seismic risk in the
region, continues with six papers on engineering and design considerations in seismically active
areas, and concludes with 13 more papers describing various earthquake hazard mitigation
techniques, including protective measures for dams and lifelines, earthquake insurance, land-use
policy, public education, and seismic retrofitting. Papers of interest deal with landslides induced
by earthquakes, public attitudes toward seismic hazard in Tacoma and Puyallup, liquefaction
susceptibility maps, and loss estimation.
E00812.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ seismology/ geology/ liquefaction/ dam safety/ lifelines/ risk
perception/ lenders/ insurance/ retrofitting/ cultural preservation/ building codes/ landslide/
mapping/ volcano/ risk assessment/ structural engineering.

Rec# 6902.  U.S. Geological Survey. Study of Earthquake Losses in the Puget Sound,
Washington Area.  U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey .  1975; Open File Report
75-375. 298 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
E00552.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ lifelines/ dam safety/ transportation/ emergency medical services/
seismology/ tsunami/ utility failure/ risk assessment/ telecommunications/ structural fire.

Rec# 13233.  U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Overview of Natural Hazards in the
Vicinity of Seattle, Washington.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Emergency Management
Agency, Mitigation Directorate, Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Division.  1994; 17
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
Note: 1 reference.
TZ00294.
multihazards/ risk assessment/ federal planning/ local planning/ riverine flood/ dam safety/
coastal flood/ wind/ tornado/ earthquake.

Rec# 7583.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Third Annual Workshop on Earthquake Hazards in the
Puget Sound, Portland Area.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey. 
1989; Open-File Report 89-465. 329 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, Puget Sound, USSR, Armenia.
Note: 3 copies. Glossary. Participant list. Most papers have references.
The 200 researchers, practitioners, and other concerned persons who attended this workshop
shared both technical geologic and engineering information as well as more fundamental
information on earthquakes and human behavior that could be used to enhance earthquake
mitigation, planning, and response. The nontechnical papers examine such topics as fundamental
earthquake effects on land and water, effects on buildings and lifelines, loss estimation by
insurance companies, earthquake hazard information dissemination and use, volunteer
earthquake response organizations, risk reduction policies and practices in the Puget Sound area,
and postdisastaer emergency response in urban settings. Other subjects addressed include
regional seismicity and tectonics, landslide potential, risk assessment, proposed state seismic
safety legislation, local tsunami hazard, liquifaction mapping, earthquake effects on land and
water, lifelines, and safety measures in schools.
E00719.
earthquake/ landslide/ tsunami/ state planning/ local planning/ regional planning/
legislation-regulation/ seismology/ geology/ paleoseismology/ risk assessment/ liquefaction/
mapping/ environmental impact/ lifelines/ loss estimation/ insurance/ recovery/ business/
schools/ self-help/ preparedness/ urban areas/ IDNDR/ volunteers.

Rec# 13310.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Proceedings of Conference LXII, Eighth Joint Meeting
of the U.S.-Japan Conference on Natural Resources (UJNR) Panel on Earthquake Prediction
Technology.  Menlo Park, Calif.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1993; Open-File
Report No. 93-542. 276 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, Landers, Parkfield, Japan, WA, AK, Tokai, Kanto.
Note: Papers have references. 2 copies.
The Eighth Joint Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Earthquake Prediction Technology was held in
Seattle, Washington and near Landers, California on November 16-21, 1992. The papers in this
volume reflect the application of old and new technologies to the science of earthquake
prediction, as well as discussions on innovative ways for scientists from Japan and the U.S. to
share data and enter into collaborative research projects. Among the topics addressed in the
papers are subduction-zone paleoseismology, seismic gap hypotheses, recurrence history for
subduction zone earthquakes, electromagnetic imaging of the earth's crust, regional seismic
network recording and analysis, statistics of earthquake precursors in Japan, seismicity triggered
at long distances by the M7.5 Landers earthquake, and seimicity and creep at Parkfield.
E00951.
earthquake/ seismology/ geology/ geophysics/ prediction/ tsunami/ frequency/ risk assessment.

Rec# 1451. ---. The Klamath Falls, Oregon, Earthquake on September 20, 1993. Earthquake &
Volcanoes. 1993; 24(3):104-146.
Geoarea: US, Oregon, Klamath Falls.
Note: 0 references.
The strongest tremors to strike Oregon in more than 50 years struck the southern part of the state
on September 20, 1993. These shocks, magnitudes 5.9 and 6.0, were the opening salvo in a
swarm of earthquakes that continued for more than three months. In addition to two fatalities, the
quakes damaged houses, toppled chimneys, cracked masonry, and caused lifeline damage to
electric power systems, water mains, and highways. This special issue of the journal presents
information about historic and prehistoric earthquakes in the Klamath Falls area, describes
damage caused by the quakes, discusses problems encountered in precisely locating the
epicenters, and describes landslides and rock falls loosened by groundshaking.
Serials.
earthquake/ landslide/ rockfall/ damage assessment/ seismology/ geology/ historical survey/
lifelines/ risk assessment.

Rec# 6338.  Thorsen, Gerald W., comp. Puget Lowland Earthquakes of 1949 and 1965:
Reproductions of Selected Articles Describing Damage.  Olympia, Wash.: Washington State
Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources.  1986; Information
Circular 81. 113 pp.  
Geoarea: WA.
E00509.
earthquake/ damage assessment/ building design/ risk assessment.

Rec# 7943.  Taylor, Craig E. Earthquake Loss Estimates in the State of Washington for
Insurance Regulation Purposes.  Los Angeles, Calif.: Dames & Moore, Inc.  1992; 77 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 56 references.
This report describes an earthquake insurance risk method used to address various insurance
regulatory issues affecting the state of Washington. The method utilizes synthesized information
from many disciplines to examine models of earthquake activity, the effects of earthquakes on
sites and residential structures, and the financial effects of projected losses on hypothetical
earthquake insurance structures. Regulatory issues investigated cover four areas of concern: the
solvency of earthquake underwriters, the viability of a one-time mandatory offer of earthquake
insurance by personal line carriers, the viability of a state-run residential earthquake insurance
program for Washington residents, and residential earthquake insurance premiums estimates
relative to a possible federal earthquake insurance program. It is suggested that full coverage of
residences for catastrophic earthquakes would be difficult if Washington alone is considered and
that further consideration should be given to financial mechanisms such as federal programs for
providing coverage for catastrophic residential losses.
EZ01161.
earthquake/ insurance/ state planning/ loss estimation/ private sector/ risk assessment.

Rec# 17096. Tank, Ronald W. Focus on Environmental Geology:  A Collection of Case Histories
and Readings from Original Sources. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1976. 538 pp.
Note: Papers have references.
Geoarea: US, AK, Anchorage, Mexico, WA, Cascades, Iceland, CA, San Andreas fault, CO,
Denver, WY, Italy, Vaiont, IL, Chicago, Santa Barbara, NY, Long Island, Venice.
K00160.
geologic hazards/ engineering geology/ urban areas/ environmental studies/ volcano/ lava/
earthquake/ reconstruction/ induced seismicity/ prediction/ loss estimation/ landslide/ mass earth
movements/ soil erosion/ coastal erosion/ sinkhole/ floodplain management/ riverine flood/
glacial flood/ mapping/ public policy/ subsidence/ oil spill/ water pollution/ technological
hazards/ water resources management/ groundwater depletion/ public health/ hazardous wastes/
hydrology/ radioactive waste/ risk assessment.

Rec# 15416.  Spangle Associates. Using Earthquake hazard Maps for Land Use Planning and
Building Permit Administration--Portland Metropolitan Region.  Portland, Oreg.: Metro
Regional Government, Metro Advisory Committee.  1996; 38 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon, Portland.
Note: 0 references.  OBSERVER 21, No. 1 (September 1996): 26.
Recent studies indicate that Portland, Oregon, could suffer a major damaging earthquake.  In an
effort to guide safe land use decisions and building regulation, the state of Oregon's Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries and the Metro Regional Government mapped the earthquake
hazard in the metropolitan area.  These maps portray such seismic hazards as landslides,
liquefaction, and ground amplification.  In support of this effort, this report describes the
mapping project and the use of maps for land use planning in a seismically active area and in
building permit administration and project review.  Criteria for the design of local ordinances to
deal with these problems also is included.
EZ01620.
earthquake/ local planning/ land use management/ landslide/ liquefaction/ geologic hazards/
mapping/ legislation-regulation/ risk assessment/ building codes.

Rec# 1195.  Shedlock, Kaye M. and Weaver, Craig S. Program for Earthquake Hazards
Assessment in the Pacific Northwest.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey: Circular
1067.  1991; 29 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, Oregon, WA, Canada, British Columbia.
Note: 86 references.
Magnitude 6-7 earthquakes have occurred in historic times in the Pacific Northwest (northern
California, Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia), and geologic evidence
indicates that the region may be capable of producing a magnitude 8-9 subduction-zone
earthquake. If it occurred in a densely populated area, even a quake of the smaller order could
result in many casualties and billions of dollars in damage. This report first outlines what is
known about the earthquake hazard in the region, examining three distinct types of
earthquakes--crustal, intraplate, and interplate--and their possible occurrence, distibution, and
effects. It then relates the results of other geologic studies and concludes by offering a framework
for future NEHRP efforts in the region. Because earthquake hazards in the area are both regional
and local in scale, the report suggests that the seismic hazard assessment program should also be
both regional and local. The program should include: 1) regional and local monitoring on
seismicity and deformation, 2) tectonic framework studies, 3) improved seismic hazard and risk
assessment, and 4) cooperative hazard mitigation studies.
E00814.
earthquake/ risk assessment/ regional planning/ state planning/ seismology/ geology.

Rec# 2280.  Seattle, City of. Seismic Hazards in Seattle.  Seattle, Wash.: Seattle Dept. of
Planning.  1992; 55 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
Note: 28 references. OBSERVER 17, no. 4 (March 1993): 23.
This report, produced as part of a program to develop a seismic hazard reduction plan for Seattle,
summarizes the seismic hazards that affect that city in order to help the public and policymakers
better understand the risks. It provides a geological overview of the area, along with easily
understood descriptions of types of earthquakes and definitions of earthquake-related terms. It
also discusses various kinds of damage that can occur; specific types of seismic hazards, such as
ground shaking and liquefaction; and planning activities, such as identifying buildings and
lifelines at risk and developing specific city policies to address those risks. Plan implementation
procedures, such as a stage review process, also are covered.
E00898.
earthquake/ liquefaction/ local planning/ emergency planning/ geology/ risk assessment/
landslide.

Rec# 12959. Schuster, Robert L.; Logan, Robert L., and Pringle, Patrick T. Prehistoric rock
avalanches in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Science. (4 December 1992);
258:1620-1621.
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 14 references.
EZ01198.
earthquake/ paleoseismology/ risk assessment/ prediction/ tsunami/ geology/ debris flow/
rockfall/ landslide.

Rec# 10329.  Schuster, Robert L., ed. Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk and Mitigation.  New
York, N.Y.: American Society of Civil Engineers.  1986; Geotechnical Special Publication No.
3. 164 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, UT, Canada, British Columbia, Pakistan, China, Japan.
Note: Proceedings. Papers have references.
Because landslide-caused dams are natural phenomena and thus are not subject to engineering
design, they are vulnerable to catastrophic failure by overtopping and breaching. Some of the
world's largest and most catastrophic floods have occurred because of failure of these natural
dams. This volume consists of nine papers on landslide dams. The first paper deals with the
landslide processes involved in forming these dams, the potential for dam failure, and upstream
and downstream effects of the dams. The remaining eight papers are case studies of landslide
dams in Washington, Utah, British Columbia, Japan, China, and Pakistan. Features of the
overview article include 1) important information to obtain when investigating a
landslide-caused dam; 2) a list of examples of landslide dams caused by specific classes of
landslides; and 3) a discussion of why some landslide dams have not failed since their formation.
K00021.
landslide/ debris flow/ mass earth movements/ case study/ historical survey/ dam safety/
earthquake/ volcano/ hydrology/ dam failure flood/ risk assessment.

Rec# 9889.  Scawthorn Charles R.  and Rojahn, Christopher. Seismic Vulnerability and Impact
of Disruption of Lifelines in the Conterminous United States.  Redwood City, Calif.: Applied
Technology Council.  1991; ATC-25. 486 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, UT, SC, New Madrid fault.
Note: 149 references. Bibliography. Maps of 13 lifeline facilities nationwide.
This report documents the results of an extensive three-year assessment using a computerized
inventory of the nation's lifelines to determine their vulnerability and potential disruptive impacts
due to earthquakes. The study examined electric systems; water, gas, and oil pipelines; highways
and bridges; airports; railroads; ports; and emergency service facilities. Vulnerability estimates
are presented in terms of estimated direct damage losses and indirect economic losses. In
addition, earthquake scenarios were considered for the northeastern U.S.; Charleston, South
Carolina, the New Madrid region; the Wasatch Front; Puget Sound; and northern and southern
California. Other topics discussed include combined economic losses, hazard mitigation
measures and benefits, and recommendations for further research.
E00862.
lifelines/ earthquake/ economic analysis/ loss estimation/ hazardous facilities/ public safety/
transportation/ emergency communications/ risk assessment/ scenario/ local planning/ regional
planning.

Rec# 17621.  Rogers, Albert M.; Walsh, Timothy J.; Kockelman, William J., and Priest, George
R., eds. Assessing Earthquake Hazards and Reducing Risk in the Pacific Northwest. 
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.  1996; USGS Professional Paper 1560. 306
pp. plus 5 plates.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, Oregon.
Note: Papers have references.
Recent research suggests that the potential for large earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest is
greater than previously recognized.  Since 1918, thirteen quakes of surface wave magnitude 5.5
or greater (seven of M6.3 or greater) have hit the area.  Furthermore, geologic and geophysical
data suggest that great earthquakes (M8 to M9.5) have occurred in the last 7,000 years on the
Cascadia thrust fault.  Following an overview of the region's earthquake hazards, ten technical
papers utilize the disciplines of paleoseismology, geology, and geophysics to explore the
potential for future damaging earthquakes in the area.
earthquake/ geology/ tsunami/ risk assessment/ geophysics/ paleoseismology/ seismology.

Rec# 12638. Roeloffs, Evelyn. Earthquakes: Seeking a crystal ball. Oregonian. 1993 Apr 15;
Science Section: 1-4 (C).
Geoarea: US, Oregon.
Note: 0 references.
EZ01361.
earthquake/ prediction/ state planning/ local planning/ risk assessment/ geology.

Rec# 16791.  Risk Engineering,  Inc. Residential and Commercial Earthquake Losses in the U.S. 
Risk Engineering, Inc.  1993; 40 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, TN, New Madrid, SC, UT.
Note: OBSERVER 18, No. 2 (November 1993): 19.
This publication summarizes earthquake loss estimates that consider all the major factors that
contribute to losses, including quake magnitude, frequency of occurrence, distance from fault or
epicenter, soil conditions, and exposure.  The document provides commercial loss estimates for
California and the counties containing Seattle, Washington, and Memphis, Tennessee.  It also
offers estimates of residential losses for six seismically active regions in the U.S.  The final
section estimates the importance of aftershocks in loss estimation.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ risk assessment.

Rec# 13301.  Palm, Risa I.; Marston, Sallie; Kellner, Patricia; Smith, David, and Budetti,
Maureen. Home Morgage Lenders, Real Property Appraisers, and Earthquake Hazards.  Boulder,
Colo.: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and
Applications Information Center.  1983; Environment and Behavior Monograph No. 38. 152 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA.
Note: 2 questionnaires. 89 references.
The willingness or reluctance of home mortgage lenders to finance residential housing basically
can control access to the occupance of areas which may be at risk from natural disasters.  In
addition, property appraisers are an integral part of the home mortgage financing process in that
one or more appraisal is involved in each financing decision.  The purpose of this study was to
seek a greater understanding of the responses of these two groups to earthquake hazards, given a
context of economic and environmental uncertainty.  Findings show that 1) an overwhelming
proportion of the small lenders in California and most of the lenders in Washington tended to
ignore earthquake hazards; 2) appraisers will supply earthquake hazards information to clients,
but only when asked; 3) some ealifornia lenders note seismic hazard in the lending decision and
use seismic information in setting loan conditions.  These lenders tended to be from larger
institutions and many had attended earthquake hazards seminar; and 4) the majority of appraisers
indicated that they routinely investigated whether a subject property was located in a special
studies zone or landslide-prone area.
E00016.
earthquake/ economic analysis/ risk assessment/ mortgage/ lenders/ banking/ disclosure/ property
value.

Rec# 18017.  Oregon Seismic Rehabilitation Task Force. Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing
Buildings in Oregon:  Report to the Sixty-Ninth Oregon Legislative Assembly.  Portland, Ore.:
Nature of the Northwest Information Center.  1996; 134 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon.
Note: 77 references.  OBSERVER 22, No. 3 (January 1998): 22.
In 1995, Oregon legislators passed Senate Bill 1057, which directed the governor and state
goelogist to appoint a Seismic Rehabilitation Task Force to address issues related to the
rehabilitation of existing buildings for protection against earthquakes.  This report contains the
recommendations of the task force, which include urging the state to adopt a long-term goal of
achieving rehabilitation of unreinforced masonry buildings within 30 years and all other
buildings within 70 years.  The group also recommended that a statewide inventory of buildings
be conducted in order to determine the scope of the problem.  The report details the proposed
program for siesmic rehabilitation of existing buildings in Oregon and the associated costs and
provides proposed legislation for implementing these recommendations.
E01162.
earthquake/ local planning/ retrofitting/ state planning/ masonry/ legislation-regulation/ risk
assessment.

Rec# 8445.  Noson, Linda L.; Qamar, Anthony, and Thorsen, Gerald W. Washington State
Earthquake Hazards.  Olympia, Wash: Washington Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of
Geology and  Earth Resources.  1988; Information Circular No. 85. 77 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: Glossary. 148 references.
More than 1,000 earthquakes are recorded in Washington state each year; approximately a dozen
of these produce significant shaking or damage. This volume presents an overview of seismic
phenomena, provides a history of earthquake occurrences in the state, describes damages caused
by these tremors, and offers suggestions for reducing earthquake losses in Washington.
Generously illustrated with maps, graphs, and photographs, the publication provides a concise,
accessible introduction to seismic hazards in Washington and the Pacific Northwest.
E00674.
earthquake/ historical survey/ damage assessment/ risk assessment/ seismology/ geophysics/ state
planning/ preparedness.

Rec# 10110. Nemec, J.; Nigg, Joanne M., and Siccardi, F. Prediction and Perception of Natural
Hazards.  Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993. 226 pp. (Advances in Natural and
Technological Hazards Research; 2).
Note: Papers have references. 2 copies. OBSERVER 18, no. 3 (January 1994): 18. Hurricane
Gilbert.
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens, Mexico, Italy, USSR, Danube Basin.
The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) recognizes warning systems
as part of most hazard reduction schemes. Concurrently, scientists have recognized that warning
systems are complex arrangements for transmitting information about increased  risk to
individuals so that they take appropriate action. Thus, warning systems involve both prediction
of a hazard and perception of the risk posed. In the fall of 1990 the National Science Foundation,
the National Research Council of Italy, and the U.N. IDNDR Secretariat sponsored a meeting in
Perugia, Italy, of physical scientists, social scientists, and engineers involved in disaster research
addressing 2  topics: 1) methods for predicting disasters across different natural hazard agents,
and 2) factors associated with the appropriate interpretation of hazard warnings. The discussion
focused on the uncertainties in detection and prediction and how these affect decision makers and
the general public.
T00125.
risk perception/ warning systems/ drought/ earthquake/ flood/ landslide/ tornado/ hurricane/
volcano/ media/ meteorological hazards/ geologic hazards/ nonstructural elements/ foreign
planning/ damage assessment/ risk assessment/ case study/ prediction/ forecasting/ warning
responses/ urban areas/ flash flood/ riverine flood/ risk communication/ seismology/ information
transfer/ IDNDR/ radon/ decisionmaking/ multihazards.

Rec# 19005. Hazards Assessments as Mount. St. Helens: Miller, C. Dan and Mullineaux, Donal
R. 
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
IZ00114.
volcano/ risk assessment/ risk communication/ seismology/ emergency planning/ prediction/
earthquake.

Rec# 594.  Manson, Connie J. and Walkling, Lee, Comp. Tsunamis on the Pacific Coast of
Washington State and Adjacent Areas: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography and Directory. 
Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth
Resources.  1998; Open File Report 98-4. 40 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: Approximately 150 references.  3 copies.  Copy 1 is Open-File Report No. 94-5, 1994. 
Bibliography. OBSERVER 22, No. 6 (July 1998): 26.
This bibliography was created to help local planners and emergency managers understand and
mitigate earthquake and tsunami risks on the Pacific coast.  These destructive waves can be
caused by coastal or submarine landslides, volcanism, or earthquakes.  In fact, offshore tsunamis
can strike an adjacent shoreline within minutes, and can travel at speeds as great as 600 mph. 
The document begins with a brief explanation of the phenomenon, discusses our ability to issue
warnings, and points out the need to mitigate tsunami impacts.  It follows with an annotated
bibliography that lists the most significant reports; general works about geologic hazards in
Washington; general works about geologic hazards, earthquakes, and tsunamis; works on
earthquake and tsunami hazards on the Pacific coast of Washington; works about tsunami
hazards in Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Cascadia subduction zone, and outside the
Cascadia subduction zone; and tsunami modeling.  It concludes with a directory of organizations
and agencies that deal with the tsunami hazard, as well as Web papes that provide further
information.
EZ01478.
tsunami/ state planning/ earthquake/ historical survey/ geological hazards/ local planning/ risk
assessment/ risk management/ modeling.

Rec# 2874.  Lipman, Peter W. and Mullineaux, Donal R., eds. 1980 Eruptions of Mount St.
Helens, Washington.  U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1981; USGS Professional
Paper 1250. 844 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Mount St. Helens.
Note: Most papers have references. Chronology.
The bulk of this massive publication examines geological, chemical, and geophysical phenomena
associated with the effects of the 1980 eruptions.  Twelve of the sixty-two studies, however, deal
with the effects of the 1980 eruptions together with the assessment and prediction of potential
hazards which still exist around Mount St. Helens.  Titles from among these contributions
include: "Effects of the Eruptions on Civil Works and Operations in the Pacific Northwest," by
R.L. Schuster; "Some Effects of the May 18 Eruption of Mount St. Helens on River-Water
Quality," by J.M. Klein; and "The 1980 Activity--A Case Study in Forecasting Volcanic
Eruptions," by R.W. Decker.  Dedicated to USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston, the  volume
contains 470 figures, 117 tables, and a geologic map showing proximal deposits and features of
the eruptions.  Nontechnical introductions to each major section, in conjunction with the
extensive illustrations, make the volume useful for readers lacking formal geologic training.
I00067.
volcano/ case study/ environmental studies/ geologic hazards/ damage assessment/
environmental studies/ economic impact/ social impact/ environmental impact/ seismology/
earthquake/ lahar/ mudflow/ prediction/ risk assessment/ volcanology.

Rec# 5398. Krinitzsky, Ellis L. and Slemmons, D. Burton. Neotectonics in Earthquake
Evaluation.  Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America; 1990. 160 pp. (Reviews in
Engineering Geology; 8).
Note: Papers have references.
Geoarea: US, OK, MO, WA, NY, SC, NM.
The literature on the geologic aspects of earthquake risk assessment has greatly expanded in
recent years. Six papers in this volume summarize recent knowledge about regional earthquake
risks in the U.S. (excluding California) and provide guidance for geologic assessments of
earthquake hazard throughout the contiguous U.S. Areas considered are: the Pacific Northwest,
the central U.S. (New Madrid fault), the central U.S. (Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma), the
eastern U.S., the southeastern U.S. (Charleston area), and the Sangre de Christo Mountains in
New Mexico. A seventh paper summarizes approaches and methods employed to estimate the
magnitude of earthquakes occurring in any given area. It presents a structured organization of the
various types of seismic hazard estimates, approaches, scaling parameters, techniques, and data
used in the estimation of potential earthquake sizes.
E00770.
earthquake/ seismology/ regional planning/ risk assessment/ engineering geology.

Rec# 12928. Karlin, Robert E. and Abella, Sally E. B. Paleoearthquakes in the Puget Sound
region recorded in sediments from Lake Washington, USA. Science. (4 December 1992);
258:1617-1620.
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 29 references.
EZ01197.
earthquake/ paleoseismology/ risk assessment/ prediction/ geology/ debris flow/ landslide.

Rec# 4441.  Jennings, Charles W. Fault Activity Map of California and Adjacent Areas with
Locations and Ages of Recent Volcanic Eruptions.  Sacramento, Calif.: California Dept. of
Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology.  1994; Geologic Data Map No. 6. 92  pp
(Accompanying booklet).  
Geoarea: US, CA, NV, Oregon, Mexico, Baja.
Note: 17 pages of references. OBSERVER 20, No. 1 (September 1995): 23. Bibliography.
This map depicts known faults in California and indicates the last time displacements took place. 
All faults are color-coded according to six categories: historic, Holocene, late Quaternary,
undivided  Quaternary, late Cenozoic, and pre-Quaternary.  Because potentially active faults in
Nevada, Oregon, northern Baja California, and offshore may have a direct effect on California,
the map indicates closely aligned seismic events.  Also, because volcanic eruptions are
associated with earthquakes, 565 volcanoes in California are shown.  The text describes faults,
potential future earthquakes, and the probability of major earthquakes on California's primary
fault segments.
E01039.
earthquake/ volcano/ risk assessment/ state planning/ seismology/ geology/ volcanology.

Rec# 12944. Jacoby Jr., Gordon C.; Williams, Patrick L., and Buckley, Brendan M. Tree ring
correlation between prehistoric landslides and abrupt techtonic events in Seattle, Washington.
Science. (4 December 1992); 258:1621-1623.
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
Note: 24 references.
EZ01199.
earthquake/ paleoseismology/ risk assessment/ prediction/ geology/ debris flow/ landslide/
tsunami.

Rec# 16234.  : Housner, George W. and Chung, Riley M., eds. Natural Disaster Reduction; 1996
Dec 3-1996 Dec 5; Washington, D.C. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers; 1997;
407 pp.  
Geoarea: USSR, Sakhalin, US, UT, Japan, Kobe, Balkans, Romania, Vrancea, Southeast Asia,
Bangladesh, Iran, Caribbean Basin, CA, Northridge, FL, Asia, China, MT, SC, South America,
Peru, New Madrid fault, AK, St. Thomas, Culebra, Bulgaria, Oregon, Portland, Czech Republic,
Great Lakes, Africa, Egypt, Himalyas, Turkey, Istanbul, LA, New Orleans, Taiwan, Tehran,
Venezuela, Antigua/India.
Note: Executive summaries and abstracts only.  OBSERVER 21, No. 3 (March 1997): 18.
These abstracts and executive summaries of papers presented at a conference held in
Washington, D.C. examine a broad range of issues related to natural hazard reduction.  Although
sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the contents provide perspectives from
numerous disciplines.  Sections examine earthquake hazard analysis, megacities, risk assessment,
international and regional programs and plans, formal education, response and recovery, the roles
of all levels of government, recent disasters, future disaster scenarios, vulnerability assessment,
damage evaluation, multihazard programs, public awareness, performance of glazing systems,
wind hazards, structure performance, hazard analysis, national mitigation programs, mapping,
insurance, forecasting, design and construction, administration and coordination, technology
transfer, codes and standards, land use zoning, and lifelines.
L00184.
multihazards/ earthquake/ landslide/ geographic information systems/ damage assessment/ loss
estimation/ hurricane/ risk management/ lightning/ risk assessment/ tornado/ hail/ forecasting/
emergency planning/ foreign planning/ floodplain management/ education/ children/ sustainable
development/ urban areas/ training/ search and rescue/ public policy/ intergovernmental/
hurricane/ lifelines/ dam safety/ federal planning/ building codes/ construction/ nursing/
business/ evacuation/ riverine flood/ recovery/ building design/ wind/ mobile homes/ structural
engineering/ cost-benefit analysis/ structural measures/ levees/ warning systems/ awareness/
recovery/ debris removal/ mapping/ barrier islands/ coastal flood/ decisionmaking/ structural
design/ insurance/ economic impact/ modeling/ water pipelines/ emergency shelter/ hydrology/
drought/ toxic chemicals/ electric power/ extratropical storm/ glacial flood/ morbidity/ mortality/
floodproofing/ legislation-regulation/ transportation/ debris flow/ storm surge flood/ zoning/
local planning/ LDCs/ IDNDR/ retrofitting/ hospitals/ El Nino/ risk management/ social impact/
aviation/ volcano/ hazardous facilities.

Rec# 2113.  Hays, Walter W. and Gori, Paula L., eds. Earthquake Hazards in the Puget Sound,
Washington Area.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1986;
Open-File Report No. 86-253. 258 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound, Mexico City.
Note: Proceedings. Glossary. Most papers have references. 2 copies. (informative paper).
Seventeen papers appear in the proceedings of USGS Conference XXXIII, held October 29-31,
1985, in Seattle, Washington. The papers can be divided into two general categories: technical
papers related to local seismicity, ground shaking, ground failure, regional tectonics, and other
geotechnical information; and contributed articles (6 of them) that deal with earthquake
preparedness and hazards reduction. Topics addressed in the latter context include earthquake
awareness and education programs, response planning, the status of local seismic building codes,
warning systems and contingency planning for tsunamis, damage estimates, and liability issues.
The volume also provides background information, a summary of workshop accomplishments, a
participant list, and a glossary of technical terms.
E00218.
earthquake/ tsunami/ preparedness/ state planning/ risk assessment/ social impact/ liability/
emergency response/ siting/ damage assessment/ awareness/ education/ building codes/ local
planning/ geology/ seismology.

Rec# 8376.  Hays, Walter W., ed. Workshop: Evaluation of Earthquake Hazards and Risk in the
Puget Sound and Portland Area.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey. 
1988; Open-File Report No. 88-541. 339 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: Glossary. Proceedings. Participant list. Some papers have references.
Held April 12-15, 1988 in Olympia, Washington, the 42nd "Regional Earthquake Hazards
Assessment" workshop undertook three basic tasks: to assess the status of knowledge about
earthquake hazards in Washington and Oregon, including scientific, engineering, and hazard
reduction components; to determine the need for additional scientific, engineering, and societal
response information; and to develop a strategy for implementing programs to reduce potential
earthquake losses and to foster preparedness and mitigation measures. Seventeen papers discuss
seismological and geological aspects of earthquake and tsunami hazard in the region, and 16
papers address the preparedness and mitigation projects either functioning or being planned in
at-risk areas. Topics examined in the latter category include government liability, education and
awareness programs, safety in the schools, land use planning, and public policy options for
achieving maximum seismic safety practices.
E00656.
earthquake/ seismology/ tsunami/ regional planning/ local planning/ land use management/
awareness/ education/ preparedness/ emergency planning/ risk assessment/ lifelines/ geographic
information systems/ schools/ loss estimation/ public policy/ liability.

Rec# 7721.  Hays, Walter W., ed. A Review of Earthquake Research Applications in the
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program: 1977-1987.  Reston, Virginia: U.S. Dept. of
the Interior, Geological Survey.  1988; Open-File Report no. 88-13A. 583 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, UT, SC, MT, MA, ID, WA, KY, Puerto Rico.
Note: Proceedings. 2 copies. Papers have refs.
In 1987, the principal federal agencies responsible for the NEHRP convened 3 regional
workshops to bring together individuals who had made significant contributions in the realm of
seismic safety and and earthquake mitigation. Their experiences are summarized in this volume.
Sixty essays appear in the volume, almost all of which are concerned with social procedures to
assure the effective mitigation of earthquake hazards. The papers are grouped under 3 headings:
"Evaluation of Applications for Enlightenment Uses" considers such topics as the effectiveness
of regional earthquake preparedness projects, the success of awareness and education programs,
and assessments of mitigation progress made since recent (and not so recent) earthquakes;
"Evaluation of Applications for Decisionmaking Uses" focuses on the achievements of seismic
safety commissions, the efficacy of legislative tools, and the contributions of earthquake risk and
vulnerability assessment groups; "Evaluation of Applications for Practice Uses" examines
improvements in seismic design, land use planning, building retrofitting, and recovery planning.
E00608.
earthquake/ NEHRP/ federal planning/ regional planning/ preparedness/ awareness/ education/
risk assessment/ business/ legislation-regulation/ building design/ land use management/
recovery/ decisionmaking/ state planning/ microzonation/ tsunami/ building codes/ mapping/
retrofitting.

Rec# 1223. Harris, Stephen L. Agents of Chaos.  Missoula, Mont. Mountain Press Publishing
Company: 1990. 260 pp.
Note: Approximately 360 references. Bibliography. Glossary.
Geoarea: US, AK, HI, CA, Oregon, WA, ID, Mount St. Helens, Loma Prieta.
This book explains where and why Americans can expect their lives to be endangered or
disrupted by natural disasters and what can be done to mitigate their anticipated effects. It
provides information about the potential for volcanic eruptions and portrays what might happen
should great earthquakes strike the contiguous United States or Alaska. In addition to detailed
accounts of the causes and effects of recent disasters such as the Loma Prieta earthquake and the
eruption of Mount St. Helens, the book contains information about lesser known geological
catastrophes that have helped to shape the landforms of the American West, Alaska, and Hawaii.
These events include the collapse of glacial Lake Missoula, the formation of Crater Lake, the
shaping of Death Valley, and the vigorous volcanic activity that affects Alaska and the Aleutian
Islands. A retelling of American Indian myths that incorporates accounts of cataclysmic
geological phenomena provides counterpoint to scientific information presented in the text. An
extensive bibliography and a glossary conclude the volume.
L00126.
earthquake/ volcano/ geologic hazards/ geomorphology/ anthropology/ historical survey/ glacial
flood/ risk assessment/ extraterrestrial object.

Rec# 4883.  Good, James W. and Ridlington, Sandra S., eds. Coastal Natural Hazards: Science,
Engineering and Public Policy.  Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, Oregon Sea Grant. 
1992; ORESU-B-92-001. 163 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Oregon, CA.
Note: Chapters have references.  2 copies.  OBSERVER 17, no. 5 (May 1993): 22. Lessons
learned.
This report is for people thinking of building a home on the coast of Oregon, Washington, or
California--and for those who regulate such construction. It lays out the risks of building on the
shifting sands and eroding sea cliffs that typify the U.S. Pacific coast and looks at some of the
ways people have tried to stop these natural processes. Although written principally for
nonscientists, the book grew out of a 1990 Oregon Conference of coastal geologists,
oceanographers, engineers, planners, and resource managers, and contains their accounts of the
state of knowledge in their various disciplines. The report discusses the effects of El Ninos on
beach and shore erosion; it presents evidence for periodic great subduction-zone earthquakes that
have occurred along the Pacific Northwest coast and speculates on when the next quake might
strike; and it contains chapters by policy analysts regarding planning and engineering approaches
to hazard mitigation on the west coast and discussions of successes and shortcomings of various
public policies designed to deal with development in hazardous areas. Among the topics
discussed are recent legal developments in coastal natural hazards policy, a critique of
California's coastal hazards policies, shore protection policies in Oregon, and the viability of
structural measures to protect coastal development.
C00216.
coastal zone management/ coastal erosion/ state planning/ public policy/ geologic hazards/
earthquake/ geomorphology/ structural measures/ legislation-regulation/ damage assessment/ risk
assessment/ law.

Rec# 12402. Good, James W. Shore protection policy and practices in Oregon: An evaluation of
implementation success. Coastal Management. 1994; 22(3):325-352.
Geoarea: US, Oregon.
Note: 38 references.
CZ00315.
coastal zone management/ coastal erosion/ state planning/ public policy/ geologic hazards/
earthquake/ geomorphology/ structural measures/ legislation-regulation/ damage assessment/ risk
assessment/ law.

Rec# 5446. Galster, Richard W. and Laprade, William T. Geology of Seattle, Washington,
United States of America. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists. 1991;
28(3):235-302.
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
Note: 161 references.
KZ00266.
geology/ land use management/ local planning/ engineering geology/ geologic hazards/ risk
assessment/ earthquake.

Rec# 7664.  Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. ARC/INFO Map Book: 1993. 
Redlands, Calif.: Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.  1994; 156 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CO, Boulder, UT, CA, Northridge, WA, Seattle, IL.
Note: 0 references. ARC/INFO maps for 1991 and 1992 also are located under Q00147.
This publication contains examples of approximately 150 geographic information systems
applications which utilize ARC/INFO software. A wide range of applications appear, including
urban land use management, groundwater aquifer recharge, geological maps, oil and gas retrieval
in the U.S., and urban lifeline infrastructure. Natural hazards applications deal with earthquake
epicenter mapping, seismic loss estimation in Utah, wildfire risk in Alaska and in Boulder,
Colorado, flood damage assessment, hurricane response, power outage due to wind storms,
stormwater management, and multihazard simulation modeling. Examples of oil spill charting
and toxic emission modeling also are presented. Most of the examples are one-page in length and
most of them are in color.
Q00147.
earthquake/ hurricane/ loss estimation/ wildfire/ risk assessment/ state planning/ local planning/
damage assessment/ riverine flood/ wind/ stormwater management/ oil spill/ toxic chemicals/
land use management/ volcano/ emergency planning/ groundwater depletion/ multihazards/
simulation/ lifelines/ ethnic groups/ geology/ loss estimation/ geographic information systems.

Rec# 9178.  : Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Proceedings Fourth U.S. National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 1El Cerrito, Calif.: Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute; 1990; 1050 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Mexico City, CA, UT, WA, SC, Loma Prieta, Whittier Narrows, KY, Peru.
Note: Papers have references.
Besides containing sections on ground motion and seismicity, lifelines and transportation
systems, and seismic risk analysis, this volume contains a 122-page section dealing with seismic
aspects of urban design, socioeconomic impacts, and public policy. This last-named section
presents 13 papers on topics such as the effects of a moderate earthquake on local preparedness,
seismic risk methods for earthquake insurance, and the use of opinion surveys in planning
earthquake risk reduction programs. A special section entitled "Learning from Earthquakes"
presents articles on using an artificial intelligence approach to evaluate lessons learned from
destructive earthquakes, and on the performance of auxiliary and portable water supply systems
after the Loma Prieta earthquake. Other papers of interest deal with the neighborhood impacts of
the Los Angeles seismic ordinance, and with the cost and affordability of retrofitting unsafe
buildings in San Francisco.
E00729.
earthquake/ urban planning/ seismology/ damage assessment/ insurance/ risk assessment/
education/ local planning/ schools/ federal planning/ state planning/ foreign planning/
retrofitting/ reconstruction/ foreign response/ structural design/ local response/ lifelines/
transportation/ structural engineering/ social impact/ public policy/ legislation-regulation/
computer application .

Rec# 3896. Cope, Vern. Washington Earthquake Handbook: An Easy-to-Understand Information
and Survival Manual.  Portland, Oreg.: Vern Cope; 1994. 152 pp.
Note: 6 references. OBSERVER 20, No. 1 (September 1995): 21. Manual.
Geoarea: US, WA.
This book was published to convince Washington residents to prepare for a devastating
earthquake  It is written for the lay reader and describes the history of earthquakes in the
Northwest, the subduction zone and earthquake risk, and techniques for mitigating earthquake
impacts.  In particular, the author addresses the steps families need to take to prepare for a major
quake, including assembling a home earthquake emergency kit, securing articles in the home,
undertaking structural reinforcement, conducting earthquake drills, preparing the elderly and
handicapped, and purchasing earthquake insurance.  He also discusses site aspects that should be
considered, such as soils, slope, buildings, and building codes.  Also explained is the role of
governments and other organizations in dealing with earthquakes, particularly in coastal bays,
harbors, and along shorelines.  Two appendices describe what to do during and after a quake. 
The book includes numerous illustrations that depict types of earthquake faults, methods for
structural mitigation, and techniques for turning off gas and electricity.
E01030.
earthquake/ emergency planning/ retrofitting/ seismology/ geology/ preparedness/ nonstructural
elements/ insurance/ building codes/ maritime facilities/ siting/ risk assessment.

Rec# 3925. ---. The Oregon Earthquake Handbook: An Easy-to-Understand Information and
Survival Manual.  Portland, Oreg.: Vern Cope; 1993. 133 pp.
Note: 5 references. OBSERVER 20, No. 1 (September 1995): 21. Manual.
Geoarea: US, Oregon.
This book was published to convince Oregon residents to prepare  for a devastating earthquake. 
It is written for the lay reader and describes the history of earthquakes in the Northwest, the
subduction zone and earthquake risk, and techniques for mitigating earthquake impacts.  In
particular, the author addresses the steps families need to take to prepare for a major quake,
including assembling a home earthquake emergency kit, securing articles in the home,
undertaking structural reinforcement, conducting earthquake drills, preparing the elderly and
handicapped, and purchasing earthquake insurance.  He also discusses site aspects that should be
considered, such as soil, slope, buildings, and building codes.  Also explained is the role of
governments and other organizations in dealing with earthquakes, particularly in coastal bays,
harbors, and along shorelines.  Two appendices describe what to do during and after a quake. 
The book includes numerous illustrations that depict types of earthquake faults, methods for
structural mitigation, and techniques for turning off gas and electricity.
E01031.
siting/ risk assessment/ maritime facilities/ earthquake/ emergency planning/ retrofitting/
seismology/ geology/ preparedness/ nonstructural elements/ insurance/ building codes.

Rec# 710.  Coastal Natural Hazards Policy Working Group. Improving Natural Hazards
Management on the Oregon Coast--Recommendations.  Corvaliss, Oreg.: Oregon State
University, Oregon Sea Grant.  1994; ORESU-T-94-002 . 144 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon.
Note: 63 references. Glossary. Excellent document - much information. OBSERVER 19, No. 4
(March 1995): 21.
Natural forces--some cataclysmic, some gradual and relentless--have shaped the Oregon coast
over millions of years.  However, with coastal populations rising sharply, the same natural forces
that shaped the coast so attractively in the past now increasingly threaten human life and
property.  In response to these threats and to concerns that existing efforts to cope with them
were inadequate, a group of 20 coastal residents and resource managers met over two years to
consider the problem.  This group identified specific coastal hazard issues, formulated alternative
solutions, and recommended improved policies and practices.  The document identifies 23 issues
in four separate categories: hazard identification, beach and shore protection, land use, and
disaster preparedness and response.  Following a discussion of each issue is a list of
recommendations for resolving it as well as the suggested implementing agencies, organizations,
or institutions.  Some of the findings are: 1) hazard disclosure during property transactions is
insufficient, and 2) development in hazardous areas is often subsidized by public funding.
C00224.
coastal zone management/ multihazards/ emergency planning/ state planning/ local planning/
public policy/ risk assessment/ land use management/ earthquake/ tsunami/ local funding/
intergovernmental/ disclosure/ preparedness/ awareness/ structural measures/ coastal erosion/
mass earth movements/ lifelines/ emergency communications.

Rec# 2505.  Chleborad, Alan F. and Schuster, Robert L. Ground Failure Associated with the
Puget Sound Region Earthquakes of April 13, 1949, and April 29, 1965.  Golden, Colo.: U.S.
Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1990; Open-File Report 90-687. 136 pp (5 plates).  
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 119 references.
KZ00255.
earthquake/ landslide/ mass earth movements/ historical survey/ risk assessment/ geology.

Rec# 17327. Chleborad, Alan F. Modeling and analysis of the 1949 Narrows Landslide, Tacoma,
Washington. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists. 1994; 31(3):305-327.
Geoarea: US, WA, Tacoma.
Note: 54 references.
KZ00325.
landslide/ earthquake/ engineering geology/ risk assessment/ environmental impact.

Rec# 4942.  Charland, James W. and Priest, George R. Inventory of Critical and Essential
Facilities Vulnerable to Earthquake or Tsunami Hazards on the Oregon Coast.  Portland, Oreg.:
Oregon Dept. of Geology and Mineral Industries.  1995; Open-File Report 0-95-02. 56 pp.  
Geoarea: US, Oregon.
Note: 0 references. OBSERVER 20, No. 2 (November 1995): 18.
This study assesses earthquake and tsunami hazards along Oregon's coast.  It inventories critical
and essential facilities in the state's seven coastal counties and cites their vulnerability.  Data are
provided for hospitals, schools, fire and police stations, emergency shelters, communications
centers, hazardous sites, and major structures.  Tables provide summary estimates of risk from
ground shaking and tsunami inundation for the counties and major communities in the area and
compare total existing facilities with those at risk.  Preliminary estimates of tsunami run-up
elevations are also included.  Although these data are preliminary, the authors state that "over
half of the critical and essential facilities on the coast...[are] vulnerable to collapse during
shaking.  This is particularly worrisome with respect to schools.  Should a great earthquake occur
during class time, children in as many as 64 of the 117 schools might find themselves in
collapsing buildings.  When...tsunami inundation is added...86 of the 117 schools may be
vulnerable".
EZ01529.
earthquake/ risk assessment/ tsunami/ coastal zone management/ state planning/ schools/ public
safety/ local planning/ emergency planning/ hazardous facilities.

Rec# 10988.  Building Technology, Inc. Financial Incentives for Seismic Rehabilitation of
Hazardous Buildings: An Agenda for Action.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Emergency
Management Agency.  1991; FEMA-216 (Vol. 3--Applications Workshops Report). 187 pp.
(Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series; 57).  
Geoarea: US, WA, MA, MO, SC, TN, UT.
Note: 0 references. Checklist. Manual.
The main finding of this study (reported in Volume 1, FEMA-198) was that no financial
incentives for seismic strengthening of buildings of any type, whether their source be
government (all levels), associations, or the private sector, were found to be in place or available
outide of California. Volume 3 deals with workshops for the development of local agendas for
retrofitting seismically at-risk buildings. It consists of two parts. Part I describes seven
Applications Workshops held during the fall of 1990 at locations that had been the subject of
earlier case studies. Part II is a workbook on how to convene additional workshops, and includes,
as attachments, actual materials to be utilized at such workshops. Among the attachments are 1) a
sample news release, sample sponsor's letter of invitation, and reply form; 2) a faculty workbook;
3) a facilitator's guide for conducting a seismic rehabilitation workshop; and 4) scripts to
accompany audiovisual and slide presentations. Issues addressed in the publication include the
enforcement of building codes, historic preservation, hazardous building identification, and local
economic conditions.
E00865.
earthquake/ retrofitting/ incentive/ local planning/ building codes/ enforcement/ state planning/
case study/ cultural preservation/ risk assessment.

Rec# 12899. Bucknam, Robert C.; Hemphill-Haley, Eileen, and Leopold, Estella B. Abrupt uplift
within the past 1700 years at southern Puget Sound, Washington. Science. (4 December 1992);
258:1611-1614.
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 28 references.
EZ01194.
earthquake/ paleoseismology/ risk assessment/ prediction/ geology.

Rec# 12444.  Booth, Derek B. and Bethel, John P. Approaches for seimic-Hazard Mitigation by
Local Governments: Example from King County, Washington.  Seattle, Wash.: Dept. of the
Interior, Geological Survey.  1991; Open-File Report 91-441-G. 12 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, King County.
Note: 7 references.
EZ01350.
earthquake/ local planning/ mapping/ risk assessment/ land use management/ zoning.

Rec# 225.  Bolton, Patricia; Heikkala, Susan G.; Greene, Marjorie M., and May, Peter J. Land
Use Planning for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation: A Handbook for Planners.  Boulder, Colo.:
University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Natural Hazards Research and
Applications Information Center.  1986; Special Publication No. 14. 130 pp.  
Geoarea: US, CA, WA, UT.
Note: Handbook. 27 references.
Written by planners and authorities on hazard management and response, this handbook is based
on the premise that land use planning techniques are useful and potentially less costly than other
measures to decrease earthquake loss potential. To demonstrate the usefulness of the techniques
and help local officials understand their application, the handbook proposes a systematic
approach for gathering information, determining the comparative effectiveness of various
techniques, and making decisions: 1) identifying local hazards and finding information on the
extent of risk; 2) learning about various planning techniques and how they work; 3) assessing the
feasibility of implementing different techniques; 4) determining how planning techniques will
interact with other community objectives or programs; 5) estimating the costs of adoption and
implementation; and 6) judging how successful a technique will be in light of the information
turned up in the previous steps. The framework was field tested in communities in California,
Washington, and Utah, and included with the discussion of each step is an example of how it was
applied in one of those communities.
E00088.
earthquake/ land use management/ risk assessment/ local planning/ legislation-regulation/
economic impact.

Rec# 13537. Bolt, Bruce A. Earthquakes.  New York, N.Y.: W.H. Freeman & Co.; 1993. 331 pp.
Note: 35 references. 2 copies. Glossary. 8 appendices. Copy 1 is 1988 edition.
Geoarea: US, CA, Mexico City, HI, WA, Mount St. Helens, Coalinga, USSR, Armenia, Japan,
Philippines, Loma Prieta.
First published in 1978, this book is an excellent layman's introduction to earthquake phenomena
and the means to mitigate their devastating effects. Often used as a textbook in high schools and
colleges (and translated into six languages), the revised edition features additional material on
seismology, artificially caused earthquakes, more up-to-date ways to measure earthquake
magnitudes, and recent case histories that reinforce the physical relationship between
earthquakes and volcanoes. Separate chapters deal with earthquake prediction, self-protection in
an earthquake, and environmental studies for earthquake-resistant design. Other features include
an earthquake quiz (with answers), an extensive glossary, and appendices dealing with wave
motion, sample calculations of seismic magnitudes and energy, and the seismic instrumentation
of important large structures.
E00035.
earthquake/ seismology/ geophysics/ prediction/ historical survey/ induced seismicity/
preparedness/ building design/ risk assessment/ volcano/ tsunami/ dam safety.

Rec# 16697.  Barlow, D. P. Tsunami:  Annotated Bibliography--Version 3.  Victoria, British
Columbia: BC Environment, Water Management, Floodplain Management Branch.  1995;
C92-092339-9. 34 pp.  
Geoarea: Canada, US, CA, WA, Oregon, HI.
Note: 238 references.  Bibliography.
Over 225 references in this bibliography address the following subject areas:  the nature of
tsunamis, generation, propagation, and termination; astronomical tides and storm surges;
statistics of historical infrequent events and risk analysis; coastal management in jurisdictions
other than British Columbia, principally the west coast of North America and Hawaii; tsunami
warning systems; regulation in British Columbia; construction in high hazard zones; and risk
management and insurance.
EZ01684.
tsunami/ earthquake/ emergency planning/ local planning/ warning systems/ prediction/ coastal
zone management/ structural measures/ seismology/ risk assessment/ seismology.

Rec# 338.  Ballantyne, Donald B. Earthquake Loss Estimation for the City of Everett Lifelines. 
Federal Way, Wash.: Kennedy-Jenks Consultants.  1991; 150 pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA, Everett.
Note: 57 references. Section on indirect losses.
This report provides estimates of economic losses caused by earthquake-related lifeline failures
in Everett, Washington. For three earthquake scenarios, the estimated losses include lifeline
facility repair and replacement costs as well as secondary losses resulting from lifeline outages.
The estimates are based on seismic vulnerability analyses and data provided by Everett lifeline
operators. In addition to providing specific results for Everett, the report demonstrates how loss
estimates can be generated for other cities and communities.
E00808.
earthquake/ loss estimation/ lifelines/ risk assessment/ local planning/ telecommunications/
transportation/ economic analysis/ scenario.

Rec# 12912. Atwater, Brian F. and Moore, Andrew L. Tsunami about 1000 years ago in Puget
Sound, Washington. Science. (4 December 1992); 258:1614-1617.
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 27 references.
EZ01195.
earthquake/ paleoseismology/ risk assessment/ prediction/ tsunami/ geology/ debris flow/
rockfall/ landslide.

Rec# 19560.  Atwater, Brian F. and Hemphill-Haley, Eileen. Recurrence Intervals for Great
Earthquakes of the Past 3,500 Years at Northeastern Willapa Bay, Washington.  Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey.  1997; USGS Professional Paper 1576. 108
pp.  
Geoarea: US, WA.
Note: 168 references.
E01193.
earthquake/ geology/ risk assessment/ environmental impact/ biology.

Rec# 13781. Alper, Joe. Shaking Seattle. Earth. (July 1993); 2(4):20-25.
Geoarea: US, WA, Seattle.
Note: 0 references.
EZ01242.
earthquake/ risk assessment/ local planning/ geology/ environmental impact.

Rec# 13591. Algermissen, S. T. Introduction to the Seismicity of the United States.  Berkeley,
Calif.: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute; 1983. 147 pp.
Note: Bibliography.
Geoarea: US, CA, NV, WA, Oregon, AK, HI, Puerto Rico.
E00039.
earthquake/ seismology/ risk assessment/ federal planning/ regional planning.

Rec# 12885. Adams, John. Paleoseismology: A search for ancient earthquakes in Puget Sound.
Science. (4 December 1992); 258(1592-1593).
Geoarea: US, WA, Puget Sound.
Note: 11 references.
EZ01193.
earthquake/ paleoseismology/ risk assessment/ prediction/ tsunami/ geology/ debris flow/
rockfall/ landslide.