SP-345 Evolution of the Solar System

 

[545-599] INDEX

 

A cloud (see clouds (A, B, C, D))
ablation (see grain ablation)
abundances of elements, table 21.5.1
accelerated particles during hetegonic era, 16.8
accretion (see also accretional processes and models of solar system evolution)
defined, 1.4
general characteristics, 11.1
formation of
asteroids as a model of incomplete accretion, 18.7
celestial bodies, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
comets compared to accretion of planets, 14.8
embryo
growth in jet stream, 12.3 12.6, fig. 12.6.1
heating effects, 12.10, 12.12-12.13
spin characteristics, 13.1-13.6
temperature profile, 12.10
grains
fragmentation versus accretion, 7.1, 7.3-7.4, 11.5, 12.3, 22.7
hydromagnetic effects on grains in plasma, 15.5
resultant orbital and physical properties of grains, 11.7, 15.1, 15.5
selective accretion of metallic grains, 20.5
planets
temperature profile, 12.11, fig. 12.11.1
time required, 12.8-12.9, table 12.8.1, fig. 12.9.1
in jet streams, brief summary, 22.5
possible present-day examples
Hilda and Trojan asteroids, Thule, 11.6
theory
necessary properties, 11.7
simple model, 12.3-12.8
limitations, 12.7
and size spectra, 7.3
of volatile substances
compared to solid grains, 18.11
by gravitational accretion, 12.3
in jet streams, 16.7, 18.11
accretion, gravitational
general characteristics, 11.4
and embryo spin, 13.1, 13.3-13.4
Giuli's theory, 13.4-13.5
statistical
defined, 13.5
general characteristics, 13.5
and spin period and inclination, 13.6, fig. 13.6.1
transition from nongravitational accretion to gravitational accretic 7.4, 12.3
accretion, nongravitational (see also fluffy aggregates)
general characteristics, 11.5
basic difficulties and solutions, 11.5
and density waves, 14.3, 14.8, 19.3
and embryo spin, 13.2
of fluffy aggregates in space
electrically polarized grains, 7.4, figs. 7.4.1-7.4.2, 11.5, 12.3
magnetized grains, 12.3, 22.7, fig. 22.7.1
and jet streams, 11.5
transition from nongravitational accretion to gravitational accretic 12.3
accretion, runaway
definition, 11.4
and mass of accreting body, 12.6, fig. 12.6.1
time of initiation, 12.6, fig. 12.6.1
types
early
defined, 12.9
for planets, 12.9, fig. 12.9.1
and spin inclination of embryo, 13.6, fig. 13.6.1
and temperature profile of embryo, 12.10-12.11
delayed
defined, 12.9
for planets, 12.9, fig. 12.9.1
and spin inclination of embryo, 13.6, fig. 13.6.1
and temperature profile of embryo, 12.10-12.11
late
defined, 12.9
for planets, 12.9, fig. 12.9.1
spin inclination of embryo, 13.6, fig. 13.6.1
temperature profile of embryo, 12.10-12.11
accretion, statistical (see accretion, gravitational)
accretional catastrophe (see accretion, runaway)
accretional processes
and chemical differentiation of accreted body
formation of crust, core, mantle, 12.13, 20.5
hot spot front
general characteristics, 12.12-12.13
supportive evidence on Moon and Earth, 24.7
and embryo spin, 13.1-13.6
and heating effects (see also heating effects)
planetesimal impact melting, 12.12-12.13, 20.3
temperature profiles of accreted bodies, 12.10-12.11
in jet streams
brief summary, 22.5
general characteristics, 11.1, 12.6
by density waves, 14.3, 14.8, 19.3
in meteor streams, 14.3
versus fragmentation processes (see also collisions)
in asteroid belt, 7.1, 7.3
summary of collision effects, 12.3, 22.8
transition between fragmentation and accretion, 7.4, 12.3
accumulation (see accretion)
actinides and gravitative differentiation, 12.13
actualistic principle
defined, 1.1
applications of
hetegonic plasma, 15.4
interpretation of meteorite phenomena, 22.1
models of accretion, 11.7
partial corotation, 18.1
present structure of the solar system, 15.1
in studying solar system evolution, 1.1, 11.1
age (crystallization, degassing, gas retention and exposure) in meteorites, 22.9
aggregates (see grains, accretion of)
aggregation (see accretion, nongravitational)
alpha-Capricornid meteor stream association with comet, 14.4
Amalthea (see Jovian satellite system)
Amor asteroids (see Apollo-Amor asteroids)
angular momentum, orbital
defined, 2.1
of accreting grains and embryo spin, 13.1
distribution in solar system and Laplacian model, 2.4-2.5, 16.2
and gravitational collapse, 11.2, 16.2
and orbital stability, 10.1
for planets and satellites, table 2.1.1, figs. 2.3.1-2.3.4
transfer from primary by hydromagnetic effects during formation of secondary bodies
introduction, 16.1-16.2
model derivation, 16.3, fig. 16.3.1
modifications of model, 16.3-16.5
outer limit of solar angular momentum transfer, 19.1-19.2
Apollo-Amor asteroids
definition, 4.6
orbital parameters, 4.6, fig. 4.4.1
genetic relationships
with comets, 4.6
with meteorites, 22.2
hetegonic model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
traditional view, 19.8, fig. 19.8.1
apparent attraction, 6.4-6.5
approach, "first" and "second" (see plasma, pseudo, and plasma, real)
Ariel (see Uranian satellite system)
asteroidal families
defined, 4.3
general characteristics, 14.7
asteroidal jet streams (see jet streams, types)
asteroids (see also Apollo-Amor, Hilda, Hungaria, main belt, subvisual and Trojan asteroids; Ceres; Thule; Toro; Vesta)
formation and genetic relationships
accretion of asteroids in jet streams
summary, 14.7
asteroidal families, 4.3, 14.7
asteroidal jet streams, 4.3, 14.7
hetegonic model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
origin from exploded planet, 4.3, 11.8, 19.8
meteorite origin from asteroids, 22.2
motivation for asteroidal studies, 4.3, 18.7
orbital motion
forces governing, 5.1-5.2, fig. 5.1.1
orbital parameters, 4.1, 4.3-4.5, table 4.3.1, figs. 4.3.1-4.3.3, table 9.7.1
resonances, 8.5, table 8.5.1
physical properties
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.7.1
mass, 4.3, table 4.3.1
mass distribution, 4.1, 4.3, fig. 4.3.4
and resonance gaps, 4.3, fig. 4.3.4
(M,a) diagram, fig. 4.3.4
radius, equatorial, table 4.3.1
size spectra, 4.3
surface layer composition, 20.5
compared to that of known meteorites, 22.2
visual magnitude, tables 4.3.1, 9.7.1
atmosphere, terrestrial
formation theories
summary, 26.7
accretion phenomena, 26.1, 26.3-26.4
post-accretional degassing of the Earth, 26.2-26.3, 26.5
planetesimals as source of atmosphere, 26.2
atomic abundances of cosmically important elements, table 21.5.1
aurorae as examples of cosmic plasmas, 15.3
B cloud (see clouds (A, B, C, D))
band structure of spacing between secondary bodies
general discussion, 21.1
basic model, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2
apparent exceptions to model, 21.2, 23.9
bands of secondary bodies (see also band structure; gravitational potential energy)
defined, 21.2, fig. 21.2.1
general description, 21.2
and bands of elements, 21.5, fig. 21.5.1, table 21.5.1
chemical composition of bands
basic model, 21.11-21.12, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2
comparison with bands of elements, 21.5, fig. 21.5.1, table 21.5.1
effects of transplanetary condensation, 21.12, fig. 21.12.3
comparative study of groups within each band, 21.3
formation of bands, 21.11-21.12
slope of bands, 23.9
C cloud (see clouds (A, B, C, D))
Callisto (see Jovian satellite system)
capture, resonance (see resonance)
capture theory for satellites
Moon
brief summary, 24.9
general description, 24.4
destruction of Earth's satellites, 24.6
tidal evolution of lunar orbit, 24.5, fig. 24.5.1
retrograde satellites, 24.4
Cassini's division (see Saturnian rings, structure)
catastrophic accretion (see accretion, runaway)
celestial mechanics
guiding center approximation, 3.1-3.7
treating orbital motion, 5.1-5.2
central body (see primary body)
Ceres (see also asteroids)
physical properties
mass, radius, density, table 20.5.1
spin period, table 9.7.1
surface features, 20.5
visual magnitude, table 9.7.1
semi-major axis, fig. 20.7.1, table 20.5.1
chemical differentiation (see differentiation, chemical)
chemical separation (see differentiation, chemical)
chondrites (see meteorites)
chondrules (see meteorites)
chromosphere as an example of a cosmic plasma, 15.3
circumstellar dust envelopes
and information on early solar system environment, 15.4
circumstellar regions, ionization in, 15.1
cloud, source (see source cloud)
clouds (A, B, C, D)
defined, 21.11
introduction, 2.5, 18.10, 21.11
associated gravitational potential energy bands, 21.11, figs. 21.11-21.11.2
bodies formed in each cloud, 21.11, 23.8
composition of clouds
basic model, 21.11-21.12
compared to bodies formed in each cloud, 21.11
mass distribution, 23.6-23.8
controlling element, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2
dominant critical velocity, 21.11, fig. 21.11.2
overlapping of clouds
general discussion, 24.1
affecting composition of Moon and Earth, 24.8
collapse, gravitational (see gravitational collapse)
collision velocity
of asteroids, 11.5
effects on fragmentation and accretion, 7.4, 11.5, fig. 22.8.1
in jet streams, 11.5
subsonic, 12.3
supersonic, 12.3, 22.6
collisions (see also fragmentation; accretion; negative diffusion)
and accretional processes
accretion versus fragmentation, 7.4, 12.3, 22.8, fig. 22.8.1
nongravitational accretion, 7.4, 11.5, 22.7
of polarized particles, 7.4, figs. 7.4.1-7.4.2, 11.5, 12.3
of magnetized particles, 12.3, 22.7, fig. 22.7.1
grains condensing from a partially corotating plasma, 18.2.1
heating effects, 12.12-12.13
effects on orbital motion
in general, 5.2, fig. 5.1.1, 6.3, 6.6-6.9, 18.2
and Kirkwood gaps, 8.6
negative diffusion, 6.6, fig. 6.6.1
evidence from meteorites, 22.6
perturbing Kepler motion, 5.2
in jet streams
contraction of jet streams, 6.8
energy loss due to collisions, 12.5
evidence from meteorites, 22.6
coma, cometary, 4.1
cometary asteroids (see Apollo-Amor asteroids)
comets
composition
inferred from emissions, 14.6
mass, 4.1
nuclei, 14.3-14.4, 14.6
formation and genetic relationships
hetegonic model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
in meteor streams, 14.2-14.5, 19.6, 19.8
as source of
Apollo-Amor asteroids, 4.6
meteorites, 22.2
traditional view, 11.8, 19.8, fig. 19.8.1
orbital motion
governing forces and effects, 5.1-5.2, fig. 5.1.1
diffusion in aphelion due to planetary encounters, 19.5
orbital parameters, 4.6, fig. 4.6.1
comets, long-period, 4.6
formation and genetic relationships
accretion in meteor/jet streams in transplanetary space, 19.3-19.4,19.6, fig. 19.8.2
alternative views of origin, 19.4
origin in interstellar space, 4.6
primeval matter in solar system, 19.5
and short-period comets, 14.5
comets, short-period
definition, 4.1, 4.6
formation and genetic relationships
and long-period comets, 4.6, 14.5
close approach to Jupiter, 14.5
in meteor streams, 14.5, 19.8
comet cloud, Oort's, 14.5, 19.4
cometary reservoir, 4.6, 14.5, 19.4
commensurability (see resonance) commensurability , near -
general characteristics, 8.9
as broken resonance, 8.9
examples, 8.9
relation to retrograde satellites, 8.9
and stability of orbital motion, 10.2
comparative studies of planets/satellites
asteroid belt and Saturnian rings, 18.8
composition of celestial bodies, 20.7
composition of Earth and Moon, 24.8
to deduce origin of Moon, 24.2-24.4
groups of secondary bodies
mass distribution, 23.7
within each band of gravitational potential energy, 21.3
satellite systems, 24.2
to understand early properties of the Sun, 25.1-25.5
composition of celestial bodies (see also planets and satellite systems by name)
direct determinations
difficulty of interpretation, 20.3-20.4
sources of information, 20.2
theoretically deduced
limitation upon deduction due to unknown
solar composition, 20.6
states of matter, 20.4
Laplacian model, 20.1, 20.6-20.7
as function of
mass, 20.5, figs. 20.5.1 20.5.2
primary's radiation, 20.7, 25.5
radial distance from primary, 20.7
from hetegonic processes of
accretion, 12.12-12.13
emplacement of matter, 21.11-21.12
condensation (see also condensation, transplanetary)
condensation products
and formation of celestial bodies, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.
interpretation of meteorite data, 22.1
occlusion of noble gases during crystal growth, 26.2
orbital parameters of resulting matter, 17.5, fig. 17.5.1
in cosmic plasmas
in filaments or superprominences, 16.7
from partially corotating plasma, 17.5, fig. 17.5.1
processes in plasma environment, 15.3, 26.2
factors affecting
thermal radiation of early Sun, 2.5, 20.7, 25.5
transfer of angular momentum from primary to seconder 16.5, fig. 16.6.1
of grains
from plasma
in circumstellar regions, 15.1
cosmic plasma, 15.3
partially corotating plasma, 17.5, fig. 17.5.1, 18.2, fig.18.2.1
temperature considerations, 15.3, 22.1
condensation, transplanetary
defined, 19.1
condensation products, 19.3
ablation in plasma clouds, 21.12
formation of celestial bodies, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
formation of jet streams, 19.3
controlling element (see element, dominant/controlling)
core (see Earth, composition; Venus, composition)
cosmic atomic abundances
listed, table 21.5.1
and composition of celestial bodies, 20.1
cosmic plasma physics (see plasma physics)
cosmic rays and irradiation of meteorites, 22.9
coupling, resonance (see resonance)
crepe ring (see Saturnian rings)
critical velocity
defined, 21.8
general characteristics, 21.8, eq. 21.10.1
dominant/controlling critical velocity
basic discussion, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2
and composition of clouds (A, B, C, D), 21.12, figs. 21.12.1-21.12.2
experiments, 21.7-21.8
theoretical studies
review cited, 21.9
analogy to Franck-Hertz law, 21.9
values of critical velocity for
elements, table 21.5.1
polynuclear molecules, 21.11
critical velocity phenomenon
brief discussion, 21.7
discussion of ionization velocity, 21.4-21.5
for different gases (H, He, Ne, O, D, Ar), 21.8
in partially corotating plasma, 21.13
critical velocity sphere defined, 23.2
cross-section spectra, 7.2
crust (see Earth, composition; Moon, composition; differentiation; heating effects)
currents in hetegonic plasmas (see plasma, hetegonic)
D cloud (see clouds (A, B, C, D))
dark clouds
properties of, 1.4, 15.4
formation of bodies in, 15.4, 25.7
degassing of Earth's interior as suggested source of atmosphere, 26.2-26.3, 26.5
Deimos (see Martian satellite system)
density, average
of asteroids (Ceres, Vesta), table 20.5.1
of planets, table 2.1.1, table 20.5.1
of satellites, table 20.5.1
density, distributed
defined, 2.4
of the planets, 2.5, table 2.1.1, fig. 2.5.1
of the satellites, 2.5, table 2.1.2
Jovian, fig. 2.5.2
Saturnian, fig. 2.5.4
Uranian, fig. 2.5.3
density waves in jet streams, 14.3, 14.8, 19.3
deuterium-burning Sun, 25.6
deuterium, critical velocity of, 21.8
diamond in meteorites, 11.8
dielectric particles in space, 7.4
dielectric polarization (see electrostatic polarization)
differentiation, chemical
and composition of celestial bodies, 20.3
during accretion (see also hot spot front)
heating effects, 12.12- 12.13
gravitational effects, 12.12 12.13
of volatiles, 21.12, 26.4
during condensation, 21.12
during emplacement of matter, 21.11
of Earth, 12.12-12.13, 20.5, 26.7
lacking in small bodies, 20.3
of Moon, 12.12-12.13, 24.7
Dione (see Saturnian satellite system)
disc of uniform density (see Laplacian-type models)
disruption (see fragmentation)
distributed density (see density, distributed)
dominant critical velocity (see critical velocity, dominant)
double planet systems, general discussion, 24.1
double-layer, electrostatic (see electrostatic double-layer)
dust, interplanetary (see condensation, transplanetary; interplanetary dust)
dusty plasma (see plasma, dusty)
Earth (see also planets)
atmosphere (see atmosphere, terrestrial)
ocean (see ocean)
formation and accretion effects (see also accretion)
brief summary, 26.3
of core, crust and mantle, 12.10-12.13, fig. 12.11.1, 20.5, 26.3, 26.5
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
physical properties, table 2.1.1
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, figs. 20.5.1, 20.7.1
core, 20.5
crust, 26.3, 26.5
mantle, 20.5, 26.3, 26.5
and overlap of A and B clouds, 24.8
spin
as acquired during accretion, 13.1-13.6
changes due to lunar tidal braking, 9.4
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
prior to capture of Moon, methods of estimation 24.3
temperature profile
and accretion processes, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1, 20.5
evidence against complete melting, 26.3
and formation of ocean and atmosphere, 26.3, fig. 26.3.1
satellites (see also Moon)
absence of regular system, 21.2, 23.9
prior to Moon capture
brief summary, 24.9
and lunar mare and basins, 24.6, fig. 24.
destruction of regular satellites, 24.6
mass of satellites, 24.3, fig. 24.3.1
number of satellites, 24.3, fig. 24.3.2
tides
amplitude, table 9.2.1, fig. 9.4.1
tidal braking by the Moon, 9.4
eccentricity
definition, 2.1
guiding center treatment, 3.3
for orbits of
asteroids, 4.3-4.4, figs. 4.3.1, 4.4.1, table 4.3.1
comets, fig. 4.6.1
meteor streams, fig. 4.6.1
planets, table 2.1.1
satellites, table 2.1.2 2.1.3
of 1/3 for orbits of grains condensed from partially corotating plasma, 17.5, fig. 17.5.1
ejecta (see collisions; fragmentation)
electret particles in space, 7.4, figs. 7.4.1-7.4.2
electric breakdown analogy to critical velocity phenomena, 21.4
electric polarization of
interplanetary dust, 7.4, figs. 7.4.1-7.4.2
grains and accretion processes, 11.5, 12.3
electromagnetic effects (see also hydromagnetic effects, magnetic effects)
in interplanetary plasma, 1.4, 5.3, fig. 5.1.1, 15.1
ionization and arrest of infalling gas, 21.4
electron energy increase associated with critical velocity phenomenon, 21.8
electrostatic double layers in plasmas
general properties, 15.3, fig. 15.3.1
experimental review cited, 15.3
in magnetosphere, 16.3
electrostatic polarization of grains in space, 7.4, figs. 7.4.1-7.4.2, 11.5, 12..
element, dominant/controlling
for clouds (A, B, C, D), 21.11-21.12
and critical velocity phenomenon, 21.11
ellipticity (see oblateness)
embryo (see also planetesimal)
accretion
in jet streams, 12.3-12.6
brief summary, 12.6, fig. 12.6.1
heating effects, 12.12-12.13
spin produced by accretion, 13.1-13.6
as function of size and mass, 13.3
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
prograde, 13.4
retrograde, 13.4
temperature profile, 12.10
emplacement of matter (see also critical velocity)
composition of accreted bodies, 20.5
energy release during emplacement, 23.1
ionization of infalling gas, 21.2-21.5, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2, 23.1-23.4
positioning of gravitational potential energy bands, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2
spacing among groups of secondary bodies, 21.2-21.5, 21.11, figs. 21.2.1-21.2.2
and spin of primary body, 23.1-23.10
Enceladus (see Saturnian satellite system)
energy release
during emplacement of matter, 23.1
during transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary body17.6
envelopes, circumstellar dust (see circumstellar dust envelopes)
epicycle (see guiding center method; orbital motion)
escape velocity
defined, 2.2
for planets, table 2.1.1
Europa (see Jovian satellite system)
evolutionary stages in development of a primary/secondary system
pertient studies of
small bodies, 4.1-4.3, 18.7, 22.1, 22.10
spin of celestial bodies, 9.1, 9.8
brief synopsis, 1.3, 16.6, fig. 16.6.1, fig. 16.7.1, 27.1
formation of the Sun, 1.4, 25.7
emplacement, ionization and plasma capture of matter (see also emplacement; ionization of infalling gas; critical velocity phenomeno:
brief description, 1.3
basic characteristics, 1.4
ionization of infalling gas, 21.2-21.5, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11, 23.1-23.4
resulting mass distribution as a function of primary spin, 23.5-23.
hydromagnetic transfer of angular momentum (see also angular momentum, transfer; condensation; partial corotation)
transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary, 16.1-16.6
partial corotation
defined, 17.1
general characteristics, 17.2
observational verification, 18.6, 18.8-18.9
condensation
summary, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
from partially corotating plasma, 17.5, fig. 17.5.1
and primary's radiation, 2.4, 20.7, 25.5
temperature considerations, 1.4, 15.3, 22.1
accretional (see also accretion)
defined, 1.3
general characteristics, 1.4, 11.1
summary, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
general prerequisites, 11.7
in jet streams; brief summary, 21.4, fig. 21.4.1, 22.5
possible present-day examples, 11.6
types of accretion
planetesimal, 11.3
gravitational, 11.4 (see also accretion, gravitational)
nongravitational, 11.5 (see also accretion,nongravitational)
post-accretional (see also stability of orbits)
defined, 1.3
general characteristics, 1.4
in asteroid belt, 4.2, 10.3
resonance structures, 10.2
Saturnian rings, 10.3
spin isochronism, 10.4
stability of orbital motion, 10.1
exact resonance (see resonance)
exploded planet hypothesis for origin of small bodies
asteroids, 4.3, 11.8, 19.8, fig. 19.8.1
comets, 11.8
meteorites and meteoroids, 11.8, 22.1, 26.2
arguments against explosion hypothesis, 11.8
exposure dosage in meteorites, 22.9
fall-down ratio (see two-thirds law)
families, asteroidal
general characteristics, 14.7
relation to jet streams, 4.3
similarity of orbital parameters, 4.
Ferraro isorotation
basic assumptions, 16.3
general characteristics, 16.3
resulting plasma distribution, 17.2
filaments in plasmas (see hydromagnetic effects; plasma, real; super-prominences)
first approach (see plasma, pseudo)
Flora family of asteroids, 4.3
fluffy aggregates (see also grains, accretion)
formation of, 7.4, figs. 7.4.1-7.4.2, 11.5, 12.3, 22.7, fig. 22.7.1
accretion of, 7.4, 11.5, 12.3
fluffy state of matter
knowledge of
basic lack, 20.4
experimental studies, 7.4
in meteorites, 20.4, 22.7, fig. 22.7.1
examples
surface of Martian satellites, 20.4, fig. 20.4.1
in meteorites, figs. 7.4.1-7.4.2, fig. 22.3.1
focusing (see apparent attraction; Kepler motion, collision preturbed; jet
streams)
formation of planets and satellites (see accretion)
formation of stars
by gravitational collapse, 11.2
by stellesimal accretion, 25.7
formative era (see hetegonic era)
fractionation (see differentiation, chemical)
fragmentation
simple model and size spectra, 7.3
transition between fragmentation and accretion, 7.4, 12.3
versus accretion
in asteroid belt, 7.1, 7.3
evidence in meteorites, 22.4-22.8, fig. 22.8.1
summary of collision effects, 22.8, fig. 22.8.1
front, hot spot (see hot spot front)
frozen-in field lines
description, 15.3, table 15.3.1
and Ferraro isorotation, 16.3, fig. 16.3.1
gale, solar (see solar gale)
Ganymede (see Jovian satellite system)
gaps (see Kirkwood gaps; resonance effects)
gas, accretion, 11.4 (see also volatiles)
gas, infall
duration of infall, 12.8, 12.10
general discussion, 21.1
ionization of, 21.2-21.5, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2, 23.1-23.4
interaction with plasma (see critical velocity phenomenon)
gas content of jet streams (see jet streams, composition)
genealogy of celestial bodies
hetegonic model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
traditional view, 19.8, fig. 19.8.1
Giacobinid meteors
composition compared to that of chondritic meteorites, 22.2
Giacobini-Zinner comet, 22.2
Giuli's gravitational accretion theory, 13.4-13.5
grain ablation of transplanetary condensates passing through plasma clouds, 21.12
grains
accretion (see also accretion)
required orbital and physical properties of the grains, 15.1, 15.5, 11.7
gravitational accretion
imparting spin to embryo, 13.1-13.6
in jet streams, 12.3-12.6
nongravitational accretion
electrically polarized grains, 7.4, figs. 7.4.1-7.4.2, 11.5, 12.3
magnetized grains, 12.3, 22.7, fig. 22.7.1
selective accretion of metal grains, 20.5
composition, 26.2
condensation (see also condensation of grains)
condensation products
crystal growth, 26.2, fig. 7.1.1
interpretation from meteorite data, 22.1
condensation environment
in cosmic plasmas, 15.1, 15.3, 26.2
in filaments or superprominences, 16.7
in partially corotating plasmas, 16.5,fig. 16.6.1, 17.5,fig. 17.5.1
radiation, 5.5, 11.5
temperature considerations, 15.3, 22.1
thermal radiation of primary, 2.4, 20.7, 25.5
orbital motion governed by
accretional processes, 11.7
collisions, 5.2, 6.3, 6.9, fig. 6.9.1, 18.2
gravitational and electromagnetic forces, 5.4
partially corotating plasma, 17.1, 17.5, 18.2
grains, asteroidal (see subvisual asteroids)
gravitational accretion (see accretion, gravitational)
gravitational collapse (see also Laplacian-type models)
formation of stars, planets and satellites, 11.2
objections against, 11.2, fig. 11.2.1, table 11.2.1, 21.1
gravitational effects
formation of jet streams, 6.4-6.5
on orbital motion
of large bodies, 5.2, fig. 5.1.1
of small bodies, fig. 5.1.1, 5.4
of secondary versus primary body, 11.2, fig. 11.2.1, table 11.2.1
gravitational potential energy
defined, 21.2
of bands of secondary bodies, 21.2, fig. 21.2.1
of cosmically important elements, 21.5, table 21.5.1, fig. 21.5.1
density of celestial bodies, 20.7, figs. 20.7.1, 21.12.3
equated to ionization energy to study band formation, 21.5, fig. 21.5.1, table 21.5.1
ionization of infalling gas, 21.4
gravitational potential energy bands (see bands of secondary bodies)
gravitative differentiation (see differentiation; heating effects)
grazing planet (satellite)
defined, 2.3
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1 (table 2.1.2)
groups of secondary bodies (see also bands of secondary bodies)
introduction, 2.5
listed, table 2.5.1, 18.10
and clouds (A, B, C, D), 23.8
comparative study, 21.3
formation of groups, 18.10, fig. 18.10.1, 23.1-23.4
absence of expected groups explained, 21.2, 23.8
and gravitational potential energy bands
description of bands, 21.2, fig. 21.2.1
relation to primary mass, 21.2, fig. 21.2.1
properties
mass distribution within each group, 23.6-23.7, fig. 2:
number of bodies in each group
as a function of mathematical symbol figs. 23.5.1, 23.6.1, 24.3, fig. 24.3.2
spacing between groups
basic model, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2
between Mars and Jupiter, 18.10
and emplacement of matter, 21.2-21.5, fig. 21.2, fig. 21.11.2
spacing within a group, 18.10
guiding center method (see also orbital motion)
definition, 3.1
motivation, 3.1
and apparent attraction, 6.4-6.5
and eccentricity, inclination, pericenter and nodes, 3.3
in unperturbed 1/r2 gravitational field, 3.4
of orbit with large eccentricity, 3.5
hardness spectrum of radiation
in Fayetteville meteorite, fig. 22.9.1
heat, solar
prevention of condensation, 2.5, 20.7, 25.5
heat front (see hot spot front)
heating, frictional (see grain ablation; pericentric frictional heating)
heating, pulsed (see pericentric frictional heating)
heating effects (see also differentiation; hot spot front)
during accretion
of growing embryo, 12.10
of planets, 12.11 12.13, fig. 12.11.1
due to impact of accreting grains and planetesimals, 12.12-12.13, 20.3
temperature profiles of accreted bodies, 12.10 12.11
evidence
in meteorites, 11.8, 22.4, 22.6
in lunar and terrestrial crusts, 24.7
frictional heating at pericenter of orbit, 11.8, 21.12, 22.4
melting of planetary interior by radiogenic heat, 20.5
primary's radiation and composition of secondary, 20.7, 25.5
helium, critical velocity of, 21.8
hetegonic, defined, 1.2
hetegonic effects, evidence of in
asteroid belt, 10.3, 18.8, fig. 18.8.1
meteorites, 16.1, 22.1, 22.6, 22.9-22.10
resonances, 8.5, 10.2
Saturnian rings, 8.7, 10.3, 18.6, figs. 18.6.3-18.6.4
hetegonic era (see also models of solar system evolution, hetegonic)
differentiation processes during, 20.3
magnetic fields during, 16.1, 16.3, table 16.3.1, 19.2, 25.2-25.3
solar radiation during, 5.5, 16.8, 22.9, 25.5
hetegonic jet streams (see jet streams, types)
hetegonic nebulae (see nebulae, hetegonic)
hetegonic principle
introduced, 1.2
general characteristics, 16.9, fig. 16.9.1
limitation of, 16.9
applications to
composition of celestial bodies, 20.7
formation of clouds (A, B, C, D), 21.11
formation of planetary and satellite systems, 21.11
interpretation of meteorite data, 22.1
origin of Moon, 24.1-24.4
resonance theory, 9.6
study of early Sun, 25.1
mass, 25.2
magnetic field, 25.3
radiation, 25.5
spin period, 25.4
hetegonic processes (see evolutionary stages)
hetegonic shadow
defined, 18.6
examples
Jupiter, 18.8, fig. 18.8.1
main belt asteroids, 18.8, fig. 18.8.1
Mimas, 18.6, figs. 18.6.3-18.6.4
Saturnian rings, 18.6, figs. 18.6.3-18.6.4
hetegony
defined, 1.2
high pressure experiments
and composition of core material in celestial bodies, 20.4
Hilda asteroids
orbital motion
orbital parameters, 4.4, fig. 4.3.3
and Kirkwood gaps, 8.6
resonance with Jupiter, 4.4, 8.5, fig. 8.5.4, table 8.5.1
possible present-day accretion, 11.6
Hirayama families
definition, 4.3
and "proper elements" of asteroid orbits, 4.3, fig. 4.3.5, table 4.3.2
homogeneous disc as precursor medium for planetary system (see Laplacian-type models)
Homopolar device for critical velocity experiments, 21.8
Honda-Mrkos-PaJduskova comet, 14.4
hot spot front
defined, 12.12
brief summary, 26.4
general characteristics and effects, 12.12-12.13
differentiation of accreting body, 12.13, 20.5
release of water from impacting planetesimals, 26.4
supportive evidence
volatile loss from Earth and Moon, 24.7
Hungaria asteroids
orbital motion, 4.4, fig. 4.4.1, fig. 4.3.3
possible resonance with Jupiter, 4.4
hydrated minerals in meteorites, 11.8
hydrogen, critical velocity of, 21.8
hydromagnetic effects
brief summary, 15.5
in cosmic plasmas, 1.4, 15.3, 15.1
during transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary body
heating and ionizing of plasma, 17.6
magnitude of effects, 16.2-16.6
model of transfer, 16.3
ionization and arrest of infalling gas, 21.2 21.5, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2, 23.1 23.4
hydromagnetic parameter, characteristic
defined, 15.1
values, table 15.1.1
hydroxyl
emission from comets, 14.6
source of ocean and atmosphere in planetesimal hydroxysilicates, 26.2
hydroxysilicates in planetesimals and meteorites
postulated origin in exploded planet, 26.2
grown in laboratory, 26.2
Hyperion (see Saturnian satellite system)
Iapetus (see Saturnian satellite system)
icy conglomerate
as comet nucleus, 14.3
impact (see collisions) impact melting
differentiation of embryo matter, 12.12-12.13
due to accreting planetesimals, 12.12-12.13, 20.3
hot spot front, 12.12 12.13, 20.5, 26.4
impurities in clouds (A, B, C, D) 21.11-21.12
inclination, orbital
asteroids 4.3-4.4, figs. 4.3.2, 4.4.1, table 4.3.1
comets, fig. 4.6.1
guiding center approximation, 3.3
meteor streams, fig. 4.6.1
planets, table 2.1.1
satellites, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
inclination of equator to orbital plane
and accretion processes, 13.6
of the planets, table 2.1.1, fig. 13.6.1
inelasticity of collisions (see negative diffusion)
evidence from meteorites, 22.6
and negative diffusion theory, 6.6
inertia, normalized moment of
defined, 2.2
for planets, table 2.1.1
infall of matter
defined, 21.1
general characteristics, 21.1
basic model, 21.11-21.12, figs. 21.12.1-21.12.2
interaction with local plasma
introduction, 21.4
arrest of infall due to
ionization, 23.1-23.10
trapping in clouds (A, B, C, D) 21.12, fig. 21.12.2
energy release, 23.1
resulting mass distribution, 23.1-23.10
resulting spacing of bodies, 21.2-21.5, figs. 21.2.1, 21.11.2, 23.6, fig. 23.6.1
infall velocity and arrest of infalling gas, 21.4 (see also critical velocity phenomenon)
infall time (see time (duration) of infall of matter)
instabilities in plasma, 15.3
instability, gravitational (see gravitational collapse)
interaction, mutual effects of particles and orbital motion, 6.4
internal electric polarization (see electrostatic polarization)
internal velocity (see velocity, internal)
interplanetary condensation (see condensation)
interplanetary dust (see also grains; condensation, transplanetary)
accretion to form celestial bodies, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
forces governing orbital motion, 5.1-5.6, fig. 5.1.1
interplanetary medium
defined, 6.2
effects on orbital motion, 6.2
interplanetary space
defined, 19.2
interstellar dust
in transplanetary space, 19.3
interstellar molecules, critical velocity of, 21.11
Io (see Jovian satellite system)
iodine
I129/Xe129 ratios in meteorites, 22.9
ionization
in circumstellar regions, 15.1
degree of
in cosmic plasmas, 15.3
in hetegonic plasmas, 15.1, 23.1-23.4
ionization distance (see also critical velocity phenomenon)
introduced, 21.4
and mass distribution within groups of secondary bodies, 23.1-23.8
modified for partially corotating plasma, 21.13
ionization energy of infalling gas, 21.5, fig. 21.5.1, table 21.5.1
ionization of infalling gas
by interaction with plasma, 15.3, 21.4
complete ionization
theory 23.2, fig. 23.2.1
giant planets, 23.2, fig. 23.2.2, table 23.2.1
outer Saturnian satellites, 23.2
partial ionization, 23.3, fig. 23.3.1
ionization potential
of cosmically important elements as a function of gravitational potential energy, 21.5, fig. 21.5.1, table 21.5.1
ionization velocity of infalling gas, 21.4 (see also critical velocity phenomenon)
iron
in cores of Earth, Mercury, Pluto and Venus, 20.5
irradiation effects
during hetegonic era, 5.5, 16.8, 22.9, 25.5
irradiation record in meteorites, 16.8, 22.9, fig. 22.9.1
irregular groups, defined, table 2.5.1
isochronism of spins
defined, 9.7, fig. 9.7.1, table 9.7.1
and accretional processes, 13.3
and accretional theory, 13.4
and stability of the solar system, 10.4
Janus (see Saturnian satellite system)
jet streams
defined, 1.4
general characteristics, 4.3, 6.9, 11.5, 12.6
and accretional processes
brief summary, 21.4, fig. 21.4.1, 22.5
density waves, 14.3, 14.8, 19.3
nongravitational accretion, 7.4, 11.5, 12.3, 22.7
resolution of objections.to accretional formation of bodies, 11.1, 12.2
simple model, 12.2-12.6
limitations of model, 12.7
spin acquisition by accreting body, 13.1-13.6
physical properties simple toroid model, 12.2
composition
deduced from meteorite composition, 22.6
of distinct streams, 22.9
gas content, 22.6
density
defined, 12.3
and embryo growth, 12.6, fig. 12.6.1
numerical values, 12.8, table 12.8.1
for planetary jet streams, table 12.8.1
volume
simple model, 12.2
for planetary jet streams, table 12.8.1
evolution of jet streams
summary, 6.9
energy balance, 12.5
mass
assimilation of mass, 6.9, fig. 6.9.1, 12.4
compared to Laplacian rings and Saturnian rings, 6.8
orbital characteristics
contraction of jet stream, 6.8-6.9, 12.5-12.6, fig. 12.6.1
dispersion of jet stream, 6.8-6.9
Kepler motion, 6.1-6.10
negative diffusion, 6.6, fig. 6.6.1, 6.8-6.9
profile of a jet stream, 4.3, 12.7, 11.5
types
list, 6.10
asteroidal
defined, 4.3
general characteristics, 14.7
evolutionary processes in, 14.7
focusing of, 4.3
Flora A jet stream, 4.3, fig. 4.3.6
cometary, 14.7
hetegonic
compared to asteroidal, 12.7, 12.2
and formation of planets and satellites, 12
meteor streams, 14.2
transplanetary, 19.3
Jovian satellite system (see also satellite systems)
comparative study with other satellite systems, 21.3
orbital motion
orbital parameters, table 2.1.2
angular momentum, fig. 2.3.2
resonances
Io-Ganymede-Europa, 8.5
retrograde satellites
capture theory, 24.4
relationship with Trojan asteroids, 8.5
physical properties
physical properties, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
composition and primary's radiation, 20.7
density, average, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.7.1
density, distributed, table 2.1.2, fig. 2.5.2
mass distribution, 2.4-2.5, fig. 2.5.2, 23.6-23.7
tidal deformation table 9.2.1
Jupiter (see also planets)
orbital motion
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
resonances
Hilda asteroids, 8.5-8.6, fig. 8.5.4, table 8.5.1
Thule, 8.5, table 8.5.1, 8.6
Trojan asteroids, 8.5, fig. 8.5.3, table 8.5.1
physical properties, table 2.1.1
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.5.2, fig. 20.7.1
excess energy emission, 20.5
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
temperature profile, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1
tidal braking of spin by satellites, 9.4
tidal deformations, table 9.2.1
satellites (see Jovian satellite system)
Jupiter 6-12 (see Jovian satellite system)
Jupiter capture of long-period bodies to form short-period bodies
comets, 14.5, 19.5-19.7, fig. 19.8.1
meteoroids, 19.5, 19.7, fig. 19.8.2
Kepler motion
of asteroids, 5.2, fig. 5.1.1
guiding center approximation, 3.1-3.7, fig. 3.3.1
of interacting bodies 6.1-6.10
and jet streams, 6.1-6.10
transition from partial corotation, 17.5
Kepler motion, collision perturbed
describing mutual interaction of bodies in Kepler orbits, 5.1-5.2, 5.1.1, 6.3, 6.6-6.9
of grains condensed from partially corotating plasma, 18.2
in Saturnian rings, 18.5
kinematic image of condensing plasma
general explanation, 18.5
in asteroid belt, 18.8
in Saturnian rings, 18.5-18.6
Kirkwood gaps
defined, 4.3
collision effects, 8.6
in contrast to captured asteroids at resonance points of Jupiter, 4.4
and resonance effects, 4.3, fig. 4.3.3, 8.5-8.6, 18.6, fig. 18.6.2
Kordylevsky clouds
of small bodies in Moon's orbit, 4.5
Lagrangian points
bodies captured in
Trojans around Jupiter, 4.5
small bodies around the Moon, 4.5
measure of gravitational dominance, 11.2, fig. 11.2.1, table 11.2.1
Laplacian-type models of solar system evolution
general description, 16.2
inadequacies
chemical composition of solar system, 20.1, 20.6-20.7
conservation of angular momentum, 16.2
gravitational collapse, 11.2, 21.1
mass distribution in solar system, 2.4-2.5, 21.1
support of cloud against central body's gravitation, 16.4
and Titius-Bode's law, 2.4
Leonid meteor stream, 14.4
libration
deviation from exact resonance, 8.4
as a measure of resonance stability, 8.4
libration angle
defined, 8.4
libration point (see Lagrangian points)
(M,a) diagram
distribution of asteroid mass, 4.3, fig. 4.3.4
and hetegonic effects, 18.8 fig. 18.8.1
magnesium silicates (see silicates)
magnetic dipole moment
required for transfer of angular momentum from primary to second
body
derived, 16.3
tabulated, table 16.3.1
magnetic effects (see also hydromagnetic effects)
ionization and arrest of infalling gas, 21.2-21.5, 21.11, figs. 21.11-21.11.2, 23.1-23.4
magnetic clustering of grains, 12.3, 22.7, fig. 22.7.1
magnetic field
galactic, 19.2
of primary body during formation of secondary bodies and transfer of angular momentum
assumptions, 16.1
supportive evidence
observational, 16.1
theoretical, 16.1
values, 16.3
solar magnetic field in hetegonic era, 25.2
transplanetary magnetic field, 19.2
magnetic field lines
and motion of plasma, 15.3, fig. 15.3.4
magnetization, remanent (see remanent magnetization)
magnetization of grains, 12.3, 22.7, fig. 22.7.1
magnetization of a plasma
poloidal versus toroidal, 15.3, fig. 15.3.3
magnetograms, solar (see solar magnetograms)
magnetohydrodynamics (see hydromagnetic effects, hydromagnetic parameter)
magnetohydrodynamics, applications to
emplacement of matter around primary, 16.7, 17.1-17.2, 23.1-23.3
evolutionary theories 1.4 (see also evolutionary stages)
space science, 1 S.1, table 15.1.1
transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary, 16.1-16.6
magnetosphere
electrostatic double layers
mechanism of establishing, 16.3
theoretical/observational review cited, 16.3
electric field parallel to magnetic field, 16.3, fig. 16.3.1
and information on hetegonic plasmas, 15.4
review of experimental work cited, 15.3
magnitude, visual
of asteroids, 4.3, table 4.3.1, table 9.7.1
main belt asteroids
orbital parameters, 4.3, figs. 4.3.1-4.3.3, fig. 4.4.1
resonances, 4.3, 8.5-8.6
structure
compared to Saturnian rings, 18.6, 18.8
hetegonic effects, 18.8
2/3 fall-down ratio, 18.8, fig. 18.8.1
Kirkwood gaps, 4.3, 8.5-8.6, 18.6, fig. 18.6.2
stability of structure, 10.3
mantle (see Earth, composition)
many body problem in celestial mechanics, 5.2
Mars (see also planets)
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
physical properties, table 2.1.1
mass, radius, density, table 20.5.1
composition, 20.5, figs. 20.5.1, 20.7.1
spin
tidal braking by satellites, 9.4
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
temperature profile, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1
satellites (see Martian satellite system)
Martian satellite system (see also satellite systems)
orbital parameters, table 2.1.2
physical properties, table 2.1.2
and bands of secondary bodies, 21.2
surface features of Phobos, fig. 20.4.1
mascons on the Moon, 24.6
mass
asteroids, 4.1, table 4.3.1, figs. 4.3.4, 5.1.1
comets, 4.1, fig. 5.1.1
in jet streams, 12.4, 12.6, fig. 12.6.1
planets, table 2.1.1, fig. 5.1.1, table 20.5.1
satellites, table 2.1.2-2.1.3, fig. 5.1.1, table 20.5.1
solar, for hetegonic Sun, 25.2
mass distribution in solar system (see also density, distributed; composition of celestial bodies)
basic model, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2
bands of secondary bodies
introduced, 21.11, fig. 21.2.1
as function of mass of primary, 21.2, fig. 21.2.1
as function of gravitational potential, 21.2, fig. 21.2.1
and degree of ionization of infalling gas
theory, 23.2 23.3, figs. 23.2.1-23.3.1
observations, 23.2, fig. 23.2.2, table 23.2.1, 23.6-23.8
groups of secondary bodies
comparative study, 21.3
mass distribution within groups, 23.1-23.8
possible explanation of mass distribution
Laplacian disc, 21.1
ejection of mass from primary, 21.1
infall of mass to system, 21.1
present-day distribution
planetary system, 2.4 2.5, fig. 2.5.1, 23.6
satellite systems, 2.4 2.5, figs. 2.5.2-2.5.4, 23.6
spacing among celestial bodies
and critical velocity phenomena, 21.2-21.5, 21.11, figs. 21.11.1-21.11.2
mass emplacement (see emplacement of matter)
mass infall (see infall of matter)
mass spectra, 7.2
medium, interplanetary (see interplanetary medium)
melting
and accretional processes, 12.12-12.13
of embryo by impacting matter, 12.12-12.13
and formation of Earth's core, 20.5
in meteorites, 11.8, 20.4, 22.4, 22.6
Mercury (see also planets)
orbital motion
orbital parameters' table 2.1.1
spin-orbit resonance, 8.8
physical properties
tabulated, table 2.1.1, table 20.5.1
composition, 20.5, fig. 20.5.1, fig. 20.7.1
spin axis inclination and accretional processes, 13.6
temperature profile and accretional processes, 12.10-12-11, fig.12.11.1
tidal deformation, table 9.2.1
satellites, absence of, 21.2
meteor streams
definition, 4.6
density, 14.3
orbital parameters, fig. 4.6.1
compared to jet streams, 14.2
formation and genetic relationships
accretional mechanism, 14.3
and comets, 4.6, 14.2-14.5,19.8
hetegonic model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
traditional view, 19.8, fig. 19.8.1
in transplanetary space, 19.3, 19.6, fig. 19.8.2
meteorites
definition, 4.1
composition
compared to composition of
Giacobinid meteors, 22.2
solar photosphere, 20.6, fig. 20.6.2
constituents
crystals, fig. 7.1.1, 22.3-22.4, fig. 22.3.1, 22.9
diamond, 11.8
hydrated minerals, 11.8
oxidized minerals, 11.8
noble gas content, 26.2
density, 14.2
as evidence of
accretion in separate jet streams, 22.6, 22.9
heating effects, 11.8, 22.4, 22.6
nongravitational accretion, 11.5
representative composition of planetesimals forming the Earth, 26.2
selection effects, 22.3
shock compaction and melting, 20.4
texture, 14.2, 22.3, fig. 22.3.1
interpretation of data
general discussion, 22.10
introduction of error due to assumption of
equilibrium condensation, 22.1
exploded planet hypothesis, 22.1
Laplacian disc, 22.1
irradiation record
compared to lunar surface irradiation, 22.9
cosmic ray tracks, fig. 22.9.1
hetegonic irradiation, 22.9
orbital history
asteroid belt as source, 22.2
collision history deduced from physical features, 22.6
as fragments of comets or near-Earth asteroids, 22.2
physical history (see also meteoroids)
summary, 22.8, fig. 22.8.1
age determinations, 22.9
as deduced from composition, 22.6
as fragments of
asteroids, 22.2
comets, 22.2
exploded planet, 11.8, 22.1, 26.2
precursor bodies, 22.2, 22.4
irradiation record, 22.9
thermal history, 11.8, 22.4
meteoroids
definition, 4.1, 4.6
formation and genetic relationships
hetegonic model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
origin from exploded planet, 11.8, 22.1, 26.2
as primeval matter in the solar system, 19.5
between short- and long-period meteoroids, 19.7, fig. 19.8.2
traditional model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.1
in transplanetary space, 19.6, fig. 19.8.2
meteors
definition, 4.1
meteors, sporadic
definition, 4.6
formation and genetic relationships, 19.3
micrometeoroids (see also interplanetary dust; grains)
detection by Jupiter 10 flyby, 4.1, 4.3
forces governing orbital motion, 5.3-5.6, fig. 5.1.1
Mimas (see Saturnian satellite system)
Miranda (see Uranian satellite system)
models of solar system evolution
model development
general requirements, 1.1-1.2, 1.5
actualistic principle (see also actualistic princ
defined, 1.1
applications of, 1.1, 11.1, 11.7, 15.1, 15.4
hetegonic principle (see also hetegonic principle)
defined, 1.2
general characteristics, 16.9, fig. 16.9.1
applications of, 9.6, 20.7, 21.11, 22.1, 24.1, 25.1-25.5
specific models
gravitational collapse, 11.2, 21.1
hetegonic model (see also evolutionary stages)
brief synopsis, 16.6, fig. 16.6.1
characteristics of hetegonic plasma, 16.7
emplacement and ionization of infalling matter
critical velocity phenomenon, 21.2-21.5, 21.11 -21.13, figs. 21.2.1-21.2.2
emplacement of matter, 23.1-23.10
summary of preaccretional stages, fig. 16.7.1
partial corotation, 17.1-17.5
condensation, chs. 18-19
accretion, chs. 11-13
summary of accretional stages, fig. 18.10.1, 19.8, 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
Laplacian model (see also Laplacian-type models)
general description, 16.2
inadequacies, 2.4, 11.2, 16.2, 16.4, 20.1, 20.6-20.7, 21.1
planetesimal accretion (see also accretion, jet streams, grains)
introduction, 11.1-11.3
in jet streams, brief summary, 22.5
required properties of model, 11.7, 15.5
literature survey cited, 15.6
speculative element in models
in plasma physics and astrophysics, 15.3, fig. 15.4.2
introduced through postulates about the early Sun, 16. fig. 16.9.1
reduction of speculative element, 1.1, 1.5
modified Roche limit (see Roche limit, modified)
Moon
orbital parameters, table 2.1.3
orbital evolution
brief summary, 24.9
evidence of evolution from
lunar mare and basins, 24.6
remanent magnetization of lunar rocks, 24.5
tidal effects, 24.5, fig. 24.5.1
origin theories
method of choice among theories, 24.1
literature review cited, 24.1
accretion as satellite formation theory, 24.1
capture theory, 24.1, 24.4-24.5, figs. 24.4.1-24.4.2
supportive evidence for capture theory
lunar basins and mare, 24.6
lunar remanent magnetization, 24.5
variations of capture theory
close approach to Earth, 24.5
resonance modified orbit, 24.5
physical properties, table 2.1.3
composition
brief summary, 20.5, 24.9
crust, 24.7
loss of volatiles, 24.7
overlap of A and B clouds affecting composition, 24.8
surface features, 26.5
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
surface temperature, 24.7
temperature profile, processes affecting
accretion of planetesimals, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1
accretional hot spot front, 24.7
radiogenic heating of interior, 24.7
tidal deformation, table 9.2.1
motion, orbital (see orbital motion)
(N,a) diagram, fig. 4.3.3
orbital distribution of asteroids, 4.3
near-commensurability (see commensurability, near-)
nebula, Laplacian (see Laplacian-type models)
nebula, primeval (see Laplacian-type models)
nebulae from which planets and satellites formed (see nebulae, hetegonic)
nebulae, hetegonic (see also clouds (A, B, C, D))
defined, 16.7
general characteristics, 16.7
condensation of grains in nebulae, 16.5 (see also condensation)
heating during transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary, 17.6
spacing between nebulae, 18.10
support by magnetic field of primary body, 16.4
negative diffusion
defined, 6.6, fig. 6.6.1
evidence from meteorites, 22.6
and formation of comets, 14.2
simple model, 6.7, fig. 6.7.1
neon, critical velocity of, 21.8
Neptune
orbital motion
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
resonance with Pluto, 8.5, fig. 8.5.1, table 8.5.1
physical properties, table 2.1.1
mass, radius, density, table 20.5.1
composition, 20.5, figs. 20.5.2, 20.7.1
spin
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
tidal braking by satellites, 9.4
temperature profile, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1
tidal deformation, table 9.2.1
satellites (see Neptunian satellite system)
Neptunian satellite system (see also satellite systems; Triton)
absence of regular system
general discussion, 21.2, 24.3
orbital parameters, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3, fig. 24.4.1
physical properties, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
mass distribution, 2.4-2.5
Pluto as former satellite, 8.5
Triton as captured satellite, 9.4, 24.4
Nereid (see Neptunian satellite system)
nickel
high content in rocks from upper mantle, 26.3, 20.5
noble gas content in meteorites compared to Earth's atmosphere, 26.2
nodes
described by guiding center approximation, 3.3
precession of, 3.3-3.6
nongravitational accretion (see accretion, nongravitational)
normal satellites (see Earth, satellites)
normalized distances
defined, 23.6
tabulated for planets and satellites, table 23.6.1
and information on the mass of the hetegonic Sun, 25.2
Oberon (see Uranian satellite system)
oblateness (see also tides)
of bodies due to tidal effects, 9.2, table 9.2.1
influence on motion of secondary bodies, 3.6
ocean, formation theories
summary, 26.7
accretional phenomena
introduction, 26.1
Earth's accretion
brief summary, 26.3, fig. 26.3.1
as affected by ocean and atmosphere, 26.4
planetesimals as source of ocean
hydroxyl content in meteorites, 26.2
noble gas content in meteorites, 26.2
reactive volatiles, 26.2
release of volatiles from impacting planetesimals, 26.3
retention of volatiles
in ocean, 26.4, fig. 26.3.1
in Earth's crust, 26.5
tidal effects due to Moon, 26.6
orbital angular momentum (see angular momentum, orbital)
orbital angular momentum, specific
defined, 2.1
orbital angular momentum, total
defined, 2.1
orbital distance, ratio of
defined, 2.2
and groups of secondary bodies, 2.5, table 2.5.1, 11.7, 18.10
and hetegonic processes
accretion, 11.7, 18.10
condensation, 17.5, 18.9
ionization of infalling gas, 21.4, 23.6
normalized distances, 23.6
of planets, table 2.1.1
of satellites, table 2.1.2
and Titius-Bode's law, 2.2, 2.6
and two-thirds law, 17.5, 18.9
orbital motion (see also semimajor axis; pericenter; nodes; eccentricity; inclination; orbital velocity; period)
general treatments
described by celestial mechanics, 5.1, fig. 5.1.1
circular motion, 3.2
with epicycles, 3.3, fig. 3.3.1
motion of guiding center, 3.3
with superimposed radial and axial oscillations, 3.3-3.7
guiding center approximation of orbital motion
definition, 3.1
motivation, 3.1
and apparent attraction, 6.4-6.5
and eccentricity, inclination, pericenter and node, 3.3
of gravitationally unperturbed motion, 3.4
with orbit of large eccentricity, 3.5
in perturbed gravitational field, 3.6-3.7
Kepler motion as motion of guiding center perturbed by oscillations, 3.1-3.7, fig. 3.3.1
plasma physics formalism, 5.1, 5.3-5.5
"proper elements", 4.3
governing forces and effects
summary, 5.6, fig. 5.1.1
accretional processes, 11.7, 18.11
collision effects, 6.3, 6.6-6.9
negative diffusion, 6.6, fig. 6.6.1
inelastic collisions, 6.6, fig. 6.6.1
and Kirkwood gaps, 8.6
supportive evidence, 22.6
condensation, 17.5, fig. 17.5.1
hydromagnetic effects
ionization and arrest of infalling gas, 21.4
transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary body, 16.3
interplanetary medium, 6.2
limit between gravitational and electromagnetic dominance, 5.4
partial corotation
introduction, 17.1
compared to Kepler motion, table 17.3.1
transition from partial corotation to Kepler motion, 17.5
stability of orbital motion
introduction, 10.1
and asteroid belt, 10.3
and resonance structures, 10.2
and Saturnian rings, 10.3
orbital motion of populations of bodies
almost circular orbits (see planets; asteroids; satellite systems)
almost parabolic orbits (see comets, long-period; meteor streams; meteoroids)
elliptical orbits (see Apollo-Amor asteroids; comets, short-period; meteoroids)
large bodies (see planets; satellites)
small bodies (see small bodies)
orbital motion of specific bodies (see asteroids; comets; meteoroids; planets; satellite systems)
orbital period (see period, orbital)
orbital velocity
defined, 2.1
changes due to transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary bodies, 16.1-16.6, fig. 16.3.1
of planets, table 2.1.1
of satellites, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
oxides, refractory
ratios of refractory oxides in meteorites, 22.9
oxides, transition metal
and gravitational differentiation, 12.13
oxygen
abundance in Earth, 20.5
critical velocity of, 21.8
oxidized minerals in meteorites, 11.8
parabolic, almost-, orbits/bodies (see comets, long-period; meteor streams; meteoroids)
parent bodies of meteorites (see precursor bodies)
partial corotation
definition, 17.1
characteristic orbital velocity derived, 17.2
energy considerations, 17.3
equilibrium conditions derived, 17.1-17.2
and Kepler motion
comparison, 17.3
transition between partial corotation and Kepler motion, 17.5
model for transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary bodies
derivation, 16.3, fig. 16.3.1
modifications, 16.3-16.5
summary, 16.7
observational verification
asteroidal belt, 18.8
Saturnian rings, 18.6
summary, 18.9
and plasma in superprominences, 17.4
pericenter
described by guiding center approximation, 3.3
precession, 3.3-3.6
pericentric frictional heating mechanism (see also heating effects), 11.8, 21.12, 22.4
period, orbital (see also orbital motion)
asteroids, table 4.3.1
planets, table 2.1.1
satellites, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
source of data for asteroids and comets cited, 4.1
period, spin (see also spin)
governing forces and effects
accretion processes, 13.6
resonances, 8.8
tidal braking, 9.1-9.6
isochronism of spins, 9.7, fig. 9.7.1, table 9.7.1, 10.4, 13.3-13.4
spin period for specific bodies
asteroids, table 4.3.1, table 9.7.1, fig. 9.7.1
Earth, prior to capture of Moon, 24.3
planets, 2.1, table 2.1.1
Sun, hetegonic, 16.2, 25.4, 25.6
Venus, 8.8, 13.6
Perseid meteor stream
association with comet P/Swift-Tuttle, 14.4
Perseid meteors
composition compared to that of chondritic meteorites, 22.2
Phobos (see Martian satellite system)
Phoebe (see Saturnian satellite system)
photosphere
composition compared to that of meteorites, 20.6, fig. 20.6.2
as example of cosmic plasma, 15.3
reliability of data, 20.6
physical properties of bodies (see asteroids; comets; meteoroids; planets; satellites)
pinch effects in plasmas, 15.3
planetesimal (see also embryo; fluffy aggregates)
defined, 1.4
planetesimal accretion (see also accretion, formation of embryo; models of solar system evolution)
defined, 12.1
applied to formation of ocean and Earth's atmosphere, 26.2-26.4
history of concept
general discussion, 11.3
literature survey cited, 11.3
supportive evidence
cratered surfaces of celestial bodies, 11.3, fig. 20.4.1, 24.6
meteorites, 11.3
spin acquisition theory, 13.3-13.4
spin isochronism, 11.3
planets (see also Mercury, Venus; Earth; Moon; Mars; Jupiter; Saturn; Uranus; Neptune; Triton; Pluto)
comparative studies (see comparative studies of planets/satellites)
formation and genetic relationships (see also evolutionary stages)
accretion
general treatment, 12.3-12.6
time required for accretion, 12.8-12.9, table 12.8.1, fig. 12.9.1
contraction of uniform disc, 21.1 (see also Laplacian-type models)
effects on evolution of the Sun, 25.6
gravitational collapse, 11.2, fig. 17.2.1, table 11.2.1
hetegonic model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
mass ejection from Sun, 21.1
mass infall toward the Sun, 21.1 (see also emplacement of matter)
traditional view, 19.8, fig. 19.8.1
groups of planets, 2.5, table 2.5.1, 23.5-23.6 (see also groups of secondary bodies)
orbital motion
forces governing, 5.1 5.2, fig. 5.1.1
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
resonances, 8.5, table 8.5.1, 8.8
physical properties, table 2.1.1
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.5.1, fig. 20.7.1
mass distribution in planetary system, 2.4-2.5, 23.6
spin
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
spin-orbit resonances, 8.8
tidal braking by satellites, 9.4
temperature profile, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1
tidal deformation, table 9.2.1
planets, exploded (see exploded planet hypothesis)
planetology, comparative (see comparative studies of planets/satellites)
plasma, dusty (see also plasma, hetegonic)
electromagnetic effects, 5.3, fig. 5.1.1
plasma, hetegonic
general characteristics, 16.7
constituents, 16.7
densities, 16.5
heating/ionizing by currents, 15.1, 17.6, 23.1 23.4
processes active during hetegonic era (see also evolutionary stages)
brief synopsis, fig. 16.6.1, fig. 16.7.1
condensation (see condensation; kinematic image of condensing plasma)
interaction with neutral gas (see critical velocity phenomenon)
emplacement of matter (see emplacement of matter)
partial corotation (see partial corotation)
transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary bodies (see angular momentum, transfer)
theoretical and experimental analyses, 15.2-15.5
plasma, pseudo
definition, 15.3
general characteristics, table 15.3.1
theoretical treatment, 15.3
plasma, real
general characteristics, 15.3, table 15.3.1
summary, 15.3, table 15.3.1
electrostatic double layers
experimental review cited, 15.3
properties, 15.3, fig. 15.3.1
filaments, pinch effect, 15.3, fig. 15.3.3
instabilities, 15.3
ionization
and critical velocity phenomenon, 15.3
degree of ionization, 15.3
magnetization
motion with respect to magnetic field lines, 15.3, fig. 15.3.4
relation of poloidal and toroidal fields, 15.3, fig. 15.3.3
low density regions, 15.3
theoretical treatment of, 15.3
plasma beam experiment on critical velocity, 21.8, figs. 21.8.6-21.8.8
plasma capture of transplanetary dust in hetegonic nebulae, 1.4
plasma cloud (see bands of secondary bodies; emplacement of matter; clouds (A, B, C, D))
plasma physics
application to
evolutionary theory, 1.4, 15.1, table 15.1.1, 15.6
space science, 1.4, 15.1, table 15.1.1, 15.2
studies of small bodies, 4.2, 5.2
experimental
Birkeland experiments, 15.2
configuration and process simulation, 15.3
relationship with theoretical plasma physics, 15.2
review of experimental work on the terrestrial magnetosphere cited, 15.3
theoretical
Chapman-Ferraro theory, 15.2
Chapman-Vestine theory, 15.2
and kinetic theory of nonionized gases, 15.2
and space missions, 15.2
and thermonuclear reactors, 15.2
treatment of pseudo plasma, 15.3, table 15.3.1
plasma physics formalism
treating orbital motion, 5.2
treating many-body problem, 5.2
plasma surrounding primary during formation of secondaries (see plasma,hetegonic)
platinum metals
high content in rocks from upper mantle, 26.3
Pluto (see also planets)
orbital motion
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
resonance with Neptune, 8.5, fig. 8.5.1, table 8.5.1
as former satellite of Neptune, 8.5
physical properties, table 2.1.1
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.5.2, fig. 20.7.1
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
mass, radius, density, table 20.5.1
satellites
absence of, 21.2
plutonium
and gravitative differentiation, 12.13
polarization of grains in space (see electrostatic polarization)
populations of bodies (see orbital motion of populations of bodies)
potassium
and gravitative differentiation, 12.13
and loss from the Moon, 24.7
K/Ar ratios in meteorites, 22.9
potential, ionization (see ionization potential)
Poynting-Robertson effect
and orbital motion of interplanetary dust, 5.5, fig. 5.1.1
and resonance locking, 5.5
precursor bodies (see also meteoroids, formation)
defined, 11.8
accretion history
in jet stream environment, 22.5
nongravitational accretion, 22.7
electrostatic clustering, 22.7
magnetostatic clustering, 22.7, fig. 22.7.1
vapor condensation bonding, 22.7
summary, 22.8, fig. 22.8.1
physical history
size limit, 22.4
precursor material of celestial bodies and differentiation effects, 20.3
pressure, radiation (see radiation pressure)
primary body, properties during formation of secondary bodies
magnetic field, 16.1, 16.3, table 16.3.1
mass
and mass of satellite systems, 24.3, fig. 24.3.1
radiation
and composition of secondary bodies, 20.7
of early Sun, 25.5
spin
and formation of secondary bodies, 23.1-23.10
spin period and number of secondaries formed, 24.3, fig. 24.3.2
profile of a jet stream (see also jet stream)
defined, 4.3
asteroidal jet stream profile compared to hetegonic jet streams, 12.7
of Flora A, fig. 4.3.6
profiles, thermal (see temperature, profile)
prograde satellites (see also satellite systems)
listed, table 2.1.2
orbital characteristics, table 2.1.2
physical properties, table 2.1.2
prominences, solar (see also superprominences)
and information on hetegonic plasmas, 15.4
proper elements of orbital motion
defined, 4.3
and Hirayama families of asteroids, 4.3, fig. 4.3.5, table 4.3.2
periodic variation, 4.3, table 4.3.2
q-ratio (see orbital distance, ratio of)
radial distance ratios (see orbital distance, ratio of)
radiation, corpuscular (see also solar gale, solar wind)
acceleration of particles in hetegonic superprominences, 16.8
radiation, hetegonic
as recorded in meteorites, 22.9, fig. 22.9.1
during hetegonic era, 16.8, 5.5
radiation effects
effect on condensation processes, 20.7, 25.5
in meteorites, 22.9, fig. 22.9.1
on orbital motion, 5.5, fig. 5.1.1
radiation pressure
effect on motion of interplanetary dust, 5.5, fig. 5.1.1
radius
asteroids, table 4.3.1
of hetegonic Sun, 25.6
planets, table 2.1.1
satellites, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
rare earth elements
and gravitative differentiation, 12.13
reactive volatiles
in crust and mantle rocks, 26.5
in Earth's planetesimals, 26.2
regular groups
definition, table 2.5.1
remanent magnetization
in lunar rocks and orbital evolution of the Moon, 24.5
in meteorites, 16.1
reservoirs, jet stream (see meteorites, composition)
resistive medium, 6.2
resonance
defined, 8.1
general discussion, 8.1
mechanisms for establishing resonanc
hetegonic effects, 8.1
tidal effects, 8.1
simple models
comparison of models, 8.3
pendulum, 8.2, fig. 8.2.1
primary with two satellites, 8.3,
types
near -commensurabilities
deviation from exact resonance, 8.4
transition to near-commensurability from resonance, 8.9
orbit-orbit resonance
general characteristics, 8.1, 8.5
Dione-Enceladus, 8.5, fig. 8.5.6, table 8.5.1
Earth-Toro, 8.5, fig. 8.5.2, table 8.5.1
Hildas-Jupiter, 8.5, fig. 8.5.4, table 8.5.1, 8.6
Io-Ganymede-Europa, 8.5
Pluto-Neptune, 8.5, fig. 8.5.1, table 8.5.1
Tethys-Mimas, 8.5, table 8.5.1
Thule-Jupiter, 8.5, table 8.5.1, 8.6
Titan-Hyperion, 8.5, fig. 8.5.5, table 8.5.1
Trojans-Jupiter, 4.5, 8.5, fig. 8.5.3, table 8.5.1
spin-orbit resonances
general characteristics, 8.1, 8.8
examples, table 8.1.1, 8.8
resonance, broken
and near-commensurabilities, 8.9
resonance capture (see resonance, mechanisms for establishing)
resonance effects
accretion processes
possible present-day examples, 11.6
and Kirkwood gaps, 4.3, 8.5, 8.6
compared to Saturnian rings, 18.6, figs. 18.6.1-18.6.2
and Poynting-Robertson effect, 5.5
and Saturnian rings, 8.7
and stability of orbits
general discussion, 10.2
tidal effects
Mercury, 9.5
satellites, 8.8, 9.6
Venus, 9.5
resonance locking (see resonance)
resonance, near-exact (see commensurabilities, near-)
retrograde satellites
defined, 2.3
and near-commensurabilities, 8.9
orbital parameters, table 2.1.3
radial distances, fig. 24.4.1
inclination of orbit, 24.4.1, fig. 24.4.1
physical properties, table 2.1.3
theory of retrograde satellite capture, 24.4
Rhea (see Saturnian satellite system)
rings, Saturnian (see Saturnian rings)
Roche limit
defined, 18.3
effect in Saturnian rings, 18.3
Roche limit, mod)fied
defined, 18.3
effect in Saturnian rings, 18.3-18.4
rotation, differential, of Sun (see Sun, hetegonic)
rubidium
in lunar rocks, 24.7
Rb87/Sr87 ratios in meteorites, 22.9
runaway accretion (see accretion, runaway)
sand bank
as cometary nucleus, 14.3
satellite systems (see also Jovian, Martian, Neptunian, Saturnian, Uranian satellite systems; Earth, satellites)
comparative studies (see comparative studies of planets/satellites)
formation and genetic relationships
alternative explanations
infall of mass to planet (see also emplacement of matter), 21.1
ejection of mass from planet, 21.1
contraction of uniform disc (see also Laplacian-type models), 21.1
gravitational collapse, 11.2, fig. 11.2.1, table 11.2.1
capture of retrograde satellites, 24.4
as a function of g.avitational potential energy, 21.12, fig. 21.2.1
hetegonic model, 19.8, fig. 19.8.2, table 19.8.1
number of secondaries as a function of primary's period of rotation and mass, 23.1-23.7, 24.3, fig. 24.3.2
spatial limits of formation
Lagrangian point as outer orbital limit, 11.2, 21.2, fig. 21.2.1
synchronous orbit and inner orbital limit, 21.2, fig. 21.2.1, 23.9
theoretical prediction of formation, 23.8
absence of predicted satellites explained, 23.8-23.9
traditional view, 19.8, fig. 19.8.1
groups of satellites within one system
defined, 2.5
comparative studies of groups, 21.3
mass distribution within groups, 21.3
orbital motion
forces governing, 5.1
resonances, 8.5, table 8.5.1, 8.8-8.9
tidal effects, 9.6
orbital parameters, tables 2.1.2 2.1.3
physical properties, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.7.1
mass distribution, 2.4-2.5, figs. 2.5.2 2.5.4, 23.6, fig. 23.6.1
mass as a function of primary's mass, 24.3, fig. 24.3.1
photograph of Phobos, fig. 20.4.1
tidal deformation, table 9.2.1
satellites, retrograde (see retrograde satellites)
satellites, synchronous (see synchronous satellites)
Saturn
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
physical properties, table 2.1.1
composition, 20.5, fig. 20.5.2, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.7.1
mass, radius, density, table 20.5.1
spin
inclination of axis, 13.6
tidal braking by satellites, 9.4
temperature profile, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1
tidal deformation, table 9.2.1
satellites (see Saturnian satellite system)
Saturnian rings
accretion
assimilation of condensed grains, 18.5
collision within rings, 18.5
inside rings, 18.4
outside rings, 18.4
structure
described, 18.6
absence of resonance effects, 8.7
compared to structure of asteroidal main belt, 18.8
explanatory theories
hetegonic theory, 18.6, figs. 18.6.3-18.6.4
resonance theory, 18.6, fig. 18.6.1, 8.7
stability of structure, 10.3
tidal effects
effect of modified Roche limit, 18.3-18.4
effect of Roche limit, 18.3
Saturnian satellite system (see also satellite systems; Saturnian rings)
groups of satellites (see also groups of secondary bodies)
compared to other groups in same gravitational potential energy band, 21.3
introduced, 2.5
mass distribution within a group, 23.6-23.7
orbital motion
angular momentum, 2.4, fig. 2.3.3
capture of retrograde satellite Phoebe, 24.4
orbital parameters, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
resonances
Dione-Enceladus, 8.5, fig. 8.5.6, table 8.5.1
Hyperion-Titan, 8.5, fig. 8.5.5, table 8.5.1
suggested resonances with rings, 8.7, 18.6, fig. 18.6.1
physical properties, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3
density, 20.5, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.7.1
mass distribution among satellites, 2.4-2.5, fig. 2.5.4, 23.6, fig. 23.6.1
second approach (see plasma, real)
self-gravitation
and gravitational collapse of a gas cloud, 11.2, 21.1
semimajor axis (see also orbital motion)
defined, 2.1
asteroids, table 4.3.1, 4.3, 4.4, fig. 4.3.3
planets, table 2.1.1, table 20.5.1
satellites, tables 2.1.2-2.1.3, table 20.5.1
silicates
as components of Earth's core, 20.5
and gravitative differentiation, 12.13
size spectra, 7.2
small bodies (see also asteroids; comets; grains; meteoroids; Saturnian rings)
classification, 4.1
general characteristics
composition
of fluffy material, 20.4, 22.8, fig. 22.8.1
effects of shock compaction, 20.4
spectra
cross-section, 7.2, table 7.2.1
mass, 7.2, table 7.2.1
radius, 7.2, table 7.2.1
visual magnitude, 7.2, table 7.2.1
evolution and development of small body populations
by fragmentation and accretion, 4.1, 7.1, 7.3-7.4, 22.8, fig. 22.8.1
motivation for studying, 4.1, 18.7, 22.1, 22.10
orbital motion
governing forces, 5.1-5.6, fig. 5.1.1
collisions, 6.3, 18.2, 18.5
partial corotation, 17.1, 18.2
orbital parameters, 4.1, 4.3-4.4, table 4.3.1, figs. 4.3.1-4.3.4, 4.6, fig. 4.6.1
sodium emission from comets, 22.2
solar gale
during hetegonic era, 5.5
inadequate evidence in radiation records, 16.2, 25.4-25.5
suggested analogy with T-Tauri phenomena, 16.2
solar magnetograms
and solar composition, 20.6
solar nebulae
composition compared to that of the solar photosphere, 20.6
solar photosphere
composition as model for "cosmic abundance", 20.1
solar radiation (see Poynting-Robertson effect; radiation pressure; solar gale; solar wind; Sun, hetegonic)
solar tides (see Sun, tidal deformation)
solar wind
braking of solar spin, 16.2
effect on orbital motion of interplanetary grains, 5.5
during hetegonic era, 25.5
source cloud
defined, 21.4, 21.11
general characteristics, 21.4, 21.11
composition compared to that of clouds (A, B, C, D), 21.12
and hetegonic processes, fig. 16.9.1
patterns of gas infall from source clouds, 21.12, figs. 21.12.1-21.12.2
for satellite systems, 21.4, fig. 21.4.1
spacing of celestial bodies (see bands of secondary bodies; groups of secondary bodies)
spallation products of cosmic rays
exposure age of meteorites, 22.9
speculation, reduction of (see models of solar system evolution, speculative element)
spin (see also isochronism of spins)
model of acquisition of rotation during accretion, 13.1-13-6
as a function of
density, 13.4
mass, 9.7, fig. 9.7.1, table 9.7.1, 13.3
size, 13.3
gravitational accretion, 13.3
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
nongravitational accretion, 13.2
post-accretional changes
energy dissipation, 9.3
spin of primary and satellite formation, 1.2, 23.1-23.8
braking of primary spin during angular momentum transfer to secondary body, 16.3, fig. 16.3.1
tidal effects, 9.1-9.6
spin, similarity of spin among celestial bodies (see isochronism of spins)
spin period (see period, spin)
sporadic meteors (see meteors, sporadic)
stability of orbits
introduced, 10.1
reconstructing hetegonic processes, 10.5, 18.6, 18.8
supportive evidence
asteroid belt, 4.2, 10.2
isochronism of spins, 10.4
resonance structures, 10.2
Saturnian rings, 10.3
stars, formation of
by gravitational collapse, 11.2
by stellesimal accretion, 25.7
statistical accretion (see accretion, statistical)
stellesimal accretion, 25.7
streams (see jet streams; meteor streams)
strontium
in lunar rocks, 24.7
Rb87/Sr97 ratios in meteorites, 22.9
subvisual asteroids
forces governing motion, 5.1-5.4, fig. 5.1.1
influence on accretion in asteroid belt, 4.3, 6.3, 7.1, 7.3, 14.7, 18.2
mass distribution, 4.1
sulfides
and gravitative differentiation, 12.13
Sun
characteristics during hetegonic era (see Sun, hetegonic)
composition inferred from
solar photospheric abundance data, 20.6
solar radiation, 20.6
spectrometric analysis, 20.6, fig. 20.6.1
tidal deformation due to planets, table 9.2.1
Sun, hetegonic
early characteristics of Sun are uncertain, 16.2, 16.9
evolution
during deuterium burning phase, 25.6, fig. 25.6.1, fig. 25.6.3
during planetary formation, 25.6, figs. 25.6.2-25.6.3
possible formation by accretion, 25.7
magnetic field as deduced from
hydromagnetic effects in planetary formation, 25.3
transfer of angular momentum requirements, 16.1, 16.3, tables 16.3.1 16.3.2
mass as inferred from
normalized distances of the planets, 25.2
structure of the bands of secondary bodies, 25.2
radiation
corpuscular, 25.5
thermal, 25.5
radius
contraction during deuterium-burning phase, 25.6, fig. 25.6.1, fig. 25.6.3
spin period (see also angular momentum transfer)
braking by solar wind, 16.2
deduced from mathematical symbol values of the planets, 25.4
differential rotation, 25.4
changes during angular momentum transfer to Jupiter, 25.6, fig. 25.6.2
changes during contraction at the end of deuterium-burning phase, 25.6, fig. 25.6.1, fig. 25.6.3
sunspots
and information about hetegonic plasmas, 15.4, fig. 15
super corona
defined, 16.7
general characteristics, 16.7, fig. 16.6.1
superprominences (see also plasma, hetegonic)
defined, 16.6
general characteristics, 16.7, fig. 16.6.1
acceleration of particles, 16.8
effect upon emplacement of matter, 23.2
and partial corotation of plasma, 17.4
Swift-Tuttle comet, 14.4
synchronous planet
defined, 2.3
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
synchronous radius of orbit
defined, 23.9
natural limit of satellite formation, 21.2
modifications, 23.9
apparent exceptions to rule, 23.9
Phobos, 23.9
Saturnian rings, 23.9
synchronous satellites
defined, 2.3, 8.8
orbital parameters, table 2.1.2
spin-orbit resonance, 8.8
T-Tauri stars, 16.2
mathematical symbol
defined, 23.1
change due to satellite formation, 23.4
chosen for each group of secondary bodies, 23.5
and mass distribution of secondary bodies formed, 23.6-23.7
and number of secondary bodies formed, 23.8-23.9, 24.3, fig. 24.3.1
and spin period of hetegonic Sun, 25.4
mathematical symbol
defined, 23.5
for groups of secondary bodies, 23.5, fig. 23.5.1
tail, cometary, 4.1
Tellurian satellite system (see Earth, satellites)
temperature
of condensing grains and surrounding medium, 15.3, 22.1
hot spot front, 12.12-12.13
temperature profile
accretional effects, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1, 20.5
magnetic effects, 20.5
Temple-Tuttle comet, 14.4
Tethys (see Saturnian satellite system)
thermonuclear reactors
and experiments on critical velocity, 21.8
and relationship between experimental and theoretical plasma physics, 15.2
thorium and gravitative differentiation, 12.13
in lunar surface rocks, 24.7
U-Th/He ratios in meteorites, 22.9
Thule (see also asteroids)
and accretion processes, 11.6
association with Hilda asteroids, 4.4
Thule-Jupiter resonance
general characteristics, 8.5, table 8.5.1
and Kirkwood gaps, 8.6
tidal braking
of central body's spin, 9.3
of planetary spin by
satellites, 9.4
Sun, 9.5
tidal deformation
amplitudes of tides, 9.2, table 9.2.1
displacement of tidal bulge, 9.3, fig.9.3.1
and energy dissipation, 9.3
oblateness of bodies, 9.2, table 9.2.1
tidal effects
on evolution of ocean and atmosphere, 26.6
on satellite orbits, 3.6, 9.6
and self-gravitation, 18.3
on spin of celestial bodies, 9.1-9.6
tides
amplitude, 9.2, table 9.2.1
Laplacian theory of terrestrial tides, fig. 9.4.1
phase relations of terrestrial tides, 9.4, fig. 9.4.1
producing changes in spin, 9.3-9.6
time (duration) of infall of matter
defined, 12.8
value chosen, 12.10
time required for embryo growth
to infinite radius
defined, 12.3
and embryo growth, 12.6, fig. 12.6.1
numerical values for planets, 12.8-12.9, table 12.8.1
to reach runaway accretion
defined, 12.6
and embryo growth, 12.6, fig. 12.6.1
numerical values for the planets, 12.8-12.9, table 12.8.1
and resulting temperature profile, 12.10
time of escape, 2.2
Titan (see Saturnian satellite system)
Titania (see Uranian satellite system)
Titius-Bode's law
defined, 2.6
inadequacies, 2.6
Toro (see also asteroids)
Earth-Toro resonance, 8.5, fig. 8.5.2, table 8.5.1
transplanetary condensation (see condensation, transplanetary)
transplanetary jet streams (see jet streams, types)
transplanetary magnetic field
defined, 19.2
compared to galactic magnetic field, 19.2
transplanetary region
defined, 19.2
trapped infalling gas (see clouds (A, B, C, D))
trapped resonance (see resonance)
trigger element (see element, dominant/controlling)
Triton (see also Neptunian satellite system)
orbital motion
forces governing 5.1-5.2, fig. 5.1.1
orbital evolution as a captured satellite, 24.4
orbital parameters, table 2.1.3, fig. 24.4.1
physical properties, table 2.1.3
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.5.2
mass, radius, density, table 20.5.1
tidal deformation, table 9.2.1
Trojan asteroids (see also asteroids)
general discussion, 4.5, 8.5
and accretion processes, 11.6
orbiting in Jovian Lagrangian points, 4.5
as remnants of Jovian accretion, 4.5
resonance with Jupiter
general characteristics, 8.5, fig. 8.5.3, table 8.5.1
relation to retrograde Jovian satellites, 8.5
semimajor axes, fig. 4.3.3
two-body problem in celestial mechanics, 5.2
two-thirds fall-down ratio (see two-thirds law)
two-thirds law
defined, 17.5
derived, 17.5
and condensation from a corotating plasma, 17.5, fig. 17.5.1
observational verification, 18.9
in asteroidal belt, 18.8, fig. 18.8.1
in Saturnian rings, 18.6, figs. 18.6.3-18.6.4
Umbriel (see Uranian satellite system)
uniform disc of primeval matter (see Laplacian-type models)
Uranian satellite system (see also satellite systems)
groups of satellites
defined, 2.5
comparative studies, 21.3
mass distribution within groups, 23.6-23.7
orbital parameters, table 2.1.2
angular momentum, fig. 2.3.4
physical properties, table 2.1.2
compared to other bodies in same gravitational potential energy band, 21.3
mass distribution, 2.4-2.5, fig. 2.5.3
uranium
and gravitative differentiation, 12.13
in lunar surface rocks, 20.5
U-Th/He ratios in meteorites, 22.9
Uranus
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
physical properties
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, fig. 20.5.2, fig. 20.7.1
mass, radius, density, table 20.5.1
spin
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
tidal braking by satellites, 9.4
temperature profile
and accretional processes, 12.10-12.11, fig. 12.11.1
satellites (see Uranian satellite system)
vaporization, selective
in laboratory experiments, 21.12
on Moon, 21.12
of transplanetary condensates in plasma clouds, 21.12
velocity, collision (see collisions)
velocity, internal (see also accretion; fragmentation; negative diffusion)
of jet stream
defined, 12.2
influence on accretion and fragmentation, 7.4, 12.3, 22.5
velocity, ionization (see ionization velocity)
velocity, relative (see velocity, internal)
velocity of infall (see infall velocity, critical velocity)
Venus (see also planets)
orbital motion
orbital parameters, table 2.1.1
spin-orbit resonance, 8.8
physical properties, table 2.1.1
composition, 20.5, table 20.5.1, figs. 20.5.1,20.7.1
spin
inclination of spin axis, 13.6
retrograde spin and accretional processes, 13.6
surface features, 20.5
temperature profile and accretional processes, 12.10-12.11, 12.11.1
tidal deformation, table 9.2.1
satellites
absence of satellites explained, 21.2
vertical mixing
of volatiles in crustal and upper mantle rocks, 26.5
Vesta (see also asteroids)
composition, 20.5
mass, radius, density, table 20.5.1
spin period, table 9.7.1
surface features, 20.5
visual magnitude, table 9.7.1
virial theorem
and gravitational collapse, 11.2
viscosity (see apparent attraction; collisions; Kepler motion, perturbed)
visual magnitude
of asteroids, table 9.7.1
spectra among group of bodies, 7.2, table 7.2.1
volatiles
accretion in jet streams
brief discussion, 16.7
compared to accretion of solids, 6.6, 12.3, 18.11
content in
lunar surface rocks, 26.5
meteorites, 26.2
as dissipative medium in jet stream
supportive evidence from meteorites, 18.11
in hetegonic plasma, 16.3
loss from Earth and Moon during accretion, 24.7
evidence for accretional hot spot front, 24.7
processes affecting
frothing, 24.7
convection, 24.7
gas scavenging, 24.7
release from impacting planetesimals, 26.2-26.3
retention in atmosphere during Earth's accretion, 26.4
and transfer of angular momentum from primary to secondary bodies,16.3
volatiles, reactive
in Earth's planetesimals, 26.2
voltage, burning
in magnetic fields
and critical velocity phenomenon, 21.8
voltage, limiting
of burning voltage in magnetic fields
and critical velocity phenomenon, 21.8
water
emission from comets, 14.6
and hot spot front, 26.4
released from impacting planetesimals to form terrestrial ocean and atmosphere, 26.4, fig. 26.3.1
xenon
I129/Xe129 ratios in meteorites, 22.9

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