ALASKA PUERTO 
PUERTO RICO 
SHAKING 
INTENSITY 
LIGHT MODERATE 
HAWAII SEVERE 
Note: There is approximately a 10% chance in 50 years that any given site vill experience the shaking intensity shown. Map adapted from the following sources: 1991 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 
(primary source) and 1994 Uniform Building Code (basis for western states). 
Figure 7-Map of Probable Shaking Intensity for the United States 
acceleration is often less than the maximum 
acceleration recorded during an earthquake. 
The three shaking intensity levels correspond 
approximately to the following EPA ranges: 
* Light, less than 0. 15g 
* Moderate, between 0.15g and 0.3g 
* Severe, greater than 0.3g 
Several examples of earthquake motion recorded 
during the 1994 Northridge earthquake may help 
to put these acceleration ranges in perspective. 
The Northridge earthquake had a magnitude of 
6.7. The magnitude of an earthquake is a 
measure of the amount of energy released by the 
fault rupture or ground shaking; it does not 
provide any information about the intensity of 
shaking at any particular location. During this 
earthquake, the intensity of ground shaking was 
severe in Northridge, near the earthquake 
epicenter. Several stations recorded ground 
motion with maximum accelerations in excess of 
0.9g. Nevertheless, the majority of stations in 
downtown Los Angeles, at distances of 
approximately 30-40 kilometers from the 
epicenter, recorded moderate ground shaking--
between 0.15g and 0.30g. Stations in Long 
Beach, approximately 60 kilometers from the 
epicenter, recorded light ground shaking--less 
than 0.15g [10]. EPA's from the Northridge 
earthquake records are lower than the maximum 
recorded accelerations indicated above, but the 
EPA's also show the same trend, that is, the 
shaking intensity became less severe as the 
distance from the epicenter increased. While 
few people outside California may need to 
worry about the intensity of shaking experienced 
in Northridge, many areas of the country may 
experience the moderate or light shaking that 
was felt in downtown Los Angeles and Long 
Beach during the Northridge earthquake. 
One further note regarding shaking intensity will 
serve to illustrate what appears to be one of the 
most extreme cases to date of recorded 
earthquake shaking intensity. A peak horizontal 
acceleration of 1.7g was recorded at the roof 
level of the Los Angeles County Olive View 
Medical Center in Sylmar during the Northridge 
earthquake. The roof acceleration was 2.6 
times higher than the ground acceleration 
(0.65g) measured near the building [11]. The 
horizontal forces on items at the roof level were 
170% of their weight, if only for an instant. 
Although some roof-mounted items at the 
hospital were severely damaged, most of the 
anchored items performed well because they 
were designed using the special seismic 
requirements of the California Hospital Seismic 
Safety Act. While this is an extreme case, 
standard code provisions are not adequate to 
protect items in essential facilities from shaking 
of this intensity. Even the above-average 
requirements of special codes, such as 
California's Hospital Act, are being revised to 
include lessons from the Northridge earthquake. 
NONSTRUCTURAL SURVEY 
PROCEDURES 
What types of nonstructural components are 
present in a particular facility? How does the 
owner or manager know what the potential 
problems are? How will a specific nonstructural 
item perform in an earthquake, and what are the 
consequences of failure in terms of life safety, 
property loss, and interruption or loss of 
function? If the decision is made to upgrade a 
facility, which problems should be addressed 
first? This chapter includes guidelines that will 
help answer these questions. 
TYPICAL 
NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 
The nonstructural components listed in the 
tables and checklists provided in the appendixes 
are items that are most commonly found in 
commercial, multiple-unit residential, Or public
buildings. A complex facility such as a 
hospital, research laboratory, or industrial plant
will contain many additional types of specialized 
equipment that are not addressed in this guide.
The common components can be divided into 
three general categories as follows. 
* Building Utility Systems 
These are typically built-in nonstructural 
components that form part of the 
building. Examples include mechanical 
and electrical equipment and 
distribution systems, piping and conduit, 
fire detection and suppression systems, 
elevators or escalators, HVAC systems, 
and roof-mounted solar panels. 
* Architectural Components 
These are typically built-in nonstructural 
components that form part of the 
building. Examples include partitions 
and ceilings, windows, doors, lighting, 
interior or exterior ornamentation, 
exterior panels, veneer, and parapets. 
* Furniture and Contents 
These are nonstructural components 
belonging to tenants or occupants. 
Examples include office, computer, and 
communications equipment; cabinets and 
shelving for record and supply storage; 
library stacks; kitchen and laundry 
facilities; furniture; movable partitions; 
lockers; and vending machines. 
Not every conceivable item is included in these 
lists, so some judgment is needed to identify the 
critical items in a particular facility. In general, 
items that are taller, heavier, or important to 
operations, items that contain hazardous 
materials, and items that are more expensive
should be included before items that are shorter, 
lighter, nonessential, inexpensive, and do not 
contain hazardous materials. 
FACILITY SURVEY 
As a first step, it may be useful to perform a 
survey of your facility to identify nonstructural 
components that may be vulnerable to 
earthquake damage.. As noted earlier, 
consultant expertise may be advisable. Keep in 
mind three basic questions as each nonstructural 
item is considered: 
* Would anyone get hurt by this item in an 
earthquake? 
* Would a large property loss result? 
* Would interruptions and outages be a serious 
problem? 
For some items, the answers to these three 
questions may not be immediately obvious, 
since failure of an item may result in both direct 
damage and consequential damage. For 
example, if a fire sprinkler line breaks, this may 
cause minor damage to the sprinkler itself but 
result in major damage to architectural finishes 
and contents of the building. Even if the 
building did not sustain any other damage, the 
occupants may not be able to use the facility 
until the fire safety system is repaired. The 
potential direct and indirect property loss in this 
case is much greater than the repair cost for the 
sprinkler system. As another example, the 
battery rack used to start an emergency 
generator is generally located in a locked 
mechanical room and is unlikely to hurt anyone 
even if the rack and batteries all fall on the 
floor, resulting in a total loss for the battery 
rack. The direct life safety threat, that is, the 
threat of injury, is probably low, but if the 
emergency generator doesn't work, building 
occupants may be injured attempting to evacuate 
the building in the dark, or the lives of hospital 
patients on life-support systems may be 
jeopardized. Gas-fired residential water heaters 
rarely fall and hit anyone, but they have caused 
many postearthquake fires due to ruptured gas 
lines. In short, it is important not only to view 
each item as a discrete object that could tip or 
fall and hurt someone directly, but also to 
consider the consequences of failure. 
A word of caution is in order regarding the field 
survey. When looking at mechanical equipment 
or office machines, it is sometimes easy to 
confuse a leveling bolt, which merely rests on 
the floor, with an anchor bolt, which is securely 
fastened to the floor. In the case of bookshelves 
in an office area, there may be hardware 
anchoring the shelving to the wall, but unless 
the hardware is secured to a solid wall or 
directly to a stud in a partition wall that is also 
braced, the anchorage may be ineffective in a 
strong earthquake. Anchor bolts that are 'A 
inch in diameter may be adequate to restrain a 
light file cabinet but are probably too small to 
effectively restrain any large piece of 
mechanical equipment. Thus, if any braces or 
anchors are visible, it is important to consider 
whether they will be effective for the expected 
shaking intensity. 
Survey Forms The field survey may be 
performed by using the forms and checklists in 
Appendixes A, B, and C. Appendix A contains 
a blank nonstructural inventory form that can be 
used to record field observations. The questions 
in the checklist provided in Appendix B will 
help identify vulnerable nonstructural items and 
potential hazards associated with each item. 
The questions on the checklist are all stated in 
such a way that a "no" answer is indicative of 
a potential problem. Items with potential 
problems should be listed on the nonstructural 
inventory form. The space provided for notes 
may be used to identify the type of problem 
observed, e.g., "unanchored," "unbraced," 
"bolts undersized," "bolts no good, missed 
stud," etc. Information regarding the existing 
vulnerability, upgrade costs, and priority may 
be added to the form later, after the initial field 
survey is complete. Appendix page A-3 
illustrates a sample nonstructural inventory 
form. 
During the initial survey, it may be helpful to 
create a list containing a large number of items. 
The initial list may be shortened later, perhaps 
by dropping low-priority items. At the initial 
stage, it is better to be conservative and 
overestimate vulnerabilities than to be too 
optimistic. 
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 
Following the initial field survey, additional 
information must be added to complete the 
nonstructural inventory form. Estimated risk 
ratings for many common items are listed in 
Appendix C. Upgrade costs for selected items 
are found with the details shown in Chapter 4. 
22 
Estimating the Shaking Intensity For 
the purposes of this nonstructural survey, the 
seismic risk, or shaking intensity, for a 
particular geographic location may be estimated 
by using the seismic maps shown in Figure 7. 
This figure shows the areas in the United States 
that are likely to experience light, moderate, or 
severe ground shaking during a future 
earthquake. Some of the areas that may
experience severe shaking are California; the 
area near New Madrid, Missouri; the islands of 
Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Guam (not shown);
and portions of western Washington and 
southern Alaska. Locations such as southern 
Illinois, South Carolina, and much of New 
England may experience moderate shaking, 
although most of the Continental United States 
east of the Rockies will likely experience light 
shaking. 
Shaking-intensity estimates based on the seismic 
risk maps in Figure 7 should be adequate for 
items situated at or near the ground in simple,
nonessential facilities. For other situations, it 
may be advisable to choose the next higher
shaking intensity or to seek the advice of 
professional consultants. 
Estimating the earthquake forces -on a particular
item in a particular building can be a difficult 
technical problem. In order to perform 
engineering calculations, an engineer may have 
to consider *one or more of the following 
factors: the proximity of the building site to an 
active fault, the soil conditions at the site, the 
flexibility of the building structure, the location 
of the item in the building, the flexibility of the 
floor framing or walls in the immediate vicinity 
of the item, the flexibility of the item, the 
weight and configuration of the item, the 
characteristics of any connection details between 
the item and the structure, the expected relative 
displacement between two connection points in 
adjacent stories or across a seismic gap, the 
Unction of the item, the function of the facility. 
One reason the use of professional consultants 
for complex facilities is recommended is that tie 
seismic risk maps in Figure 7 do not take any of 
these additional factors into consideration. 
Clearly, the complexity and detail of 
engineering calculations should be 
commensurate with the complexity and 
importance of the facility and the item in 
question. 
In addition, it may be appropriate to consider 
more than one earthquake scenario for a 
particular facility, since earthquakes of different 
magnitudes may occur at different average time 
intervals. For instance, a major earthquake 
with severe shaking might be likely to occur 
about once every 1000 years at a particular site, 
whereas the maps in Figure 7 are weighted 
toward more probable events and may show 
only moderate shaking for the site. While 
some installations may have to anticipate the 
most severe shaking, others may find it more 
economical to plan for a smaller, more frequent 
event. 
Estimating Seismic Risk The risk ratings
provided in Appendix C are based on a review 
of damage to nonstructural components in past
earthquakes and the judgment of the authors 
and their advisory panel. Estimates of future 
earthquake damage to either the structural or 
nonstructural components of a building are only 
that --estimates --and should be used with 
discretion. The approximations provided in this 
guide are adequate for the purpose of making an 
initial determination of the seismic risk of the 
nonstructural components of a simple facility.
For a facility that is more complex, or one 
where the potential risk is high, more detailed 
analyses should be performed by an in-house 
engineer or professional consultant. 
The seismic risks for life safety, property loss, 
and loss of function have been rated simply as 
high, moderate, or low for different levels of 
shaking intensity. Appendix C contains more 
detailed notes concerning the definitions and 
23 
assumptions used in assigning risk ratings. 
Stated briefly: Life Safety Risk is the risk of 
direct injury by the item; Property Loss Risk is 
the risk of incurring a repair or replacement 
cost as a result of damage to the item; Loss of 
Function Risk is the risk that the item will not 
function as a result of the damage incurred. The 
estimated risk ratings shown in Appendix C 
assume that the item is unbraced and 
unanchored and are intended for buildings with 
ordinary occupancies, not for essential facilities. 
The primary purpose of this information is to 
assist in assigning priority ratings, described 
below, and to help in identifying the most 
critical hazards. 
Estimating Upgrade Costs Upgrade cost 
estimates are provided with selected details in 
Chapter 4. These unit cost estimates can be 
used to produce subtotals for each category 
itemized on the nonstructural inventory form, 
and then added together to estimate the total 
seismic upgrade cost for the entire facility. If a 
number of repetitive protective measures are to 
be installed in a large facility, the unit cost may 
be lowered. 
The cost estimates can only be considered rough 
guides, since it is not possible to account for all 
the specific differences in construction 
conditions found in buildings or to allow for the 
variation in contractors' costs in changing 
construction market conditions and different 
regions of the country, or the difference 
between in-house labor versus outside contractor 
costs. The cost estimates cover labor and 
materials only and do not include any 
engineering or architectural services that may be 
required. 
More detailed cost estimates should include the 
impact of any disruption that the installation of 
upgrade devices might necessitate, and any 
inconvenience associated with the daily use of 
the devices. For example, some of the upgrade 
measures described can be installed only when 
the building is not in normal use, and a scale 
factor might be needed to account for increased 
labor rates for work to be done during 
nonbusiness hours. The installation of straps or 
other removable restrainers for movable 
equipment implies that users will reattach the 
strap each time the anchored item is moved, 
perhaps resulting in an increase in the cost of 
operations in some facilities. 
Detail Type Two types of upgrade details 
are presented in Chapter 4 of this guide and 
indicated in the lists presented in Appendix C. 
These two types of details are designated Do-It-
Yourself and Engineering Required and are 
described in more detail in Chapter 4. The 
nonstructural inventory form includes space to 
indicate the detail number or detail type. 
Priority Rating A simplified priority rating 
system might be used to indicate which items 
are more vulnerable to earthquake damage and 
to indicate those items whose failure is most 
likely to have serious consequences. All the 
items could be assigned a high, medium, or low 
priority, or each item or type of item could be 
ranked in order from highest to lowest. The 
highest priority might be assigned to those 
components where all three risk ratings are 
high. If loss of function is not a serious 
concern, the highest priority might be assigned 
to items where the life safety risk is high and 
the upgrade cost is lowest, since these hazards 
could be reduced most cost-effectively. 
The assignment of priorities may vary widely 
for different types of facilities, and this guide 
merely provides some guidelines that can be 
used to establish a ranking system. 
Cross-References Chapter 4 contains 
specific damage examples and anchorage details 
for a number of the listed items. For those 
items, cross-references are provided between the 
examples and the checklists in Appendixes B 
and C. 
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES 
Separate lists might be prepared to compare
relative cost estimates for different approaches. 
One list could describe a complete upgrade 
package covering all the vulnerable items 
identified in the survey, while another might
consist of a minimally protective and less 
expensive package that addresses only the most 
critical problems. On the other hand, separate
lists might be prepared considering different 
levels of shaking intensity. In this way, costs 
can be compared for two different levels of 
protection. The nonstructural inventory form 
provided in Appendix A can easily be 
reproduced with the use of spreadsheet or 
database software to facilitate the process of 
estimating upgrade costs, sorting in order of 
priority, comparing costs for different intensity 
levels, and so on. 
General advice on the subject of where to draw 
the line between completeness and quality, on 
the one hand, and cost, on the other, is difficult 
to provide. It is better to focus on the most 
significant problems and address them 
effectively than to develop an all-inclusive list 
that is too extensive to implement. A two-phase
approach may be desirable: Draw up a short list 
of the most critical items and address these first. 
After evaluating the success of the first phase, 
develop a second-phase program to address less 
critical items further down the list. The 
installation of seismic upgrade details is often 
easier than it might first appear. The important
thing is to make a start and to do the first effort 
well. 
4 NONSTRUCTURAL EXAMPLES:
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE AND 
UPGRADE DETAILS 
This chapter includes specific examples of 
selected nonstructural items. In most cases, the 
example includes a photograph of earthquake 
damage that occurred to an unanchored or 
inadequately anchored item paired with a 
drawing of suggested upgrade details that can be 
used to reduce the seismic vulnerability of the 
item. Some of these are simple, generic details 
that can be installed by a handyman; these 
details are marked Do-It-Yourself. Others are 
schematic details that need to be developed by 
a design professional for a particular situation 
and in some instances will require installation 
by a specialty contractor; these details are 
marked Engineering Required. Enough 
examples have been provided to allow for an 
effective initial survey of most ordinary-
occupancy buildings. The end of this chapter 
includes installation guidelines to accompany the 
Do-It-Yourself details. 
NONSTRUCTURAL EXAMPLES 
Photos of earthquake damage and suggested 
upgrade details are presented for a variety of 
common nonstructural items. While these 
examples do not cover every case, many items 
not included here would be damaged and/or 
upgraded in a manner similar to one that is 
shown. For example, the detail shown for an 
air compressor is applicable to many pieces of 
mechanical or HVAC equipment that are 
mounted on vibration isolation springs. 
Similarly, the wall and floor anchorage details 
shown for tall shelving or file cabinets are 
applicable to other items, such as storage 
cabinets or personnel lockers. The detail shown 
for a fire extinguisher could also be applied to 
a fire hose cabinet. Many types of desktop or 
countertop equipment found in offices, 
hospitals, or laboratories could be restrained by 
using the suggestions for desktop computers, 
although special detailing may be warranted for 
expensive equipment. Seismic protection 
schemes for newly installed items are often 
similar to the anchorage or restraint details 
shown. 
The examples have been divided into three 
categories: utility systems that are part of the 
building; built-in architectural components; and 
furniture and contents, which are typically the 
property of the occupants or tenants rather than 
a permanent part of the building. The examples 
are listed in Figure 8. 
Earthquake Damage The photographs 
presented here cover a variety of situations and 
have been taken over a 25-year period. 
Photographs from the 1971 San Fernando 
earthquake generally show damage to items that 
were not restrained, while some of the more 
recent photographs depict damage to items that 
appeared to be braced or anchored but whose 
bracing and anchoring details were apparently 
inadequate to resist the severity of the shaking. 
Upgrade Details The examples presented in 
this chapter show representative details for 
protecting common items from earthquake 
damage. The two different types of details are 
described below. 
* Do-It-Yourself These are simple, generic 
details for typical nonstructural items. Enough 
information is provided that a handyman can 
install them using common tools and readily 
available materials. Most of the examples for 
furniture and contents include simple details that 
are marked Do-It-Yourself. These details are 
applicable for many common items found in the 
home, office, or small business. At the end of 
this chapter are guidelines on the proper use and 
installation of these details. 
* Engineering Required These are schematic 
details showing common solutions for the items 
in question. These sketches do not contain 
sufficient information for installation; they are 
provided primarily as an illustration of the 
required scope of work. The designation 
Engineering Required has been used for items 
where the self-help approach is most likely to be 
ineffective. The recommendation of this guide 
is that design professionals be retained to 
evaluate the vulnerability of these items and 
design -appropriate anchorage or restraint details, 
particularly where safety is an issue. As stated 
earlier, this recommendation may apply to all 
items in specialized facilities such as hospitals 
and emergency operations or communications 
centers, where interruption or loss of function is 
unacceptable. 
Recent experience has shown many instances 
where fire sprinkler and other water lines, 
HVAC equipment, emergency generators, water 
tanks, ceilings, parapets, glazing, and so on 
were damaged when subjected to, severe shaking 
and failed to perform as expected. The lesson 
learned from this experience is that the 
protection of many items, particularly building 
utilities and architectural components in 
facilities that are expected to remain functional 
during and after a major earthquake, is a 
complex undertaking that should be addressed 
by engineers and architects with specific 
expertise in this area. As a result, most 
building utility systems and architectural 
components have been given the designation 
Engineering Required. Several of the items 
listed under furniture and contents have also 
been given this designation. 
The upgrade details for these items are 
schematic only and are presented here with 
estimated installation costs, primarily for 
planning and/or budgeting purposes. Facilities 
personnel can use this information in 
conjunction with the survey forms and checklists 
included in this guide to estimate the scope of 
the work needed and obtain initial cost estimates 
for planning purposes. 
Upgrade Cost The cost estimates provided 
with the details in this chapter may be used as 
a rough guide for planning or budgeting 
purposes.. The values are intended to cover the 
costs of materials and labor. They do not 
include any allowance for architectural or 
engineering fees, permits, special inspection, 
etc. These estimated costs represent a 
professional opinion based on information 
available at the time of publication in 1994. 
Actual construction costs may vary significantly, 
depending on the timing of construction, 
changes in conditions, the availability of 
materials, regional cost variations, and other 
factors. 
Figure 8 : Nonstructural Examples 
Detail Nonstructural Item 
U BUILDING UTILITY SYSTEMS 
U2 Batteries and Battery Rack 
U3 Diesel Fuel Tank 
U8 Electrical Bus Ducts and Primary Cable 
System 
U10 Fire Extinguisher and Cabinet 
U15 Propane Tank 
U19a Water Heater: Corner Installation 
U19b Water Heater: Wall Installation 
U21 Piping 
U29 Chiller 
Type of Detail Page 
Engineering Required 30 
Engineering Required 31 
Engineering Required 32 
Do-It-Yourself 33 
Engineering Required 34 
Do-It-Yourself 35 
Do-It-Yourself 36 
Engineering Required 37 
Engineering Required 38 
Engineering Required 40 
Engineering Required 41 
Engineering Required 42 
Do-It-Yourself 43 
Engineering Required 44 
Engineering Required 45 
Engineering Required 46 
Engineering Required 47 
Do-It-Yourself 48 
Do-It-Yourself 49 
Engineering Required 50 
Engineering Required 51 
Engineering Required 52 
Engineering Required 53 
Engineering Required 54 
Engineering Required 55 
U32 Air Compressor (or other HVAC Equipment) 
U35 Suspended Space Heater 
U36 HVAC Distribution Ducts 
U37 Air Diffuser 
U38 Residential Chimney 
A ARCBITECTURAL ELEMENTS 
A2a Built-In Partial-Height Partitions 
A2b Built-In Full-Height Partitions 
A3 Suspended T-Bar Ceilings 
A5a Suspended Light Fixtures 
A5b Pendant Light Fixtures 
A9 Stairways 
A12 Windows 
Al5a Unreinforced Brick Parapets 
Al5b Veneer 
A16 Freestanding Walls or Fences 
A21 Exterior Signs 
Detail Nonstructural Item Type of Detail Page 
C FURNITURE AND CONTENTS 
C8 Large Computers and Access Floors Engineering Required 56 
CIO Desktop Computers and Office Equipment Do-It-Yourself 57 
C12a Tall Shelving Engineering Required 58 
Cl2b Library Stacks Engineering Required 59 
Cl2c Tall Shelving: Wall Unit Do-It-Yourself 60 
C13 Tall File Cabinets Do-It-Yourself 61 
C18 Flexible Connection for Gas or Fuel Lines Do-It-Yourself 62 
C19. Drawer and Cabinet Latches (Kitchen, Office, Do-It-Yourself 63 
_ Laboratory, etc.) I 
C20 Freestanding Wood Stove Do-It-Yourself 64 
C21 Compressed-Gas Cylinders Do-It-Yourself 65 
C22 Containers of Hazardous Materials Engineering Required 66 
C26 Fragile Artwork Do-It-Yourself 67 
C27 Freestanding Half-Height Partitions Do-It-Yourself 6 
C28 Miscellaneous Furniture Do-It-Yourself 6 
Batteries and Battery Rack
Engineering Required
Earthquake Damage: 1971, San Fernando, California 
Photo Credit: John F. Meehan 
SEISMIC RESISTANT BATTERY 
RACKS ARE AVAILA 
VENDORS THAT MA 
BOLTED T0 THE FLOOR
AND/OR WALL 
BOLTED TO FLOOR 
BRACING OF LEGS 
MAY BE REUIRED. 
ACID RESISTANT STRAP
Schematic Upgrade Detail U2 
Approximate Cost: $200 UZ 
DIESEL FUEL TANK
Engineering Required
Unbraced Day Tank, Hospital, Puerto Rico 
Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. 
WELDED OR BOLTED 
CONNECTIONS 
FLEXIBLE 
CONNECTION 
TO GENERATOR 
PAD 
Schematic Upgrade Detail U3 
Approximate Cost: $ 500 -$1 000 
ELECTRICAL BUS DUCTS AND PRIMARY CABLE SYSTEM Ia5DL13ii 
Unbraced Overhead Conduit and Pipes 
Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. 
* ELECTRICAL BUS DUCTS AND CABLE LINES SHOULD BE ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE 
MOVEMENT AT LOCATIONS WHERE THEY CROSS SEISMIC JOINTS BETWEEN 
BUILDING WINGS. PROVIDE FLEXIBLE CONNECTIONS AT SEISMIC JOINTS. 
* PROVIDE FLEXIBLE CONNECTIONS AT LOCATIONS WHERE DUCTS OR CABLE ARE 
ATTACHED TO RIGIDLY MOUNTED EQUIPMENT. 
* DUCTS AND CABLE LINES SHOULD HAVE BOTH TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL 
SEISMIC BRACING SIMILAR TO THAT RECOMMENDED FOR PIPING. SEE PIPE 
BRACING DETAIL U21. 
Schematic Upgrade Detail U8 
Approximate Cost: $200 -$500 per brace U8 
FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND CABINET 
Unrestrained Extinguisher 
Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. 
LOCATION 
FLASHLIGHT 
CABINET 
BOLTED 
TO WALL 
STUD 
QUICKRELEASE 
STRAP 
Upgrade Detail U1 0 
Approximate Cost: $300 U10 
FLEXIBLE 
HOSE 
CONNECTION 
TO SUPPLY LINE 
PROPANE (SEE DETAIL C18) 
TANK 
CONCRETE PAD 
LARGE ENOUGH 
TO AVOID 
OVERTURNING 
CAST-I N-PLACE 
ANCHOR 
BOLT 
GROUND 
(OR EXPANSION 
BOLT) 
WATER HEATER: CORNER INSTALLATION I
FIRST STUD NOT 
BEHIND HEATER 
ENCIRCLE TANK ONE FULL 
WRAP FROM FRONT 
AND BACK WTH 
PLUMBER'S TAPE 
(4 PIECES TOTAL) 
PLAN 
3/4" X 24 GAUGE 
PLUMBER'S TAPE 
(PERFORATED 
METAL STRAP) 
12" MAX. 
.1 MIN. 
FROM COMBUSTIBLE 
MATERIAL, TYPICAL 
FLEXIBLE WATER 
CONNECTIONS 
CONCRETE OR 
MASONRY WALL 
ELEVATION 
Upgrade
114" o x 3" 
LAG SCREW WOOD 
WIFLAT STUD 
PLAN WASHER-
FLATTENED 
CONCRETE 
114" 0 EXP. ANCHOR 
W12" MIN. 
EMBEDMENT
OR 
MASONRY 
FLEXIBLE WATER 
CONNECTION 
3/4" X 24 GAUGE 
PLUMBER'S TAPE 
WATER 
HEATER 
FLEXIBLE
1971, San Fernando, 
BRACE 
$500 per brace 
38
SUFFICIENT CAPS
DISSOLATE EQUIPMENT 
UNDER NORMAL USE 
NEOPRENE 
"BUMPER" 
PADS 
ANCHOR BOLTS 
SPRING MOUNT 
(CHECK WITH 
VENDOR FOR 
SEISMIC MODEL) 
TWO STEEL Z's OR OTHER 
RESTRAINTS ON EACH OF NOTE: 
THE FOUR SIDES TO PREVENT SPECIAL CARE SHOULD 
UPWARD AND LATERAL BE EXERCISED DURING DESIGN 
EARTHQUAKE MOTION AS MANY RECENT FAILURES 
HAVE BEEN OBSERVED. 
GAS SPACE HEATER 
FLEXIBLE CONNECTION
A SUSPENDED 
ATTACH SECURELY 
STRUCTURE ABOVE 
ANGLE 
BRACING 
NOTE: SEE 
GUIDELINES FOR 
MORE 
INFORMATION 
12 GAUGE WIRES AT EACH MINIMUM 
CORNER OR AT LEAST 
AT DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE 
CORNERS
ANCHOR WIRES 
TO STRUCTURE 
ABOVE 
DIFFUSER