ACRONYMS     


This appendix contains some acronyms that do not actually appear in this manual. 
They have been included to present a comprehensive list that pertains to this series of 
publications.
A
AA&E  Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives
AAR After Action Report
ACL Access Control List
ACP access control point
ACSAccess Control System
ADAAmericans with Disabilities Act
ADAAGAmericans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines
AECS Automated Entry Control System
AFJMAN Air Force Joint Manual, also may be known as AFMAN (I) for Air Force 
Manual 
AFMAN Air Force Manual
ALERT Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time
AMS Aerial Measuring System
ANS Alert and Notification System
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ANSIR Awareness of National Security Issues and Response Program
AOR Area of Responsibility
AP armor piercing
APHL Agency for Public Health Laboratories
ARAC Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability
ARC American Red Cross
ARG Accident Response Group
ARS Agriculture Research Service
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
ASTHO Association for State and Territorial Health Officials
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASZM-TEDA copper-silver-zinc-molybdenum-triethylenediamine
AT Antiterrorism
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
ATSD (CS) Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Civil Support
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AWG American wire gauge
B
BCA Benefit/Cost Analysis
BCC Backup Control Center
BCP Business Continuity Plan
BDC Bomb Data Center
BLASTOP Blast-Resistant Window Program
BMS balanced magnetic switch
BW biological warfare
C
CAMEO Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations
CB Citizens Band
CBIAC Chemical and Biological Defense Information and Analysis Center
CBR chemical, biological, or radiological
CBRNE chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive
CCTV closed circuit television
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDR Call Detail Report
CDRG Catastrophic Disaster Response Group
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CEPPO Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CERT Community Emergency Response Team
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
CFO Chief Financial Officer
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CHEMTREC Chemical ManufacturersÕ Association Chemical Transportation 
Emergency Center 
CHPPM Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
CIAO Chief Infrastructure Assurance Office
CIAO Critical Infrastructure Assurance Officer
CICG Critical Infrastructure Coordination Group
CIO Chief Information Officer
CIP Critical Infrastructure Protection
CIRG Crisis Incident Response Group
CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
CM Consequence Management
CM Crisis Management
CMS Call Management System
CMU concrete masonry unit
CMU Crisis Management Unit (CIRG)
COB Continuity of Business
COBIT TM  Control Objectives for Information Technology
CO/DO Central Office/Direct Outdial
CONEX Container Express
CONOPS Concept of Operations
COO Chief Operating Officer
COOP Continuity of Operations Plan
COR Class of Restriction
COS Class of Service
CPG Civil Preparedness Guide
CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
CPX Command Post Exercise
CRU Crisis Response Unit
CSEPP Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
CSI Construction Specifications Institute
CSREES Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
CST Civil Support Team
CSTE Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
CT Counterterrorism
CW/CBD Chemical Warfare/Contraband Detection
D
DBMS Database Management System
DBT Design Basis Threat
DBU dial backup
DD Data Dictionary
DES Data Encryption Standard
DEST Domestic Emergency Support Team
DFO Disaster Field Office
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DISA Direct Inward System Access
DMA Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
DMAT Disaster Medical Assistance Team 
DMCR Disaster Management Central Resource
DMORT Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team
DOC Department of Commerce
DoD Department of Defense
DOE Department of Energy
DOJ Department of Justice
DOS Department of State
DOT Department of Transportation
DPP Domestic Preparedness Program
DRC Disaster Recovery Center
DTCTPS Domestic Terrorism/Counterterrorism Planning Section (FBI HQ)
DTIC Defense Technical Information Center
DTM data-transmission media
DWI Disaster Welfare Information
E
EAS Emergency Alert System
ECL Emergency Classification Level
EECS Electronic Entry Control System
EFR Emergency First Responder
EM Emergency Management
EMAC Emergency Medical Assistance Compact
EMI Emergency Management Institute
EMP electromagnetic pulse
EMS Emergency Medical Services
EOC Emergency Operations Center
EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal
EOP Emergency Operating Plan
EOP Emergency Operations Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
EPG Emergency Planning Guide
EPI Emergency Public Information
EP&R Directorate of Emergency Preparedness and Response (DHS)
EPZ Emergency Planning Zone
ERP Emergency Response Plan
ERT Emergency Response Team
ERT-A Emergency Response Team Advance Element
ERT-N Emergency Response Team National
ERTU Evidence Response Team Unit
ESC Expandable Shelter Container
ESF Emergency Support Function
ESS Electronic Security System
EST Emergency Support Team
ETL Engineering Technical Letter
EU explosives unit

F
FAsT Field Assessment Team
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FCC Fire Control Center
FCO Federal Coordinating Officer
FEM finite element
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FEST Foreign Emergency Support Team
FHBM Flood Hazard Boundary Map
FIA Federal Insurance Administration 
FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard
FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map
FIS Flood Insurance Study
FISCAM Federal Information Systems Control Audit Manual
FMFIA Federal ManagerÕs Financial Integrity Act
FNS Food and Nutrition Service
FOIA Freedom of Information Act
FOUO For Official Use Only
FPEIS Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement
FRERP Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan
FRF fragment retention film
FRL Facility Restriction Level
FRMAC Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center
FRP Federal Response Plan
FS Forest Service
FSTFS Frame-Supported Tensioned Fabric Structure
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTX Functional Training Exercise
G
GAO General Accounting Office
GAR GovernorÕs Authorized Representative
GC/MS gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
GIS Geographic Information System
GP General Purpose
GPS Global Positioning System
GSA General Services Administration
H
HazMat hazardous material
HAZUS Hazards U.S.
HEPA high efficiency particulate air
HEU highly enriched uranium
HF high frequency
HHS Department of Health and Human Services
HIRA Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
HMRU Hazardous Materials Response Unit
HQ Headquarters
HRCQ Highway Route Controlled Quantity
HRT Hostage Rescue Team (CIRG)
HTIS Hazardous Technical Information Services (DoD)
HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
I
IC Incident Commander
ICDDC Interstate Civil Defense and Disaster Compact
ICP Incident Command Post
ICS Incident Command System
ID identification
IDS Intrusion Detection System
IED Improvised Explosive Device
IEMS Integrated Emergency Management System
IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 
IID Improvised Incendiary Device
IMS ion mobility spectrometry
IND Improvised Nuclear Device
IPL Initial Program Load
IRinfrared
IRZ Immediate Response Zone
IS Information System
ISACF Information Systems Audit and Control Foundation
ISCInteragency Security Committee
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISP Internet Service Provider
IT Information Technology
J
JIC Joint Information Center
JIISEJoint Interagency Intelligence Support Element
JIS Joint Information System
JNACC Joint Nuclear Accident Coordinating Center
JOC Joint Operations Center
JSMGJoint Service Materiel Group
JTF-CS Joint Task Force for Civil Support
JTTF Joint Terrorism Task Force
JTWG Joint Terrorism Working Group
K
kHzkilohertz
kPakilo Pascal
L
LAN Local Area Network
LAW Light Antitank Weapon
LBNLLawrence Berkley National Lab
LCM Life-cycle Management
LEDlight-emitting diode
LEEDLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee
LFlow frequency
LFA Lead Federal Agency
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LOP level of protection
LOS line of sight
LPHA Local Public Health Agency
LPHS Local Public Health System
M
MAC Moves, Adds, Changes
MEDCOM Medical Command
MEI Minimum Essential Infrastructure
M/E/PMechanical/Electrical/Plumbing
MEP Mission Essential Process
MERVminimum efficiency reporting value
MMRS Metropolitan Medical Response System
MOU/A Memorandum of Understanding/Agreement
mph miles per hour
MPOPMinimum-Points-of-Presence
msmillisecond
MSCA Military Support to Civil Authorities 
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
MSS Medium Shelter System
MWmedium wave
N
NACCHO National Association for County and City Health Officials
NAP Nuclear Assessment Program
NAVFACNaval Facilities Command
NBC nuclear, biological, and chemical
NCJNational Criminal Justice
NCP National Contingency Plan (also known as National Oil and Hazardous 
Substances Pollution Contingency Plan)
NDA National Defense Area
NDMS National Disaster Medical System
NDPO National Domestic Preparedness Office
NEST Nuclear Emergency Search Team
NETC National Emergency Training Center
NFA National Fire Academy
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NFPANational Fire Protection Association
NFPCNational Fire Protection Code
NIJNational Institute of Justice
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NMRT National Medical Response Team
NMS Network Management System
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRC National Response Center
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRT National Response Team
NSC National Security Council
NTIS National Technical Information Service
NUREG Nuclear Regulation
NWS National Weather Service
O
OCCOperational Control Center
ODP Office of Disaster Preparedness
OEP Office of Emergency Preparedness
OES Office of Emergency Services
OFCM Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology
OHS Office of Homeland Security
OJP Office of Justice Programs
O&Moperations and maintenance
OMB Office of Management and Budget
OPA Oil Pollution Act
OSC On-scene Coordinator
OSD Office of Secretary of Defense
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSLDPS Office for State and Local Domestic Preparedness Support
P
PaPascal
PA public address
PAZ Protective Action Zone
PBX Public Branch Exchange
PCpersonal computer
PCC Policy Coordinating Committee
PCCIP PresidentÕs Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection
PCM Procedures Control Manual
PDA personal data assistant
PDA Preliminary Damage Assessment
PDD Presidential Decision Directive
PHS Public Health Service
PIN Personal Identification Number
PIO Public Information Officer
PL Public Law
POC Point of Contact
PODprobability of detection
POIprobability of intrusion
POL Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricants
POVprivately owned vehicle
PPA Performance Partnership Agreement
ppmparts per million
PSEparticle size efficiency
psipounds per square inch
PT Preparedness, Training, and Exercises Directorate (FEMA)
PTE Potential Threat Element
PTZpan-tilt-zoom (camera)
PVBpolyvinyl butyral
PZ Precautionary Zone
R
RACES Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service
RAP Radiological Assistance Program
RCRA Research Conservation and Recovery Act
RDD Radiological Dispersal Device
RDT&E Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation
REACT Radio Emergency Associated Communications Team
REAC/TS Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site
REMRoentgen Man Equivalent
REP Radiological Emergency Preparedness Program
RFradio frequency
ROC Regional Operations Center
ROD Record of Decision
RPG Rocket Propelled Grenade
RRIS Rapid Response Information System (FEMA)
RRP Regional Response Plan
RRT Regional Response Team
S
SAA State Administrative Agency
SAC Special Agent in Charge (FBI)
SAFEVUSafety Viewport Analysis Code 
SAME Specific Area Message Encoder
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SATCOMsatellite communications
SAWsurface acoustic wave
SBCCOM Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (U.S. Army)
SCADA Supervisory, Control, and Data Acquisition
SCBA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
SCCSecurity Control Center
SCO State Coordinating Officer
SDOFsingle-degree-of-freedom
SEA Southeast Asia
SEB State Emergency Board
SEL Standardized Equipment List
SEMA State Emergency Management Agency
SERC State Emergency Response Commission
SFOSenior FEMA Official
SIOC Strategic Information and Operations Center (FBI HQ)
SLA Service Level Agreement
SLG State and Local Guide
SNMSpecial Nuclear Material
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SPCA Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
SPSA Super Power Small Arms
SSS Small Shelter System
STC Sound Transmission Class
SWAT Special Weapons and Tactics
T
TAC Trunk Access Codes
TDRtransferable development right
TEA Threat Environment Assessment
TEMPER Tent, Extendable, Modular, Personnel
TERC Tribal Emergency Response Commission
TIA Terrorist Incident Appendix
TIM toxic industrial material
TM Technical Manual
TNT trinitrotoluene
TRIS Toxic Release Inventory System
TSCtriple-standard concertina
TSO Time Share Option
TTGthermally tempered glass
U
UC Unified Command
UCS Unified Command System
UFASUniform Federal Accessibility Standards
UFCUnified Facilities Criteria
UL Underwriters Laboratories
ULPAultra low penetration air
UPS uninterrupted power supply
URVUVGI Rating Values
U.S.United States
USAUnited States Army
USAFUnited States Air Force
USC U.S. Code
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USFA U.S. Fire Administration
USGBCU.S. Green Building Council
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
US&R Urban Search and Rescue
UVultraviolet
UVGIultraviolet germicidal irradiation
V
VA Department of Veterans Affairs
VAP Vulnerability Assessment Plan
VAV Variable Air Volume
VDN Vector Directory Number
VHFvery high frequency
VRU Voice Response Unit
W
WAN Wide Area Network
wgwater gauge
WINGARDWindow Glazing Analysis Response and Design
WINLACWindow Lite Analysis Code
WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMD-CST WMD Civil Support Tea




GENERAL GLOSSARY     




This appendix contains some terms that do not actually appear in this manual. They 
have been included to present a comprehensive list that pertains to this series of 
publications.
A
Access control. Any combination of barriers, gates, electronic security equipment, 
and/or guards that can deny entry to unauthorized personnel or vehicles.
Access control point (ACP). A station at an entrance to a building or a portion of a 
building where identification is checked and people and hand-carried items are 
searched. 
Access controls. Procedures and controls that limit or detect access to minimum 
essential infrastructure resource elements (e.g., people, technology, applications, data, 
and/or facilities), thereby protecting these resources against loss of integrity, 
confidentiality, accountability, and/or availability. 
Access Control System (ACS). Also referred to as an Electronic Entry Control Systems; 
an electronic system that controls entry and egress from a building or area. 
Access Control System elements. Detection measures used to control vehicle or 
personnel entry into a protected area. Access Control System elements include locks, 
Electronic Entry Control Systems, and guards.  
Access group. A software configuration of an Access Control System that groups 
together access points or authorized users for easier arrangement and maintenance of 
the system. 
Access road. Any roadway such as a maintenance, delivery, service, emergency, or 
other special limited use road that is necessary for the operation of a building or 
structure.
Accountability. The explicit assignment of responsibilities for oversight of areas of 
control to executives, managers, staff, owners, providers, and users of minimum 
essential infrastructure resource elements. 
Acoustic eavesdropping. The use of listening devices to monitor voice 
communications or other audibly transmitted information with the objective to 
compromise information. 
Active vehicle barrier. An impediment placed at an access control point that may be 
manually or automatically deployed in response to detection of a threat. 
Aerosol. Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas (e.g., fog or smoke).
Aggressor. Any person seeking to compromise a function or structure. 
Airborne contamination. Chemical or biological agents introduced into and fouling 
the source of supply of breathing or conditioning air. 
Airlock. A building entry configuration with which airflow from the outside can be 
prevented from entering a toxic-free area. An airlock uses two doors, only one of 
which can be opened at a time, and a blower system to maintain positive air pressures 
and purge contaminated air from the airlock before the second door is opened.  
Alarm assessment. Verification and evaluation of an alarm alert through the use of 
closed circuit television or human observation. Systems used for alarm assessment are 
designed to respond rapidly, automatically, and predictably to the receipt of alarms at 
the security center. 
Alarm printers. Alarm printers provide a hard-copy of all alarm events and system 
activity, as well as limited backup in case the visual display fails. 
Alarm priority. A hierarchy of alarms by order of importance. This is often used in 
larger systems to give priority to alarms with greater importance. 
Annunciation. A visual, audible, or other indication by a security system of a condition. 
Antiterrorism (AT). Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals, 
forces, and property to terrorist acts. 
Area Commander. A military commander with authority in a specific geographical 
area or military installation.
Area lighting. Lighting that illuminates a large exterior area. 
Areas of potential compromise. Categories where losses can occur that will impact 
either a departmentÕs or an agencyÕs minimum essential infrastructure and its ability 
to conduct core functions and activities. 
Assessment. The evaluation and interpretation of measurements and other 
information to provide a basis for decision-making.
Assessment System elements. Detection measures used to assist guards in visual 
verification of Intrusion Detection System Alarms and Access Control System 
functions and to assist in visual detection by guards. Assessment System elements 
include closed circuit television and protective lighting. 
Asset. A resource of value requiring protection. An asset can be tangible (e.g., people, 
buildings, facilities, equipment, activities, operations, and information) or intangible 
(e.g., processes or a companyÕs information and reputation).
Asset protection. Security program designed to protect personnel, facilities, and 
equipment, in all locations and situations, accomplished through planned and 
integrated application of combating terrorism, physical security, operations security, 
and personal protective services, and supported by intelligence, counterintelligence, 
and other security programs.
Asset value. The degree of debilitating impact that would be caused by the incapacity 
or destruction of an asset.
Attack. A hostile action resulting in the destruction, injury, or death to the civilian 
population, or damage or destruction to public and private property. 
Audible alarm device. An alarm device that produces an audible announcement (e.g., 
bell, horn, siren, etc.) of an alarm condition. 
B
Balanced magnetic switch. A door position switch utilizing a reed switch held in a 
balanced or center position by interacting magnetic fields when not in alarm 
condition. 
Ballistics attack. An attack in which small arms (e.g., pistols, submachine guns, 
shotguns, and rifles) are fired from a distance and rely on the flight of the projectile to 
damage the target.
Barbed tape or concertina. A coiled tape or coil of wires with wire barbs or blades 
deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area.
Barbed wire. A double strand of wire with four-point barbs equally spaced along the 
wire deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area. 
Barcode. A black bar printed on white paper or tape that can be easily read with an 
optical scanner. 
Biological agents. Living organisms or the materials derived from them that cause 
disease in or harm to humans, animals, or plants or cause deterioration of material. 
Biological agents may be used as liquid droplets, aerosols, or dry powders. 
Biometric reader. A device that gathers and analyzes biometric features. 
Biometrics. The use of physical characteristics of the human body as a unique 
identification method. 
Blast curtains. Heavy curtains made of blast-resistant materials that could protect the 
occupants of a room from flying debris.
Blast-resistant glazing. Window opening glazing that is resistant to blast effects because 
of the interrelated function of the frame and glazing material properties frequently 
dependent upon tempered glass, polycarbonate, or laminated glazing. 
Blast vulnerability envelope. The geographical area in which an explosive device will 
cause damage to assets.
Bollard. A vehicle barrier consisting of a cylinder, usually made of steel and sometimes 
filled with concrete, placed on end in the ground and spaced about 3 feet apart to 
prevent vehicles from passing, but allowing entrance of pedestrians and bicycles. 
Boundary penetration sensor.  An interior intrusion detection sensor that detects 
attempts by individuals to penetrate or enter a building. 
Building hardening. Enhanced construction that reduces vulnerability to external blast 
and ballistic attacks. 
Building separation. The distance between closest points on the exterior walls of 
adjacent buildings or structures.
Business Continuity Program (BCP). An ongoing process supported by senior 
management and funded to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to identify the 
impact of potential losses, maintain viable recovery strategies and recovery plans, and 
ensure continuity services through personnel training, plan testing, and maintenance.
C
Cable barrier. Cable or wire rope anchored to and suspended off the ground or 
attached to chain-link fence to act as a barrier to moving vehicles. 
Capacitance sensor. A device that detects an intruder approaching or touching a metal 
object by sensing a change in capacitance between the object and the ground. 
Card reader. A device that gathers or reads information when a card is presented as an 
identification method. 
Chemical agent. A chemical substance that is intended to kill, seriously injure, or 
incapacitate people through physiological effects. Generally separated by severity of 
effect (e.g., lethal, blister, and incapacitating).
Chimney effect. Air movement in a building between floors caused by differential air 
temperature (differences in density), between the air inside and outside the building. 
It occurs in vertical shafts, such as elevators, stairwells, and conduit/wiring/piping 
chases. Hotter air inside the building will rise and be replaced by infiltration with 
colder outside air through the lower portions of the building. Conversely, reversing 
the temperature will reverse the flow (down the chimney). Also known as stack effect.
Clear zone. An area that is clear of visual obstructions and landscape materials that 
could conceal a threat or perpetrator.
Closed circuit television (CCTV). An electronic system of cameras, control equipment, 
recorders, and related apparatus used for surveillance or alarm assessment. 
CCTV pan-tilt-zoom camera (PTZ). A CCTV camera that can move side to side, up and 
down, and zoom in or out. 
CCTV pan-tilt-zoom control. The method of controlling the PTZ functions of a 
camera. 
CCTV pan-tilt-zoom controller. The operator interface for performing PTZ control. 
CCTV switcher. A piece of equipment capable of presenting multiple video images to 
various monitors, recorders, etc. 
Collateral damage. Injury or damage to assets that are not the primary target of an 
attack.
Combating terrorism. The full range of federal programs and activities applied against 
terrorism, domestically and abroad, regardless of the source or motive.
Community. A political entity that has the authority to adopt and enforce laws and 
ordinances for the area under its jurisdiction.  In most cases, the community is an 
incorporated town, city, township, village, or unincorporated area of a county; 
however, each state defines its own political subdivisions and forms of government.  
Components and cladding. Elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as 
part of the main wind-force resisting system.
Confidentiality. The protection of sensitive information against unauthorized 
disclosure and sensitive facilities from physical, technical, or electronic penetration or 
exploitation. 
Consequence Management. Measures to protect public health and safety, restore 
essential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments, 
businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism. State and local 
governments exercise the primary authority to respond to the consequences of 
terrorism. 
Contamination. The undesirable deposition of a chemical, biological, or radiological 
material on the surface of structures, areas, objects, or people. 
Continuity of services and operations. Controls to ensure that, when unexpected 
events occur, departmental/agency minimum essential infrastructure services and 
operations, including computer operations, continue without interruption or are 
promptly resumed, and that critical and sensitive data are protected through adequate 
contingency and business recovery plans and exercises.  
Control center. A centrally located room or facility staffed by personnel charged with 
the oversight of specific situations and/or equipment. 
Controlled area. An area into which access is controlled or limited. It is that portion of 
a restricted area usually near or surrounding a limited or exclusion area. Correlates 
with exclusion zone.
Controlled lighting. Illumination of specific areas or sections. 
Controlled perimeter. A physical boundary at which vehicle and personnel access is 
controlled at the perimeter of a site. Access control at a controlled perimeter should 
demonstrate the capability to search individuals and vehicles. 
Conventional construction. Building construction that is not specifically designed to 
resist weapons, explosives, or chemical, biological, and radiological effects. 
Conventional construction is designed only to resist common loadings and 
environmental effects such as wind, seismic, and snow loads.
Coordinate. To advance systematically an exchange of information among principals 
who have or may have a need to know certain information in order to carry out their 
roles in a response.
Counterintelligence. Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against: 
espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on 
behalf of foreign powers, organizations, or persons; or international terrorist activities, 
excluding personnel, physical, document, and communications security programs.
Counterterrorism (CT). Offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to 
terrorism.
Covert entry. Attempts to enter a facility by using false credentials or stealth. 
Crash bar. A mechanical egress device located on the interior side of a door that 
unlocks the door when pressure is applied in the direction of egress. 
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). A crime prevention 
strategy based on evidence that the design and form of the built environment can 
influence human behavior. CPTED usually involves the use of three principles: natural 
surveillance (by placing physical features, activities, and people to maximize visibility); 
natural access control (through the judicial placement of entrances, exits, fencing, 
landscaping, and lighting); and territorial reinforcement (using buildings, fences, 
pavement, signs, and landscaping to express ownership).
Crisis Management (CM). The measures taken to identify, acquire, and plan the use of 
resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism. 
Critical assets. Those assets essential to the minimum operations of the organization, 
and to ensure the health and safety of the general public.
Critical infrastructure. Primary infrastructure systems (e.g., utilities, 
telecommunications, transportation, etc.) whose incapacity would have a debilitating 
impact on the organizationÕs ability to function.
D
Damage assessment. The process used to appraise or determine the number of injuries 
and deaths, damage to public and private property, and the status of key facilities and 
services (e.g., hospitals and other health care facilities, fire and police stations, 
communications networks, water and sanitation systems, utilities, and transportation 
networks) resulting from a manmade or natural disaster.  
Data gathering panel. A local processing unit that retrieves, processes, stores, and/or 
acts on information in the field. 
Data transmission equipment. A path for transmitting data between two or more 
components (e.g., a sensor and alarm reporting system, a card reader and controller, a 
CCTV camera and monitor, or a transmitter and receiver). 
Decontamination. The reduction or removal of a chemical, biological, or radiological 
material from the surface of a structure, area, object, or person. 
Defense layer. Building design or exterior perimeter barriers intended to delay 
attempted forced entry. 
Defensive measures. Protective measures that delay or prevent attack on an asset or 
that shield the asset from weapons, explosives, and CBR effects. Defensive measures 
include site work and building design.
Delay rating. A measure of the effectiveness of penetration protection of a defense 
layer. 
Design Basis Threat (DBT). The threat (e.g., tactics and associated weapons, tools, or 
explosives) against which assets within a building must be protected and upon which 
the security engineering design of the building is based.
Design constraint. Anything that restricts the design options for a protective system or 
that creates additional problems for which the design must compensate.
Design opportunity. Anything that enhances protection, reduces requirements for 
protective measures, or solves a design problem. 
Design team. A group of individuals from various engineering and architectural 
disciplines responsible for the protective system design. 
Detection layer. A ring of intrusion detection sensors located on or adjacent to a 
defensive layer or between two defensive layers. 
Detection measures. Protective measures that detect intruders, weapons, or explosives; 
assist in assessing the validity of detection; control access to protected areas; and 
communicate the appropriate information to the response force. Detection measures 
include Detection Systems, Assessment Systems, and Access Control System elements. 
Detection System elements. Detection measures that detect the presence of intruders, 
weapons, or explosives. Detection System elements include Intrusion Detection 
Systems, weapons and explosives detectors, and guards. 
Disaster. An occurrence of a natural catastrophe, technological accident, or human-
caused event that has resulted in severe property damage, deaths, and/or multiple 
injuries. 
Disaster Field Office (DFO). The office established in or near the designated area of a 
Presidentially declared major disaster to support federal and state response and 
recovery operations. 
Disaster Recovery Center (DRC). Places established in the area of a Presidentially 
declared major disaster, as soon as practicable, to provide victims the opportunity to 
apply in person for assistance and/or obtain information relating to that assistance. 
Domestic terrorism. The unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a 
group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or Puerto 
Rico without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or 
coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance 
of political or social objectives. 
Door position switch. A switch that changes state based on whether or not a door is 
closed. Typically, a switch mounted in a frame that is actuated by a magnet in a door. 
Door strike, electronic. An electromechanical lock that releases a door plunger to 
unlock the door. Typically, an electronic door strike is mounted in place of or near a 
normal door strike plate.  
Dose rate (radiation). A general term indicating the quantity (total or accumulated) of 
ionizing radiation or energy absorbed by a person or animal, per unit of time.  
Dosimeter. An instrument for measuring and registering total accumulated exposure 
to ionizing radiation.  
Dual technology sensor. A sensor that combines two different technologies in one 
unit.  
Duress alarm devices. Also known as panic buttons, these devices are designated 
specifically to initiate a panic alarm. 
E
Effective stand-off distance. A stand-off distance at which the required level of 
protection can be shown to be achieved through analysis or can be achieved through 
building hardening or other mitigating construction or retrofit.
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP). A sharp pulse of energy radiated instantaneously by a 
nuclear detonation that may affect or damage electronic components and equipment. 
EMP can also be generated in lesser intensity by non-nuclear means in specific 
frequency ranges to perform the same disruptive function.
Electronic emanations. Electromagnetic emissions from computers, communications, 
electronics, wiring, and related equipment.
Electronic-emanations eavesdropping. Use of electronic-emanation surveillance 
equipment from outside a facility or its restricted area to monitor electronic 
emanations from computers, communications, and related equipment.
Electronic Entry Control Systems (EECS). Electronic devices that automatically verify 
authorization for a person to enter or exit a controlled area.  
Electronic Security System (ESS). An integrated system that encompasses interior and 
exterior sensors, closed circuit television systems for assessment of alarm conditions, 
Electronic Entry Control Systems, data transmission media, and alarm reporting 
systems for monitoring, control, and display of various alarm and system information.  
Emergency. Any natural or human-caused situation that results in or may result in 
substantial injury or harm to the population or substantial damage to or loss of 
property.
Emergency Alert System (EAS). A communications system of broadcast stations and 
interconnecting facilities authorized by the Federal Communications Commission 
(FCC). The system provides the President and other national, state, and local officials 
the means to broadcast emergency information to the public before, during, and after 
disasters.  
Emergency Environmental Health Services. Services required to correct or improve 
damaging environmental health effects on humans, including inspection for food 
contamination, inspection for water contamination, and vector control; providing for 
sewage and solid waste inspection and disposal; cleanup and disposal of hazardous 
materials; and sanitation inspection for emergency shelter facilities.  
Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Services including personnel, facilities, and 
equipment required to ensure proper medical care for the sick and injured from the 
time of injury to the time of final disposition, including medical disposition within a 
hospital, temporary medical facility, or special care facility; release from the site; or 
declared dead. Further, Emergency Medical Services specifically include those 
services immediately required to ensure proper medical care and specialized 
treatment for patients in a hospital and coordination of related hospital services. 
Emergency Mortuary Services. Services required to assure adequate death 
investigation, identification, and disposition of bodies; removal, temporary storage, 
and transportation of bodies to temporary morgue facilities; notification of next of 
kin; and coordination of mortuary services and burial of unclaimed bodies. 
Emergency Operations Center (EOC). The protected site from which state and local 
civil government officials coordinate, monitor, and direct emergency response 
activities during an emergency. 
Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). A document that describes how people and 
property will be protected in disaster and disaster threat situations; details who is 
responsible for carrying out specific actions; identifies the personnel, equipment, 
facilities, supplies, and other resources available for use in the disaster; and outlines 
how all actions will be coordinated. 
Emergency Planning Zones (EPZ). Areas around a facility for which planning is needed 
to ensure prompt and effective actions are taken to protect the health and safety of 
the public if an accident or disaster occurs. In the Radiological Emergency 
Preparedness Program, the two EPZs are:
Plume Exposure Pathway (10-mile EPZ). A circular geographic zone (with a 
10-mile radius centered at the nuclear power plant) for which plans are 
developed to protect the public against exposure to radiation emanating 
from a radioactive plume caused as a result of an accident at the nuclear 
power plant. 
Ingestion Pathway (50-mile EPZ). A circular geographic zone (with a 50-mile 
radius centered at the nuclear power plant) for which plans are developed 
to protect the public from the ingestion of water or food contaminated as a 
result of a nuclear power plant accident. 
In the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), the EPZ 
is divided into three concentric circular zones:
Immediate Response Zone (IRZ). A circular zone ranging from 10 to 15 
kilometers (6 to 9 miles) from the potential chemical event source, 
depending on the stockpile location on-post. Emergency response plans 
developed for the IRZ must provide for the most rapid and effective 
protective actions possible, because the IRZ will have the highest 
concentration of agent and the least amount of warning time. 
Protective Action Zone (PAZ). An area that extends beyond the IRZ to 
approximately 16 to 50 kilometers (10 to 30 miles) from the stockpile 
location. The PAZ is that area where public protective actions may still be 
necessary in case of an accidental release of chemical agent, but where the 
available warning and response time is such that most people could 
evacuate. However, other responses (e.g., sheltering) may be appropriate 
for institutions and special populations that could not evacuate within the 
available time. 
Precautionary Zone (PZ). The outermost portion of the EPZ for CSEPP, 
extending from the PAZ outer boundary to a distance where the risk of 
adverse impacts to humans is negligible. Because of the increased warning 
and response time available for implementation of response actions in the 
PZ, detailed local emergency planning is not required, although 
Consequence Management planning may be appropriate. 
Emergency Public Information (EPI). Information that is disseminated primarily in 
anticipation of an emergency or at the actual time of an emergency and, in addition 
to providing information, frequently directs actions, instructs, and transmits direct 
orders.
Emergency Response Team (ERT). An interagency team, consisting of the lead 
representative from each federal department or agency assigned primary 
responsibility for an ESF and key members of the FCOÕs staff, formed to assist the FCO 
in carrying out his/her coordination responsibilities. 
Emergency Response Team Advance Element (ERT-A). For federal disaster response 
and recovery activities under the Stafford Act, the portion of the ERT that is first 
deployed to the field to respond to a disaster incident. The ERT-A is the nucleus of 
the full ERT. 
Emergency Response Team National (ERT-N). An ERT that has been established and 
rostered for deployment to catastrophic disasters where the resources of the FEMA 
Region have been, or are expected to be, overwhelmed. Three ERT-Ns have been 
established. 
Emergency Support Function (ESF). In the Federal Response Plan (FRP), a functional 
area of response activity established to facilitate the delivery of federal assistance 
required during the immediate response phase of a disaster to save lives, protect 
property and public health, and to maintain public safety. ESFs represent those types 
of federal assistance that the state will most likely need because of the impact of a 
catastrophic or significant disaster on its own resources and response capabilities, or 
because of the specialized or unique nature of the assistance required. ESF missions 
are designed to supplement state and local response efforts. 
Emergency Support Team (EST). An interagency group operating from FEMA 
Headquarters. The EST oversees the national-level response support effort under the 
FRP and coordinates activities with the ESF primary and support agencies in 
supporting federal requirements in the field. 
Entity-wide security. Planning and management that provides a framework and 
continuing cycle of activity for managing risk, developing security policies, assigning 
responsibilities, and monitoring the adequacy of the entityÕs physical and cyber 
security controls. 
Entry control point. A continuously or intermittently manned station at which entry to 
sensitive or restricted areas is controlled. 
Entry control stations. Entry control stations should be provided at main perimeter 
entrances where security personnel are present. Entry control stations should be 
located as close as practical to the perimeter entrance to permit personnel inside the 
station to maintain constant surveillance over the entrance and its approaches. 
Equipment closet. A room where field control equipment such as data gathering 
panels and power supplies are typically located. 
Evacuation. Organized, phased, and supervised dispersal of people from dangerous or 
potentially dangerous areas. 
Evacuation, mandatory or directed. This is a warning to persons within the designated 
area that an imminent threat to life and property exists and individuals MUST 
evacuate in accordance with the instructions of local officials.  
Evacuation, spontaneous. Residents or citizens in the threatened areas observe an 
emergency event or receive unofficial word of an actual or perceived threat and, 
without receiving instructions to do so, elect to evacuate the area. Their movement, 
means, and direction of travel are unorganized and unsupervised.
Evacuation, voluntary. This is a warning to persons within a designated area that a 
threat to life and property exists or is likely to exist in the immediate future. 
Individuals issued this type of warning or order are NOT required to evacuate; 
however, it would be to their advantage to do so.  
Evacuees. All persons removed or moving from areas threatened or struck by a 
disaster. 
Exclusion area. A restricted area containing a security interest. Uncontrolled 
movement permits direct access to the item. See controlled area and limited area.
Exclusion zone. An area around an asset that has controlled entry with highly 
restrictive access. See controlled area.
Explosives disposal container. A small container into which small quantities of 
explosives may be placed to contain their blast pressures and fragments if the 
explosive detonates. 
F
Facial recognition. A biometric technology that is based on features of the human 
face.
Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO). The person appointed by the FEMA Director to 
coordinate federal assistance in a Presidentially declared emergency or major 
disaster.
Federal On-scene Commander. The FBI official designated upon JOC activation to 
ensure appropriate coordination of the overall United States government response 
with federal, state, and local authorities, until such time as the Attorney General 
transfers the LFA role to FEMA.
Federal Response Plan (FRP). The FRP establishes a process and structure for the 
systematic, coordinated, and effective delivery of federal assistance to address the 
consequences of any major disaster or emergency. 
Fence protection. An intrusion detection technology that detects a person crossing a 
fence by various methods such as climbing, crawling, cutting, etc. 
Fence sensor. An exterior intrusion detection sensor that detects aggressors as they 
attempt to climb over, cut through, or otherwise disturb a fence. 
Fiber optics. A method of data transfer by passing bursts of light through a strand of 
glass or clear plastic. 
Field Assessment Team (FAsT). A small team of pre-identified technical experts that 
conduct an assessment of response needs (not a PDA) immediately following a 
disaster. 
Field of view. The visible area in a video picture. 
First responder. Local police, fire, and emergency medical personnel who first arrive 
on the scene of an incident and take action to save lives, protect property, and meet 
basic human needs.
Flash flood. Follows a situation in which rainfall is so intense and severe and runoff so 
rapid that it precludes recording and relating it to stream stages and other 
information in time to forecast a flood condition. 
Flood. A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of 
normally dry land areas from overflow of inland or tidal waters, unusual or rapid 
accumulation or runoff of surface waters, or mudslides/mudflows caused by 
accumulation of water. 
Forced entry. Entry to a denied area achieved through force to create an opening in 
fence, walls, doors, etc., or to overpower guards. 
Fragment retention film (FRF). A thin, optically clear film applied to glass to minimize 
the spread of glass fragments when the glass is shattered. 
Frame rate. In digital video, a measurement of the rate of change in a series of 
pictures, often measured in frames per second (fps). 
Frangible construction. Building components that are designed to fail to vent blast 
pressures from an enclosure in a controlled manner and direction. 
G
Glare security lighting. Illumination projected from a secure perimeter into the 
surrounding area, making it possible to see potential intruders at a considerable 
distance while making it difficult to observe activities within the secure perimeter. 
Glass-break detector. An intrusion detection sensor that is designed to detect breaking 
glass either through vibration or acoustics. 
Glazing. A material installed in a sash, ventilator, or panes (e.g., glass, plastic, etc., 
including material such as thin granite installed in a curtain wall).
GovernorÕs Authorized Representative (GAR). The person empowered by the 
Governor to execute, on behalf of the State, all necessary documents for disaster 
assistance. 
Grid wire sensor. An intrusion detection sensor that uses a grid of wires to cover a wall 
or fence. An alarm is sounded if the wires are cut. 
H
Hand geometry. A biometric technology that is based on characteristics of the human 
hand. 
Hazard. A source of potential danger or adverse condition. 
Hazard mitigation. Any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to 
human life and property from hazards. The term is sometimes used in a stricter sense 
to mean cost-effective measures to reduce the potential for damage to a facility or 
facilities from a disaster event. 
Hazardous material (HazMat). Any substance or material that, when involved in an 
accident and released in sufficient quantities, poses a risk to peopleÕs health, safety, 
and/or property. These substances and materials include explosives, radioactive 
materials, flammable liquids or solids, combustible liquids or solids, poisons, oxidizers, 
toxins, and corrosive materials. 
High-hazard areas. Geographic locations that, for planning purposes, have been 
determined through historical experience and vulnerability analysis to be likely to 
experience the effects of a specific hazard (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, hazardous 
materials accident, etc.), resulting in vast property damage and loss of life. 
High-risk target. Any material resource or facility that, because of mission sensitivity, 
ease of access, isolation, and symbolic value, may be an especially attractive or 
accessible terrorist target.
Human-caused hazard. Human-caused hazards are technological hazards and 
terrorism. They are distinct from natural hazards primarily in that they originate from 
human activity. Within the military services, the term threat is typically used for 
human-caused hazard. See definitions of technological hazards and terrorism for 
further information.
Hurricane. A tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in 
which wind speeds reach 74 miles per hour or more and blow in a large spiral around 
a relatively calm center or "eye." Circulation is counter-clockwise in the Northern 
Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. 
I
Impact analysis. A management level analysis that identifies the impacts of losing the 
entityÕs resources. The analysis measures the effect of resource loss and escalating 
losses over time in order to provide the entity with reliable data upon which to base 
decisions on hazard mitigation and continuity planning.
Incident Command System (ICS). A standardized organizational structure used to 
command, control, and coordinate the use of resources and personnel that have 
responded to the scene of an emergency. The concepts and principles for ICS include 
common terminology, modular organization, integrated communication, unified 
command structure, consolidated action plan, manageable span of control, 
designated incident facilities, and comprehensive resource management. 
Insider compromise. A person authorized access to a facility (an insider) compromises 
assets by taking advantage of that accessibility. 
Intercom door/gate station. Part of an intercom system where communication is 
typically initiated, usually located at a door or gate. 
Intercom master station. Part of an intercom system that monitors one or more 
intercom door/gate stations; typically, where initial communication is received. 
Intercom switcher. Part of an intercom system that controls the flow of 
communications between various stations. 
Intercom System. An electronic system that allows simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex 
audio communications. 
International terrorism. Violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a 
violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a 
criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any 
state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, 
influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, or affect the 
conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. International terrorist acts 
occur outside the United States, or transcend national boundaries in terms of the 
means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to coerce or 
intimidate, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. 
Intrusion Detection Sensor. A device that initiates alarm signals by sensing the 
stimulus, change, or condition for which it was designed. 
Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The combination of components, including sensors, 
control units, transmission lines, and monitor units, integrated to operate in a 
specified manner. 
Isolated fenced perimeters. Fenced perimeters with 100 feet or more of space outside 
the fence that is clear of obstruction, making approach obvious. 
J
Jersey barrier. A protective concrete barrier initially and still used as a highway divider 
that now also functions as an expedient method for traffic speed control at entrance 
gates and to keep vehicles away from buildings. 
Joint Information Center (JIC). A central point of contact for all news media near the 
scene of a large-scale disaster. News media representatives are kept informed of 
activities and events by Public Information Officers who represent all participating 
federal, state, and local agencies that are collocated at the JIC. 
Joint Information System (JIS). Under the FRP, connection of public affairs personnel, 
decision-makers, and news centers by electronic mail, fax, and telephone when a 
single federal-state-local JIC is not a viable option. 
Joint Interagency Intelligence Support Element (JIISE). An interagency intelligence 
component designed to fuse intelligence information from the various agencies 
participating in a response to a WMD threat or incident within an FBI JOC. The JIISE 
is an expanded version of the investigative/intelligence component that is part of the 
standardized FBI command post structure. The JIISE manages five functions, 
including: security, collections management, current intelligence, exploitation, and 
dissemination.
Joint Operations Center (JOC). Established by the LFA under the operational control 
of the federal OSC, as the focal point for management and direction of on-site 
activities, coordination/establishment of state requirements/priorities, and 
coordination of the overall federal response.
Jurisdiction. Typically counties and cities within a state, but states may elect to define 
differently in order to facilitate their assessment process. 
L
Laminated glass. A flat lite of uniform thickness consisting of two monolithic glass plies 
bonded together with an interlayer material as defined in Specification C1172. Many 
different interlayer materials are used in laminated glass. 
Landscaping. The use of plantings (shrubs and trees), with or without landforms 
and/or large boulders, to act as a perimeter barrier against defined threats. 
Laser card. A card technology that uses a laser reflected off of a card for uniquely 
identifying the card. 
Layers of protection. A traditional approach in security engineering using concentric 
circles extending out from an area to be protected as demarcation points for different 
security strategies. 
Lead Agency. The federal department or agency assigned lead responsibility under 
U.S. law to manage and coordinate the federal response in a specific functional area. 
Lead Federal Agency (LFA). The agency designated by the President to lead and 
coordinate the overall federal response is referred to as the LFA and is determined by 
the type of emergency. In general, an LFA establishes operational structures and 
procedures to assemble and work with agencies providing direct support to the LFA in 
order to provide an initial assessment of the situation, develop an action plan, monitor 
and update operational priorities, and ensure each agency exercises its concurrent 
and distinct authorities under U.S. law and supports the LFA in carrying out the 
PresidentÕs relevant policy. Specific responsibilities of an LFA vary, according to the 
agencyÕs unique statutory authorities.
Level of protection (LOP). The degree to which an asset is protected against injury or 
damage from an attack.
Liaison. An agency official sent to another agency to facilitate interagency 
communications and coordination.
Limited area. A restricted area within close proximity of a security interest. 
Uncontrolled movement may permit access to the item. Escorts and other internal 
restrictions may prevent access to the item. See controlled area and exclusion area.
Line of sight (LOS). Direct observation between two points with the naked eye or 
hand-held optics. 
Line-of-sight sensor. A pair of devices used as an intrusion detection sensor that 
monitor any movement through the field between the sensors.
Line supervision. A data integrity strategy that monitors the communications link for 
connectivity and tampering. In Intrusion Detection System sensors, line supervision is 
often referred to as two-state, three-state, or four-state in respect to the number of 
conditions monitored. The frequency of sampling the link also plays a big part in the 
supervision of the line. 
Local government. Any county, city, village, town, district, or political subdivision of 
any state, and Indian tribe or authorized tribal organization, or Alaska Native village or 
organization, including any rural community or unincorporated town or village or any 
other public entity.
M
Magnetic lock. An electromagnetic lock that unlocks a door when power is removed. 
Magnetic stripe. A card technology that uses a magnetic stripe on the card to encode 
data used for unique identification of the card. 
Mail-bomb delivery. Bombs or incendiary devices delivered to the target in letters or 
packages. 
Man-trap. An access control strategy that uses a pair of interlocking doors to prevent 
tailgating. Only one door can be unlocked at a time. 
Mass care. The actions that are taken to protect evacuees and other disaster victims 
from the effects of the disaster. Activities include providing temporary shelter, food, 
medical care, clothing, and other essential life support needs to those people who 
have been displaced from their homes because of a disaster or threatened disaster. 
Mass notification. Capability to provide real-time information to all building occupants 
or personnel in the immediate vicinity of a building during emergency situations.
Microwave motion sensor. An intrusion detection sensor that uses microwave energy 
to sense movement within the sensorÕs field of view. These sensors work similar to 
radar by using the Doppler effect to measure a shift in frequency. 
Military installations. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps bases, posts, stations, 
and annexes (both contractor and government operated), hospitals, terminals, and 
other special mission facilities, as well as those used primarily for military purposes. 
Minimum essential infrastructure resource elements. The broad categories of 
resources, all or portions of which constitute the minimal essential infrastructure 
necessary for a department, agency, or organization to conduct its core mission(s). 
Minimum measures. Protective measures that can be applied to all buildings 
regardless of the identified threat. These measures offer defense or detection 
opportunities for minimal cost, facilitate future upgrades, and may deter acts of 
aggression. 
Mitigation. Those actions taken to reduce the exposure to and impact of an attack or 
disaster.
Motion detector. An intrusion detection sensor that changes state based on movement 
in the sensorÕs field of view. 
Moving vehicle bomb. An explosive-laden car or truck driven into or near a building 
and detonated. 
Mutual Aid Agreement. A pre-arranged agreement developed between two or more 
entities to render assistance to the parties of the agreement.
N
Natural hazard. Naturally-occurring events such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, 
tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural 
event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property (FEMA 386-2, 
Understanding Your Risks). The risks of natural hazards may be increased or decreased 
as a result of human activity; however, they are not inherently human-induced. 
Natural protective barriers. Natural protective barriers are mountains and deserts, 
cliffs and ditches, water obstacles, or other terrain features that are difficult to traverse. 
Non-exclusive zone. An area around an asset that has controlled entry, but shared or 
less restrictive access than an exclusive zone.
Non-persistent agent. An agent that, upon release, loses its ability to cause casualties 
after 10 to 15 minutes. It has a high evaporation rate, is lighter than air, and will 
disperse rapidly. It is considered to be a short-term hazard; however, in small, 
unventilated areas, the agent will be more persistent.
Nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons. Also called Weapons of Mass Destruction 
(WMD). Weapons that are characterized by their capability to produce mass casualties.
Nuclear detonation. An explosion resulting from fission and/or fusion reactions in 
nuclear material, such as that from a nuclear weapon. 
O
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC). The federal official pre-designated by the EPA and U.S. 
Coast Guard to coordinate and direct response and removals under the National Oil 
and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan.
Open systems architecture. A term borrowed from the IT industry to claim that 
systems are capable of interfacing with other systems from any vendor, which also uses 
open system architecture. The opposite would be a proprietary system. 
Operator interface. The part of a security management system that provides that user 
interface to humans. 
Organizational areas of control. Controls consist of the policies, procedures, practices, 
and organization structures designed to provide reasonable assurance that business 
objectives will be achieved and that undesired events will be prevented or detected 
and corrected.
P
Passive infrared motion sensor. A device that detects a change in the thermal energy 
pattern caused by a moving intruder and initiates an alarm when the change in energy 
satisfies the detectorÕs alarm-criteria.
Passive vehicle barrier. A vehicle barrier that is permanently deployed and does not 
require response to be effective. 
Patch panel. A concentrated termination point that separates backbone cabling from 
devices cabling for easy maintenance and troubleshooting. 
Perimeter barrier. A fence, wall, vehicle barrier, landform, or line of vegetation 
applied along an exterior perimeter used to obscure vision, hinder personnel access, 
or hinder or prevent vehicle access. 
Persistent agent. An agent that, upon release, retains its casualty-producing effects for 
an extended period of time, usually anywhere from 30 minutes to several days. A 
persistent agent usually has a low evaporation rate and its vapor is heavier than air; 
therefore, its vapor cloud tends to hug the ground. It is considered to be a long-term 
hazard. Although inhalation hazards are still a concern, extreme caution should be 
taken to avoid skin contact as well.
Physical security. The part of security concerned with measures/concepts designed to 
safeguard personnel; to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, 
materiel, and documents; and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, 
and theft.
Planter barrier. A passive vehicle barrier, usually constructed of concrete and filled 
with dirt (and flowers for aesthetics). Planters, along with bollards, are the usual street 
furniture used to keep vehicles away from existing buildings. Overall size and the 
depth of installation below grade determine the vehicle stopping capability of the 
individual planter.
Plume. Airborne material spreading from a particular source; the dispersal of 
particles, gases, vapors, and aerosols into the atmosphere.
Polycarbonate glazing. A plastic glazing material with enhanced resistance to ballistics 
or blast effects. 
Predetonation screen. A fence that causes an anti-tank round to detonate or prevents it 
from arming before it reaches its target. 
Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA). A mechanism used to determine the impact 
and magnitude of damage and the resulting unmet needs of individuals, businesses, 
the public sector, and the community as a whole. Information collected is used by the 
state as a basis for the GovernorÕs request for a Presidential declaration, and by FEMA 
to document the recommendation made to the President in response to the 
GovernorÕs request. PDAs are made by at least one state and one federal 
representative. A local government representative familiar with the extent and 
location of damage in the community often participates; other state and federal 
agencies and voluntary relief organizations also may be asked to participate, as 
needed. 
Preparedness. Establishing the plans, training, exercises, and resources necessary to 
enhance mitigation of and achieve readiness for response to, and recovery from all 
hazards, disasters, and emergencies, including WMD incidents.
Pressure mat. A mat that generates an alarm when pressure is applied to any part of 
the matÕs surface, such as when someone steps on the mat. Pressure mats can be used 
to detect an intruder approaching a protected object, or they can be placed by doors 
and windows to detect entry. 
Primary asset. An asset that is the ultimate target for compromise by an aggressor. 
Primary gathering building. Inhabited buildings routinely occupied by 50 or more 
personnel. This designation applies to the entire portion of a building that meets the 
population density requirements for an inhabited building. 
Probability of detection (POD). A measure of an intrusion detection sensorÕs 
performance in detecting an intruder within its detection zone. 
Probability of intercept. The probability that an act of aggression will be detected and 
that a response force will intercept the aggressor before the asset can be 
compromised. 
Progressive collapse. A chain reaction failure of building members to an extent 
disproportionate to the original localized damage. Such damage may result in upper 
floors of a building collapsing onto lower floors.
Protective barriers. Define the physical limits of a site, activity, or area by restricting, 
channeling, or impeding access and forming a continuous obstacle around the object.
Protective measures. Elements of a protective system that protect an asset against a 
threat. Protective measures are divided into defensive and detection measures. 
Protective system. An integration of all of the protective measures required to protect 
an asset against the range of threats applicable to the asset. 
Proximity sensor. An intrusion detection sensor that changes state based on the close 
distance or contact of a human to the sensor. These sensors often measure the change 
in capacitance as a human body enters the measured field. 
Public Information Officer (PIO). A federal, state, or local government official 
responsible for preparing and coordinating the dissemination of emergency public 
information. 
R
Radiation. High-energy particles or gamma rays that are emitted by an atom as the 
substance undergoes radioactive decay. Particles can be either charged alpha or beta 
particles or neutral neutron or gamma rays.
Radiation sickness. The symptoms characterizing the sickness known as radiation 
injury, resulting from excessive exposure of the whole body to ionizing radiation. 
Radiological monitoring. The process of locating and measuring radiation by means of 
survey instruments that can detect and measure (as exposure rates) ionizing radiation. 
Recovery. The long-term activities beyond the initial crisis period and emergency 
response phase of disaster operations that focus on returning all systems in the 
community to a normal status or to reconstitute these systems to a new condition that 
is less vulnerable. 
Regional Operations Center (ROC). The temporary operations facility for the 
coordination of federal response and recovery activities located at the FEMA Regional 
Office (or Federal Regional Center) and led by the FEMA Regional Director or 
Deputy Director until the DFO becomes operational. After the ERT-A is deployed, the 
ROC performs a support role for federal staff at the disaster scene. 
Report printers. A separate, dedicated printer attached to the Electronic Security 
Systems used for generating reports utilizing information stored by the central 
computer.
Request-to-exit device. Passive infrared motion sensors or push buttons that are used 
to signal an Electronic Entry Control System that egress is imminent or to unlock a 
door. 
Resolution. The level to which video details can be determined in a CCTV scene is 
referred to as resolving ability or resolution. 
Resource Management. Those actions taken by a government to: identify sources and 
obtain resources needed to support disaster response activities; coordinate the supply, 
allocation, distribution, and delivery of resources so that they arrive where and when 
most needed; and maintain accountability for the resources used. 
Response. Executing the plan and resources identified to perform those duties and 
services to preserve and protect life and property as well as provide services to the 
surviving population.
Response force. The people who respond to an act of aggression. Depending on the 
nature of the threat, the response force could consist of guards, special reaction teams, 
military or civilian police, an explosives ordnance disposal team, or a fire department. 
Response time. The length of time from the instant an attack is detected to the instant 
a security force arrives on site. 
Restricted area. Any area with access controls that is subject to these special 
restrictions or controls for security reasons. See controlled area, limited area, 
exclusion area, and exclusion zone.
Retinal pattern. A biometric technology that is based on features of the human eye. 
RF data transmission. A communications link using radio frequency to send or receive 
data. 
Risk. The potential for loss of, or damage to, an asset. It is measured based upon the 
value of the asset in relation to the threats and vulnerabilities associated with it.
Rotating drum or rotating plate vehicle barrier. An active vehicle barrier used at 
vehicle entrances to controlled areas based on a drum or plate rotating into the path 
of the vehicle when signaled.
Routinely occupied. For the purposes of these standards, an established or predictable 
pattern of activity within a building that terrorists could recognize and exploit.
RS-232 data. IEEE Recommended Standard 232; a point-to-point serial data protocol 
with a maximum effective distance of 50 feet. 
RS-422 data. IEEE Recommended Standard 422; a point-to-point serial data protocol 
with a maximum effective distance of 4,000 feet. 
RS-485 data. IEEE Recommended Standard 485; a multi-drop serial data protocol with 
a maximum effective distance of 4,000 feet. 
S
Sacrificial roof or wall. Roofs or walls that can be lost in a blast without damage to the 
primary asset.
Safe haven. Secure areas within the interior of the facility. A safe haven should be 
designed such that it requires more time to penetrate by aggressors than it takes for 
the response force to reach the protected area to rescue the occupants. It may be a 
haven from a physical attack or air-isolated haven from CBR contamination.
Scramble keypad. A keypad that uses keys on which the numbers change pattern with 
each use to enhance security by preventing eavesdropping observation of the entered 
numbers. 
Secondary asset. An asset that supports a primary asset and whose compromise would 
indirectly affect the operation of the primary asset. 
Secondary hazard. A threat whose potential would be realized as the result of a 
triggering event that of itself would constitute an emergency (e.g., dam failure might 
be a secondary hazard associated with earthquakes). 
Secure/access mode. The state of an area monitored by an intrusion detection system 
in regards to how alarm conditions are reported. 
Security analysis. The method of studying the nature of and the relationship between 
assets, threats, and vulnerabilities.
Security console. Specialized furniture, racking, and related apparatus used to house 
the security equipment required in a control center. 
Security engineering. The process of identifying practical, risk managed short- and 
long-term solutions to reduce and/or mitigate dynamic manmade hazards by 
integrating multiple factors, including construction, equipment, manpower, and 
procedures.
Security engineering design process. The process through which assets requiring 
protection are identified, the threat to and vulnerability of those assets is determined, 
and a protective system is designed to protect the assets. 
Security Management System database. In a Security Management System, a database 
that is transferred to various nodes or panels throughout the system for faster data 
processing and protection against communications link downtime. 
Security Management System distributed processing. In a Security Management 
System, a method of data processing at various nodes or panels throughout the system 
for faster data processing and protection against communications links downtime. 
Segregation of duties. Policies, procedures, and an organizational structure established 
so that one individual cannot control key aspects of physical and/or computer-related 
operations and thereby conduct unauthorized actions or gain unauthorized access to 
minimum essential infrastructure resource elements. 
Semi-isolated fenced perimeters. Fence lines where approach areas are clear of 
obstruction for 60 to 100 feet outside of the fence and where the general public or 
other personnel seldom have reason to be in the area. 
Senior FEMA Official (SFO). The official appointed by the Director of FEMA, or his 
representative, that is responsible for deploying to the JOC to serve as the senior 
interagency consequence management representative on the Command Group, and 
to manage and coordinate activities taken by the Consequence Management Group.
Serial interface. An integration strategy for data transfer where components are 
connected in series. 
Shielded wire. Wire with a conductive wrap used to mitigate electromagnetic 
emanations. 
Situational crime prevention. A crime prevention strategy based on reducing the 
opportunities for crime by increasing the effort required to commit a crime, 
increasing the risks associated with committing the crime, and reducing the target 
appeal or vulnerability (whether property or person). This opportunity reduction is 
achieved by management and use policies such as procedures and training, as well as 
physical approaches such as alteration of the built environment.
Smart card. A newer card technology that allows data to be written, stored, and read 
on a card typically used for identification and/or access. 
Software level integration. An integration strategy that uses software to interface 
systems. An example of this would be digital video displayed in the same computer 
application window and linked to events of a security management system.  
Specific threat. Known or postulated aggressor activity focused on targeting a 
particular asset.
Stand-off distance. A distance maintained between a building or portion thereof and 
the potential location for an explosive detonation or other threat.
Stand-off weapons. Weapons such as anti-tank weapons and mortars that are launched 
from a distance at a target.
State Coordinating Officer (SCO). The person appointed by the Governor to 
coordinate state, commonwealth, or territorial response and recovery activities with 
FRP-related activities of the Federal Government, in cooperation with the FCO. 
State Liaison. A FEMA official assigned to a particular state, who handles initial 
coordination with the state in the early stages of an emergency. 
Stationary vehicle bomb. An explosive-laden car or truck stopped or parked near a 
building. 
Storm surge. A dome of sea water created by the strong winds and low barometric 
pressure in a hurricane that causes severe coastal flooding as the hurricane strikes 
land. 
Strain sensitive cable. Strain sensitive cables are transducers that are uniformly 
sensitive along their entire length and generate an analog voltage when subjected to 
mechanical distortions or stress resulting from fence motion. They are typically 
attached to a chain-link fence about halfway between the bottom and top of the fence 
fabric with plastic ties. 
Structural protective barriers. Manmade devices (e.g., fences, walls, floors, roofs, grills, 
bars, roadblocks, signs, or other construction) used to restrict, channel, or impede 
access. 
Superstructure. The supporting elements of a building above the foundation.
Supplies-bomb delivery. Bombs or incendiary devices concealed and delivered to 
supply or material handling points such as loading docks. 
System events. Events that occur normally in the operation of a security management 
system. Examples include access control operations and changes of state in intrusion 
detection sensors. 
System software. Controls that limit and monitor access to the powerful programs and 
sensitive files that control the computer hardware and secure applications supported 
by the system. 
T
Tactics. The specific methods of achieving the aggressorÕs goals to injure personnel, 
destroy assets, or steal materiel or information. 
Tamper switch. Intrusion detection sensor that monitors an equipment enclosure for 
breach. 
Tangle-foot wire. Barbed wire or tape suspended on short metal or wooden pickets 
outside a perimeter fence to create an obstacle to approach. 
Taut wire sensor. An intrusion detection sensor utilizing a column of uniformly spaced 
horizontal wires, securely anchored at each end and stretched taut. Each wire is 
attached to a sensor to indicate movement of the wire. 
Technical assistance. The provisioning of direct assistance to states and local 
jurisdictions to improve capabilities for program development, planning, and 
operational performances related to responses to WMD terrorist incidents. 
Technological hazards. Incidents that can arise from human activities such as 
manufacture, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials. For the sake of 
simplicity, it is assumed that technological emergencies are accidental and that their 
consequences are unintended.
TEMPEST. An unclassified short name referring to investigations and studies of 
compromising emanations. It is sometimes used synonymously for the term 
"compromising emanations" (e.g., TEMPEST tests, TEMPEST inspections).  
Terrorism. The unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to 
intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in 
furtherance of political or social objectives.  
Thermally tempered glass (TTG). Glass that is heat-treated to have a higher tensile 
strength and resistance to blast pressures, although with a greater susceptibility to 
airborne debris.  
Threat. Any indication, circumstance, or event with the potential to cause loss of, or 
damage to an asset. 
Threat analysis. A continual process of compiling and examining all available 
information concerning potential threats and human-caused hazards. A common 
method to evaluate terrorist groups is to review the factors of existence, capability, 
intentions, history, and targeting. 
Time/date stamp. Data inserted into a CCTV video signal with the time and date of 
the video as it was created. 
TNT equivalent weight. The weight of TNT (trinitrotoluene) that has an equivalent 
energetic output to that of a different weight of another explosive compound.
Tornado. A local atmospheric storm, generally of short duration, formed by winds 
rotating at very high speeds, usually in a counter-clockwise direction. The vortex, up to 
several hundred yards wide, is visible to the observer as a whirlpool-like column of 
winds rotating about a hollow cavity or funnel. Winds may reach 300 miles per hour or 
higher. 
Toxic-free area. An area within a facility in which the air supply is free of toxic 
chemical or biological agents.  
Toxicity. A measure of the harmful effects produced by a given amount of a toxin on a 
living organism. 
Triple-standard concertina (TSC) wire. This type of fence uses three rolls of stacked 
concertina. One roll will be stacked on top of two other rolls that run parallel to each 
other while resting on the ground, forming a pyramid. 
Tsunami. Sea waves produced by an undersea earthquake. Such sea waves can reach a 
height of 80 feet and can devastate coastal cities and low-lying coastal areas. 
Twisted pair wire. Wire that uses pairs of wires twisted together to mitigate 
electromagnetic interference. 
Two-person rule. A security strategy that requires two people to be present in or gain 
access to a secured area to prevent unobserved access by any individual. 
U
Unobstructed space. Space around an inhabited building without obstruction large 
enough to conceal explosive devices 150 mm (6 inches) or greater in height.
Unshielded wire. Wire that does not have a conductive wrap. 
V
Vault. A reinforced room for securing items. 
Vertical rod. Typical door hardware often used with a crash bar to lock a door by 
inserting rods vertically from the door into the doorframe. 
Vibration sensor. An intrusion detection sensor that changes state when vibration is 
present. 
Video intercom system. An intercom system that also incorporates a small CCTV 
system for verification. 
Video motion detection. Motion detection technology that looks for changes in the 
pixels of a video image.
Video multiplexer. A device used to connect multiple video signals to a single location 
for viewing and/or recording.
Visual displays. A display or monitor used to inform the operator visually of the status 
of the electronic security system.  
Visual surveillance. The aggressor uses ocular and photographic devices (such as 
binoculars and cameras with telephoto lenses) to monitor facility or installation 
operations or to see assets. 
Voice recognition. A biometric technology that is based on nuances of the human 
voice. 
Volumetric motion sensor. An interior intrusion detection sensor that is designed to 
sense aggressor motion within a protected space. 
Vulnerability. Any weakness that can be exploited by an aggressor or, in a nonterrorist 
threat environment, make an asset susceptible to hazard damage.
W
Warning. The alerting of emergency response personnel and the public to the threat 
of extraordinary danger and the related effects that specific hazards may cause. 
Watch. Indication in a defined area that conditions are favorable for the specified type 
of severe weather (e.g., flash flood watch, severe thunderstorm watch, tornado watch, 
tropical storm watch). 
Waterborne contamination. Chemical, biological, or radiological agent introduced 
into and fouling a water supply. 
Weapons-grade material. Nuclear material considered most suitable for a nuclear 
weapon. It usually connotes uranium enriched to above 90 percent uranium-235 or 
plutonium with greater than about 90 percent plutonium-239.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Any device, material, or substance used in a 
manner, in a quantity or type, or under circumstances showing an intent to cause 
death or serious injury to persons, or significant damage to property. An explosive, 
incendiary, or poison gas, bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more 
than 4 ounces, or a missile having an explosive incendiary charge of more than 0.25 
ounce, or mine or device similar to the above; poison gas; weapon involving a disease 
organism; or weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level 
dangerous to human life. 
Weigand protocol. A security industry standard data protocol for card readers.
Z
Zoom. The ability of a CCTV camera to close and focus or open and widen the field of 
view




CHEMICAL, BIOLOLOGICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL GLOSSARY    


C-


C-


C-


CHEMICAL, BIOLOLOGICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL GLOSSAR


CHEMICAL, BIOLOLOGICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL GLOSSAR


CHEMICAL, BIOLOLOGICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL GLOSSAR


This appendix contains some CBR terms that do not actually appear in this manual. 
They have been included to present a comprehensive list that pertains to this series of 
publications.
CHEMICAL TERMS
A
Acetylcholinesterase. An enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. 
The action of this enzyme is inhibited by nerve agents.
Aerosol. Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas (e.g., fog or smoke).
Atropine. A compound used as an antidote for nerve agents.
C
Casualty (toxic) agents. Produce incapacitation, serious injury, or death, and can be 
used to incapacitate or kill victims. They are the blister, blood, choking, and nerve 
agents.
Blister agents. Substances that cause blistering of the skin. Exposure is through 
liquid or vapor contact with any exposed tissue (eyes, skin, lungs). Examples 
are distilled mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN), lewisite (L), 
mustard/lewisite (HL), and phenodichloroarsine (PD).
Blood agents. Substances that injure a person by interfering with cell 
respiration (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and 
tissues). Examples are arsine (SA), cyanogens chloride (CK), hydrogen 
chloride (HCl), and hydrogen cyanide (AC).
Choking/lung/pulmonary agents. Substances that cause physical injury to the 
lungs. Exposure is through inhalation. In extreme cases, membranes swell and 
lungs become filled with liquid. Death results from lack of oxygen; hence, the 
victim is "choked." Examples are chlorine (CL), diphosgene (DP), cyanide 
(KCN), nitrogen oxide (NO), perfluororisobutylene (PHIB), phosgene (CG), 
red phosphorous (RP), sulfur trioxide-chlorosulfonic acid (FS), Teflon and 
PHIB, titanium tetrachloride (FM), and zinc oxide (HC).
Nerve agents. Substances that interfere with the central nervous system. 
Exposure is primarily through contact with the liquid (skin and eyes) and 
secondarily through inhalation of the vapor. Three distinct symptoms 
associated with nerve agents are:  pin-point pupils, an extreme headache, and 
severe tightness in the chest. See also G-series and V-series nerve agents.
Chemical agents. Substances that are intended for use in military operations to kill, 
seriously injure, or incapacitate people through its physiological effects. Excluded 
from consideration are riot control agents, and smoke and flame materials. The agent 
may appear as a vapor, aerosol, or liquid; it can be either a casualty/toxic agent or an 
incapacitating agent.
Cutaneous. Pertaining to the skin.
D 
Decontamination. The process of making any person, object, or area safe by absorbing, 
destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing the hazardous material.

G
G-series nerve agents. Chemical agents of moderate to high toxicity developed in the 
1930s. Examples are tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), phosphonofluoridic acid, 
ethyl-, 1-methylethyl ester (GE), and cyclohexyl sarin (GF).
I
Incapacitating agents. Produce temporary physiological and/or mental effects via 
action on the central nervous system. Effects may persist for hours or days, but victims 
usually do not require medical treatment; however, such treatment speeds recovery.
Vomiting agents. Produce nausea and vomiting effects; can also cause 
coughing, sneezing, pain in the nose and throat, nasal discharge, and tears. 
Examples are adamsite (DM), diphenylchloroarsine (DA), and 
diphenylcyanoarsine (DC).
Tear (riot control) agents. Produce irritating or disabling effects that rapidly 
disappear within minutes after exposure ceases. Examples are 
bromobenzylcyanide (CA), chloroacetophenone (CN or commercially known 
as Mace), chloropicrin (PS), CNB (CN in benzene and carbon tetrachloride), 
CNC (CN in chloroform), CNS (CN and chloropicrin in chloroform, CR 
(dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine, a tear gas), CS (tear gas), and Capsaicin (pepper 
spray).
Central nervous system depressants. Compounds that have the predominant 
effect of depressing or blocking the activity of the central nervous system. The 
primary mental effects include the disruption of the ability to think, sedation, 
and lack of motivation.
Central nervous system stimulants. Compounds that have the predominant 
effect of flooding the brain with too much information. The primary mental 
effect is loss of concentration, causing indecisiveness and the inability to act in 
a sustained, purposeful manner.
Examples of the depressants and stimulants include agent 15 (suspected Iraqi 
BZ), BZ (3-quinulidinyle benzilate), canniboids, fentanyls, LSD (lysergic acid 
diethylamide), and phenothiazines.
Industrial agents. Chemicals developed or manufactured for use in industrial 
operations or research by industry, government, or academia. These chemicals are not 
primarily manufactured for the specific purpose of producing human casualties or 
rendering equipment, facilities, or areas dangerous for use by man. Hydrogen 
cyanide, cyanogen chloride, phosgene, chloropicrin, and many herbicides and 
pesticides are industrial chemicals that also can be chemical agents.
L
Liquid agents. Chemical agents that appear to be an oily film or droplets. The color 
ranges from clear to brownish amber.
N
Nonpersistent agents. Agents that, upon release, lose the ability to cause casualties 
after 10 to 15 minutes. They have a high evaporation rate and are lighter than air and 
will disperse rapidly. They are considered to be short-term hazards; however, in small 
unventilated areas, these agents will be more persistent.
O
Organophosphorous compound. A compound containing the elements phosphorus 
and carbon, whose physiological effects include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. 
Many pesticides (malathione and parathion) and virtually all nerve agents are 
organophosphorous compounds.
P
Percutaneous agents. Agents that are able to be absorbed by the body through the 
skin.
Persistent agents. Agents that, upon release, retain their casualty-producing effects for 
an extended period of time, usually anywhere from 30 minutes to several days. A 
persistent agent usually has a low evaporation rate and its vapor is heavier than air. 
Therefore, its vapor cloud tends to hug the ground. They are considered to be long-
term hazards. Although inhalation hazards are still a concern, extreme caution should 
be taken to avoid skin contact as well.
Protection. Any means by which an individual protects his or her body. Measures 
include masks, self-contained breathing apparatuses, clothing, structures such as 
buildings, and vehicles.
V
V-series nerve agents. Chemical agents of moderate to high toxicity developed in the 
1950s. They are generally persistent. Examples are VE (phosphonothioic acid, ethyl-, 
S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] O-ethylester), VG (phosphorothioic acid, S-[2-
(diethylamino)ethyl] O, O-diethyl ester), VM (phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-[2-
(diethylamino) ethyl] O-ethyl ester), VS (phosphonothioic acid, ethyl, S-[2-[bis(1-
methylethyl)amino] ethyl] O-ethyl ester), and VX (phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-
[2-[bis(1-methylethyl)amino]ethyl] O-ethyl ester).
Vapor agents. A gaseous form of a chemical agent. If heavier than air, the cloud will be 
close to the ground. If lighter than air, the cloud will rise and disperse more quickly.
Volatility. A measure of how readily a substance will vaporize.
Placards Associated with Chemical Incidents
BIOLOGICAL TERMS
A
Aerosol. Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas (e.g., fog or smoke).
Antibiotic. A substance that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms.
Antisera. The liquid part of blood containing antibodies that react against disease-
causing agents such as those used in biological warfare.
B
Bacteria. Single-celled organisms that multiply by cell division and that can cause 
disease in humans, plants, or animals.
Biochemicals. The chemicals that make up or are produced by living things.
Biological warfare. The intentional use of biological agents as weapons to kill or injure 
humans, animals, or plants, or to damage equipment.
Biological warfare agents. Living organisms or the materials derived from them that 
cause disease in or harm to humans, animals, or plants, or cause deterioration of 
material. Biological agents may be used as liquid droplets, aerosols, or dry powders.
Bioregulators. Biochemicals that regulate bodily functions. Bioregulators that are 
produced by the body are termed "endogenous." Some of these same bioregulators 
can be chemically synthesized.

C
Causative agents. The organism or toxin that is responsible for causing a specific 
disease or harmful effect.
Contagious. Capable of being transmitted from one person to another.
Culture. A population of microorganisms grown in a medium.
D
Decontamination. The process of making people, objects, or areas safe by absorbing, 
destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing the hazardous material.
F
Fungi. Any of a group of plants mainly characterized by the absence of chlorophyll, 
the green colored compound found in other plants. Fungi range from microscopic 
single-celled plants (such as molds and mildews) to large plants (such as mushrooms).
H
Host. An animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism.
I
Incapacitating agents. Agents that produce physical or psychological effects, or both, 
that may persist for hours or days after exposure, rendering victims incapable of 
performing normal physical and mental tasks.
Infectious agents. Biological agents capable of causing disease in a susceptible host.
Infectivity. (1) The ability of an organism to spread. (2) The number of organisms 
required to cause an infection to secondary hosts. (3) The capability of an organism to 
spread out from the site of infection and cause disease in the host organism. Infectivity 
also can be viewed as the number of organisms required to cause an infection.
L
Line-source delivery system. A delivery system in which the biological agent is 
dispersed from a moving ground or air vehicle in a line perpendicular to the direction 
of the prevailing wind. (See also "point-source delivery system.")
M
Microorganism. Any organism, such as bacteria, viruses, and some fungi, that can be 
seen only with a microscope.
Mycotoxin. A toxin produced by fungi.
N
Nebulizer. A device for producing a fine spray or aerosol.
O
Organism. Any individual living thing, whether animal or plant.
P
Parasite. Any organism that lives in or on another organism without providing benefit 
in return.
Pathogen. Any organism (usually living), such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, capable of 
producing serious disease or death.
Pathogenic agents. Biological agents capable of causing serious disease.
Point-source delivery system. A delivery system in which the biological agent is 
dispersed from a stationary position. This delivery method results in coverage over a 
smaller area than with the line-source system. See also line-source delivery system.
R
Route of exposure (entry). The path by which a person comes into contact with an 
agent or organism (e.g., through breathing, digestion, or skin contact).
S
Single-cell protein. Protein-rich material obtained from cultured algae, fungi, protein, 
and bacteria, and often used as food or animal feed.
Spore. A reproductive form some microorganisms can take to become resistant to 
environmental conditions, such as extreme heat or cold, while in a "resting stage."
T
Toxicity. A measure of the harmful effect produced by a given amount of a toxin on a 
living organism. The relative toxicity of an agent can be expressed in milligrams of 
toxin needed per kilogram of body weight to kill experimental animals.
Toxins. Poisonous substances produced by living organisms.
V
Vaccine. A preparation of killed or weakened microorganism products used to 
artificially induce immunity against a disease.
Vector. An agent, such as an insect or rat, capable of transferring a pathogen from one 
organism to another.
Venom. A poison produced in the glands of some animals (e.g., snakes, scorpions, or 
bees).
Virus. An infectious microorganism that exists as a particle rather than as a complete 
cell. Particle sizes range from 20 to 400 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter). Viruses 
are not capable of reproducing outside of a host cell. 
Placards Associated with Biological Incidents


RADIOLOGICAL TERMS
A
Acute radiation syndrome. Consists of three levels of effects: hernatopoletic (blood 
cells, most sensitive); gastrointestinal (GI cells, very sensitive); and central nervous 
system (brain/muscle cells, insensitive). The initial signs and symptoms are nausea, 
vomiting, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Below about 200 rems, these symptoms may be 
the only indication of radiation exposure.
Alpha particles (_). Alpha particles have a very short range in air and a very low ability 
to penetrate other materials, but also have a strong ability to ionize materials. Alpha 
particles are unable to penetrate even the thin layer of dead cells of human skin and 
consequently are not an external radiation hazard. Alpha-emitting nuclides inside the 
body as a result of inhalation or ingestion are a considerable internal radiation hazard.
B
Beta particles (_). High-energy electrons emitted from the nucleus of an atom during 
radioactive decay. They normally can be stopped by the skin or a very thin sheet of 
metal.
C
Cesium-137 (Cs-137). A strong gamma ray source and can contaminate property, 
entailing extensive cleanup. It is commonly used in industrial measurement gauges 
and for irradiation of material. Its half-life is 30.2 years.
Cobalt-60 (Co-60). A strong gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a 
radiotherapeutic for treating cancer, food and material irradiation, gamma 
radiography, and industrial measurement gauges. Its half-life is 5.27 years.
Curie (Ci). A unit of radioactive decay rate defined as 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per 
second.
D
Decay. The process by which an unstable element is changed to another isotope or 
another element by the spontaneous emission of radiation from its nucleus. This 
process can be measured by using radiation detectors such as Geiger counters.
Decontamination. The process of making people, objects, or areas safe by absorbing, 
destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing the hazardous material.
Dose. A general term for the amount of radiation absorbed over a period of time.
Dosimeter. A portable instrument for measuring and registering the total accumulated 
dose to ionizing radiation.
G
Gamma ray (_). A high-energy photon emitted from the nucleus of atoms; similar to 
an x-ray. It can penetrate deeply into body tissue and many materials. Cobalt-60 and 
Cesium-137 are both strong gamma-emitters. Shielding against gamma radiation re-
quires thick layers of dense materials, such as lead. Gamma rays are potentially lethal 
to humans.
H
Half-life. The amount of time needed for half of the atoms of a radioactive material to 
decay.

Highly enriched uranium (HEU). Uranium that is enriched to above 20 percent 
Uranium-235 (U-235). Weapons-grade HEU is enriched to above 90 percent in U-235.
I
Ionize. To split off one or more electrons from an atom, thus leaving it with a positive 
electric charge. The electrons usually attach to one of the atoms or molecules, giving 
them a negative charge.
Iridium-192. A gamma ray emitting radioisotope used for gamma radiography. Its half-
life is 73.83 days.
Isotope. A specific element always has the same number of protons in the nucleus. 
That same element may, however, appear in forms that have different numbers of 
neutrons in the nucleus. These different forms are referred to as "isotopes" of the 
element; for example, deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H) are isotopes of ordinary 
hydrogen (H).
L
Lethal dose (50/30). The dose of radiation expected to cause death within 30 days to 
50 percent of those exposed without medical treatment. The generally accepted range 
is from 400-500 rem received over a short period of time.
N
Nuclear reactor. A device in which a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction 
can be maintained with the use of cooling to remove generated heat.
P
Plutonium-239 (Pu-239). A metallic element used for nuclear weapons. Its half-life is 
24,110 years.
R
Rad. A unit of absorbed dose of radiation defined as deposition of 100 ergs of energy 
per gram of tissue. A rad amounts to approximately one ionization per cubic micron.
Radiation. High energy alpha or beta particles or gamma rays that are emitted by an 
atom as the substance undergoes radioactive decay.
Radiation sickness. Symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to radiation of the 
body.
Radioactive waste. Disposable, radioactive materials resulting from nuclear operations. 
Wastes are generally classified into two categories, high-level and low-level.
Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD). A device (weapon or equipment), other than a 
nuclear explosive device, designed to disseminate radioactive material in order to 
cause destruction, damage, or injury by means of the radiation produced by the decay 
of such material.
Radioluminescence. The luminescence produced by particles emitted during 
radioactive decay.
Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM or rem). A unit of absorbed dose that takes into 
account the relative effectiveness of radiation that harms human health.
S
Shielding. Materials (lead, concrete, etc.) used to block or attenuate radiation for 
protection of equipment, materials, or people.
Special Nuclear Material (SNM). Plutonium and uranium enriched in the isotopes 
Uranium-233 or Uranium-235.
U
Uranium 235 (U-235). Naturally-occurring U-235 is found at 0.72 percent enrichment. 
U-235 is used as a reactor fuel or for weapons; however, weapons typically use U-235 
enriched to 90 percent. Its half-life is 7.04 x 108 years.
X
X-ray. An invisible, highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter 
wavelength (higher frequency) than visible light. Very similar to gamma rays.
Placards Associated with Radiological Incidents


Gases Š Toxic (Corrosive


Gases Š Toxic and/or Corrosiv


Substances Š Toxic (Non-Combustible


Infectious Substance


Radioactive Material


The following web sites are available for further clarification or for terms not used in 
this manual:
Chemical, Biological, Radiological (CBR) [Formerly NBC (Nuclear, Biological, 
Chemical]
http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/glossary.asp?B
http://www.nbcprotect.com/new/glossary.ht





SELECTED BIOLOGICAL AGENT CHARACTERISIC


This appendix contains some CBR terms that do not actually appear in this manual. 
They have been included to present a comprehensive list that pertains to this series of 
publications.
CHEMICAL TERMS
A
Acetylcholinesterase. An enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. 
The action of this enzyme is inhibited by nerve agents.
Aerosol. Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas (e.g., fog or smoke).
Atropine. A compound used as an antidote for nerve agents.
C
Casualty (toxic) agents. Produce incapacitation, serious injury, or death, and can be 
used to incapacitate or kill victims. They are the blister, blood, choking, and nerve 
agents.
Blister agents. Substances that cause blistering of the skin. Exposure is through 
liquid or vapor contact with any exposed tissue (eyes, skin, lungs). Examples 
are distilled mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN), lewisite (L), 
mustard/lewisite (HL), and phenodichloroarsine (PD).
Blood agents. Substances that injure a person by interfering with cell 
respiration (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and 
tissues). Examples are arsine (SA), cyanogens chloride (CK), hydrogen 
chloride (HCl), and hydrogen cyanide (AC).
Choking/lung/pulmonary agents. Substances that cause physical injury to the 
lungs. Exposure is through inhalation. In extreme cases, membranes swell and




ELECTRONIC SECURITY SYSTEMS     





An overall site-security system is composed of three major subelements: 
detection, delay, and response. The detection subelement includes intrusion 
detection, assessment, and entry control. The purpose of this appendix is to introduce 
the basic concepts of site security systems, including the use of Electronic Security 
Systems (ESSs), boundary-penetration sensors, volumetric motion sensors, exterior 
intrusion detection sensors, microwave sensors, infrared sensors, video motion 
sensors, electronic entry control, and monitoring designated restricted areas. 
USE OF ESS
An ESS is an integrated system that encompasses interior and exterior sensors; closed 
circuit television (CCTV) systems for assessing alarm conditions; Electronic Entry 
Control Systems (EECSs); data-transmission media (DTM); and alarm reporting 
systems for monitoring, controlling, and displaying various alarm and system 
information. Interior and exterior sensors and their associated communication and 
display subsystems are collectively called IDSs.
An ESS is used to provide early warning of an intruder. This system consists of 
hardware and software elements operated by trained security personnel.
A system is configured to provide one or more layers of detection around an asset. 
Each layer is made up of a series of contiguous detection zones designed to isolate the 
asset and to control the entry and exit of authorized personnel and materials.
General ESS Description
An ESS consists of sensors interfaced with electronic entry control devices, CCTV, 
alarm reporting displays (both visual and audible), and security lighting. The situation 
is assessed by sending guards to the alarm point or by using CCTV. Alarm reporting 
devices and video monitors are located in the security center. The assetÕs importance 
will determine whether multiple or redundant security centers are required and, 
ultimately, the required sophistication of all elements in the ESS. Digital and analog 
data are transmitted from local (field) interior and exterior locations to the security 
center for processing. Reliability and accuracy are important functional requirements 
of the data-transmission system.
ESS Design Considerations
A facility may require interior and exterior ESS elements, depending on the level of 
protection required. The applicable regulations, threat, and design criteria will define 
the ESSÕs general requirements. For an existing ESS, hardware and software may need 
to be supplemented, upgraded, or completely replaced. A site layout (in which all 
assets are identified and located) is required. It is a useful design tool for such tasks as 
configuring the DTM.
The exterior and interior IDSs should be configured as layers of unbroken rings 
concentrically surrounding the asset. These rings should correspond to defensive 
layers that constitute the delay system. The first detection layer is located at the 
outermost defensive layer necessary to provide the required delay. Detection layers 
can be on a defensive layer, in the area between two defensive layers, or on the asset 
itself, depending on the delay required. For example, if a wall of an interior room 
provides sufficient delay for effective response to aggression, detection layers could be 
between the facility exterior and interior-room wall or on the interior-room wall. They 
would detect the intruder before penetration of the interior wall is possible.
PERIMETER LAYOUT AND ZONING SENSORS
A protected areaÕs perimeter is usually defined by an enclosing wall or fence or a 
natural barrier such as water. For exterior sensors to be effective, the perimeter 
around which they are to be deployed must be precisely defined. In most applications, 
a dual chain-link-fence configuration will be established around the perimeter (see 
Chapter 2.4.1 for additional information). Typically, fences should be between 30 and 
50 feet apart; as the distance increases, it is harder for an intruder to bridge the 
fences. If fence separation is less than 30 feet, some microwave and ported coax 
sensors cannot be used. The area between fences (called the controlled area or 
isolation zone) may need to be cleared of vegetation and graded, depending on the 
type of sensor used. Proper drainage is required to preclude standing water and to 
prevent the formation of gullies caused by running water after a heavy rain or melting 
snow. Cleared areas are required inside and outside of the controlled area. These 
areas enhance routine observation, as well as sensor-alarm assessment, and minimize 
the protective cover available to a would-be intruder.
After the perimeter has been defined, the next step is to divide it into specific 
detection zones. The length of each detection zone is determined by evaluating the 
contour, the existing terrain, and the operational activities along the perimeter. 
Detection zones should be long and straight to minimize the number of sensors or 
cameras necessary and to aid guard assessment if cameras are not used. It may be 
more economical to straighten an existing fence line than to create numerous 
detection zones in accommodating a crooked fence line. If the perimeter is hilly and 
line of sight (LOS) sensors or CCTV assessment are used, the length of individual 
detection zones will be commensurate with sensor limitations. Entry points for 
personnel and vehicles must be configured as independent zones. This enables 
deactivation of the sensors in these zones; that is, placing them in the access mode 
during customary working hours (assuming the entry points are manned) without 
having to deactivate adjacent areas.
The specific length of individual zones can vary around the perimeter. Although 
specific manufacturers may advertise maximum zone lengths exceeding 1,000 feet, it 
is not practical to exceed a zone length of 300 feet. If the zone is longer, it will be 
difficult for an operator using CCTV assessment or for the response force to identify 
the location of an intrusion or the cause of a false alarm.
When establishing zones using multiple sensors, the designer should establish 
coincident zones where the length and location of each individual sensor will be 
identical for all sensors within a given zone. If an alarm occurs in a specific zone, the 
operator can readily determine its approximate location by referring to a map of the 
perimeter. This also minimizes the number of CCTV cameras required for assessment 
and simplifies the interface between the alarm-annunciation system and the CCTV 
switching system.
BOUNDARY-PENETRATION SENSORS
Boundary-penetration sensors are designed to detect penetration or attempted 
penetration through perimeter barriers. These barriers include walls, ceilings, duct 
openings, doors, and windows. 
_		 Structural-vibration sensors. Structural-vibration sensors detect low-frequency 
energy generated in an attempted penetration of a physical barrier (such as a wall 
or a ceiling) by hammering, drilling, cutting, detonating explosives, or employing 
other forcible methods of entry. A piezoelectric transducer senses mechanical 
energy and converts it into electrical signals proportional in magnitude to the 
vibrations. 
_		 Glass-breakage sensors. Glass-breakage sensors detect the breaking of glass. 
The noise from breaking glass consists of frequencies in both the audible and 
ultrasonic range. Glass-breakage sensors use microphone transducers to detect the 
glass breakage. The sensors are designed to respond to specific frequencies only, 
thus minimizing such false alarms as may be caused by banging on the glass.
_		 Passive ultrasonic sensors. Passive ultrasonic sensors detect acoustical energy 
in the ultrasonic frequency range, typically between 20 and 30 kilohertz (kHz). 
They are used to detect an attempted penetration through rigid barriers (such as 
metal or masonry walls, ceilings, and floors). They also detect penetration through 
windows and vents covered by metal grilles, shutters, or bars if these openings are 
properly sealed against outside sounds.
_		 Balanced magnetic switches. Balanced magnetic switches (BMSs) are typically 
used to detect the opening of a door. These sensors can also be used on windows, 
hatches, gates, or other structural devices that can be opened to gain entry. When 
using a BMS, mount the switch mechanism on the doorframe and the actuating 
magnet on the door. Typically, the BMS has a three-position reed switch and an 
additional magnet (called the bias magnet) located adjacent to the switch. When 
the door is closed, the reed switch is held in the balanced or center position by 
interacting magnetic fields. If the door is opened or an external magnet is brought 
near the sensor in an attempt to defeat it, the switch becomes unbalanced and 
generates an alarm. A BMS must be mounted so that the magnet receives 
maximum movement when the door or window is opened. 
_		 Grid wire sensors.  The grid wire sensor consists of a continuous electrical wire 
arranged in a grid pattern. The wire maintains an electrical current. An alarm is 
generated when the wire is broken. The sensor detects forced entry through walls, 
floors, ceilings, doors, windows, and other barriers. An enamel-coated number 24 
or 26 American wire gauge (AWG) solid-copper wire typically forms the grid. The 
gridÕs maximum size is determined by the spacing between the wires, the wireÕs 
resistance, and the electrical characteristics of the source providing the current. 
The grid wire can be installed directly on the barrier, in a grille or screen that is 
mounted on the barrier, or over an opening that requires protection. 
VOLUMETRIC MOTION SENSORS
Volumetric motion sensors are designed to detect intruder motion within the interior 
of a protected volume. Volumetric sensors may be active or passive. Active sensors 
(such as microwave) fill the volume to be protected with an energy pattern and 
recognize a disturbance in the pattern when anything moves within the detection 
zone. Whereas active sensors generate their own energy pattern to detect an intruder, 
passive sensors (such as infrared (IR)) detect energy generated by an intruder. Some 
sensors, known as dual technology sensors, use a combination of two different 
technologies, usually one active and one passive, within the same unit. If CCTV 
assessment or surveillance cameras are installed, video motion sensors can be used to 
detect intruder movement within the area. Because ultrasonic motion sensors are 
seldom used, they will not be discussed herein.
_		 Microwave motion sensors. With microwave motion sensors, high-frequency 
electromagnetic energy is used to detect an intruderÕs motion within the protected 
area. Interior or sophisticated microwave motion sensors are normally used.
„   Interior microwave motion sensors. Interior microwave motion sensors are 
typically monostatic; the transmitter and the receiver are housed in the 
same enclosure (transceiver). 
„    Sophisticated microwave motion sensors. Sophisticated microwave motion 
sensors may be equipped with electronic range gating. This feature allows 
the sensor to ignore the signals reflected beyond the settable detection 
range. Range gating may be used to effectively minimize unwanted alarms 
from activity outside the protected area.
_		 Passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors. PIR motion sensors detect a change in 
the thermal energy pattern caused by a moving intruder and initiate an alarm 
when the change in energy satisfies the detectorÕs alarm criteria. These sensors are 
passive devices because they do not transmit energy; they monitor the energy 
radiated by the surrounding environment. 
_		 Dual technology sensors. To minimize the generation of alarms caused by 
sources other than intruders, dual-technology sensors combine two different 
technologies in one unit. Ideally, this is achieved by combining two sensors that 
individually have a high probability of detection (POD) and do not respond to 
common sources of false alarms. Available dual-technology sensors combine an 
active ultrasonic or microwave sensor with a PIR sensor. The alarms from each 
sensor are logically combined in an "and" configuration (i.e., nearly simultaneous 
alarms from both active and passive sensors are needed to produce a valid alarm). 
_		 Video motion sensors. A video motion sensor generates an alarm when an 
intruder enters a selected portion of a CCTV cameraÕs field of view. The sensor 
processes and compares successive images between the images against predefined 
alarm criteria. There are two categories of video motion detectors, analog and 
digital. Analog detectors generate an alarm in response to changes in a pictureÕs 
contrast. Digital devices convert selected portions of the analog video signal into 
digital data that are compared with data converted previously; if differences exceed 
preset limits, an alarm is generated. The signal processor usually provides an 
adjustable window that can be positioned anywhere on the video image. Available 
adjustments permit changing horizontal and vertical window size, window position, 
and window sensitivity. More sophisticated units provide several adjustable windows 
that can be individually sized and positioned. Multiple windows permit 
concentrating on several specific areas of an image while ignoring others. For 
example, in a scene containing six doorways leading into a long hallway, the sensor 
can be set to monitor only two critical doorways.
_		 Point sensors. Point sensors are used to protect specific objects within a 
facility. These sensors (sometimes referred to as proximity sensors) detect an 
intruder coming in close proximity to, touching, or lifting an object. Several 
different types are available, including capacitance sensors, pressure mats, and 
pressure switches. Other types of sensors can also be used for object protection.
_		Capacitance sensors. Capacitance sensors detect an intruder approaching or 
touching a metal object by sensing a change in capacitance between the object and 
the ground. A capacitor consists of two metallic plates separated by a dielectric 
medium. A change in the dielectric medium or electrical charge results in a 
change in capacitance. In practice, the metal object to be protected forms one 
plate of the capacitor and the ground plane surrounding the object forms the 
second plate. The sensor processor measures the capacitance between the metal 
object and the ground plane. An approaching intruder alters the dielectric value, 
thus changing the capacitance. If the net capacitance change satisfies the alarm 
criteria, an alarm is generated. 
_		Pressure mats. Pressure mats generate an alarm when pressure is applied to any 
part of the matÕs surface, such as when someone steps on the mat. One type of 
construction uses two layers of copper screening separated by soft-sponge rubber 
insulation with large holes in it. Another type uses parallel strips of ribbon switches 
made from two strips of metal separated by an insulating material and spaced 
several inches apart. When enough pressure is applied to the mat, either the 
screening or the metal strips make contact, generating an alarm. Pressure mats can 
be used to detect an intruder approaching a protected object, or they can be 
placed by doors or windows to detect entry. Because pressure mats are easy to 
bridge, they should be well concealed, such as placing them under a carpet.
_		 Pressure switches. Mechanically activated contact switches or single ribbon 
switches can be used as pressure switches. Objects that require protection can be 
placed on top of the switch. When the object is moved, the switch actuates and 
generates an alarm. In this usage, the switch must be well concealed. The interface 
between the switch and the protected object should be designed so that an 
adversary cannot slide a thin piece of material under the object to override the 
switch while the object is removed.

EXTERIOR INTRUSION DETECTION SENSORS
Exterior intrusion detection sensors are customarily used to detect an intruder 
crossing the boundary of a protected area. They can also be used in clear zones 
between fences or around buildings, for protecting materials and equipment stored 
outdoors within a protected boundary, or in estimating the POD for buildings and 
other facilities. 
Because of the nature of the outdoor environment, exterior sensors are also more 
susceptible to nuisance and environmental alarms than interior sensors. Inclement 
weather conditions (e.g., heavy rain, hail, and high wind), vegetation, the natural 
variation of the temperature of objects in the detection zone, blowing debris, and 
animals are major sources of unwanted alarms. 
Due to this vulnerability, it is extremely important that enclosures are located and 
installed properly and that adequate physical protection is provided. Several different 
types of exterior intrusion detection sensors are available:
_		Fence sensors
_		Buried line sensors
_		Video motion sensors    
FENCE SENSORS
Fence sensors detect attempts to penetrate a fence around a protected area. 
Penetration attempts (e.g., climbing, cutting, or lifting) generate mechanical 
vibrations and stresses in fence fabric and posts that are usually different than those 
caused by natural phenomena like wind and rain. The basic types of sensors used to 
detect these vibrations and stresses are strain sensitive cable, taut wire, fiber optics, and 
capacitance.
_		 Strain sensitive cables. Strain sensitive cables are transducers that are 
uniformly sensitive along their entire length. They generate an analog voltage 
when subject to mechanical distortions or stress resulting from fence motion. 
Strain sensitive cables are sensitive to both low and high frequencies. Because the 
cable acts like a microphone, some manufacturers offer an option that allows the 
operator to listen to fence noises causing the alarm. Operators can then determine 
whether the noises are naturally occurring sounds from wind or rain or are from an 
actual intrusion attempt. 
_		 Taut wire sensors. Taut wire sensors combine a physically taut-wire barrier with 
an intrusion detection sensor network. The taut wire sensor consists of a column of 
uniformly spaced horizontal wires up to several hundred feet in length and 
securely anchored at each end. Typically, the wires are spaced 4 to 8 inches apart. 
Each is individually tensioned and attached to a detector located in a sensor post. 
Two types of detectors are commonly used, mechanical switches and strain gauges.
_		 Fiber optic cable sensors. Fiber optic cable sensors are functionally equivalent 
to the strain-sensitive cable sensors previously discussed. However, rather than 
electrical signals, modulated light is transmitted down the cable and the resulting 
received signals are processed to determine whether an alarm should be initiated. 
Because the cable contains no metal and no electrical signal is present, fiber optic 
sensors are generally less susceptible to electrical interference from lightning or 
other sources.
_		 Capacitance proximity sensors. Capacitance proximity sensors measure the 
electrical capacitance between the ground and an array of sense wires. Any 
variations in capacitance, such as that caused by an intruder approaching or 
touching one of the sense wires, initiates an alarm. These sensors usually consist of 
two or three wires attached to outriggers along the top of an existing fence, wall, or 
roof edge. 
BURIED LINE SENSORS
A buried line sensor system consists of detection probes or cable buried in the ground, 
typically between two fences that form an isolation zone. These devices are wired to an 
electronic processing unit. The processing unit generates an alarm if an intruder 
passes through the detection field. Buried line sensors have several significant 
features:
_		They are hidden, making them difficult to detect and circumvent.
_		They follow the terrainÕs natural contour.
_		They do not physically interfere with human activity, such as grass mowing or 
snow removal.
_		They are affected by certain environmental conditions, such as running water 
and ground freeze/thaw cycles. (Seismic, seismic/magnetic, magnetic, and 
balanced pressure sensors are seldom used and will not be µdiscussed herein.)
MICROWAVE SENSORS
Microwave intrusion detection sensors are categorized as bistatic or monostatic. 
Bistatic sensors use transmitting and receiving antennas located at opposite ends of 
the microwave link, whereas monostatic sensors use the same antenna.
_		A bistatic system uses a transmitter and a receiver that are typically separated by 
100 to 1,200 feet and that are within direct LOS of each other. 
_		Monostatic microwave sensors use the same antenna or virtually coincident 
antenna arrays for the transmitter and receiver, which are usually combined into a 
single package. 
INFRARED (IR) SENSORS
The IR sensors are available in both active and passive models. An active sensor 
generates one or more near-IR beams that generate an alarm when interrupted. A 
passive sensor detects changes in thermal IR radiation from objects located within its 
field of view.
Active sensors consist of transmitter/receiver pairs. The transmitter contains an IR 
light source (such as a gallium arsenide light-emitting diode [LED]) that generates an 
IR beam. The light source is usually modulated to reduce the sensorÕs susceptibility to 
unwanted alarms resulting from sunlight or other IR light sources. The receiver 
detects changes in the signal power of the received beam. To minimize nuisance 
alarms from birds or blowing debris, the alarm criteria usually require that a high 
percentage of the beam be blocked for a specific interval of time. 
VIDEO MOTION SENSORS
Video motion sensors are available on most digital video recorders used in security 
applications. They can be programmed to activate alarms, initiate recording, or any 
other designated action when motion is detected by a security camera. Some digital 
video recorders can be programmed to monitor very specific fields of view for specific 
rates of motion in order to increase effectiveness and minimize extraneous detections. 
Video motion sensors can also greatly improve the efficiency of security personnel 
monitoring security cameras by alerting them when motion is detected.
ELECTRONIC ENTRY CONTROL
The function of an entry control system is to ensure that only authorized personnel 
are permitted into or out of a controlled area. Entry can be controlled by locked fence 
gates, locked doors to a building or rooms within a building, or specially designed 
portals. 
These means of entry control can be applied manually by guards or automatically by 
using entry control devices. In a manual system, guards verify that a person is 
authorized to enter an area, usually by comparing the photograph and personal 
characteristics of the individual requesting entry. In an automated system, the entry 
control device verifies that a person is authorized to enter or exit. The automated 
system usually interfaces with locking mechanisms on doors or gates that open 
momentarily to permit passage. Mechanical hardware (e.g., locking mechanisms, 
electric door strikes, and specially designed portal hardware) and equipment used to 
detect contraband material (e.g., metal detectors, X-ray baggage-search systems, 
explosives detectors, and special nuclear-material monitors) are described in other 
documentation. 
All entry control systems control passage by using one or more of three basic 
techniques (e.g., something a person knows, something a person has, or something a 
person is or does). Automated entry control devices based on these techniques are 
grouped into three categories: coded, credential, and biometric devices.
CODED DEVICES
Coded devices operate on the principle that a person has been issued a code to enter 
into an entry control device. This code will match the code stored in the device and 
permit entry. Depending on the application, a single code can be used by all persons 
authorized to enter the controlled area or each authorized person can be assigned a 
unique code. Group codes are useful when the group is small and controls are 
primarily for keeping out the general public. Individual codes are usually required for 
control of entry to more critical areas. Coded devices verify the entered codeÕs 
authenticity, and any person entering a correct code is authorized to enter the 
controlled area. Electronically coded devices include electronic and computer-
controlled keypads.
Electronic Keypad Devices. The common telephone keypad (12 keys) is an example of 
an electronic keypad. This type of keypad consists of simple push-button switches that, 
when depressed, are decoded by digital logic circuits. When the correct sequence of 
buttons is pushed, an electric signal unlocks the door for a few seconds.
Computer-controlled Keypad Devices. These devices are similar to electronic keypad 
devices, except they are equipped with a microprocessor in the keypad or in a separate 
enclosure at a different location. The microprocessor monitors the sequence in which 
the keys are depressed and may provide additional functions such as personal ID and 
digit scrambling. When the correct code is entered and all conditions are satisfied, an 
electric signal unlocks the door.
CREDENTIAL DEVICES
A credential device identifies a person having legitimate authority to enter a 
controlled area. A coded credential (e.g., plastic card or key) contains a prerecorded, 
machine-readable code. An electric signal unlocks the door if the prerecorded code 
matches the code stored in the system when the card is read. Like coded devices, 
credential devices only authenticate the credential; it assumes a user with an 
acceptable credential is authorized to enter. The most commonly used types of cards 
are described as follows:
Magnetic-stripe Card. A strip of magnetic material located along one edge of the card 
is encoded with data (sometimes encrypted). The data is read by moving the card past 
a magnetic read head. 
Wiegand-effect Card. The Wiegand-effect card contains a series of small-diameter, 
parallel wires approximately 1Ś2-inch long, embedded in the bottom half of the card. 
The wires are manufactured from ferromagnetic materials that produce a sharp 
change in magnetic flux when exposed to a slowly changing magnetic field. This type 
of card is impervious to accidental erasure. The card reader contains a small read 
head and a tiny magnet to supply the applied magnetic field. It usually does not 
require external power. 
Proximity Card. A proximity card is not physically inserted into a reader; the coded 
pattern on the card is sensed when it is brought within several inches of the reader. 
Several techniques are used to code cards. One technique uses a number of 
electrically tuned circuits embedded in the card. Data are encoded by varying 
resonant frequencies of the tuned circuits. The reader contains a transmitter that 
continually sweeps through a specified range of frequencies and a receiver that senses 
the pattern of resonant frequencies contained in the card. Another technique uses an 
integrated circuit embedded in the card to generate a code that can be magnetically 
or electro-statically coupled to the reader. The power required to activate embedded 
circuitry can be provided by a small battery embedded in the card or by magnetically 
coupling power from the reader.
Smart Card. A smart card is embedded with a microprocessor, memory, 
communication circuitry, and a battery. The card contains edge contacts that enable a 
reader to communicate with the microprocessor. Entry control information and other 
data may be stored in the microprocessorÕs memory.
Bar Code. A bar code consists of black bars printed on white paper or tape that can be 
easily read with an optical scanner. This type of coding is not widely used for entry 
control applications because it can be easily duplicated. It is possible to conceal the 
code by applying an opaque mask over it. In this approach, an IR scanner is used to 
interpret the printed code. For low-level security areas, the use of bar codes can 
provide a cost-effective solution for entry control. Coded strips and opaque masks can 
be attached to existing ID badges, alleviating the need for complete badge re-
placement.
BIOMETRIC DEVICES
The third basic technique used to control entry is based on the measurement of one 
or more physical or personal characteristics of an individual. Because most entry 
control devices based on this technique rely on measurements of biological 
characteristics, they have become commonly known as biometric devices. 
Characteristics such as fingerprints, hand geometry, voiceprints, handwriting, and 
retinal blood-vessel patterns have been used for controlling entry. Typically, in 
enrolling individuals, several reference measurements are made of the selected 
characteristic and then stored in the deviceÕs memory or on a card. From then on, 
when that person attempts entry, a scan of the characteristic is compared with the 
reference data template. If a match is found, entry is granted. Rather than verifying an 
artifact, such as a code or a credential, biometric devices verify a personÕs physical 
characteristic, thus providing a form of identity verification. Because of this, biometric 
devices are sometimes referred to as personnel identity verification devices. The most 
common biometric devices are discussed below.
Fingerprints. Fingerprint-verification devices use one of two approaches. One is 
pattern recognition of the whorls, loops, and tilts of the referenced fingerprint, which 
is stored in a digitized representation of the image and compared with the fingerprint 
of the prospective entrant. The second approach is minutiae comparison, which 
means that the endings and branching points of ridges and valleys of the referenced 
fingerprint are compared with the fingerprint of the prospective entrant.
Hand Geometry. Several devices are available that use hand geometry for personnel 
verification. These devices use a variety of physical measurements of the hand, such as 
finger length, finger curvature, hand width, webbing between fingers, and light 
transmissivity through the skin to verify identity. Both two- and three-dimensional 
units are available.
Retinal Patterns. This type of technique is based on the premise that the pattern of 
blood vessels on the human eyeÕs retina is unique to an individual. While the eye is 
focused on a visual target, a low-intensity IR light beam scans a circular area of the 
retina. The amount of light reflected from the eye is recorded as the beam progresses 
around the circular path. Reflected light is modulated by the difference in reflectivity 
between blood-vessel pattern and adjacent tissue. This information is processed and 
converted to a digital template that is stored as the eyeÕs signature. Users are allowed 
to wear contact lenses; however, glasses should be removed.

MONITORING OF DESIGNATED RESTRICTED AREAS
A restricted area is any area that can be monitored by electronic devices and that is 
subject to special restrictions or controls for security reasons. Restricted areas may be 
established for the following:
_	 The enforcement of security measures and the exclusion of unauthorized 
personnel.
_	 Intensified controls in areas requiring special protection.
_	 The protection of classified information or critical equipment or materials.
DEGREE OF SECURITY
The degree of security and control required depends on the nature, sensitivity, or 
importance of the security interest. Restricted areas are classified as controlled, 
limited, or exclusion areas:
Controlled Area. A controlled area is that portion of a restricted area usually near or 
surrounding a limited or exclusion area. Entry to the controlled area is restricted to 
personnel with a need for access. Movement of authorized personnel within this area 
is not necessarily controlled because mere entry to the area does not provide access to 
the security interest. The controlled area is provided for administrative control, for 
safety, or as a buffer zone for indepth security for the limited or exclusion area. 
Limited Area . A limited area is a restricted area within close proximity of a security 
interest. Uncontrolled movement may permit access to the item. Escorts and other 
internal restrictions may prevent access within limited areas.
Exclusion Area. An exclusion area is a restricted area containing a security interest. 
Uncontrolled movement permits direct access to the item.
There are other important considerations concerning restricted areas and their lines 
of division. These considerations include the following: 
_	 A survey and analysis of the facility, its missions, and its security interests. This can 
determine immediate and anticipated needs that require protection. Anticipated 
needs are determined from plans for the future.
_	 The size and nature of the security interest being protected. Safes may provide 
adequate protection for classified documents and small items; however, large items 
may have to be placed within guarded enclosures.
_	 Some security interests are more sensitive to compromise than others. Brief 
observation or a simple act by an untrained person may constitute a compromise in 
some cases. In others, detailed study and planned action by an expert may be 
required




BIBLIOGRAPHY    


American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
A Guide to Highway Vulnerability Assessment for Critical Asset Identification and Protection, 
May 2002 , The American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsÕ 
Security Task Force, Washington, DC 
http://security.transportation.org/community/security/guides.html
The American Institute of Architects
Building Security Through Design: A Primer for Architects, Design Professionals, and their 
Clients, November 2001, The American Institute of Architects (book)     
http://www.aia.org/security
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Pub No: G-79, Guidelines for Analyzing and Managing the Security Vulnerabilities at Fixed 
Chemical Sites, 2002, Center for Chemical Process Safety, ISBN No: 0-8169-0877-X  
http://www.aiche.org/ccpssecurity
American Medical Association
Physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the Oklahoma City bombing, August 7, 1996, S. 
Mallonee, S. Shariat, G. Stennies, R. Waxweiler, D. Hogan, and F. Jordan., The Journal 
of the American Medical Association, Vol. 276 No. 5., pp 382-387  Abstract at URL: 
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/276/5/382
American Society of Civil Engineers
Architectural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers, AEI 
Newsletter, The Team, Special Terrorism Issue, Fall 2001, Volume 4, Issue 3     
http://www.asce.org/pdf/aei_11_1.pdf
Blast Effects on Buildings: Design of Buildings to Optimize Resistance to Blast Loading, 1995, 
G.C. Mays and P.D. Smith, London: Thomas Telford, Ltd., American Society of Civil 
Engineers, ISBN: 0-7277-2030-9http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9990338
Blast Resistant Design of Commercial Buildings, 1996, M. Ettouney, R. Smilowitz, and T. 
Rittenhouse, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, Vol. 1, No. 1, 
February 1996, American Society of Civil Engineers  
http://ojps.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=PPSCFX&Volume=1&Issue=1A preprint of the 
final article is available at http://www.wai.com/AppliedScience/Blast/blast-struct-
design.html
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities, 1997, American Society of 
Civil Engineers, ISBN: 0-7844-0265-5  
http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9704510
Glass-Related Injuries in Oklahoma City Bombing, Journal of Performance of Constructed 
Facilities, May 1999, 13, No. 2, H Scott Norville, Natalie Harville, Edward J. Conrath, 
Sheryll Shariat, and Sue Mallonee   
http://www.pubs.asce.org/WWWdisplay.cgi?9902006
Lessons from the Oklahoma City Bombing: Defensive Design Techniques, January 1997, Eve E. 
Hinman and David J. Hammond, January 1997, American Society of Civil Engineers 
(ASCE Press), Reston, VA, ISBN: 0784402175  
http://www.asce.org/publications/booksdisplay.cfm?type=9702295
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-02, 2002, American 
Society of Civil Engineers, ISBN: 0-7844-0624-3 [Note revision of 7-98, does not include 
building security or antiterrorism, but covers all natural hazards]  
http://www.pubs.asce.org/ASCE7.html?9991330
Structural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers, Structural 
Design for Physical Security: State of the Practice, 1999, Edward Conrath, et al., Reston, VA, 
Structural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers  
http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9990571

Vulnerability and Protection of Infrastructure Systems: The State of the Art, An ASCE Journals 
Special Publication compiling articles from 2002 and earlier available online   
https://ascestore.aip.org/OA_HTML/aipCCtpItmDspRte.jsp?a=b& item=39885
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
Defensive Filtration, ASHRAE Journal, December 2002, James D. Miller  
http://resourcecenter.ashrae.org/store/ashrae/newstore.cgi?itemid= 
9346&view=item&categoryid=409&page=1&loginid=29483
Report of Presidential Ad Hoc Committee for Building Health and Safety under Extraordinary 
Incidents on Risk Management Guidance for Health, Safety and Environmental Security under 
Extraordinary Incidents, Washington, DC, January 26, 2003  
http://xp20.ashrae.org/about/extraordinary.pdf
Risk Management Guidance for Health and Safety under Extraordinary Incidents, ASHRAE 
2002 Winter Meeting Report, January 12, 2002  
http://atfp.nfesc.navy.mil/pdf/ASHRAE%20CBR%20Guidance.pdfor 
http://engineering.tamu.edu/safety/guidelines/faclab/ASHRAE_ 
Security_Rpt_12Jan02.pdf
Standard 62-2001, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI Approved), ISSN 
1041-2336, addenda to basic ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62 basic (1989)  
http://resourcecenter.ashrae.org/store/ashrae/newstore.cgi? itemid= 
6852&view=item&categoryid=311&page=1&loginid=29483
Building Owners and Managers Association International
How to Design and Manage Your Preventive Maintenance Program, 1996  
http://www.boma.org/pubs/bomapmp.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety 
and Health
Publication No. 2002-139, Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne 
Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks, May 2002, Cincinnati, OH  
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/bldvent/2002-139.html
Publication No. 2003-136, Guidance for Filtration and Air Cleaning Systems to Protect 
Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks, April 2003, 
Cincinnati, OHhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-136/2003-136.html
Central Intelligence Agency
Chemical, Biological, Radiological Incident Handbook, October 1998  
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/cbr_handbook/cbrbook.htm
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
Building Safety Enhancement Guidebook, 2002http://www.ctbuh.org
Task Force on Tall Buildings: "The Future," October 15, 2001  
http://www.lehigh.edu/ctbuh/htmlfiles/hot_links/report.pdfor 
http://www.ctbuh.org/htmlfiles/hot_links/report.pdf
Federal Aviation Administration
DOT/FAA/AR-00/52, Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design and 
Construction, Revised June 2001, Associate Administrator for Civil Aviation Security 
Office of Civil Aviation Security, Policy and Planning, Federal Aviation Administration, 
Washington, DC 20591  (not available on Internet)
FAA Order 1600.69A, FAA Facility Security Management Program, updated FAA Order 
1600.69B to be published shortly Š The Federal Aviation AdministrationÕs criteria for 
the protection of its facilities. [For Official Use Only]  (not available on Internet)

Federal Emergency Management Agency
FEMA 152, Seismic Considerations: Apartment Buildings, Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series 
37, November 1988, Washington, DC (not available on Internet)  Contact FEMA 
Distribution Center, P.O. Box 2012, 8231 Stayton Drive, Jessup, MD 20794-2012, 
Telephone: 1-800-480- 2520, Fax: 301-362-5335
FEMA 153, Seismic Considerations: Office Buildings, Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series 38, 
November 1988, Washington, DC (not available on Internet)  Contact FEMA 
Distribution Center, P.O. Box 2012, 8231 Stayton Drive, Jessup, MD 20794-2012, 
Telephone: 1-800-480-2520, Fax: 301-362-5335
FEMA 154, Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Seismic Hazards: A Handbook (2nd Edition), 
2002, 1988, Washington, DC (not available on Internet)  Contact FEMA Distribution 
Center, P.O. Box 2012, 8231 Stayton Drive, Jessup, MD 20794-2012, Telephone: 1-800-
480-2520, Fax: 301-362-5335
FEMA 277, The Oklahoma City Bombing: Improving Building Performance through Multi-
Hazard Mitigation, August 1, 1996, Washington, DC 
http://www.fema.gov/mit/bpat/bpat009.htm
FEMA 372, Mitigation Resources for Success (CD-ROM), October 2001, Washington, DC 
http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/poster_fnl2.pdf
FEMA 386-2, Understanding Your Risks, Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses, August 
2001http://www.fema.gov/fima/planning_toc3.shtm
FEMA 386-7, Integrating Human-Caused Hazards Into Mitigation Planning, September 
2002http://www.fema.gov/fima/antiterrorism/resources.shtm
FEMA 403, World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary 
Observations, and Recommendations, May 2002, Washington, DC 
http://www.fema.gov/library/wtcstudy.shtm
State and Local Guide 101, Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Chapter 6, 
Attachment G, Terrorism, April 2001http://www.fema.gov/rrr/allhzpln.shtm
General Services Administration
Balancing Security and Openness: A Thematic Summary of a Symposium on Security and the 
Design of Public Buildings, November 30, 1999  
http://hydra.gsa.gov/pbs/pc/gd_files/SecurityOpenness.pdf
 Cost Impact of ISC Security Criteria, GSA & Applied Research Associates, Inc., L. Bryant  
and J. Smith, Vicksburg, MS  [Restricted Access]  
http://www.oca.gsa.gov/specialphp/References.php
Facility Standards for the Public Building Service (PBS-P100); Chapter 8, Security Design, 
Revised November 2000http://hydra.gsa.gov/pbs/pc/facilitiesstandards/
Mail Center ManagerÕs Security Guide Š Second Edition, October 22, 2002  
http://www.gsa.gov//attachments/GSA_PUBLICATIONS/extpub/MailCenterManag
ersSecurityGuideV2.pdf
Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings 
and Major Modernization Projects, November 2000  [Restricted Access]  
http://www.oca.gsa.gov/specialphp/References.php
Security Reference Manual, Part 3: Blast Design and Assessment Guidelines, July 31, 2001  
[For Official Use Only]  [Restricted Access]  
http://www.oca.gsa.gov/specialphp/References.php
Healthly Building International, Inc.
Vulnerability Assessments and Counter Terrorist Protocols  
http://www.healthybuildings.com/s2/vacbt.pdf
Interagency Security Committee (executive agent Š GSA)
ISC Security Design Criteria for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects, 
May 28, 2001, [For Official Use Only] [Restricted Access]  
http://www.oca.gsa.gov/specialphp/References.php
Institute of Transportation Engineers
The Influence of Traffic Calming Devices upon Fire Vehicle Travel Times, Michael A. 
Coleman, 1997, ITE Annual Meeting Compendium, 1997 pp. 838-845  
http://webservices.camsys.com/fhwa/cmn/cmn33.htm
Split Speed Bump, 1998, Kathy Mulder, Washington, DC, TE International Conference, 
1998http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/CCA98A33.pdf
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
Protecting Buildings From a Biological or Chemical Attack: actions to take before or during a 
release. LBNL/PUB-51959, January 10, 
2003http://securebuildings.lbl.gov/images/bldgadvice.pdf
National Academy of Sciences
Combating Terrorism: Prioritizing Vulnerabilities and Developing Mitigation Strategies, Project 
Identification Number: NAEP-R-02-01-A, National Academy of Engineering on-going 
project Š results to be published. 
http://www4.nationalacademies.org/webcr.nsf/ProjectScopeDisplay/ NAEP-R-02-01-
A?OpenDocument
National Capital Planning Commission
Designing for Security in the NationÕs Capital, October 2001 
http://www.ncpc.gov/planning_init/security/DesigningSec.pdf 
The National Capital Planning Urban Design and Security Plan, October 
2002http://www.ncpc.gov/publications/udsp/Final%20UDSP.pdf

National Institute of Building Sciences
Whole Building Design Guide: Provide Security for Building Occupants and Assets 
http://www.wbdg.org/design/index.php?cn=2.7.4&cx=0
National Research Council
Protecting Buildings and People from Terrorism: Technology Transfer for Blast-effects Mitigation, 
2001, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, ISBN 0-309-08286-2  
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309082862/html/index.html
Protecting Buildings From Bomb Blast, Transfer of Blast-Effects Mitigation Technologies from 
Military to Civilian Applications, 1995, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, ISBN  
0-309-05375-7http://books.nap.edu/books/0309053757/html/index.html
Protection of Federal Office Buildings Against Terrorism, 1988, Committee on the Protection 
of Federal Facilities Against Terrorism, Building Research Board, National Academy Press, 
Washington, DC,  ISBN 0-309-07691-9  
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309076463/html/index.html
Society of American Military Engineers
National Symposium of Comprehensive Force Protection, October 2001, Charleston, 
SC, Lindbergh & Associates. For a list of participants, access 
http://www.same.org/forceprot/force.htm
Technical Support Working Group (TSWG)
Terrorist Bomb Threat Stand-Off Card with Explanation of Use 
http://www.tswg.gov/tswg/prods_pubs/newBTSCPress.htm
The House National Security Committee
Statement of Chairman Floyd D. Spence on the Report of the Bombing of Khobar 
Towers, August 1996, Washington, DC 
http://www.house.gov/hasc/Publications/104thCongress/Reports/saudi.pdf
U.S. Air Force
ESL-TR-87-57, Protective Construction Design Manual, November 1989; Contact Airbase 
Technologies Division (AFRL/MLQ) at Tyndall Air Force Base, FL, via e-mail to 
techinfo@afrl.af.mil. [Superceded by Army Technical Manual TM 5-855-1 (Air Force 
Pamphlet AFPAM 32-1147(I), Navy Manual NAVFAC P-1080, DSWA Manual 
DAHSCWEMAN-97), December 1997]
Expedient Hardening Methods for Structures Subjected to the Effect of Nonnuclear Munitions, 
October 1990, Wright Laboratory Report (not available on Internet)
Installation Entry Control Facilities Design Guide, October 2002, Air Force Center for 
Environmental Excellencehttp://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/gate/index.html
Installation Force Protection Guide, 1997, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence  
http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/arch/force.pdf
Vehicle Bomb Mitigation Guide, July 1, 1999, Force Protection Battlelab [For Official Use 
Only] Contact the USAF Force Protection Battlelab, Lackland Air Force Base, TX, 
Telephone: (210)671-0058
U.S. Army
Field Manuals (FM)
FM 3-19.30, Physical Security, January 8, 2001, Washington, DC 
http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/3-19.30/fm3-19.30.pdfor 
http://www.wood.army.mil/mpdoctrine/PDF_Files/FM_3-19.30.pdf
FM 5-114, Engineer Operations Short of War, July 13, 1992http://155.217.58.58/cgi-
bin/atdl.dll/fm/5-114/toc.htm
Technical Instruction 853-01 (Draft), Protecting Buildings and Their Occupants from 
Airborne Hazards, October 2001  
http://buildingprotection.sbccom.army.mil/basic/airborne_hazards

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Engineer Technical Letters (ETL)
ETL 1110-3-494, Airblast Protection Retrofit for Unreinforced Concrete Masonry Walls, 
July 14, 1999 [Restricted Access]  http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-
docs/eng-tech-ltrs
ETL 1110-3-495, Estimating Damage to Structures from Terrorist Bombs Field 
Operations Guide, July 14, 1999 [Restricted Access]  
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-tech-ltrs
ETL 1110-3-498, Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, 
and Radiological (CBR) Agents, February 24, 1999  
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-tech-ltrs
ETL 1110-3-501, Window Retrofit Using Fragment Retention Film with Catcher Bar 
System, July 14, 1999 [Restricted Access]  http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-
docs/eng-tech-ltrs
Protective Design Š Mandatory Center of Expertise Š Technical Reports
PDC-TR-91-6, Blast Analysis Manual, Part 1 Š Level of Protection Assessment Guide, 
July 1991 [For Official Use Only] Contact U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
Protective Design Center, ATTN: CENWO-ED-ST, 215 N. 17th Street, Omaha, 
NE 68102-4978, Telephone: (402)221-4918
Technical Manuals (TM)
TM 5-853-1, Security Engineering Project Development, May 12, 1994, also Air Force 
Manual 32-1071, Volume 1 [For Official Use Only]  
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm
TM 5-853-2, Security Engineering Concept Design, May 12, 1994, also Air Force 
Manual 32-1071, Volume 2 [For Official Use Only]  
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm
TM 5-853-3, Security Engineering Final Design, May 12, 1994, also Air Force 
Manual 32-1071, Volume 3 [For Official Use 
Only]http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm
TM 5-853-4, Security Engineering Electronic Security Systems, May 12, 1994  
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm
TM 5-855-4, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning of Hardened 
Installations, November 28, 1986  http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-
docs/armytm/tm5-855-4/toc.htm
TM 5-1300, Structures to Resist Accidental Explosions, November 19, 1990, (also 
Navy NAVFAC (Naval Facilities) P-397, Air Force Regulation 88-2);  Contact 
David Hyde, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 
Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180 or via e-mail to 
hyded@ex1.wes.army.mil
U.S. Department of Commerce
Administrative Orders (DAO)
DAO 206-5, Occasional Use of Public Areas in Public Buildings, December 9, 1986  
http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/daos/206-5.htm
DAO 207-1, Security Programs, June 24, 1991, Amended September 6, 1991  
http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/daos/207-1.htm
Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office
Vulnerability Assessment Framework 1.1, October 1998  
http://www.ciao.gov/resource/vulassessframework.pdf
Practices For Securing Critical Information Assets, January 2000  
http://www.ciao.gov/resource/Practices_For_Securing_ 
Critical_Information_Assets.pdf
U.S. Department of Defense
DoD Security Engineering Manual [Expected to have a major portion for public 
distribution once published as Unified Facilities Criteria and a smaller portion For 
Official Use Only similar to the UFC for AT Standards for Buildings listed below. This 
publication will replace Army Technical Manual 5-853 (Air Force Joint Manual 32-
1071), Volumes 1, 2, and 3 and Navy Military Handbook 1013/1A]
DoD O-2000.12-H, Protection of DoD Personnel and Activities Against Acts of Terrorism and 
Political Turbulence: Mandatory Standards and Implementing Guidance, with Changes 1 and 2, 
February 1993, Change 1 Ń May 21, 1993, Change 2 Š October 3, 1997  [For Official 
Use Only]  http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pub1.html
Force Protection Equipment Demonstration IV, 6-8 May 2003http://www.fped4.org
Interim Antiterrorism/Force Protection Construction Standards, December 16, 1999  [For 
Official Use Only] Contact U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha, NE ATTN: CENWO-
ED-ST, 215 North 17th Street, Omaha, NE 68102-4978, Telephone: (402)221-4918.
Interim Antiterrorism/Force Protection Construction StandardsŠ Progressive Collapse Guidance, 
April 4, 2000 (not available on Internet) Contact U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
Protective Design Center, ATTN: CENWO-ED-ST, 215 N. 17th Street, Omaha, NE 
68102-4978, Telephone: (402)221-4918
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC)
UFC 3-340-01, Design and Analysis of Hardened Structures to Conventional Weapons 
Effects, June 30, 2002 [For Official Use Only] [Formerly Army TM 5-855-
1]http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/ufc/UFC3-340-01 WEB.PDF
UFC 4-010-01, DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings, July 31, 2002  
http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category=ufc& docid=106&ref=1
Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS)
UFGS-02821A, Fencing, February 
2002http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/02821A.pdf
UFGS-02840A, Active Vehicle Barriers, February 2002  
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/02840A.pdf
UFGS-02841N, Traffic Barriers, August 2001   
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/02841N.pdf
UFGS-08390A, Blast Resistant Doors, April 2001  
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/08390.pdf
UFGS-08581, Blast Resistant Tempered Glass Windows, August 2001  
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/08581.pdf
UFGS-08840A, Plastic Glazing, July 
1995https://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/08840A.pdf
UFGS-08850, Fragment Retention Film for Glass, July 1992  
https://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/08850.pdf
UFGS-11020, Security Vault Door, August 2002  
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/11020.pdf
UFGS-11025, Forced Entry Resistant Components, August 2001  
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/11025.pdf
UFGS-11035, Bullet-Resistant Components, April 2000  
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/11035.pdf
UFGS-13095A, Electromagnetic (EM) Shielding, July 2001  
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/13095A.pdf
UFGS-13420A, Self-Acting Blast Valves, November 1997  
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/13420A.pdf
U.S. Department of Energy
DOE/TIC 11268, A Manual for the Prediction of Blast and Fragment Loadings on Structures, 
February 1992, Albuquerque. NM, Southwest Research Institute [not available on 
Internet]
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
National Strategy for Homeland Security, July 
2002http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/nat_strat_hls.pdf
The National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets, 
February 2003http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Physical_Strategy.pdf
National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, February 
2003http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/National_Cyberspace_ Strategy.pdf
President's Homeland Security Advisory Council - Statewide Template Initiative, March 
2003http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/Statewide_Template_Initiative.pdf
State and Local Actions for Homeland Security, July 
2002http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/stateandlocal/State_and_Local_Actions_
for_Homeland_Security.pdf
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
The Avoidance of Progressive Collapse, Regulatory approaches to the problem, PB-248 781, 
October 1975, Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards, Office of 
Policy Development and Research, Washington, DC 20410  (not available on Internet)
Creating Defensible Space, April 1996, Oscar Newman, Washington, DC 
http://www.huduser.org 
U.S. Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Terrorism in the United States, 1999, Washington, DC, Counterterrorism Division 
http://www.fbi.gov/publications.htm 
Office of Domestic Preparedness (ODP)
Fiscal Year 1999 State Domestic Preparedness Equipment Program, Assessment and 
Strategy Development Tool Kit, NCJ181200, May 15, 2000, [For Official Use Only]  
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/assessment.txt
National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools: A Guide for 
Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies, September 1999, with U.S. Department of 
Education, Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program; and U.S. Department of 
Energy, Sandia National Laboratorieshttp://www.ncjrs.org/school/home.html
NIJ Guide 100-00, Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial 
Material Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, June 
2000http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/184449.pdf
NIJ Guide 101-00, An Introduction to Biological Agent Detection Equipment for 
Emergency First Responders, December 
2001http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/190747.pdf
NIJ Guide 102-00, Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for 
Emergency First Responders, Volumes I-IV, November 
2002http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/191518.pdf
NIJ Guide 602-00, Guide to the Technologies of Concealed Weapon and Contraband 
Imaging and Detection, February 2001  
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/184432.pdf
NIJ Standard 0108.01, Blast Resistant Protective Materials, September 1985  
[Subscription Required]http://www.ccb.org
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and Community Policing, August 
1996, Dan Fleissner and Fred Heinzelmann, Washington, DC 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/crimepre.pdf
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Parking Facilities, April 1996, 
Mary S. Smith, Washington, DChttp://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/cptedpkg.pdf
"Designing Out" Gang Homicides and Street Assaults, November 1998, James 
Lasley, Washington, DChttp://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/173398.pdf
The Expanding Role of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Premises 
Liability, April 1996, Corey L. Gordon and William Brill Washington, DC 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/cptedlia.pdf
Physical Environment and Crime, January 1996, Ralph B. Taylor and Adele V. 
Harrell, Washington, DChttp://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/physenv.pdf
Visibility and Vigilance: MetroÕs Situational Approach to Preventing Subway Crime, 
November 1997, Nancy G La Vigne, Washington, DC 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/166372.pdf
U.S. Marshals Service
Vulnerability Assessment of Federal Facilities, June 28, 1995  [Restricted 
Access]http://www.oca.gsa.gov
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security
Architectural Engineering Design Guidelines (5 Volumes), March 1998 [For Official Use 
Only] (not available on Internet)
Certification Standard SD-STD-01.01, Revision G (Amended), Forced Entry and Ballistic 
Resistance of Structural Systems, Amended April 30, 1993  [Subscription Required] 
http://www.ccb.org
Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2002, April 2002, Washington, DC 
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/pdf/
Physical Security Standards Handbook, January 7, 1998 [For Official Use Only] (not available 
on Internet)
Structural Engineering Guidelines for New Embassy Office Buildings, August 1995 [For 
Official Use Only] (not available on Internet)
The Report of the Accountability Review Board on the Embassy Bombings in Nairobi and Dar es 
Salaam on August 7, 1998, January 1999, Washington, DC 
http://www.state.gov/www/regions/africa/accountability_report.html
U.S. Department of the Treasury/Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
Vehicle Bomb Explosion Hazard And Evacuation Distance Tables, 1999, request in writing, 
address information available at  http://www.atf.treas.gov/pub/fire-
explo_pub/i54001.htm
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Physical Security Assessment of Veterans Affairs Facilities, Recommendations of the 
National Institute of Building Sciences Task Group to the Department of Veterans 
Affairs,  6 September 2002  
http://www.va.gov/facmgt/standard/etc/vaphysicalsecurityreport.pdf
U.S. Fire Administration (USFA of FEMA)
The Critical Infrastructure Protection Process Job Aid, May 1, 2002  
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/dhtml/fire-service/cipc-jobaid.cfm
U.S. Navy
Design Manuals (DM) NAVFAC (Naval Facilities Command)
NAVFAC  DM 2.08, Blast Resistant Structures, December 1986  
http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category=nav& docid=46&ref=1
NAVFAC DM 13.02, Commercial Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), September 1986  
http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category=nav& docid=47&ref=1
Interim Technical Guidance (ITG) 03-03, Entry Control Facilities, 20 February 
2003http://www.lantdiv.navfac.navy.mil/servlet page?pageid= 8609,8611 
&_dad= lantdiv&_schema=LANTDIV&11435_ACTIVE_1777132.p_ subid= 
60007&11435_ACTIVE_1777 132.p_sub_siteid=51 &11435_ 
ACTIVE_1777132.p_edit=0
Military Handbooks (MIL-HDBK)
MIL-HDBK-1002/1, Structural Engineering General Requirements, November 30, 
1987  http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category=nav& 
docid=48&ref=1
MIL-HDBK-1004/4, Electrical Utilization Systems, October 13, 1987  
http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category=nav& docid=49&ref=1
MIL-HDBK-1012/3, Telecommunications Premises Distribution Planning, Design, and 
Estimating, May 31, 1996  
http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category=nav& docid=50&ref=1
MIL-HDBK-1013/1A, Design Guidelines for Physical Security of Fixed Land-Based 
Facilities, December 15, 1993. For copies, contact Defense Printing Service, 
Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Telephone: 
(215)697-2179, Fax: (215)697-1462 or available on the National Institute of 
Building SciencesÕ Construction Criteria Base
MIL-HDBK-1013/10, Design Guidelines for Security Fencing, Gates, Barriers, and 
Guard Facilities, May 14, 1993. For copies, contact Defense Printing Service, 
Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Telephone: 
(215)697-2179, Fax: (215) 697-1462 or available on the National Institute of 
Building SciencesÕ Construction Criteria Base
MIL-HDBK-1013/12, Evaluation of Security Glazing for Ballistic, Bomb, and Forced 
Entry Tactics, March 10, 1997. For copies, contact Defense Printing Service, 
Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Telephone: 
(215)697-2179, Fax: (215) 697-1462 or available on the National Institute of 
Building SciencesÕ Construction Criteria Base
MIL-HDBK-1013/14, Selection and Application of Vehicle Barriers, February 1, 1999. 
For copies, contact Defense Printing Service, Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, 
Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Telephone: (215)697-2179, Fax: (215)697-1462 
or available on the National Institute of Building SciencesÕ Construction 
Criteria Base
TechData Sheets Š Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC)
TDS-2062-SHR, Estimating Damage to Structures from Terrorist Bombs, September 
1998  [For Official Use Only] Requests for publication can be made to Naval 
Facilities Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division (ESC66), 
1100 23rd Ave, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, Telephone (805)982-1582 
(Primary), (805)982-4817 (Alternate); Fax: (805)982-1253
TDS-2063-SHR, Blast Shielding Walls, September 1998 [For Official Use Only] 
Requests for publication can be made to Naval Facilities Engineering Service 
Center, Security Engineering Division (ESC66), 1100 23rd Ave., Port 
Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, Telephone: (805)982-1582 (Primary), (805)982-
4817 (Alternate); Fax: (805)982-1253 
TDS-2079-SHR, Planning and Design Considerations for Incorporating Blast 
Mitigation in Mailrooms, May 2000. For copies, contact Defense Printing Service, 
Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Telephone: 
(215)697-2179, Fax: (215) 697-1462
TDS-2090-SHR, Design Parametesr for a Controlled Entry Point. For copies, contact 
Defense Printing Service, Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 
19111-5094, Telephone: (215)697-2179, Fax: (215)697-1462
User Guides Ń Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC)
UG-2030-SHR, Security Glazing Applications, May 1998, distributed June 25, 1998. 
[For Official Use Only]  Requests for publication can be made to Naval Facilities 
Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division (ESC66), 1100 23rd 
Ave., Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, Telephone: (805)982-1582 (Primary), 
(805) 982-4817 (Alternate); Fax: (805)982-1253
UG-2031-SHR, Protection Against Terrorist Vehicle Bombs, May 1998, distributed 
June 25, 1998. [For Official Use Only]  Requests for publication can be made to 
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division 
(ESC66), 1100 23rd Ave, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, Telephone: (805)982-
15.82 (Primary), (805) 982-4817 (Alternate); Fax: (805)982-1253
Other Books, Magazines, Magazine Articles, and Newspaper Articles
Archibald, Rae W., et al., 2002, Security and Safety in Los Angeles High-Rise Buildings after 
9/11. RAND, Santa Monica, CA, ISBN: 0-8330-3184-8  
http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/DB381
Atlas, Randall I., June 1998, Designing for Crime and Terrorism, Security and Technology 
Design, Security Technology and Design Magazine Reprint Services, Jim Benesh, 
Telephone: (800)547-7377 x324, Fax: (920)568-2244, e-mail: 
jim.benesh@cygnuspub.com
Broder, James F., December 15, 1999, Risk Analysis and the Security Survey, 2nd Edition,  
Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA, ISBN: 0750670894
Craighead, Geoff, December 2002, High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, 2nd Edition, 
Academic Press, ISBN: 0750674555
Crowe, Timothy D., 2000, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications Of 
Architectural Design And Space Management Concepts (2nd Edition), Stoneham, MA, 
Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 075067198X
Fehr, Stephen C., July 1996, Parking Under Siege in D.C.: U.S. Anti-Terrorism Plan 
Threatens 360 Spaces, The Washington Post, July 13, 
1996http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-adv/archives/advanced.htm
Fenelly, Lawrence J, June 1997, Effective Physical Security, 2nd Edition, Stoneham, MA, 
Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 0-75-069873-X 
Garcia, Mary Lynn, February 23, 2001, The Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection 
Systems, Stoneham, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 0750673672 
Gonchar, Joann, March 2002, Building for a Secure Future: Government Facilities 
under way incorporate already tough standards, Engineering News-Record, March 25, 
2002  http://www.construction.com/NewsCenter/Headlines/ENR/20020325e.asp
Greene, R.W., October 2002, Confronting Catastrophe: A GIS Handbook, ESRI Press, ISBN: 
1589480406 
Hart, Sara, March 2002, In the aftermath of September 11, the urban landscape 
appears vulnerable and random: Architects and consultants focus on risk assessment 
and security through design, Architectural Record, March 2002  
http://archrecord.construction.com/CONTEDUC/ARTICLES/03_02_1.asp
Kowalski, Wladyslaw Jan, P.E., Ph.D., September 26, 2002, Immune Building Systems 
Technology, McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN: 0-07-140246-2
Nadel, Barbara A, March 1998, Designing for Security, Architectural Record, March 1998  
http://www.archrecord.com/CONTEDUC/ARTICLES/3_98_1.asp
Owen, David D. and R.S.Means Engineering Staff, Building Security: Strategies and Costs, 
Construction Publishers & Consultants, ISBN: 0-87629-698-3, 2003
Pearson, Robert, September 1997, Security through Environmental Design, Security and 
Technology Design, Security Technology and Design Magazine Reprint Services, Jim 
Benesh, Telephone: (800) 547-7377 x324;  Fax: (920) 568-2244;  e-mail: 
jim.benesh@cygnuspub.com
Rochon, Donald M., June 1998, Architectural Design for Security, Security and Technology 
Design,  Security Technology and Design Magazine Reprint Services, Jim Benesh, 
Telephone: (800)547-7377 x324; Fax: (920)568-2244; e-mail: 
jim.benesh@cygnuspub.com
Security Magazine [on-line magazine]http://www.securitymagazine.com
Security Solutions Online: Access Control and Security Systems [on-line magazine] 
http://securitysolutions.com/
Security Technology and Design [on-line and print magazine]  http://www.st-and-
d.com
Sidell, Frederick R., et al, 1998, JaneÕs Chem-Bio Handbook, JaneÕs Information Group, 
Alexandria, VA, ISBN 0-7106 2568-5  
http://www.janes.com/company/catalog/chem_bio_hand.shtml
Smith, Keith, November 2000, Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing 
Disaster, Routledge, New York, NY, ISBN 0415224632  http://www.routledge-
ny.com/books.cfm?isbn=041522463




ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS     




_		 American Lifelines Alliance  http://www.americanlifelinesalliance.org
_		 Applied Technology Council     http://www.atcouncil.org
_		 Battelle Memorial Institute, National Security Program   
http://www.battelle.org/natsecurity/default.stm
_		 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)  http://www.csis.org
_		 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Institute for 
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
_		 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)      http://www.cia.gov
_		 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)  
http://www.ctbuh.org
_		 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)  http://www.faa.gov
_		 Healthy Buildings International, Inc.  http://www.healthybuildings.com
_		 Institute of Transportation Engineers  http://www.ite.org
_		 Interagency Security Committee (ISC) led by the U.S. General Services 
Administration [Restricted Access]http://www.oca.gsa.gov
 _		International CPTED [Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design] 
Association (ICA)  http://new.cpted.net/home.amt
_		 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)  
http://securebuildings.lbl.gov
_		 National Academy of Sciences  
http://www4.nationalacademies.org/nas/nashome.nsf
„ Federal Facilities Council (FFC) Standing Committee on Physical Security and 
Hazard Mitigation  
http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ffc/Physical_Security_ 
Hazard_Mitigation.html
„ National Research Council  http://www.nationalacademies.org/nrc
_		 National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA)  http://www.ndia.org
_		 Public Entity Risk Institute http://www.riskinstitute.org
_		 Security Design Coalition  http://www.designingforsecurity.org
_		 Security Industry Association (SIA)  http://www.siaonline.org/
_		 Technical Support Working Group (Departments of Defense and State)  
http://www.tswg.gov
_		 U.S. Air Force Electronic System Center (ESC), Hanscom Air Force Base  
http://eschq.hanscom.af.mil/
_		 U.S. Army Soldiers and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM):  Basic 
Information on Building Protection  http://buildingprotection.sbccom.army.mil
_		 U.S. Department of Justice  http://www.usdoj.gov
„ Federal Bureau of Investigation:  Terrorism in the United States reports 
http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terroris.htm
„ National Institute of Justice (NIJ)  http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij
„ Office of Domestic Preparedness (ODP)  http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp
„ U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)  http://www.usdoj.gov/marshals
The Infrastructure Security Partnership (TISP)  
http://www.tisp.org
Founding Organizations
_		 American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC)  http://www.acec.org
_		 The American Institute of Architects (AIA), Security Resource Center  
http://www.aia.org/security
_		 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)  http://www.asce.org
„ Architectural Engineering Institute (AEI) of ASCE  
http://www.asce.org/instfound/aei.cfm
„ Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF) of ASCE  http://www.cerf.org
„ Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) of ASCE  http://www.seinstitute.org
_		 Associated General Contractors of America  http://www.agc.org
_		 Construction Industry Institute  http://construction-institute.org
_		 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)   http://www.fema.gov
„ Building Performance Assessment Team http://www.fema.gov/mit/bpat
„ Human Caused Hazards  http://www.fema.gov/hazards
„ Mitigation Planning  http://www.fema.gov/fima/planning.shtm
_		 Federal Facilities Council Š See National Academy of Sciences 
_		 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Building and Fire 
Research Laboratory  http://www.bfrl.nist.gov
_		 Naval Facilities Engineering Command  http://www.navfac.navy.mil
„ Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC), Security Engineering 
Center of Expertise ESC66  http://atfp.nfesc.navy.mil
_		 Society of American Military Engineers (SAME)  http://www.same.org
_		 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers  http://www.usace.army.mil
„ Blast Mitigation Action Group, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Center of Expertise 
for Protective Design  http://bmag.nwo.usace.army.mil
„ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Electronic Security Center  
http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/esc
„ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Protective Design Center  
http://pdc.nwo.usace.army.mil
Selected Member Organizations
_		 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, Inc.  http://www.ari.org
_		 Air Conditioning Contractors of America  http://www.acca.org
_		 Airport Consultants Council  http://www.acconline.org
_		 Alliance for Fire & Smoke Containment & Control  
http://www.afscconline.org
_		 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 
(AASHTO)  http://www.transportation.org
_		 American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety  
http://www.aiche.org/ccps
_		 American Planning Association  http://www.planning.org
_		 American Portland Cement Alliance  http://www.portcement.org/apca
_		 American Public Works Association  http://www.apwa.net
_		 American Railway Engineering & Maintenance of Way Association  
http://www.arema.org
_		 American Society for Industrial Security International (ASIS)  
http://www.asisonline.org
_		 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers 
(ASHRAE)  http://www.ashrae.org
_		 American Society of Interior Designers  http://www.asid.org
_		 American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA)  http://www.asla.org
_		 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)  http://www.asme.org
_		 American Underground Construction Association  (AUA)  
http://www.auca.org  or http://www.auaonline.org
_		 American Water Resources Association (AWRA)  http://www.awra.org
_		 Associated Locksmiths of America  http://www.aloa.org
_		 Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies  http://www.amwa.net
_		 Association of State Dam Safety Officials  http://www.damsafety.org
_		 Building Futures Council  http://www.thebfc.com
_		 Building Owners and Managers Association International (BOMA), 
Emergency Resource Center  http://www.boma.org/emergency
_		 California Department of Health Services, Division of Drinking Water & 
Environmental Management  http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ps/ddwem
_		 Construction Industry Roundtable  http://www.cirt.org
_		 Construction Innovation Forum		 http://www.cif.org
_		 Construction Specifications Institute  http://www.csinet.org
_		 Construction Users Roundtable  http://www.curt.org
_		 Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)  http://www.dtra.mil
_		 Design-Build Institute of America  http://www.dbia.org
_		 Drexel (University) Intelligent Infrastructure & Transportation Safety Institute  
http://www.di3.drexel.edu
_		 Federal Highway Administration  http://www.fhwa.dot.gov
_		 Florida Department of Transportation, Emergency Management Office  
http://www11.myflorida.com/safety/Emp/emp.htm or  Florida Department of 
Community Affairs, Division of Emergency Management  
http://www.floridadisaster.org/bpr/EMTOOLS/Severe/terrorism.htm or  
http://www.dca.state.fl.us/bpr/EMTOOLS/CIP/critical_ 
infrastructure_protecti.htm
_		 George Washington University, Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk 
Management  http://www.cee.seas.gwu.edu or  http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~icdm
_		 Homeland Protection Institute, Ltd.  http://www.hpi-tech.org
_		 Inland Rivers Ports and Terminals  http://www.irpt.net
_		 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. - USA  
http://www.ieeeusa.org  or  http://www.ieee.org/portal/index.jsp
_		 International Association of Foundation Drilling  http://www.adsc-iafd.com
_		 International Code Council (ICC)  http://www.intlcode.orgConsolidates 
services, products, and operations of BOCA (Building Officials and Code 
Administrators), ICBO (International Conference of Building Officials) and 
SBCCI (Southern Building Code Congress International) into one member service 
organization Ń the International Code Council (ICC) in January 2003.
_		 International Facility Management Association (IFMA)  http://www.ifma.org
_		 Market Development Alliance of the FRP Composites Industry  
http://www.mdacomposites.org
_		 Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research  
http://mceer.buffalo.edu
_		 National Aeronautics and Space Administration  http://www.nasa.gov
_		 National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC)  http://www.ncpc.gov
„ Security and Urban Design  http://www.ncpc.gov/planning_init/security.html
_		 National Center for Manufacturing Sciences  http://www.ncms.org
_		 National Concrete Masonry Association  http://www.ncma.org
_		 National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards  
http://www.ncsbcs.org
_		 National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA)  
http://www.ncsea.com  or  http://dwp.bigplanet.com/engineers/homepage
_		 National Crime Prevention Institute  http://www.louisville.edu/a-
s/ja/ncpi/courses.htm
_		 National Fire Protection Association  http://www.nfpa.org
_		 National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)  http://www.nibs.org  and  
http://www.wbdg.org
_		 National Park Service, Denver Service Center  http://www.nps.gov/dsc
_		 National Precast Concrete Association  http://www.precast.org
_		 National Wilderness Training Center, Inc.  http://www.wildernesstraining.net
_		 New York City Office of Emergency Preparedness  
http://www.nyc.gov/html/oem
_		 Ohio State University  http://www.osu.edu/homelandsecurity
_		 Pentagon Renovation Program		 http://renovation.pentagon.mil
_		 Portland Cement Association (PCA)  http://www.portcement.org
_		 Primary Glass Manufacturers Council  http://www.primaryglass.org
_		 Protective Glazing Council  http://www.protectiveglazing.org
_		 Protective Technology Center at Penn State University  
http://www.ptc.psu.edu
_		 SAVE International  http://www.value-eng.org
_		 Society of Fire Protection Engineers  http://www.sfpe.org
_		 Southern Building Code Congress, International  http://www.sbcci.org
_		 Sustainable Buildings Industry Council  http://www.sbicouncil.org
_		 Transit Standards Consortium		 http://www.tsconsortium.org
_		 Transportation Research Board/Marine Board  http://www.trb.org
_		 Transportation Security Administration - Maritime and Land  
http://www.tsa.dot.gov
_		 U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency  http://www.afcesa.af.mil
_		 U.S. Coast Guard  http://www.uscg.mil
_		 U.S. Department of Energy  http://www.energy.gov
„    Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)  http://www.sandia.gov
„    Architectural Surety Program   http://www.sandia.gov/archsur
„    Critical Infrastructure Protection Initiative  
http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/LN02-11-00/ steam_story.html
_		 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services  http://www.hhs.gov
_		 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)  http://www.va.gov/facmgt
_		 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Chemical Emergency 
Preparedness and Prevention Office (CEPPO)Š  Counter-terrorism		 
http://www.epa.gov/swercepp/cntr-ter.html
_		 U.S. General Services Administration (GSA)  http://www.gsa.gov
„ Office of Federal Protective Service (FPS) of GSA  
http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/content/orgs_content.jsp? 
contentOID=117945&contentType=1005&P=1&S=1
„ Office of Public Building Service (PBS) of GSA  
http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/content/orgs_content.jsp? 
contentOID=22883&contentType=1005&PPzz=1&S=1
„ Office of the Chief Architect of GSA  
http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/content/orgs_content.jsp? 
contentOID=22899&contentType=1005  and  http://www.oca.gsa.gov
_		 U.S. Green Building Councilhttp://www.usgbc.org
_		 U.S. Marine Corps Headquarters  http://www.usmc.mil
_		 U.S. Society on Dams  http://www.ussdams.org
_		 University of Missouri, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 
National Center for Explosion Resistant Design  
http://www.engineering.missouri.edu/explosion.htm
_		 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  http://www.ce.vt.edu
_		 Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association  
http://www.wwema.org
The Partnership for Critical Infrastructure (PCIS) 
http://www.pcis.org    
Note:  Involved mainly with information systems and not building real property.
Government
_		 Department of Commerce Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office (CIAO)  
http://www.ciao.gov
_		 Department of Energy (DOE)  http://www.energy.gov
_		 Department of Homeland Security  
http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland
_		 National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC)  http://www.nipc.gov
Private Sector
_		 Anser Institute for Homeland Security (ANSER)  
http://www.homelandsecurity.org
_		 CERTØ Coordination Center (CERT/CC)  http://www.cert.org
_		 Electronic Warfare Associates (EWA)  http://www.ewa.com
_		 Information Technology Association of America (ITAA)  http://www.itaa.org
_		 The Institute for Internal Auditors (IIA)  http://www.theiia.org
_		 National Cyber Security Alliance (Alliance)  http://www.staysafeonline.info
_		 North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC)  http://www.nerc.com
_		 SANS Institute (SANS - SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security)  
http://www.sans.org
_		 The Financial Services Roundtable Technology Group (BITS)  
http://www.bitsinfo.org
_		 The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Center for Corporate Citizenship (CCC)  
http://www.uschamber.com/ccc
Selected States and Local Organizations
_		 Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies  http://www.amwa.net
_		 The Council of State Governments (CSG)  http://www.csg.org
_		 International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM)  
http://www.iaem.com
_		 National Association of State CIOs (NASCIO)  http://www.nascio.org
_		 National Emergency Managers Association (NEMA)  
http://www.nemaweb.org
_		 National GovernorÕs Association (NGA)  http://www.nga.org
_		 The National League of Cities (NLC)  http://www.nlc.or