TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE ACT OF 2002 A

BUILDING VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT SCREENING B 
The following screening tool includes questions 
concerning vulnerability to terrorism that need to be 
addressed for new or existing buildings. The questions are 
intended to provide the basis for a vulnerability assessment 
of building design and operation of various component 
systems. Subsets of questions in the screening tool can be 
used either for a rapid vulnerability estimation or for a 
comprehensive detailed assessment of buildings. 
This screening tool includes all of the vulnerability 
questions from the Building Vulnerability Assessment 
Checklist in FEMA 426. The FEMA 426 checklist also 
presents extended guidance and observations regarding 
use of each question in assessing building vulnerability to 
terrorist attack. Both the FEMA 426 checklist and this 
screening tool are organized into 13 sections, listed 
below. 
A.	Site 
B.	Architectural 
C.	Structural Systems 
D.	Building Envelope 
E.	Utility Systems 
F.	Mechanical Systems (including Chemical, Biological, and
Radiological Systems)

G.	Plumbing and Gas Systems 
H.	Electrical Systems 
I.	Fire Alarm Systems 
J.	Communications and Information Technology Systems 
K.	Equipment Operations and Maintenance 
L.	Security Systems 
M. Security Master Plan The vulnerability questions presented in this screening tool 
are characterized by type (vulnerability estimate or detailed assessment), how 
information concerning the question will likely be collected (visual inspection, 
design documentation, and/or review of organizational/management procedures), 
and common terrorist attack tactics (delivery by moving, stationary vehicles, or covert 
entry, disguised in the mail or in supply materials; and blast pressure, airborne, or 
waterborne attack mechanisms). 
From the USAF Installation Force Protection Guide, tactics refer to the offensive strategies 
employed by aggressors, reflecting their capabilities and objectives. Some of the more 
common tactics include: 
. _	Moving vehicle. The moving vehicle attack is a suicide attack where an 
explosive-laden vehicle is driven into a facility, and detonated. 
. _	Stationary vehicle. This type of attack may be detonated by
time delay or remote control.

. _	Covert entry. The aggressor attempts to enter the facility covertly using 
false credentials. The aggressor may attempt to carry weapons or explosives into the 
facility. 
. _	Mail attack. Small bombs or incendiary devices are incorporated into 
envelopes or packages that are delivered to the targeted individual. 
. _	Supplies attack. Bombs or incendiary devices, generally larger than 
those found in mail bombs, are incorporated into various containers and delivered to 
facilities or installations. 
. _	Airborne contamination. The aggressor uses chemical or biological 
agents to contaminate the air supply of a facility or installation. 
. _	Waterborne contamination. The aggressor uses chemical, biological, or 
radiological agents to contaminate the water supply of a facility or installation." 

The table below arrays the compatibility of common tactics with a FEMA list of 
terrorist attack devices and methods. 

GENERAL GLOSSARY

A

Access Control. Any combination of barriers, gates, electronic security equipment, 
and/or guards that can deny entry to unauthorized personnel or vehicles. 
Access Control Point. A station at an entrance to a building or a portion of a building 
where identification is checked and people and hand-carried items are searched. 
Access Controls. Procedures and controls that limit or detect access to minimum 
essential infrastructure resource elements (people, technology, applications, data 
and/or facilities), thereby protecting these resources against loss of integrity, 
confidentiality accountability and/or availability. 
Access Control System. Also referred to as an electronic entry control system; an 
electronic system that controls entry and egress from a building or area. 
Access Control System Elements. Detection measures used to control vehicle or 
personnel entry into a protected area. Access control system elements include locks, 
electronic entry control systems, and guards. 
Access Group. A software configuration of an access control system that group 
together access points or authorized users for easier arrangement and maintenance 
of the system. 
Access Road. Any roadway such as a maintenance, delivery, service, emergency, or 
other special limited use road that is necessary for the operation of a building or 
structure. 
Accountability. The explicit assignment of responsibilities for oversight of areas of 
control to executives, managers, staff, owners, providers, and users of minimum 
essential infrastructure resource elements. 
Acoustic Eavesdropping. The use of listening devices to monitor voice 
communications or other audibly transmitted information with the objective to 
compromise information. 
Active Vehicle Barrier. An impediment placed at an access control point which may 
be manually or automatically deployed in response to detection of a threat. 
Aerosol. Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas, for example, fog or smoke. 
Aggressor. Any person seeking to compromise a function or structure. 
Airborne Contamination. Chemical or biological agents introduced into and 
fouling the source of supply breathing or conditioning air. 
Airlock. A building entry configuration with which airflow from the outside can be 
prevented from entering a toxic-free area. An airlock uses two doors, only one of 
which can be opened at a time, and a blower system to maintain positive air pressures 
and purge contaminated air from the airlock before the second door is opened. 
Alarm Assessment. Verification and evaluation of an alarm alert through the use of 
closed circuit television or human observation. Systems used for alarm assessment are 
designed to respond rapidly, automatically, and predictably to the receipt of alarms at 
the security center. 
Alarm Printers. Alarm printers provide a hard-copy of all alarm events and system 
activity, as well as limited backup in case the visual display fails. 
Alarm Priority. A hierarchy of alarms by order of importance. This is often used in 
larger systems to give priority to alarm with greater importance. 
Annunciation. A visual, audible, or other indication by a security system of a 
condition. 
Antiterrorism. Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals, 
forces, and property to terrorist acts. 
Area Commander. A military commander with authority in a specific geographical 
area or military installation. 
Area Lighting. Lighting which illuminates a large exterior area. 
Areas of Potential Compromise. Categories where losses can occur that will impact 
either a department or agencyÕs minimum essential infrastructure and its ability to 
conduct core functions and activities. 
Assessment. The evaluation and interpretation of measurements and other 
information to provide a basis for decision-making. 
Assessment System Elements. Detection measures used to assist guards in visual 
verification of intrusion detection system alarms and access control system functions 
and to assist in visual detection by guards. Assessment system elements include closed-
circuit television and protective lighting. 
Asset. A resource of value requiring protection. An asset can be tangible such as 
people, buildings, facilities, equipment, activities, operations, and information; or 
intangible, such as processes or a companyÕs information and reputation. 
Asset Value. The degree of debilitating impact that would be caused by the 
incapacity or destruction of an asset. 
Asset Protection. Security program designed to protect personnel, facilities, and 
equipment, in all locations and situations, accomplished through planned and 
integrated application of combating terrorism, physical security, operations 
security, personal protective services, and supported by intelligence, 
counterintelligence, and other security programs. 
Attack. A hostile action resulting in the destruction, injury or death to the civilian 
population, or damage or destruction to public and private property. 
Audible Alarm Devices. An alarm device which produces an audible announcement 
(bell, horn, siren, etc.) of an alarm condition. 
B

Balanced Magnetic Switch. A door position switch utilizing a reed switch held in a 
balanced or center position by interacting magnetic fields when not in alarm 
condition. 
Ballistics Attack. Attack in which small arms (such as pistols, submachine guns, 
shotguns, and rifles) are fired from a distance and rely on the flight of the projectile 
to damage the target. 
Barbed Tape or Concertina. A coiled tape or coil of wires with wire barbs or blades 
deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area. 
Barbed Wire. A double strand of wire with four-point barbs equally spaced along the 
wire deployed as an obstacle to human trespass or entry into an area. 
Barcode. Black bars printed on white paper or tape that can be easily read with an 
optical scanner. 
Biological Agents. Living organisms or the materials derived from them that cause 
disease in or harm to humans, animals, or plants or cause deterioration of material. 
Biological agents may be used as liquid droplets, aerosols, or dry powders. 
Biometrics. The use of physical characteristics of the human body as a unique 
identification method. 
Biometric Reader. A device that gathers and analyzes biometric features. 
Blast Curtains. Heavy curtains made of blast resistant materials that could protect 
the occupants of a room from flying debris. 
Blast-Resistant Glazing. Window opening glazing that is resistant to blast effects 
because of the interrelated function of the frame and glazing material properties 
frequently dependent upon tempered glass, polycarbonate, or laminated glazing. 
Blast Vulnerability Envelope. The geographical area in which an explosive device will 
cause damage to assets. 
Bollard. A vehicle barrier consisting of a cylinder, usually made of steel and sometimes 
filled with concrete, placed on end in the ground and spaced about 3 feet apart to 
prevent vehicles from passing, but allowing entrance of pedestrians and bicycles. 
Boundary Penetration Sensors. Interior intrusion detection sensors which detect an 
attempt by individuals to penetrate or enter a building. 
Building Hardening. Enhanced construction that reduces vulnerability to external 
blast and ballistic attack. 
Building Separation. The distance between closest points on the exterior walls of 
adjacent buildings or structures. 
Business Continuity Program. An ongoing process supported by senior management 
and funded to insure that the necessary steps are taken to identify the impact of 
potential losses, maintain viable recovery strategies and recovery plans, and ensure 
continuity services through personnel training, plan testing and maintenance. 
C

Cable Barrier. Cable or wire rope anchored to and suspended off the ground or 
attached to chain link fence to act as a barrier to moving vehicles. 
Capacitance Sensor. A device that detects an intruder approaching or touching a 
metal object by sensing a change in capacitance between the object and the ground. 
Card Reader. A device that gathers or reads information when a card is presented as 
an identification method. 
Chemical Agent. A chemical substance that is intended to kill, seriously injure, or 
incapacitate people through physiological effects. Generally separated by severity of 
effect: lethal, blister, and incapacitating. 
Clear Zone. An area that is clear of visual obstructions and landscape materials that 
could conceal a threat or perpetrator. 
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV). An electronic system of cameras, control 
equipment, recorders, and related apparatus used for surveillance or alarm 
assessment. 
CCTV Pan-Tilt-Zoom Camera (PTZ). A CCTV camera that can move side to side, up 
and down, and zoom in or out. 
CCTV Pan-Tilt-Zoom Control. The method of controlling the PTZ functions of a 
camera. 
CCTV Pan-Tilt-Zoom Controller. The operator interface for performing PTZ control. 
CCTV Switcher. A piece of equipment capable of presenting any of multiple video 
images to various monitors, recorders, and so forth. 
Chimney Effect. Air movement in a building between floors caused by differential air 
temperature (differences in density), between the air inside and outside the building. 
It occurs in vertical shafts, such as elevator, stairwell, and conduit/wiring/piping 
chase. Hotter air inside the building will rise and be replaced by infiltration with 
colder outside air through the lower portions of the building. Conversely, reversing 
the temperature will reverse the flow (down the chimney). Also know as stack effect. 
Collateral Damage. Injury or damage to assets that are not the primary target of an 
attack. 
Combating Terrorism. The full range of federal programs and activities applied 
against terrorism, domestically and abroad, regardless of the source or motive. 
Community. A political entity which has the authority to adopt and enforce laws and 
ordinances for the area under its jurisdiction. In most cases, the community is an 
incorporated town, city, township, village, or unincorporated area of a county. 
However, each State defines its own political subdivisions and forms of government. 
Components and Cladding. Elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as 
part of the main wind-force resisting system. 
Confidentiality. The protection of sensitive information from unauthorized disclosure 
and sensitive facilities from physical, technical or electronic penetration or 
exploitation. 
Consequence Management. Measures to protect public health and safety, restore 
essential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments, 
businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism. state and local 
governments exercise primary authority to respond to the consequences of terrorism. 
Contamination. The undesirable deposition of a chemical, biological, or 
radiological material on the surface of structures, areas, objects, or people. 
Continuity of Services and Operations. Controls to ensure that, when unexpected 
events occur, departmental/agency minimum essential infrastructure services and 
operations, including computer operations, continue without interruption or are 
promptly resumed and critical and sensitive date are protected through adequate 
contingency and business recovery plans and exercises. 
Control Center. A centrally located room or facility staffed by personnel charged with 
the over sight of specific situations and/or equipment. 
Controlled Area. An area into which access is controlled or limited. It is that portion 
of a restricted area usually near or surrounding a limited or exclusion area. 
Correlates with exclusion zone. 
Controlled Lighting. Lighting illumination of specific areas or sections. 
Controlled Perimeter. A physical boundary at which vehicle and personnel access is 
controlled at the perimeter of a site. Access control at a controlled perimeter should 
demonstrate the capability to search individuals and vehicles. 
Conventional Construction. Building construction that is not specifically designed to 
resist weapons, explosives, or chemical, biological and radiological effects. 
Conventional construction is designed only to resist common loadings and 
environmental effects such as wind, seismic, and snow loads. 
Coordinate. To advance systematically an exchange of information among principals 
who have or may have a need to know certain information in order to carry out their 
role in a response. 
Counterintelligence. Information gathered and activities conducted to protect 
against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted 
for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations, or persons; or international 
terrorist activities, excluding personnel, physical, document, and communications 
security programs. 
Counterterrorism. Offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to 
terrorism. 
Covert Entry. Attempts to enter a facility by using false credentials or stealth. 
Crash Bar. A mechanical egress device located on the interior side of a door that 
unlocks the door when pressure is applied in the direction of egress. 
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). A crime prevention 
strategy based on evidence that the design and form of the built environment can 
influence human behavior. CPTED usually involves the use of three principles: natural 
surveillance (by placing physical features, activities, and people to maximize visibility); 
natural access control (through the judicial placement of entrances, exits, fencing, 
landscaping, and lighting); and territorial reinforcement (using buildings, fences, 
pavement, signs, and landscaping to express ownership). 
Crisis Management. The measures taken to identify, acquire, and plan the use of 
resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism. 
Critical Assets. Those assets essential to the minimum operations of the organization, 
and to ensure the health and safety of the general public. 
Critical Infrastructure. Primary infrastructure systems (utilities, telecommunications, 
transportation, etc.) whose incapacity would have a debilitating impact on the 
organizationÕs ability to function. 
D

Damage Assessment. The process used to appraise or determine the number of 
injuries and deaths, damage to public and private property, and the status of key 
facilities and services such as hospitals and other health care facilities, fire and police 
stations, communications networks, water and sanitation systems, utilities, and 
transportation networks resulting from a man-made or natural disaster. 
Data Gathering Panel. A local processing unit that retrieves, processes, stores, and / 
or acts on information in the field. 
Data Transmission Equipment. A path for transmitting data between two or more 
components (such as a sensor and alarm reporting system, a card reader and 
controller, a CCTV camera and monitor, or a transmitter and receiver). 
Decontamination. The reduction or removal of a chemical, biological, or 
radiological material from the surface of a structure, area, object, or person. 
Defense Layer. Building design or exterior perimeter barriers intended to delay 
attempted forced entry. 
Defensive Measures. Protective measures which delay or prevent attack on an asset or 
which shield the asset from weapons, explosives, and CBR effects. Defensive measures 
include site work and building design. 
Delay Rating. A measure of the effectiveness of penetration protection of a defense 
layer. 
Design Basis Threat. The threat (tactics, and associated weapons, tools, or explosives) 
against which assets within a building must be protected and upon which the security 
engineering design of the building is based. 
Design Constraint. Anything which restricts the design options for a protective 
system or which creates additional problems for which the design must compensate. 
Design Opportunity. Anything which enhances protection, reduces requirements 
for protective measures, or solves a design problem. 
Design Team. A group of individuals from various engineering and architectural 
disciplines responsible for the protective system design. 
Detection Layer. A ring of intrusion detection sensors located on or adjacent to a 
defensive layer or between two defensive layers. 
Detection Measures. Protective measures which detect intruders, weapons, or 
explosives; assist in assessing the validity of detection; control access to protected 
areas; and communicate the appropriate information to the response force. Detection 
measures include detection system, assessment system, and access control system 
elements. 
Detection System Elements. Detection measures which detect the presence of 
intruders, weapons, or explosives. Detection system elements include intrusion 
detection systems, weapons and explosives detectors, and guards. 
Disaster. An occurrence of a natural catastrophe, technological accident or human-
caused event that has resulted in severe property damage, deaths, and/or multiple 
injuries. 
Disaster Field Office (DFO). The office established in or near the designated area of 
a Presidentially declared major disaster to support federal and state response and 
recovery operations. 
Disaster Recovery Center (DRC). Places established in the area of a Presidentially 
declared major disaster, as soon as practicable, to provide victims the opportunity to 
apply in person for assistance and/or obtain information relating to that assistance. 
Domestic Terrorism. The unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a 
group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or Puerto 
Rico without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or 
coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance 
of political or social objectives. 
Door Position Switch. A switch that changes state based on whether or not a door is 
closed. Typically, a switch mounted in a frame that is actuated by a magnet in a door. 
Door Strike, Electronic. An electro-mechanical lock that releases a door plunger to 
unlock the door. Typically, an electronic door strike is mounted in place of or near a 
normal door strike plate. 
Dose Rate (Radiation). A general term indicating the quantity (total or accumulated) 
of ionizing radiation or energy absorbed by a person or animal per unit of time. 
Dosimeter. An instrument for measuring and registering total accumulated exposure 
to ionizing radiation. 
Dual Technology Sensors. Sensors that combine two different technologies in one 
unit. 
Duress Alarm Devices. Also known as panic buttons, these devices are designated 
specifically to initiate a panic alarm. 
E

Effective Standoff Distance. A standoff distance at which the required level of 
protection can be shown to be achieved through analysis or can be achieved through 
building hardening or other mitigating construction or retrofit. 
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP). A sharp pulse of energy radiated instantaneously by a 
nuclear detonation which may affect or damage electronic components and 
equipment. EMP can also be generated in lesser intensity by non-nuclear means in 
specific frequency ranges to perform the same disruptive function. 
Electronic Emanations. Electro-magnetic emissions from computers, communications, 
electronics, wiring and related equipment. 
Electronic-Emanations Eavesdropping. Use of electronic-emana-tion surveillance 
equipment from outside a facility or its restricted area to monitor electronic 
emanations from computers, communications, and related equipment. 
Electronic Entry Control Systems. Electronic devices which automatically verify 
authorization for a person to enter or exit a controlled area. 
Electronic Security System. An integrated system which encompasses interior and 
exterior sensors, closed-circuit television systems for assessment of alarm conditions, 
electronic entry control systems, data transmission media, and alarm reporting 
systems for monitoring, control, and display of various alarm and system information. 
Emergency. Any natural or man-caused situation that results in or may result in 
substantial injury or harm to the population or substantial damage to or loss of 
property. 
Emergency Alert System. A communications system of broadcast stations and 
interconnecting facilities authorized by the Federal Communication Commission. 
The system provides the President and other national, state, and local officials the 
means to broadcast emergency information to the public before, during, and after 
disasters. 
Emergency Environmental Health Services. Services required to correct or improve 
damaging environmental health effects on humans, including inspection for food 
contamination, inspection for water contamination, and vector control; providing for 
sewage and solid waste inspection and disposal; cleanup and disposal of hazardous 
materials; and sanitation inspection for emergency shelter facilities. 
Emergency Medical Services. Services including personnel, facilities, and equipment 
required to ensure proper medical care for the sick and injured from the time of 
injury to the time of final disposition, including medical disposition within a hospital, 
temporary medical facility, or special care facility, release from site, or declared dead. 
Further, emergency medical services specifically include those services immediately 
required to ensure proper medical care and specialized treatment for patients in a 
hospital and coordination of related hospital services. 
Emergency Mortuary Services. Services required to assure adequate death 
investigation, identification, and disposition of bodies; removal, temporary storage, 
and transportation of bodies to temporary morgue facilities; notification of next of 
kin; and coordination of mortuary services and burial of unclaimed bodies. 
Emergency Operations Center. The protected site from which state and local civil 
government officials coordinate, monitor, and direct emergency response activities 
during an emergency. 
Emergency Operations Plan. A document that: describes how people and property 
will be protected in disaster and disaster threat situations; details who is responsible 
for carrying out specific actions; identifies the personnel, equipment, facilities, 
supplies, and other resources available for use in the disaster; and outlines how all 
actions will be coordinated. 
Emergency Planning Zones. Areas around a facility for which planning is needed to 
ensure prompt and effective actions are taken to protect the health and safety of the 
public if an accident or disaster occurs. In the Radiological Emergency Preparedness 
Program the two EPZÕs are: 
Plume Exposure Pathway (10-mile EPZ). A circular geographic zone (with a 
10-mile radius centered at the nuclear power plant) for which plans are 
developed to protect the public against exposure to radiation emanating 
from a radioactive plume caused as a result of an accident at the nuclear 
power plant. 
Ingestion Pathway (50-mile EPZ). A circular geographic zone (with a 50-mile 
radius centered at the nuclear power plant) for which plans are developed to 
protect the public from the ingestion of water or ford contaminated as a result 
of a nuclear power plant accident. 
In Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program, the EPZ is divided into 
three concentric circular zones: 
Immediate Response Zone (IRZ). A circular zone ranging from 10 to 15 
kilometers (6 to 9 miles) from the potential chemical event source, depending 
on the stockpile location on-post. Emergency response plans developed for the 
IRZ must provide for the most rapid and effective protective actions possible, 
since the IRZ will have the highest concentration of agent and the least 
amount of warning time. 
Protective Action Zone (PAZ). An area that extends beyond the IRZ to 
approximately 16 to 50 kilometers (10 to 30 miles) from the stockpile location. 
The PAZ is that area where public protective actions may still be necessary in 
case of an accidental release of chemical agent, but where the available 
warning and response time is such that most people could evacuate. However, 
other responses (e.g., sheltering) may be appropriate for institutions and 
special populations that could not evacuate within the available time. 
Precautionary Zone (PZ). The outermost portion of the EPZ for CSEPP, 
extending from the PAZ outer boundary to a distance where the risk of adverse 
impacts to humans is negligible. Because of the increased warning and re-
sponse time available for implementation of response actions in the PZ, 
detailed local emergency planning is not required, although consequence 
management planning may be appropriate. 
Emergency Public Information. Information which is disseminated primarily in 
anticipation of an emergency or at the actual time of an emergency and in addition 
to providing information, frequently directs actions, instructs, and transmits direct 
orders. 
Emergency Response Team (ERT). An interagency team, consisting of the lead 
representative from each federal department or agency assigned primary 
responsibility for an ESF and key members of the FCOÕs staff, formed to assist the FCO 
in carrying out his/her coordination responsibilities. 
Emergency Response Team Advance Element (ERT-A). For federal disaster response 
and recovery activities under the Stafford Act, the portion of the ERT that is first 
deployed to the field to respond to a disaster incident. The ERT-A is the nucleus of 
the full ERT. 
Emergency Response Team National (ERT-N). An ERT that has been established and 
rostered for deployment to catastrophic disasters where the resources of the FEMA 
Region have been, or are expected to be, overwhelmed. Three ERT-Ns have been 
established. 
Emergency Support Function (ESF). In the Federal Response Plan (FRP), a 
functional area of response activity established to facilitate the delivery of federal 
assistance required during the immediate response phase of a disaster to save lives, 
protect property and public health, and to maintain public safety. ESFs represent 
those types of federal assistance which the state will most likely need because of the 
impact of a catastrophic or significant disaster on its own resources and response 
capabilities, or because of the specialized or unique nature of the assistance required. 
ESF missions are designed to supplement state and local response efforts. 
Emergency Support Team (EST). An interagency group operating from FEMA 
headquarters. The EST oversees the national-level response support effort under the 
FRP and coordinates activities with the ESF primary and support agencies in 
supporting federal requirements in the field. 
Entity-Wide Security. Planning and management that provides a framework and 
continuing cycle of activity for managing risk, developing security policies, assigning 
responsibilities, and monitoring the adequacy of the entityÕs physical and cyber secu-
rity controls. 
Entry Control Point. A continuously or intermittently manned station at which entry to 
sensitive or restricted areas is controlled. 
Entry-Control Stations. Entry-control stations should be provided at main perimeter 
entrances where security personnel are present. Entry-control stations should be 
located as close as practical to the perimeter entrance to permit personnel inside the 
station to maintain constant surveillance over the entrance and its approaches. 
Equipment Closet. A room where field control equipment such as data gathering 
panels and power supplies are typically located. 
Evacuation. Organized, phased, and supervised dispersal of people from 
dangerous or potentially dangerous areas. 
Evacuation, Spontaneous. Residents or citizens in the threatened areas observe an 
emergency event or receive unofficial word of an actual or perceived threat and 
without receiving instructions to do so, elect to evacuate the area. Their movement, 
means, and direction of travel is unorganized and unsupervised. 
Evacuation, Voluntary. This is a warning to persons within a designated area that a 
threat to life and property exists or is likely to exist in the immediate future. 
Individuals issued this type of waning or order are NOT required to evacuate, however 
it would be to their advantage to do so. 
Evacuation, Mandatory or Directed. This is a warning to persons within the 
designated area that an imminent threat to life and property exists and individuals 
MUST evacuate in accordance with the instructions of local officials. 
Evacuees. All persons removed or moving from areas threatened or struck by a 
disaster. 
Exclusion Area. A restricted area containing a security interest. Uncontrolled 
movement permits direct access to the item. See controlled area and limited area. 
Exclusive Zone. An area around an asset which has controlled entry with highly 
restrictive access. See controlled area. 
Explosives Disposal Container. A small container into which small quantities of 
explosives may be placed to contain their blast pressures and fragments if the 
explosive detonates. 
F

Facial Recognition. A biometric technology that is based on features of the human 
face. 
Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO). The person appointed by the FEMA Director to 
coordinate federal assistance in a Presidentially declared emergency or major 
disaster. 
Federal On-Scene Commander. The FBI official designated upon JOC activation to 
ensure appropriate coordination of the overall 
U.S. Government response with federal, state and local authori-ties, until such time 
as the Attorney General transfers the LFA role to FEMA. 
Federal Response Plan (FRP). The FRP establishes a process and structure for the 
systematic, coordinated, and effective delivery of federal assistance to address the 
consequences of any major disaster or emergency. 
Fence Protection. An intrusion detection technology that detects a person crossing a 
fence by various methods such as climbing, crawling, cutting, etc. 
Fence Sensors. Exterior intrusion detection sensors which detect aggressors as they 
attempt to climb over, cut through, or otherwise disturb a fence. 
Fiber Optics. A method of data transfer by passing bursts of light through a strand of 
glass or clear plastic. 
Field Assessment Team (FAsT). A small team of pre-identified technical experts that 
conduct an assessment of response needs (not a PDA) immediately following a 
disaster. 
Field of View. The visible area in a video picture. 
First Responder. Local police, fire, and emergency medical personnel who first 
arrive on the scene of an incident and take action to save lives, protect property, and 
meet basic human needs. 
Flash Flood. Follows a situation in which rainfall is so intense and severe and runoff so 
rapid that it precludes recording and relating it to stream stages and other 
information in time to forecast a flood condition. 
Flood. A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of 
normally dry land areas from overflow of inland or tidal waters, unusual or rapid 
accumulation or runoff of surface waters, or mudslides/mudflows caused by 
accumulation of water. 
Forced Entry. Entry to a denied area achieved through force to create an opening in 
fence, walls, doors, etc., or to overpower guards. 
Fragment Retention Film. A thin, optically clear film applied to glass to minimize the 
spread of glass fragments when the glass is shattered. 
Frame Rate. In digital video, a measurement of the rate of change in a series of 
pictures, often measured in frames per second (fps). 
Frangible Construction. Building components which are designed to fail to vent 
blast pressures from an enclosure in a controlled manner and direction. 
G

Glare Security-Lighting. Illumination projected from a secure perimeter into the 
surrounding area making it possible to see potential intruders at a considerable 
distance while making it difficult to observe activities within the secure perimeter. 
Glass-Break Detector. Intrusion detection sensors that are designed to detect 
breaking glass either through vibration or acoustics. 
Glazing. A material installed in a sash, ventilator, or panes such as glass, plastic, etc., 
including material such as thin granite installed in a curtain wall. 
GovernorÕs Authorized Representative. The person empowered by the Governor to 
execute, on behalf of the State, all necessary documents for disaster assistance. 
Grid Wire Sensors. Intrusion detection sensors that use a grid of wires to cover a wall 
or fence. An alarm is sounded if the wires are cut. 
H

Hand Geometry. A biometric technology that is based on characteristics of the human 
hand. 
Hazard. A source of potential danger or adverse condition. 
Hazard Mitigation. Any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to 
human life and property from hazards. The term is sometimes used in a stricter sense 
to mean cost-effective measures to reduce the potential for damage to a facility or 
facilities from a disaster event. 
Hazardous Material. Any substance or material that when involved in an accident and 
released insufficient quantities, poses a risk to peopleÕs health, safety, and/or property. 
These substances and materials include explosives, radioactive materials, flammable 
liquids or solids, combustible liquids or solids, poisons, oxidizers, toxins, and corrosive 
materials. 
High-Hazard Areas. Geographic locations that for planning purposes have been 
determined through historical experience and vulnerability analysis to be likely to 
experience the effects of a specific hazard (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, hazardous 
materials accident, etc.) resulting in vast property damage and loss of life. 
High-Risk Target. Any material resource or facility that, because of mission sensitivity, 
ease of access, isolation, and symbolic value, may be an especially attractive or 
accessible terrorist target. 
Human-Caused Hazard. Human caused hazards are technological hazards and terrorism. 
These are distinct from natural hazards primarily in that they originate from human 
activity. Within the military services, the term threat is typically used for human-caused 
hazard. See definitions of technological hazards and terrorism for further information. 
Hurricane. A tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in 
which wind speeds reach 74 miles per hour or more and blow in a large spiral around 
a relatively calm center or Ôeye.Õ Circulation is counter-clockwise in the Northern 
Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. 
Impact Analysis. A management level analysis which identifies the impacts of losing 
the entityÕs resources. The analysis measures the effect of resource loss and escalating 
losses over time in order to provide the entity with reliable data upon which to base 
decisions on hazard mitigation and continuity planning. 
Incident Command System. A standardized organizational structure used to 
command, control, and coordinate the use of resources and personnel that have 
responded to the scene of an emergency. The concepts and principles for ICS include 
common terminology, modular organization, integrated communication, unified 
command structure, consolidated action plan, manageable span of control, 
designated incident facilities, and comprehensive resource management. 
Insider Compromise. A person authorized access to a facility (an insider) 
compromises assets by taking advantage of that accessibility. 
Intercom Door/Gate Station. Part of an intercom system where communication is 
typically initiated, usually located at a door or gate. 
Intercom Master Station. Part of an intercom system that monitors one or more 
intercom door/gate stations; typically, where initial communication is received. 
Intercom Switcher. Part of an intercom system that controls the flow of 
communications between various stations. 
Intercom System. An electronic system that allows simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex 
audio communications. 
International Terrorism. Violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a 
violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a 
criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any 
state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, 
influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, or affect the 
conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. International terrorist acts 
occur outside the United States, or transcend national boundaries in terms of the 
means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to coerce or 
intimidate, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. 
Intrusion Detection Sensors. Devices that initiate alarm signals by sensing the stimulus, 
change, or condition for which they were designed. 
Intrusion Detection System. The combination of components, including sensors, 
control units, transmission lines, and monitor units, integrated to operate in a 
specified manner. 
Isolated Fenced Perimeters. Fenced perimeters with 100 feet or more of space 
outside the fence that is clear of obstruction making approach obvious. 
J

Jersey Barrier. A protective concrete barrier initially and still used as a highway 
divider and now functions as an expedient method for traffic speed control at 
entrance gates and to keep vehicles away from buildings. 
Joint Information Center (JIC). A central point of contact for all news media near the 
scene of a large-scale disaster. News media representatives are kept informed of 
activities and events by public information officials who represent all participating 
federal, state, and local agencies that are collocated at the JIC. 
Joint Interagency Intelligence Support Element (JIISE). An interagency intelligence 
component designed to fuse intelligence information from the various agencies 
participating in a response to a WMD threat or incident within an FBI JOC. The JIISE 
is an expanded version of the investigative/intelligence component which is part of 
the standardized FBI command post structure. The JIISE manages five functions 
including: security, collections management, current intelligence, exploitation, and 
dissemination. 
Joint Information System (JIS). Under the FRP, connection of public affairs 
personnel, decision-makers, and news centers by electronic mail, fax, and telephone 
when a single federal/state/ local JIC is not a viable option. 
Joint Operations Center. Established by the LFA under the operational control of the 
Federal OSC, as the focal point for management and direction of on-site activities, 
coordination/es-tablishment of state requirements/priorities, and coordination of the 
overall federal response. 
Jurisdiction. Typically counties and cities within a state, but states may elect to define 
differently in order to facilitate their assessment process. 
L

Laminated Glass. A flat lite of uniform thickness consisting of two monolithic glass 
plies bonded together with an interlayer material as defined in Specification C1172. 
Many different interlayer materials are used in laminated glass. 
Landscaping. The use of plantings (shrubs and trees), with or without landforms 
and/or large boulders, to act as a perimeter barrier against defined threats. 
Laser Card. A card technology that use a laser reflected off of a card for uniquely 
identifying the card. 
Layers of Protection. A traditional approach in security engineering using concentric 
circles extending out from an area to be protected as demarcation points for different 
security strategies. 
Lead Agency. The federal department or agency assigned lead responsibility under 
U.S. law to manage and coordinate the federal response in a specific functional area. 
Lead Federal Agency (LFA). The agency designated by the President to lead and 
coordinate the overall federal response is referred to as the LFA and is determined by 
the type of emergency. In general, an LFA establishes operational structures and 
procedures to assemble and work with agencies providing direct support to the LFA in 
order to provide an initial assessment of the situation, develop an action plan, monitor 
and update operational priorities, and ensure each agency exercises its concurrent 
and distinct authorities under U.S. law and supports the LFA in carrying out the 
PresidentÕs relevant policy. Specific responsibili-ties of an LFA vary according to the 
agencyÕs unique statutory authorities. 
Level of Protection. The degree to which an asset is protected against injury or 
damage from an attack. 
Liaison. An agency official sent to another agency to facilitate interagency 
communications and coordination. 
Limited Area. A restricted area within close proximity of a security interest. 
Uncontrolled movement may permit access to the item. Escorts and other internal 
restrictions may prevent access to the item. See controlled area and exclusion area. 
Line of Sight. Direct observation between two points with the naked eye or hand-held 
optics. 
Line-of-Sight Sensor. A pair of devices used as an intrusion detection sensor that 
monitor any movement through the field between the sensors. 
Line Supervision. A data integrity strategy that monitors the communications link for 
connectivity and tampering. In intrusion detection system sensors, line supervision is 
often referred to as two-state, three-state, or four-state in respect to the number of 
conditions monitored. The frequency of sampling the link also plays a big part in the 
supervision of the line. 
Local Government. Any county, city, village, town, district, or political subdivision of 
any state, and Indian tribe or authorized tribal organization, or Alaska Native village 
or organization, including any rural community or unincorporated town or village or 
any other public entity. 
M

Magnetic Lock. An electro-magnetic lock that unlocks a door when power is 
removed. 
Magnetic Stripe. A card technology that use a magnetic stripe on the card to encode 
data used for unique identification of the card. 
Mail-Bomb Delivery. Bombs or incendiary devices delivered to the target in letters 
or packages. 
Man-Trap. An access control strategy that use a pair of interlocking doors to prevent 
tailgating. Only one door can be unlocked at a time. 
Mass Care. The actions that are taken to protect evacuees and other disaster victims 
from the effects of the disaster. Activities include providing temporary shelter, food, 
medical care, clothing, and other essential life support needs to those people that 
have been displaced from their homes because of a disaster or threatened disaster. 
Mass Notification. Capability to provide real-time information to all building 
occupants or personnel in the immediate vicinity of a building during emergency 
situations. 
Microwave Motion Sensors. Intrusion detection sensors that uses microwave energy to 
sense movement within the sensors field of view. These sensors work similar to radar 
by using the Doppler effect to measure a shift in frequency. 
Military Installations. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps bases, posts, stations, 
and annexes (both contractor and Government operated), hospitals, terminals, and 
other special mission facilities, as well as those used primarily for military purposes. 
Minimum Essential Infrastructure Resource Elements. The broad categories of 
resources, all or portions of which constitute the minimal essential infrastructure 
necessary for a department, agency or organization to conduct its core mission(s). 
Minimum Measures. Protective measures that can be applied to all buildings 
regardless of the identified threat. These measures offer defense or detection 
opportunities for minimal cost, facilitate future upgrades, and may deter acts of 
aggression. 
Mitigation. Those actions taken to reduce the exposure to and impact of an attack 
or disaster. 
Motion Detector. Intrusion detection sensor that changes state based on movement 
in the sensors field of view. 
Moving Vehicle Bomb. An explosive-laden car or truck driven into or near a 
building and detonated. 
Mutual Aid Agreement. A pre-arranged agreement developed between two or more 
entities to render assistance to the parties of the agreement. 
N

Natural Hazard. Naturally occurring events such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, 
tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural 
event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property (FEMA 3862, 
Understanding Your Risks). The risks of natural hazards may be increased or decreased 
as a result of human activity. However, they are not inherently human-induced. 
Protective Barriers. Natural protective barriers are mountains and deserts, cliffs and 
ditches, water obstacles, or other terrain features that are difficult to traverse. 
Non-Exclusive Zone. An area around an asset that has controlled entry but shared or 
less restrictive access than an exclusive zone. 
Non-Persistent Agent. An agent that, upon release, loses its ability to cause casualties 
after 10 to 15 minutes. It has a high evaporation rate, is lighter than air, and will 
disperse rapidly. It is considered to be a short-term hazard; however, in small, 
unventilated areas, the agent will be more persistent. 
Nuclear, Biological or Chemical Weapons. Also called Weapons of Mass Destruction 
(WMD). Weapons that are characterized by their capability to produce mass 
casualties. 
Nuclear Detonation. An explosion resulting from fission and/or fusion reactions in 
nuclear material, such as that from a nuclear weapon. 
O

On-Scene Coordinator (OSC). The federal official pre-desig-nated by the EPA and U.S. 
Coast Guard to coordinate and direct response and removals under the National Oil 
and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. 
Open System Architecture. A term borrowed from the IT industry to claim that 
systems are capable of interfacing with other systems from any vendor, which also 
uses open system architecture. The opposite would be a proprietary system. 
Operator Interface. The part of a security management system that provides that 
user interface to humans. 
Organizational Areas of Control. Controls consist of the policies, procedures, practices 
and organization structures designed to provide reasonable assurance that business 
objectives will be achieved and that undesired events will be prevented or detected 
and corrected. 
P

Passive Infrared Motion Sensors. Devices that detect a change in the thermal energy 
pattern caused by a moving intruder and ini-tiate an alarm when the change in energy 
satisfies the detectorÕs alarm-criteria. 
Passive Vehicle Barrier. A vehicle barrier which is permanently deployed and does 
not require response to be effective. 
Patch Panel. A concentrated termination point that separates backbone cabling from 
devices cabling for easy maintenance and troubleshooting. 
Perimeter Barrier. A fence, wall, vehicle barrier, landform, or line of vegetation 
applied along an exterior perimeter used to obscure vision, hinder personnel access, 
or hinder or prevent vehicle access. 
Persistent Agent. An agent that, upon release, retains its casualty-producing effects for 
an extended period of time, usually anywhere from 30 minutes to several days. A 
persistent agent usually has a low evaporation rate and its vapor is heavier than air; 
therefore, its vapor cloud tends to hug the ground. It is considered to be a long-term 
hazard. Although inhalation hazards are still a concern, extreme caution should be 
taken to avoid skin contact as well. 
Physical Security. The part of security concerned with measures/ concepts designed 
to safeguard personnel; to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, 
materiel, and documents; and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, 
and theft. 
Planter Barrier. A passive vehicle barrier, usually constructed of concrete and filled 
with dirt (and flowers for aesthetics). Planters, along with bollards, are the usual street 
furniture used to keep vehicles away from existing buildings. Overall size and the 
depth of installation below grade determine the vehicle stopping capability of the 
individual planter. 
Plume. Airborne material spreading from a particular source; the dispersal of 
particles, gases, vapors, and aerosols into the atmosphere. 
Polycarbonate Glazing. A plastic glazing material with enhanced resistance to 
ballistics or blast effects. 
Predetonation Screen. A fence which causes an anti-tank round to detonate or 
prevents it from arming before it reaches its target. 
Preliminary Damage Assessment. A mechanism used to determine the impact and 
magnitude of damage and the resulting unmet needs of individuals, businesses, the 
public sector, and the community as a whole. Information collected is used by the 
State as a basis for the GovernorÕs request for a Presidential declaration, and by FEMA 
to document the recommendation made to the President in response to the 
GovernorÕs request. PDAs are made by at least one state and one federal 
representative. A local government representative familiar with the extent and 
location of damage in the community often participates; other state and federal 
agencies and voluntary relief organizations also may be asked to participate, as 
needed. 
Preparedness. Establishing the plans, training, exercises, and resources necessary to 
enhance mitigation of and achieve readiness for response to, and recovery from all 
hazards, disasters, and emergencies including WMD incidents. 
Pressure Mat. A mat that generates an alarm when pressure is applied to any part of 
the matÕs surface, as when someone steps on the mat. Pressure mats can be used to 
detect an intruder approaching a protected object, or they can be placed by doors and 
windows to detect entry. 
Primary Asset. An asset which is the ultimate target for compromise by an aggressor. 
Primary Gathering Building. Inhabited buildings routinely occupied by 50 or more 
personnel. This designation applies to the entire portion of a building that meets the 
population density requirements for an inhabited building. 
Probability of Detection. A measure of an intrusion detection sensorÕs performance 
in detecting an intruder within its detection zone. 
Probability of Intercept. The probability that an act of aggression will be detected and 
that a response force will intercept the aggressor before the asset can be 
compromised. 
Progressive Collapse. A chain reaction failure of building members to an extent 
disproportionate to the original localized damage. Such damage may result in upper 
floors of a building collapsing onto lower floors. 
Protective Barriers. Define the physical limits of a site, activity, or area by restricting, 
channeling, or impeding access and forming a continuous obstacle around the object. 
Protective Measures. Elements of a protective system which protect an asset against a 
threat. Protective measures are divided into defensive and detection measures. 
Protective System. An integration of all of the protective measures required to 
protect an asset against the range of threats applicable to the asset. 
Proximity Sensors. Intrusion detection sensors that change state based on the close 
distance or contact of a human to the sensor. These sensors often measure the 
change in capacitance as a human body enters the measured field. 
Public Information Officer. A federal, state, or local government official responsible 
for preparing and coordinating the dissemination of emergency public information. 
R

Radiation. High-energy particles or gamma rays that are emitted by an atom as the 
substance undergoes radioactive decay. Par-
ticles can be either charged alpha or beta particles or neutral neutron or gamma 
rays. 
Radiation Sickness. The symptoms characterizing the sickness known as radiation 
injury, resulting from excessive exposure of the whole body to ionizing radiation. 
Radiological Monitoring. The process of locating and measuring radiation by means 
of survey instruments that can detect and measure (as exposure rates) ionizing 
radiation. 
Recovery. The long-term activities beyond the initial crisis period and emergency 
response phase of disaster operations that focus on returning all systems in the 
community to a normal status or to reconstitute these systems to a new condition that 
is less vulnerable. 
Regional Operating Center (ROC). The temporary operations facility for the 
coordination of federal response and recovery activities located at the FEMA Regional 
Office (or Federal Regional Center) and led by the FEMA Regional Director or 
Deputy Director until the DFO becomes operational. Once the ERT-A is deployed, the 
ROC performs a support role for federal staff at the disaster scene. 
Report Printers. A separate, dedicated printer attached to the electronic security 
systems used for generating reports using information stored by the central 
computer. 
Request-To-Exit Device. Passive infrared motion sensors or push buttons that are 
used to signal an electronic entry system that egress is imminent or to unlock a door. 
Resolution. The level to which video details can be determined in a CCTV scene is 
referred to as resolving ability or resolution. 
Resource Management. Those actions taken by a government to: identify sources and 
obtain resources needed to support disaster response activities; coordinate the supply, 
allocation, distribution, and delivery of resources so that they arrive where and when 
most needed; and maintain accountability for the resources used. 
Response. Executing the plan and resources identified to perform those duties and 
services to preserve and protect life and property as well as provide services to the 
surviving population. 
Response Force. The people who respond to an act of aggression. Depending on the 
nature of the threat, the response force could consist of guards, special reaction 
teams, military or civilian police, an explosives ordnance disposal team, or a fire 
department. 
Response Time. The length of time from the instant an attack is detected to the 
instant a security force arrives onsite. 
Restricted Area. Any area with access controls that is subject to these special 
restrictions or controls for security reasons. See also controlled area, limited area, 
exclusion area, and exclusion zone. 
Retinal Pattern. A biometric technology that is based on features of the human eye. 
RF Data Transmission. A communication link using radio frequency to send or 
receive data. 
Risk. The potential for loss of, or damage to, an asset. It is measured based upon the 
value of the asset in relation to the threats and vulnerabilities associated with it. 
Rotating Drum or Rotating Plate Vehicle Barrier. An active vehicle barrier used at 
vehicle entrances to controlled areas based on a drum or plate rotating into the path 
of the vehicle when signaled. 
Routinely Occupied. For the purposes of these standards, an established or 
predictable pattern of activity within a building that terrorists could recognize and 
exploit. 
RS-232 Data. IEEE Recommended Standard 232; a point-to-point serial data protocol 
with a maximum effective distance of 50 feet. 
RS-422 Data. IEEE Recommended Standard 422; a point-to-point serial data protocol 
with a maximum effective distance of 4000 feet. 
RS-485 Data. IEEE Recommended Standard 485; a multi-drop serial data protocol with 
a maximum effective distance of 4000 feet. 
S

Sacrificial Roof or Wall. Walls or roofs that can be lost in a blast without damage to 
the primary asset. 
Safe Haven. Secure areas within the interior of the facility. A safe haven should be 
designed such that it requires more time to penetrate by aggressors than it takes for 
the response force to reach the protected area to rescue the occupants. It may be a 
haven from a physical attack or air-isolated haven from CBR contamination. 
Scramble Keypad. A keypad that uses keys on which the numbers change pattern with 
each use to enhance security by preventing eavesdropping observation of the entered 
numbers. 
Secondary Asset. An asset which supports a primary asset and whose compromise 
would indirectly affect the operation of the primary asset. 
Secondary Hazard. A threat whose potential would be realized as the result of a 
triggering event that of itself would constitute an emergency. For example, dam 
failure might be a secondary hazard associated with earthquakes. 
Secure/Access Mode. The state of an area monitored by an intrusion detection 
system in regards to how alarm conditions are reported. 
Security Analysis. The method of studying the nature of and the relationship between 
assets, threats, and vulnerabilities. 
Security Console. Specialized furniture, racking, and related apparatus used to house 
the security equipment required in a control center. 
Security Engineering. The process of identifying practical, risk managed short and 
long-term solutions to reduce and/or mitigate dynamic man-made hazards by 
integrating multiple factors, including construction, equipment, manpower, and 
procedures. 
Security Engineering Design Process. The process through which assets requiring 
protection are identified, the threat to and vulnerability of those assets is determined, 
and a protective system is designed to protect the assets. 
Security Management System Database. In a Security Management System, a database 
that is transferred to various nodes or panels throughout the system for faster data 
processing and protection against communication link downtime. 
Security Management System Distributed Processing. In a Security Management 
System, a method of data processing at various nodes or panels throughout the system 
for faster data processing and protection against communication link downtime. 
Segregation of Duties. Policies, procedures, and an organizational structure 
established so that one individual cannot control key aspects of physical and/or 
computer-related operations and thereby conduct unauthorized actions or gain 
unauthorized access to minimum essential infrastructure resource elements. 
Semi-Isolated Fenced Perimeters. Fence lines where approach areas are clear of 
obstruction for 60 to 100 feet outside of the fence where there is little reason for the 
general public or other personnel seldom have reason to be in the area. 
Senior FEMA Official (SFO). The official appointed by the Director of FEMA, or his 
representative, that is responsible for deploying to the JOC to: (1) serve as the senior 
interagency consequence management representative on the Command Group; and 
(2) manage and coordinate activities taken by the Consequence Management Group. 
Serial Interface. An integration strategy for data transfer where components are 
connected in series. 
Shielded Wire. Wire with a conductive wrap used to mitigate electromagnetic 
emanations. 
Situational Crime Prevention. A crime prevention strategy based on reducing the 
opportunities for crime by increasing the effort required to commit a crime, 
increasing the risks associated with committing the crime, and reducing the target 
appeal or vulnerability (whether property or person). This opportunity reduction is 
achieved by management and use policies such as procedures and training, as well as 
physical approaches such as alteration of the built environment. 
Smart Card. A newer card technology that allows data to be written, stored, and read 
on a card typically used for identification and/or access. 
Software Level Integration. An integration strategy that use software to interface 
systems. An example of this would be digital video displayed in the same computer 
application window and linked to events of a security management system. 
Specific Threat. Known or postulated aggressor activity focused on targeting a 
particular asset. 
Standoff Distance. A distance maintained between a building or portion thereof and 
the potential location for an explosive detonation or other threat. 
Standoff Weapons. Weapons such as anti-tank weapons and mortars that are 
launched from a distance at a target. 
State Coordinating Officer. The person appointed by the Governor to coordinate 
State, Commonwealth, or Territorial response and recovery activities with FRP-
related activities of the Federal Government, in cooperation with the FCO. 
State Liaison. A FEMA official assigned to a particular state, who handles initial 
coordination with the State in the early stages of an emergency. 
Stationary Vehicle Bomb. An explosive-laden car or truck stopped or parked 
near a building. 
Storm Surge. A dome of sea water created by the strong winds and low barometric 
pressure in a hurricane that causes severe coastal flooding as the hurricane strikes 
land. 
Strain-Sensitive Cable. Strain-sensitive cables are transducers that are uniformly 
sensitive along their entire length and generate an analog voltage when subject to 
mechanical distortions or stress resulting from fence motion. They are typically 
attached to a chain-link fence about halfway between the bottom and top of the fence 
fabric with plastic ties. 
Structural Protective Barriers. Man-made devices (such as fences, walls, floors, roofs, 
grills, bars, roadblocks, signs, or other construction) used to restrict, channel, or 
impede access. 
Superstructure. The supporting elements of a building above the foundation. 
Supplies-Bomb Delivery. Bombs or incendiary devices concealed and delivered to 
supply or material handling points such as loading docks. 
System Events. Events that occur normally in the operation of a security 
management system. Examples include access control operations and changes of 
state in intrusion detection sensors. 
System Software. Controls that limit and monitor access to the powerful programs 
and sensitive files that: (1) control the computer hardware; and (2) secure 
applications supported by the system. 
T

Tactics. The specific methods of achieving the aggressorÕs goals to injure personnel, 
destroy assets, or steal materiel or information. 
Tamper Switch. Intrusion detection sensor that monitors an equipment 
enclosure for breach. 
Tangle-Foot Wire. Barbed wire or tape suspended on short metal or wooden pickets 
outside a perimeter fence to create an obstacle to approach. 
Taut-Wire Sensor. An intrusion detection sensor utilizing a column of uniformly 
spaced horizontal wires, securely anchored at each end and stretched taut. Each wire 
is attached to a sensor to indicate movement of the wire. 
Technical Assistance. The provisioning of direct assistance to states and local 
jurisdictions to improve capabilities for program development, planning, and 
operational performances related to responses to WMD terrorist incidents. 
Technological Hazard. Incidents that can arise from human activities such as 
manufacture, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials. For the sake of 
simplicity, it is assumed that technological emergencies are accidental and that their 
consequences are unintended. 
TEMPEST. An unclassified short name referring to investigations and studies of 
compromising emanations. It is sometimes used synonymously for the term 
Ôcompromising emanations;Õ e.g., TEMPEST tests, TEMPEST inspections. 
Terrorism. The unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to 
intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in 
furtherance of political or social objectives. 
Thermally Tempered Glass. Glass which is heat-treated to have a higher tensile 
strength and resistance to blast pressures, although a greater susceptibility to 
airborne debris. 
Threat. Any indication, circumstance, or event with the potential to cause loss of, or 
damage to an asset. 
Threat Analysis. A continual process of compiling and examining all available 
information concerning potential threats and hu-man-caused hazards. A common 
method to evaluate terrorist groups is to review the factors of existence, capability, 
intentions, history, and targeting. 
Time/Date Stamp. Data inserted into a CCTV video signal with the time and date of 
the video as it was created. 
TNT Equivalent Weight. The weight of TNT (trinitrotoluene) that has an 
equivalent energetic output to that of a different weight of another explosive 
compound. 
Tornado. A local atmospheric storm, generally of short duration, formed by winds 
rotating at very high speeds, usually in a counter-clockwise direction. The vortex, up to 
several hundred yards wide, is visible to the observer as a whirlpool-like column of 
winds rotating about a hollow cavity or funnel. Winds may reach 300 miles per hour or 
higher. 
Toxicity. A measure of the harmful effects produced by a given amount of a toxin on 
a living organism. 
Toxic-Free Area. An area within a facility in which the air supply is free of toxic 
chemical or biological agents. 
Triple-Standard Concertina (TSC) Wire. This type of fence uses three rolls of stacked 
concertina. One roll will be stacked on top of two rolls that run parallel to each other 
while resting on the ground, forming a pyramid. 
Tsunami. Sea waves produced by an undersea earthquake. Such sea waves can reach a 
height of 80 feet and can devastate coastal cities and low-lying coastal areas. 
Twisted Pair Wire. Wire that uses pairs of wires twisted together to mitigate 
electromagnetic interference. 
Two-Person Rule. A security strategy that requires two people to be present in or gain 
access to a secured area to prevent unobserved access by any individual. 
U

Unobstructed Space. Space around an inhabited building without obstruction large 
enough to conceal explosive devices 150 mm (6 inches) or greater in height. 
Unshielded Wire. Wire that does not have a conductive wrap. 
V 
Vault. A reinforced room for securing items. 
Vertical Rod. Typical door hardware often used with a crash bar to lock a door by 
inserting rods vertically from the door into the doorframe. 
Vibration Sensors. Intrusion detection sensor that change state when vibration is 
present. 
Video Intercom System. An intercom system that also incorporates a small CCTV 
system for verification. 
Video Motion Detection. Motion detection technology that looks for changes in the 
pixels of a video image. 
Video Multiplexer. A device used to connect multiple video signals to a single 
location for viewing and/or recording. 
Visual Displays. A display or monitor used to inform the operator visually of the status 
of the electronic security system. 
Visual Surveillance. The aggressor uses ocular and photographic devices (such as 
binoculars and cameras with telephoto lenses) to monitor facility or installation 
operations or to see assets. 
Voice Recognition. A biometric technology that is based on nuances of the human 
voice. 
Volumetric Motion Sensors. Interior intrusion detection sensors which are designed to 
sense aggressor motion within a protected space. 
Vulnerability. Any weakness in an asset or mitigation measure than can be 
exploited by an aggressor (potential threat element), adversary or competitor. It 
refers to the organizationÕs susceptibility to injury. 
W

Warning. The alerting of emergency response personnel and the public to the threat 
of extraordinary danger and the related effects that specific hazards may cause. 
Watch. Indication in a defined area, that conditions are favorable for the specified 
type of severe weather (e.g., flash flood watch, severe thunderstorm watch, tornado 
watch, tropical storm watch). 
Waterborne Contamination. Chemical, biological, or radiological introduced into and 
fouling a water supply. 
Weapons-Grade Material. Nuclear material considered most suitable for a nuclear 
weapon. It usually connotes uranium enriched to above 90% uranium-235 or 
plutonium with greater than about 90% plutonium-239. 
Weapons of Mass Destruction. Any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas, bomb, 
grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than 4 ounces, or a missile having 
an explosive incendiary charge of more than 0.25 ounce, or mine or device similar to 
the above; poison gas; weapon involving a disease organism; or weapon that is 
designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life. Any 
device, material, or substance used in a manner, in a quantity or type, or under 
circumstances evidencing an intent to cause death or serious injury to persons, or 
significant damage to property. 
Weigand Protocol. A security industry standard data protocol for card readers. 
Z

Zoom. The ability of a CCTV camera to close and focus or open and widen the field 
of view. 

CBR GLOSSARY D

GLOSSARY OF CHEMICAL TERMS 
A 
Acetylcholinesterase. An enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. 
The action of this enzyme is inhibited by nerve agents. 
Aerosol.  Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas; for example, fog or smoke. 
Atropine.  A compound used as an antidote for nerve agents. 
Casualty (toxic) agents. Produce incapacitation, serious injury, or death. They can be 
used to incapacitate or kill victims. These agents are the choking, blister, nerve, and 
blood agents. 
Blister Agents. Substances that cause blistering of the skin. Exposure is through 
liquid or vapor contact with any exposed tissue (eyes, skin, lungs). Examples 
are distilled mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN), lewisite (L), mus-
tard/lewisite (HL), and phenodichloroarsine (PD). 
Blood Agents.  Substances that injure a person by interfering with cell 
respiration (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and 
tissues). Examples are arsine (SA), cyanogens chloride (CK), hydrogen chlo-
ride, and hydrogen cyanide (AC). 
Choking/Lung/Pulmonary Agents. Substances that cause physical injury to the 
lungs. Exposure is through inhalation. In extreme cases, membranes swell and 
lungs become filled with liquid. Death results from lack of oxygen; hence, the 
victim is "choked." Examples are chlorine (CL), diphosgene (DP), cyanide, 
nitrogen oxide (NO), perflurorisobutylene (PHIB), phosgene (CG), red phos-
phorous (RP), sulfur trioxide-chlorosulfonic acid (FS), Teflon and 
perflurorisobutylene (PHIB), titanium tetrachloride (FM) and zinc oxide 
(HC). 
Nerve Agents.  Substances that interfere with the central nervous system. 
Exposure is primarily through contact with the liquid (skin and eyes) and 
secondarily through inhalation of the vapor. Three distinct symptoms associ-
ated with nerve agents are: pin-point pupils, an extreme headache, and severe 
tightness in the chest. Also see G-se-ries and V-series nerve agents. 
Chemical agent. A chemical substance that is intended for use in military operations to 
kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate people through its physiological effects. Excluded 
from consideration are riot control agents, and smoke and flame materials. The agent 
may appear as a vapor, aerosol, or liquid; it can be either a casualty/toxic agent or an 
incapacitating agent. 
Cutaneous. Pertaining to the skin. 
D 
Decontamination. The process of making any person, object, or area safe by 
absorbing, destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing the hazardous 
material. 
G

G-series nerve agents.  Chemical agents of moderate to high toxicity developed in the 
1930s. Examples are tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), phosphonofluoridic acid, 
ethyl-, 1methylethyl ester (GE) and cyclohexyl sarin (GF). 
I

Incapacitating agents. Produce temporary physiological and/or mental effects via 
action on the central nervous system. Effects may persist for hours or days, but victims 
usually do not require medical treatment. However, such treatment speeds recovery. 
Vomiting agents. Produce nausea and vomiting effects, can also cause 
coughing, sneezing, pain in the nose and throat, nasal discharge, and tears. 
Examples are adamsite 
(DM), diphenylchloroarsine (DA), and
diphenylcyanoarsine (DC).

Tear (riot control) agents. Produce irritating or disabling effects that rapidly 
disappear within minutes after exposure ceases. Examples are 
bromobenzylcyanide (CA), chloroacetophenone (CN or commercially as 
Mace), chloropicrin (PS), CNB (CN in benzene and carbon tetrachloride), 
CNC (CN in chloroform), CNS (CN and chloropicrin in chloroform, CR 
(dibenz-(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine, a tear gas), CS (tear gas), and Capsaicin (pepper 
spray). 
Central nervous system depressants. Compounds that have the predominant 
effect of depressing or blocking the activity of the central nervous system. 
The primary mental effects include the disruption of the ability to think, 
sedation, and lack of motivation. 
Central nervous system stimulants. Compounds that have the predominant 
effect of flooding the brain with too much information. The primary mental 
effect is loss of concentration, causing indecisiveness and the inability to act in 
a sustained, purposeful manner. 
Examples of the depressants and stimulants include agent 15 (suspected Iraqi 
BZ), BZ (3-quinulidinyle benzilate), canniboids, fentanyls, LSD (lysergic acid 
diethylamide), and phenothiazines. 
Industrial agents. Chemicals developed or manufactured for use in industrial 
operations or research by industry, government, or academia. These chemicals are not 
primarily manufactured for the specific purpose of producing human casualties or 
rendering equipment, facilities, or areas dangerous for use by man. Hydrogen 
cyanide, cyanogen chloride, phosgene, chloropicrin and many herbicides and 
pesticides are industrial chemicals that also can be chemical agents. 
L

Liquid agent. A chemical agent that appears to be an oily film or droplets. The color 
ranges from clear to brownish amber. 
N

Nonpersistent agent. An agent that upon release loses its ability to cause casualties 
after 10 to 15 minutes. It has a high evaporation rate and is lighter than air and will 
disperse rapidly. It is considered to be a short-term hazard. However, in small 
unventilated areas, the agent will be more persistent. 
O

Organophosphorous compound.  A compound, containing the elements phosphorus 
and carbon, whose physiological effects include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. 
Many pesticides (malathione and parathion) and virtually all nerve agents are 
organophosphorous compounds. 
P

Percutaneous agent.  Able to be absorbed by the body through the skin. 
Persistent agent. An agent that upon release retains its casualty-producing effects for 
an extended period of time, usually anywhere from 30 minutes to several days. A 
persistent agent usually has a low evaporation rate and its vapor is heavier than air. 
Therefore, its vapor cloud tends to hug the ground. It is considered to be a long-term 
hazard. Although inhalation hazards are still a concern, extreme caution should be 
taken to avoid skin contact as well. 
Protection.  Any means by which an individual protects his body. Measures include 
masks, self-contained breathing apparatuses, clothing, structures such as buildings, 
and vehicles. 
V-series nerve agents.  Chemical agents of moderate to high toxicity developed in the 
1950s. They are generally persistent. Examples are VE (phosphonothioic acid, ethyl-, 
S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl ester), VG (phosphorothioic acid, S-[2-
(diethylamino)ethyl] O,O-diethyl ester), VM (phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-[2-
(diethylamino)ethyl] O-ethyl ester), VS (phosphonothioic acid, ethyl-, S-[2-[bis(1-
methylethyl)amino]ethyl] O-ethyl ester), and VX (phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-
[2-[bis(1-methylethyl)amino]ethyl] O-ethyl ester). 
Vapor agent.  A gaseous form of a chemical agent. If heavier than air, the cloud will be 
close to the ground. If lighter than air, the cloud will rise and disperse more quickly. 
Volatility.  A measure of how readily a substance will vaporize. 
Placards Associated With Chemical Incidents 
Gases Ð Toxic and/or Corrosive Substances Ð Toxic (Combustible)



A

Aerosol. Fine liquid or solid particles suspended in a gas; for example, fog or smoke. 
Antibiotic. A substance that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms. 
Antisera. The liquid part of blood containing antibodies, that react against disease 
causing agents such as those used in biological warfare. 
B

Bacteria. Single-celled organisms that multiply by cell division and that can cause 
disease in humans, plants, or animals. 
Biochemicals. The chemicals that make up or are produced by living things. 
Biological warfare agents. Living organisms or the materials derived from them that 
cause disease in or harm to humans, animals, or plants, or cause deterioration of 
material. Biological agents may be used as liquid droplets, aerosols, or dry powders. 
Biological warfare. The intentional use of biological agents as weapons to kill or 
injure humans, animals, or plants, or to damage equipment. 
Bioregulators. Biochemicals that regulate bodily functions. Bioregulators that are 
produced by the body are termed "endogenous." Some of these same bioregulators 
can be chemically synthesized. 
C

Causative agent. The organism or toxin that is responsible for causing a specific 
disease or harmful effect. 
Contagious. Capable of being transmitted from one person to another. 
Culture.  A population of micro-organisms grown in a medium. 
D 
Decontamination. The process of making people, objects, or areas safe by absorbing, 
destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing the hazardous material. 
F

Fungi. Any of a group of plants mainly characterized by the absence of chlorophyll, 
the green colored compound found in other plants. Fungi range from microscopic 
single-celled plants (such as molds and mildews) to large plants (such as mush-
rooms). 
H

Host. An animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism. 
Incapacitating agent. Agents that produce physical or psychological effects, or both, 
that may persist for hours or days after exposure, rendering victims incapable of 
performing normal physical and mental tasks. 
Infectious agents. Biological agents capable of causing disease in a susceptible host. 
Infectivity.  (1) The ability of an organism to spread. (2) The number of organisms 
required to cause an infection to secondary hosts. (3) The capability of an organism to 
spread out from the site of infection and cause disease in the host organism. Infectivity 
also can be viewed as the number of organisms required to cause an infection. 
L

Line-source delivery system.  A delivery system in which the biological agent is 
dispersed from a moving ground or air vehicle in a line perpendicular to the direction 
of the prevailing wind. (See also "point-source delivery system.") 
M 
Mycotoxin. A toxin produced by fungi. 
Microorganism.  Any organism, such as bacteria, viruses, and some fungi, that can 
be seen only with a microscope. 
N 
Nebulizer.  A device for producing a fine spray or aerosol. 
O 
Organism. Any individual living thing, whether animal or plant. 
P 
Parasite. Any organism that lives in or on another organism without providing 
benefit in return. 
Pathogen. Any organism (usually living) capable of producing serious disease or 
death, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. 
Pathogenic agents. Biological agents capable of causing serious disease. 
Point-source delivery system.  A delivery system in which the biological agent is 
dispersed from a stationary position.  This delivery method results in coverage over a 
smaller area than with the line-source system. (See also "line-source delivery system.") 
R

Route of exposure (entry).  The path by which a person comes into contact with an 
agent or organism; for example, through breathing, digestion, or skin contact. 
Single-cell protein. Protein-rich material obtained from cultured algae, fungi, protein 
and bacteria, and often used as food or animal feed.


GLOSSARY OF RADIOLOGICAL TERMS 
A 
Acute radiation Syndrome.  Consists of three levels of effects: hernatopoletic (blood 
cells, most sensitive); gastrointestinal (GI cells, very sensitive); and central nervous 
system (brain/muscle cells, insensitive). The initial signs and symptoms are nausea, 
vomiting, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Below about 200 rems, these symptoms may be 
the only indication of radiation exposure. 
Alpha particle (¥). The alpha particle has a very short range in air and a very low ability 
to penetrate other materials, but it has a strong ability to ionize materials. Alpha 
particles are unable to penetrate even the thin layer of dead cells of human skin and 
consequently are not an external radiation hazard. Alpha-emit-ting nuclides inside the 
body as a result of inhalation or ingestion are a considerable internal radiation hazard. 
B

Beta particles (§). High-energy electrons emitted from the nucleus of an atom during 
radioactive decay. They normally can be stopped by the skin or a very thin sheet of 
metal. 
C

Cesium-137 (Cs-137). A strong gamma ray source and can contaminate property, 
entailing extensive clean-up.  It is commonly used in industrial measurement gauges 
and for irradiation of material. Half-life is 30.2 years. 
Cobalt-60 (Co-60). A strong gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a 
radiotherapeutic for treating cancer, food and material irradiation, gamma 
radiography, and industrial measurement gauges. Half-life is 5.27 years. 
Curie (Ci). A unit of radioactive decay rate defined as 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per 
second. 
D

Decay.  The process by which an unstable element is changed to another isotope or 
another element by the spontaneous emission of radiation from its nucleus. This 
process can be measured by using radiation detectors such as Geiger counters. 
Decontamination. The process of making people, objects, or areas safe by absorbing, 
destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing the hazardous material. 
Dose. A general term for the amount of radiation absorbed over a period of time. 
Dosimeter.  A portable instrument for measuring and registering the total 
accumulated dose to ionizing radiation. 
G

Gamma rays (¥). High-energy photons emitted from the nucleus of atoms; similar to x 
rays. They can penetrate deeply into body tissue and many materials. Cobalt-60 and 
Cesium-137 are both strong gamma-emitters. Shielding against gamma radiation re-
quires thick layers of dense materials, such as lead. Gamma rays are potentially lethal 
to humans. 
H

Half-life. The amount of time needed for half of the atoms of a radioactive material 
to decay. 
Highly enriched uranium (HEU). Uranium that is enriched to above 20% Uranium-
235 (U-235). Weapons-grade HEU is enriched to above 90% in U-235. 
I

Ionize. To split off one or more electrons from an atom, thus leaving it with a positive 
electric charge. The electrons usually attach to one of the atoms or molecules, giving 
them a negative charge. 
Iridium-192. A gamma-ray emitting radioisotope used for gamma- radiography.  
The half-life is 73.83 days. 
Isotope. A specific element always has the same number of protons in the nucleus. 
That same element may, however, appear in forms that have different numbers of 
neutrons in the nucleus. These different forms are referred to as "isotopes" of the ele-
ment. For example, deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H) are isotopes of ordinary 
hydrogen (H). 
L

Lethal dose (50/30). The dose of radiation expected to cause death within 30 days to 
50% of those exposed without medical treatment. The generally accepted range 
from 400-500 rem received over a short period of time. 
N

Nuclear reactor.  A device in which a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction 
can be maintained with the use of cooling to remove generated heat. 
P

Plutonium-239 (Pu-239). A metallic element used for nuclear weapons. The half-
life is 24,110 years. 
R

Rad. A unit of absorbed dose of radiation defined as deposition of 100 ergs of energy 
per gram of tissue. A rad amounts to approximately one ionization per cubic micron. 
Radiation. High energy alpha or beta particles or gamma rays that are emitted by an 
atom as the substance undergoes radioactive decay. 
Radiation sickness. Symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to radiation of the 
body. 
Radioactive waste. Disposable, radioactive materials resulting from nuclear 
operations. Wastes are generally classified into two categories, high-level and low-
level waste. 
Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD). A device (weapon or equipment), other than a 
nuclear explosive device, designed to disseminate radioactive material in order to 
cause destruction, damage, or injury by means of the radiation produced by the decay 
of such material. 
Radioluminescence. The luminescence produced by particles emitted during 
radioactive decay. 
REM or rem.  A Roentgen Man Equivalent is a unit of absorbed dose that takes into 
account the relative effectiveness of radiation that harms human health. 
S

Spore.  A reproductive form some micro-organisms can take to become resistant to 
environmental conditions, such as extreme heat or cold, while in a "resting stage." 
T

Toxicity.  A measure of the harmful effect produced by a given amount of a toxin on 
a living organism. The relative toxicity of an agent can be expressed in milligrams of 
toxin needed per kilogram of body weight to kill experimental animals. 
Toxins.  Poisonous substances produced by living organisms. 
Vaccine.  A preparation of killed or weakened microorganism products used to 
artificially induce immunity against a disease. 
Vector.  An agent, such as an insect or rat, capable of transferring a pathogen from 
one organism to another. 
Venom.  A poison produced in the glands of some animals; for example, snakes, 
scorpions, or bees. 
Virus.  An infectious micro-organism that exists as a particle rather than as a 
complete cell. Particle sizes range from 20 to 400 manometers (one-billionth of a 
meter). Viruses are not capable of reproducing outside of a host cell.



ACRONYMS E

A

AA&E Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives AAR After Action Report ACL Access 
Control Lists ACP access control point AECS Automated Entry Control System 
AFMAN Air Force Manual AFJMAN Air Force Joint Manual, also may be known as 
AFMAN 
(I) for Air Force ManualALERT Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time AMS Aerial 
Measuring System ANS alert and notification system ANSI American National 
Standards Institute ANSIR Awareness of National Security Issues and Response 
Program AOR Area of Responsibility AP Armor Piercing APHL Agency for Public 
Health Laboratories ARAC Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability ARC American 
Red Cross ARG Accident Response Group ARS Agriculture/Research Service ASTHO 
Association for State and Territorial Health Officials AT Antiterrorism ATC Air Traffic 
Control ATSD(CS) Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Civil Support ATSDR 
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 
B

BCA Benefit-Cost Analysis BCP Business Continuity 
Plan BDC Bomb Data Center 
C

CAMEO Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations 
CB Citizens Band CBIAC Chemical and Biological Defense Information and 
Analysis Center 
CBR Chemical, Biological, or Radiological 
CBRNE Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Material, or High-Yield Explosive 
CCTV Closed-Circuit Television CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 
CDR Call Detail Report CDRG Catastrophic Disaster Response Group CEO Chief 
Executive Officer CEPPO Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention 
Office 
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 
CERT Community Emergency Response Team CFO Chief Financial Officer CFR 
Code of Federal Regulations 
CHEMTREC Chemical ManufacturersÕ Association Chemical Transportation 
Emergency Center CHPPM Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine 
CIAO Chief Infrastructure Assurance Officer, also, Critical 
Infrastructure Assurance Officer CICG Critical Infrastructure Coordination Group 
CIO Chief Information Officer CIP Critical Infrastructure Protection CIRG Crisis 
Incident Response Group CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff CM 
Consequence Management CMS Call Management System CMU Crisis Management 
Unit (CIRG) CO/DO Central Office/Direct Outdial COB Continuity of Business 
COBITTM Control Objectives for Information Technology CONEX Container Express 
CONOPS Concept of Operations COO Chief Operations Officer COOP Continuity of 
Operations COR Class of Restriction COS Class of Service CPG Civil Preparedness 
Guide CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design CPX Command Post 
Exercise CRU Crisis Response Unit CSEPP Chemical Stockpile Emergency 
Preparedness Program CSREES Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension 
Service CST Civil Support Teams CSTE Council of State and Territorial 
Epidemiologists CT Counterterrorism CW/CBD Chemical Warfare/Contraband 
Detection 
D

DBMS Database Management System DBT Design Basis Threat DBU Dial Backup DD 
Data Dictionary DES Data Encryption Standard DEST Domestic Emergency Support 
Team DFO Disaster Field Office DISA Direct Inward System Access DMA Disaster 
Mitigation Act of 2000 DMAT Disaster Medical Assistance Team DMCR Disaster 
Management Central Resource DMORT Disaster Mortuary Operational Response 
Team DoD Department of Defense DOE Department of Energy DOJ Department of 
Justice DOS Department of State DOT U.S. Department of Transportation DPP 
Domestic Preparedness Program DRC Disaster Recovery Center DTCTPS Domestic 
Terrorism/Counter Terrorism Planning 
Section (FBI HQ) DTIC Defense Technical Information Center 
DWI Disaster Welfare Information 
E

EAS Emergency Alert System ECL Emergency Classification Level EECS Electronic 
Entry Control System EFR Emergency First Responder EM Emergency Management 
EMAC Emergency Medical Assistance Compact EMI Emergency Management 
Institute EMP Electromagnetic Pulse EMS Emergency Medical Services EOC 
Emergency Operating Center EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal EOP Emergency 
Operating Plan or Emergency Operations Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency 
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act EPG Emergency 
Planning Guide EPI Emergency Public Information EPZ Emergency Planning Zone 
ERT Emergency Response Team ERT-A Emergency Response Team Advance 
Element ERT-N Emergency Response Team National ERTU Evidence Response 
Team Unit ESC Expandable Shelter Container ESF Emergency Support Function ESS 
Electronic Security System EST Emergency Support Team EU Explosives Unit 
F

FAsT Field Assessment Team FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FCO Federal 
Coordinating Officer FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FEST Foreign 
Emergency Support Team FHBM Flood Hazard Boundary Map FIA Federal Insurance 
Administration FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard FIRM Flood Insurance 
Rate Map FIS Flood Insurance Study FISCAM Federal Information Systems Control 
Audit Manual FMFIA Federal ManagerÕs Financial Integrity Act FNS Food and 
Nutrition Service FOIA Freedom of Information Act FOUO For Official Use Only 
FPEIS Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement FRERP Federal 
Radiological Emergency Response Plan FRF Fragment-retention film FRMAC Federal 
Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center FRP Federal Response Plan FRL 
Facility Restriction Level FS Forest Service FSTFS Frame-Supported Tensioned Fabric 
Structure FTP File Transfer Protocol FTX Functional Training Exercise 
G

GAO General Accounting Office GAR GovernorÕs Authorized Representative GP 
General Purpose GIS Geographic Information System GSA General Services 
Administration 
H

HAZMAT Hazardous materials HAZUS Hazards US HEPA High Efficiency Particulate 
Air HHS Department of Health and Human Services HIRA Hazard Identification and 
Risk Assessment HMRU Hazardous Materials Response Unit 
HQ Headquarters
HRCQ Highway Route Controlled Quantity
HRT Hostage Rescue Team (CIRG)
HTIS Hazardous Technical Information Services (DoD)
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

I

IC Incident Commander ICDDC Interstate Civil Defense and Disaster Compact ICP 
Incident Command Post ICS Incident Command System IDS Intrusion Detection 
System IED Improvised Explosive Device IEMS Integrated Emergency Management 
System IID Improvised Incendiary Device IND Improvised Nuclear Device IPL Initial 
Program Load IRZ Immediate Response Zone IS Information System ISACF 
Information Systems Audit and Control Foundation ISO International Organization 
for Standardization ISP Internet Service Provider IT Information Technology 
J 
JIC Joint Information Center JIS Joint Information System 
JNACC Joint Nuclear Accident Coordinating Center JOC 
Joint Operations Center JTF-CS Joint Task Force for Civil 
Support JTTF Joint Terrorism Task Force JTWG Joint 
Terrorism Working Group 
LAN Local Area Network LAW Light Antitank Weapon LCM Life Cycle Management 
LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee LFA Lead Federal Agency LLNL 
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LOP Level of Protection LOS Line of Sight 
LPHA Local Public Health Agency LPHS Local Public Health System 
M

MAC Moves Adds Changes MEDCOM Medical Command MEI Minimum Essential 
Infrastructure MEP Mission Essential Process MMRS Metropolitan Medical Response 
System MOU/A Memorandum of Understanding/Agreement mph miles per hour 
MSCA Military Support to Civil Authorities MSDS material safety data sheet MSS 
Medium Shelter System 
N

NACCHO National Association for County and City Health Officials NAP 
Nuclear Assessment Program 
NBC Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical NCP National Oil and Hazardous 
Substances Pollution Contingency Plan 
NDA National Defense Area NDMS National Disaster Medical System NDPO National 
Domestic Preparedness Office NEST Nuclear Emergency Search Team NETC 
National Emergency Training Center NFA National Fire Academy NFIP National 
Flood Insurance Program NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and 
Health NMRT National Medical Response Team NMS Network Management Systems 
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NRC Nuclear Regulatory 
Commission; National Response Center NRT National Response Team NSC National 
Security Council NTIS National Technical Information Service NUREG Nuclear 
Regulation NWS National Weather Service 
O

ODP Office of Disaster Preparedness OEP Office of Emergency Preparedness OES 
Office of Emergency Services OFCM Office of the Federal Coordinator for 
Meteorology OHS Office of Homeland Security OJP Office of Justice Programs OMB 
Office of Management and Budget OPA Oil Pollution Act OSC On-Scene 
Coordinator OSD Office of Secretary of Defense OSHA Occupational Safety and 
Health Administration OSLDPS Office for State and Local Domestic Preparedness 
Support 
P 
PA public address PAZ Protective Action Zone PBX Public Branch Exchange PCC 
Policy Coordinating Committee PCCIP PresidentÕs Commission on Critical 
Infrastructure 
Protection PCM Procedures Control Manual PDA Preliminary Damage Assessment 
PDD Presidential Decision Directive PHS Public Health Service PIN Personal 
Identification Number PIO Public Information Officer PL Public Law POC Point of 
Contact POL Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricants PPA Performance Partnership 
Agreement PT Preparedness, Training, and Exercises Directorate (FEMA) PTE 
Potential Threat Element PZ Precautionary Zone 
R

RACES Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service RAP Radiological Assistance Program 
RCRA Research Conservation and Recovery Act RDD Radiological Dispersal Device 
RDT&E Research, Development, Test and Evaluation REACT Radio Emergency 
Associated Communications Teams REAC/TS Radiation Emergency Assistance 
Center/Training Site REP Radiological Emergency Preparedness Program ROC 
Regional Operating Center ROD Record of Decision RPG Rocket Propelled Grenade 
RRIS Rapid Response Information System (FEMA) RRP Regional Response Plan RRT 
Regional Response Team 
S

SAA State Administrative Agency SAC Special Agent in Charge (FBI) SAME Specific 
Area Message Encoder SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 
SBCCOM Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (U.S. 
Army) SCADA Supervisory, Control, and Data Acquisition SCBA Self-Contained 
Breathing Apparatus SCO State Coordinating Officer SEA Southeast Asia SEB State 
Emergency Board SEL Standardized Equipment List SEMA State Emergency 
Management Agency SERC State Emergency Response Commission SIOC Strategic 
Information and Operations Center (FBI HQ) SLA Service Level Agreement SLG 
State and Local Guide SOP standard operating procedure SPCA Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals SPSA Super Power Small Arms SSS Small Shelter 
System STC Sound Transmission Class SWAT Special Weapons and Tactics 
T

TAC Trunk Access Codes TEA Threat Environment Assessment TEMPER Tent, 
Extendable, Modular, Personnel TERC Tribal Emergency Response Commission TIA 
Terrorist Incident Appendix TM Technical Manual TNT Trinitrotoluene TRIS Toxic 
Release Inventory System TSO Time Share Option 
U

UC Unified Command UCS Unified Command System UL Underwriters Laboratories 
UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply USC U.S. Code USDA U.S. Department of 
Agriculture USFA U.S. Fire Administration USGS U.S. Geological Survey US&R Urban 
Search and Rescue 
V

VA Department of Veterans Affairs VAV Variable Air Volume VAP 
Vulnerability Assessment Plan VDN Vector Directory Number VRU 
Voice Response Unit 
W

WAN Wide Area Network WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction WMD-CST WMD Civil 
Support Team 

ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS F

American Lifelines Alliance 
http://www.americanlifelinesalliance.org 
Applied Technology Council http://www.atcouncil.org 
Battelle Memorial Institute, National Security Program 
http://www.battelle.org/natsecurity/default.stm 
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 
http://www.csis.org 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) / National Institute for 
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh 
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) http://www.cia.gov 
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) 
http://www.ctbuh.org 
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)  http://www.faa.gov 
Healthy Buildings International, Inc. 
http://www.healthybuildings.com 
Institute of Transportation Engineers  http://www.ite.org 
Interagency Security Committee (ISC) led by U.S. General Services Administration 
International CPTED [Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design] 
Association (ICA) 
http://new.cpted.net/home.amt 
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 
http://securebuildings.lbl.gov 
National Academy of Sciences 
http://www4.nationalacademies.org/nas/nashome.nsf 
_	Federal Facilities Council (FFC) Standing Committee on
Physical Security and Hazard Mitigation

http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ffc/ 
Physical_Security_Hazard_Mitigation.html 
_	National Research Council
http://www.nationalacademies.org/nrc

National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA) 
http://www.ndia.org Public Entity Risk Institute http://www.riskinstitute.org Security 
Design Coalition http://www.designingforsecurity.org Security Industry Association 
(SIA)  http://www.siaonline.org/ Technical Support Working Group (Departments of 
Defense and 
State) http://www.tswg.gov 
 .U.S. Air Force Electronic System Center (ESC), Hanscom AirForce Base 
http://eschq.hanscom.af.mil/ 
 U.S. Army Soldiers and Biological Chemical Command(SBCCOM): Basic 
Information on Building Protection 
 http://buildingprotection.sbccom.army.mil 
 .U.S. Department of Justice http://www.usdoj.gov 

 _	Federal Bureau of Investigation: Terrorism in the United
States reports

 http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terroris.htm 
. _	Office of Domestic Preparedness (ODP)
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp

. _	National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij

. _	U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)
http://www.usdoj.gov/marshals


The Infrastructure Security Partnership (TISP) 
http://www.tisp.org


Founding Organizations: 
American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC) 
http://www.acec.org 
The American Institute of Architects (AIA), Security Resource Center 
http://www.aia.org/security 
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) http://www.asce.org 
. _	Architectural Engineering Institute (AEI) of ASCE
http://www.asce.org/instfound/aei.cfm

. _	Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF) of ASCE
http://www.cerf.org

. _	Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) of ASCE 
http://www.seinstitute.org Associated General Contractors of America 
http://www.agc.org 

Construction Industry Institute  http://construction-institute.org Federal Facilities 
Council Ð See National Academy of Sciences above. 
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 
http://www.fema.gov 
. _	Building Performance Assessment Team
http://www.fema.gov/mit/bpat

. _	Mitigation Planning
http://www.fema.gov/fima/planning.shtm

. _	Human Caused Hazards http://www.fema.gov/hazards 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Building and Fire Research 
Laboratory http://www.bfrl.nist.gov Naval Facilities Engineering Command 
http://www.navfac.navy.mil 
_	Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC),
Security Engineering Center of Expertise ESC66

http://atfp.nfesc.navy.mil 
Society of American Military Engineers (SAME) 
http://www.same.org 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers http://www.usace.army.mil 
 _	Blast Mitigation Action Group, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Center of 
Expertise for Protective Design 
 http://bmag.nwo.usace.army.mil 
. _	U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Electronic Security Center
http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/esc

. _	U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Protective Design Center
http://pdc.nwo.usace.army.mil



Selected Member Organizations: 
Air Conditioning Contractors of America http://www.acca.org Air-Conditioning 
and Refrigeration Institute, Inc 
http://www.ari.org Airport Consultants Council http://www.acconline.org Alliance 
for Fire & Smoke Containment & Control 
http://www.afscconline.org 
American Association of State Highway and Transportation 
Officials (AASHTO) http://www.transportation.org American Institute of Chemical 
Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety http://www.aiche.org/ccps 
American Planning Association http://www.planning.org American Portland 
Cement Alliance 
http://www.portcement.org/apca American Public Works Association  
http://www.apwa.net American Railway Engineering & Maintenance of Way 
Association http://www.arema.org 
American Society for Industrial Security International (ASIS) 
http://www.asisonline.org 
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers 
(ASHRAE) http://www.ashrae.org American Society of Interior Designers 
http://www.asid.org American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) 
http://www.asla.org 
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 
http://www.asme.org 
American Underground Construction Association (AUA) 
http://www.auca.org> or <http://www.auaonline.org 
American Water Resources Association (AWRA) 
http://www.awra.org Associated Locksmiths of America http://www.aloa.org 
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies 
http://www.amwa.net 
Association of State Dam Safety Officials 
http://www.damsafety.org Building Futures Council http://www.thebfc.com Building 
Owners and Managers Association International 
(BOMA), Emergency Resource Center 
http://www.boma.org/emergency 
California Department of Health Services, Division of Drinking Water & 
Environmental Management 
http://www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/ps/ddwem Construction Industry Roundtable  
http://www.cirt.org Construction Innovation Forum http://www.cif.org Construction 
Specifications Institute http://www.csinet.org Construction Users Roundtable 
http://www.curt.org 
Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) http://www.dtra.mil 
Design-Build Institute of America http://www.dbia.org 
Drexel (University) Intelligent Infrastructure & Transportation Safety Institute 
http://www.di3.drexel.edu 
Federal Highway Administration http://www.fhwa.dot.gov 
Florida Department of Transportation, Emergency Management Office 
http://www11.myflorida.com/safety/Emp/emp.htm or 
Florida Department of Community Affairs, Division of Emergency Management 
http://www.floridadisaster.org/bpr/ EMTOOLS/Severe/terrorism.htm  or 
http://www.dca.state.fl.us/bpr/EMTOOLS/CIP/ 
critical_infrastructure_protecti.htm 
George Washington University, Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management 
http://www.cee.seas.gwu.edu or http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~icdm 
Homeland Protection Institute, Ltd. http://www.hpi-tech.org 
Inland Rivers Ports and Terminals  http://www.irpt.net 
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Ð USA 
http://www.ieeeusa.org or http://www.ieee.org/portal/index.jsp 
International Association of Foundation Drilling 
http://www.adsc-iafd.com 
International Code Council (ICC) http://www.intlcode.org Consolidates services Ð 
products and operations of BOCA (Building Officials and Code Administrators), 
ICBO (International Conference of Building Officials), and SBCCI (Southern 
Building Code Congress International) into one member service organization Ð 
the International Code Council (ICC) in January 2003. 
International Facility Management Association (IFMA) 
http://www.ifma.org 
Market Development Alliance of the FRP Composites Industry 
http://www.mdacomposites.org 
Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research 
http://mceer.buffalo.edu 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 
http://www.nasa.gov 
National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) 
http://www.ncpc.gov 
_	Security and Urban Design
http://www.ncpc.gov/planning_init/security.html

National Center for Manufacturing Sciences 
http://www.ncms.org National Concrete Masonry Association  http://www.ncma.org 
National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards 
http://www.ncsbcs.org 
National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA) 
http://www.ncsea.com or http://dwp.bigplanet.com/engineers/homepage 
National Crime Prevention Institute 
http://www.louisville.edu/a-s/ja/ncpi/courses.htm National Fire Protection 
Association http://www.nfpa.org National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) 
http://www.nibs.org and http://www.wbdg.org National Park Service, 
Denver Service Center 
http://www.nps.gov/dsc National Precast Concrete Association 
http://www.precast.org National Wilderness Training Center, Inc. 
http://www.wildernesstraining.net 
New York City Office of Emergency Preparedness 
http://www.nyc.gov/html/oem 
Ohio State University http://www.osu.edu/homelandsecurity Pentagon Renovation 
Program http://renovation.pentagon.mil Portland Cement Association (PCA) 
http://www.portcement.org Primary Glass Manufacturers Council 
http://www.primaryglass.org Protective Glazing Council 
http://www.protectiveglazing.org Protective Technology Center at Penn State 
University 
http://www.ptc.psu.edu SAVE International  http://www.value-eng.org Society of Fire 
Protection Engineers http://www.sfpe.org Southern Building Code Congress, 
International 
http://www.sbcci.org 
Sustainable Buildings Industry Council 
http://www.sbicouncil.org 
The Security and Hazards Mitigation Alliance, Contact Susan Ballard Hirsch at 
Email Address: sballard@g-and-o.com Transit Standards Consortium  
http://www.tsconsortium.org Transportation Research Board/Marine Board 
http://www.trb.org 
Transportation Security Administration - Maritime and Land 
http://www.tsa.dot.gov 
 U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency
 http://www.afcesa.af.mil 
 .U.S. Coast Guard http://www.uscg.mil 
 .U.S. Department of Energy http://www.energy.gov 

_	Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) http://www.sandia.gov
-Architectural Surety Program

http://www.sandia.gov/archsur 
-	Critical Infrastructure Protection initiative 
http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/LN02-11-00/ 
steam_story.html 
 .U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 
 .http://www.hhs.gov 
 .U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) 
 .http://www.va.gov/facmgt 
 .U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Chemical Emergency Preparedness 
and Prevention Office (CEPPO) -Counter-terrorism  
http://www.epa.gov/swercepp/cntr-ter.html 
 .U.S. General Services Administration (GSA)  http://www.gsa.gov 

. _	Office of Federal Protective Service (FPS) of GSA 
http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/content/ 
orgs_content.jsp?contentOID=117945&contentType=1005&P=1&S=1 
. _	Office of Public Building Service (PBS) of GSA
http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/content/orgs_content.jsp?
contentOID=22883&contentType=1005&PPzz=1&S=1

. _	Office of the Chief Architect of GSA http://www.gsa.gov/
Portal/content/orgs_content.jsp?contentOID=22899&
contentType=1005> and <http://www.oca.gsa.gov


 .U.S. Green Building Council http://www.usgbc.org 
 .U.S. Marine Corps Headquarters http://www.usmc.mil 
 .U.S. Society on Dams http://www.ussdams.org 

University of Missouri, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 
National Center for Explosion Resistant Design 
http://www.engineering.missouri.edu/explosion.htm 
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 
http://www.ce.vt.edu 
Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association 
http://www.wwema.org


The Partnership for Critical Infrastructure (PCIS) 
http://www.pcis.org (Note: Involved mainly with information systems and not 
building real property.)


Government: 
Department of Commerce Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office (CIAO) 
http://www.ciao.gov Department of Energy (DOE) http://www.energy.gov 
Department of Homeland Security 
http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland 
National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) 
http://www.nipc.gov


Private Sector: 
Anser Institute for Homeland Security (ANSER) 
http://www.homelandsecurity.org 
The Financial Services Roundtable Technology Group (BITS) 
http://www.bitsinfo.org CERT¨ Coordination Center (CERT/CC)  
http://www.cert.org Electronic Warfare Associates (EWA)  http://www.ewa.com 
Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) 
http://www.itaa.org The Institute for Internal Auditors (IIA) http://www.theiia.org 
National Cyber Security Alliance (Alliance) 
http://www.staysafeonline.info 
North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) 
http://www.nerc.com 
SANS Institute (SANS Ð SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security) 
http://www.sans.org 
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Center for Corporate Citizenship (CCC) 
http://www.uschamber.com/ccc


Selected States and Local Organizations: 
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies 
http://www.amwa.net The Council of State Governments (CSG)  http://www.csg.org 
International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) 
http://www.iaem.com 
National Association of State CIOs (NASCIO) 
http://www.nascio.org 
National Emergency Managers Association (NEMA) 
http://www.nemaweb.org National Governor's Association (NGA) 
http://www.nga.org The National League of Cities (NLC) http://www.nlc.org



BIBLIOGRAPHY G

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 
A Guide to Highway Vulnerability Assessment for Critical Asset Identification and Protection, 
May 2002 , The American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsÕ 
Security Task Force, Washington, D.C. http://security.transportation.org/ 
community/security/guides.html 
The American Institute of Architects 
Building Security Through Design: A Primer for Architects, Design Professionals, and their 
Clients, November 2001, The American Institute of Architects (book) 
http://www.aia.org/security 
American Institute of Chemical Engineers 
Pub No: G-79, Guidelines for Analyzing and Managing the Security Vulnerabilities at Fixed 
Chemical Sites, 2002, Center for Chemical Process Safety, ISBN No: 0-8169-0877-X 
http://www.aiche.org/ ccpssecurity 
American Medical Association 
Physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the Oklahoma City bombing, August 7, 1996, 
Mallonee, S., Shariat, S., Stennies, G., Waxweiler, R., Hogan, D., and Jordan, F., The 
Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 276 No. 5., pp 382-387 Abstract at 
URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/ abstract/276/5/382 
American Society of Civil Engineers 
Blast Effects on Buildings: Design of Buildings to Optimize Resistance to Blast Loading, 1995, 
G.C. Mays and P.D. Smith, London: Thomas Telford, Ltd., American Society of Civil 
Engineers, ISBN: 0-7277-2030-9 http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9990338 
Blast Resistant Design of Commercial Buildings, 1996, M. Ettouney, R. Smilowitz, and T. 
Rittenhouse, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, Vol. 1, No. 1, 
February 1996, American Society of Civil Engineers 
http://ojps.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY= PPSCFX&Volume=1&Issue=1 A preprint of the 
final article is available at http://www.wai.com/AppliedScience/Blast/blast-struct-
design.html 
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities, 1997, American Society of 
Civil Engineers, ISBN: 0-7844-0265-5 
http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9704510 
Glass-Related Injuries in Oklahoma City Bombing, Journal of Performance of 
Constructed Facilities, May 1999, 13, No. 2, H Scott Norville, Natalie Harville, 
Edward J. Conrath, Sheryll Shariat, and Sue Mallonee http://www.pubs.asce.org/ 
WWWdisplay.cgi?9902006 
Lessons from the Oklahoma City Bombing: Defensive Design Techniques, January 1997, Eve E. 
Hinman and David J. Hammond, January 1997, American Society of Civil Engineers 
(ASCE Press), Reston, VA, ISBN: 0784402175 http://www.asce.org/publications/ 
booksdisplay.cfm?type=9702295 
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-02, 
2002, American Society of Civil Engineers, ISBN: 0-7844-0624-3, [note revision of 7-
98, does not include building security or antiterrorism but covers all natural 
hazards] 
http://www.asce.org/publications/dsp_pubdetails.cfm?puburl= 
http://www.pubs.asce.org/ASCE7.html?9991330 
Vulnerability and Protection of Infrastructure Systems: The State of the Art, An ASCE Journals 
Special Publication compiling articles from 2002 and earlier available online 
http://ascestore.aip.org/ OA_HTML/aipCCtpSctDspRte.jsp?section=10123 
Architectural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers AEI 
Newsletter, The Team, Special Terrorism Issue, Fall 2001, Volume 4, Issue 3 
http://www.asce.org/pdf/aei_11_1.pdf 
Structural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers Structural 
Design for Physical Security: State of the Practice, 1999, Edward Conrath, et al., Reston, 
Virginia, Structural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers 
http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9990571 
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers 
Defensive Filtration, ASHRAE Journal, December 2002, James D. Miller 
http://resourcecenter.ashrae.org/store/ashrae/ 
newstore.cgi?itemid=9346&view=item&categoryid= 409&page=1&loginid=29483 
Report of Presidential Ad Hoc Committee for Building Health and Safety under Extraordinary 
Incidents on Risk Management Guidance for Health, Safety and Environmental Security under 
Extraordinary Incidents, Washington, D.C., January 26, 2003 
http://xp20.ashrae.org/about/extraordinary.pdf 
Risk Management Guidance for Health and Safety under Extraordinary Incidents, ASHRAE 
2002 Winter Meeting Report, January 12, 2002 
http://atfp.nfesc.navy.mil/pdf/ASHRAE%20CBR% 20Guidance.pdf or 
http://engineering.tamu.edu/safety/ 
guidelines/faclab/ASHRAE_Security_Rpt_12Jan02.pdf 
Standard 62-2001, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI Approved), 
ISSN 1041-2336, addenda to basic ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 62 basic (1989) 
http://resourcecenter. ashrae.org/store/ashrae 
newstore.cgi?itemid=6852&view= item&categoryid=311&page=1&loginid=29483 
Building Owners and Managers Association International 
How to Design and Manage Your Preventive Maintenance Program, 1996 
http://www.boma.org/pubs/bomapmp.htm 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational 
Safety and Health 
Publication No. 2002-139, Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from 
Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological 
Attacks, May 2002, Cincinnati, Ohio www.cdc.gov/niosh/bldvent/ 2002-139.html 
Publication No. 2002-139, Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne 
Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks, May 2002, Cincinnati, Ohio < Publication No. 
2003-136, Guidance for Filtration and Air Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments 
from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks, April 2003, Cincinnati, Ohio 
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ docs/2003-136/2003-136.html 
Central Intelligence Agency 
Chemical, Biological, Radiological Incident Handbook, October 1998 
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/cbr_handbook/ cbrbook.htm 
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 
Building Safety Enhancement Guidebook, 2002 http://www.ctbuh.org 
Task Force on Tall Buildings: "The Future," October 15, 2001 
http://www.lehigh.edu/ctbuh/htmlfiles/hot_links/report.pdf or 
http://www.ctbuh.org/htmlfiles/hot_links/report.pdf 
Federal Aviation Administration 
DOT/FAA/AR-00/52, Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design and 
Construction, Revised June 2001, Associate Administrator for Civil Aviation Security 
Office of Civil Aviation Security, Policy and Planning, Federal Aviation 
Administration, Washington, DC 20591 (not available on Internet) 
FAA Order 1600.69A, FAA Facility Security Management Program, update d FAA Order 
1600.69B to be published shortly Ð The Federal Aviation AdministrationÕs criteria for 
the protection of its facilities. [For Official Use Only] (not available on Internet) 
Federal Emergency Management Agency 
FEMA 152, Seismic Considerations: Apartment Buildings, Earthquake Hazards Reduction 
Series 37, November 1988, Washington, D.C. (not available on Internet) Contact 
FEMA Distribution Center, 
 P.O. Box 2012, 8231 Stayton Drive, Jessup, MD 20794-2012,Telephone: 1-800-
480- 2520, Fax: 301-362-5335 
 FEMA 153, Seismic Considerations: Office Buildings, Earthquake Hazards Reduction 
Series 38, November 1988, Washington, D.C. (not available on Internet) Contact FEMA 
Distribution Center, 
 .P.O. Box 2012, 8231 Stayton Drive, Jessup, MD 20794-2012,Telephone: 1-800-480- 
2520, Fax: 301-362-5335 

FEMA 154, Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Seismic Hazards: A Handbook (2nd Edition), 
2002, 1988, Washington, D.C. (not available on Internet) Contact FEMA Distribution 
Center, P.O. Box 2012, 8231 Stayton Drive, Jessup, MD 20794-2012, Telephone: 1-800-
480- 2520, Fax: 301-362-5335 
FEMA 277, The Oklahoma City Bombing: Improving Building Performance through Multi-
Hazard Mitigation, August 1, 1996, Washington, D.C. 
http://www.fema.gov/mit/bpat/bpat009.htm 
FEMA 372, Mitigation Resources for Success (CD-ROM), October 2001, Washington, 
D.C. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/ poster_fnl2.pdf 
FEMA 386-2, Understanding Your Risks, Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses, 
August 2001. http://www.fema.gov/fima/ planning_toc3.shtm 
FEMA 386-7, Integrating Human-Caused Hazards Into Mitigation, September 2002, 
Planning http://www.fema.gov/fima/ antiterrorism/resources.shtm 
FEMA 403, World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, May 2002, 
Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations, Washington, D.C. 
http://www.fema.gov/library/wtcstudy.shtm 
State and Local Guide 101, Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning, Chapter 
6, Attachment G, Terrorism, April 2001 
General Services Administration 
Balancing Security and Openness: A Thematic Summary of a Symposium on Security and the 
Design of Public Buildings, November 30, 1999 
http://hydra.gsa.gov/pbs/pc/gd_files/SecurityOpenness.pdf 
Cost Impact of ISC Security Criteria, GSA & Applied Research Associates, Inc., Bryant 
L. and Smith J., Vicksburg, Mississippi 
http://www.oca.gsa.gov/specialphp/References.php 
Facility Standards for the Public Building Service (PBS-P100); Chapter 8, Security Design, 
Revised November 2000 
http://hydra.gsa.gov/pbs/pc/facilitiesstandards/ 
Mail Center ManagerÕs Security Guide Ð Second Edition, October 22, 2002 
http://www.gsa.gov//attachments/GSA_PUBLICATIONS/ 
extpub/MailCenterManagersSecurityGuideV2.pdf 
Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office 
Buildings and Major Modernization Projects, November 2000 
http://www.oca.gsa.gov/ about_progressive_collapse/progcollapse.php 
Security Reference Manual, Part 3: Blast Design and Assessment Guidelines, July 31, 
2001 [For Official Use Only] 
http://www.oca.gsa.gov/specialphp/restrictedblast_effects.php 
Healthly Building International, Inc. 
Vulnerability Assessments and Counter Terrorist Protocols 
http://www.healthybuildings.com/s2/vacbt.pdf 
Interagency Security Committee (executive agent Ð GSA) 
ISC Security Design Criteria for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects, 
May 28, 2001, [For Official Use Only] 
http://www.oca.gsa.gov/restricted/protectedfiles/ 
ISCCriteriaMay282001.PDF 
Institute of Transportation Engineers 
The Influence of Traffic Calming Devices upon Fire Vehicle Travel Times, Coleman, Michael 
A., 1997, ITE Annual Meeting Compendium, 1997 pp. 838-845 
http://webservices.camsys.com/fhwa/cmn/ cmn33.htm 
Split Speed Bump, 1998, Mulder, Kathy, Washington, D.C., TE International 
Conference, 1998 http://www.ite.org/traffic/ documents/CCA98A33.pdf 
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab 
Protecting Buildings From a Biological or Chemical Attack: actions to take before or during a 
release. LBNL/PUB-51959, January 10, 2003 
http://securebuildings.lbl.gov/images/bldgadvice.pdf 
National Academy of Sciences 
Combating Terrorism: Prioritizing Vulnerabilities and Developing Mitigation Strategies, 
Project Identification Number: NAEP-R-02-01-A, National Academy of Engineering, 
soon to be published 
http://www4.nationalacademies.org/webcr.nsf/ 
ProjectScopeDisplay/NAEP-R-02-01-A?OpenDocument 
National Capital Planning Commission 
Designing for Security in the NationÕs Capital, October 2001 
http://www.ncpc.gov/whats_new/ITFreport.pdf 
The National Capital Planning Urban Design and Security Plan, October 2002 
http://www.ncpc.gov/publications/udsp/ Final%20UDSP.pdf 
National Institute of Building Sciences 
Whole Building Design Guide: Provide Security for Building Occupants and Assets, 
http://www.wbdg.org/design/ index.php?cn=2.7.4&cx=0 
National Research Council 
Protecting Buildings and People from Terrorism: Technology Transfer for Blast-effects Mitigation, 
2001, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., ISBN 0-309-08286-2 
http://books.nap.edu/books/ 0309082862/html/index.html 
Protecting Buildings From Bomb Blast, Transfer of Blast-Effects Mitigation Technologies from 
Military to Civilian Applications, 1995, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 
ISBN 0-309-05375-7 
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309053757/html/index.html 
Protection of Federal Office Buildings Against Terrorism, 1988, Committee on the Protection 
of Federal Facilities Against Terrorism, Building Research Board, National Academy 
Press, Washington, D.C., ISBN 0-309-07691-9 http://books.nap.edu/books/ 
0309076463/html/index.html 
Society of American Military Engineers 
National Symposium of Comprehensive Force Protection, October 2001, 
Charleston, South Carolina, Lindbergh & Associates For list of participants access 
http://www.same.org/ forceprot/force.htm 
The House National Security Committee 
Statement of Chairman Floyd D. Spence on the Report of the Bombing of Khobar 
Towers, August 1996, Washington, D.C. 
http://www.house.gov/hasc/Publications/104thCongress/ Reports/saudi.pdf 
Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) 
Terrorist Bomb Threat Stand-Off Card with Explanation of Use, 
http://www.tswg.gov/tswg/prods_pubs/newBTSCPress.ht
m 
U.S. Air Force 
ESL-TR-87-57, Protective Construction Design Manual, November 1989; Contact Airbase 
Technologies Division (AFRL/MLQ) at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, via e-mail to 
techinfo@afrl.af.mil. [Superceded by Army Technical Manual TM 5-855-1 (Air Force 
Pamphlet AFPAM 32-1147(I), Navy Manual NAVFAC P-1080, DSWA Manual 
DAHSCWEMAN-97), December 1997] 
Expedient Hardening Methods for Structures Subjected to the Effect of Nonnuclear Munitions, 
October 1990, Wright Laboratory Report (not available on Internet) 
Installation Entry Control Facilities Design Guide, October 2002, Air Force Center for 
Environmental Excellence 
http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/gate/index.html 
Installation Force Protection Guide, 1997, Air Force Center for Environmental 
Excellence http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/ dcd/arch/force.pdf 
Vehicle Bomb Mitigation Guide, July 1, 1999, Force Protection Battlelab [For Official 
Use Only] Contact the USAF Force Protection Battlelab, Lackland Air Force Base, 
Texas, phone: (210) 671-0058 
U.S. Army 
Field Manual (FM) 3-19.30, Physical Security, January 8, 2001, Washington, D.C. 
http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/ fm/3-19.30/fm3-19.30.pdf or 
http://www.wood.army.mil/ mpdoctrine/PDF_Files/FM_3-19.30.pdf 
Field Manual (FM) 5-114, Engineer Operations Short of War, July 13, 1992 
http://155.217.58.58/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/5-114/toc.htm 
Technical Instruction 853-01 (Draft), Protecting Buildings and Their Occupants from 
Airborne Hazards, October 2001 http:// 
buildingprotection.sbccom.army.mil/basic/airborne_hazards 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Engineer Technical Letters (ETL) 
ETL 1110-3-494, Airblast Protection Retrofit for Unreinforced Concrete Masonry 
Walls, July 14, 1999 [Restricted Access] 
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-tech-ltrs 
ETL 1110-3-495, Estimating Damage to Structures from Terrorist Bombs Field 
Operations Guide, July 14, 1999 [Restricted Access] 
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-tech-ltrs 
ETL 1110-3-498, Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, 
Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Agents, February 24, 1999 
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/ usace-docs/eng-tech-ltrs 
ETL 1110-3-501, Window Retrofit Using Fragment Retention Film with Catcher Bar 
System, July 14, 1999 [Restricted Access] 
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-tech-ltrs 
Protective Design Ð Mandatory Center of Expertise Ð Technical Reports 
PDC-TR-91-6, Blast Analysis Manual, Part 1 Ð Level of Protection Assessment Guide, 
July 1991 [For Official Use Only] Contact U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
Protective Design Center, ATTN: CENWO-ED-ST, 215 N. 17th Street, Omaha, 
Nebraska, 68102-4978, phone: (402) 221-4918 
Technical Manuals (TM) 
TM 5-853-1, Security Engineering Project Development, May 12, 1994, also Air Force 
Manual 32-1071, Volume 1 [For Official Use Only] 
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm 
TM 5-853-2, Security Engineering Concept Design, May 12, 1994, also Air Force 
Manual 32-1071, Volume 2 [For Official Use Only] 
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm 
TM 5-853-3, Security Engineering Final Design, May 12, 1994, also Air Force 
Manual 32-1071, Volume 3 [For Official Use Only] 
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/ armytm 
TM 5-853-4, Security Engineering Electronic Security Systems, May 12, 1994 
http://www.military-info.com/mphoto/ new1j98.htm#engineer 
TM 5-855-4, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning of Hardened 
Installations, November 28, 1986 http:// www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-
docs/armytm/tm5-855-4/toc.htm 
TM 5-1300, Structures to Resist Accidental Explosions, November 19, 1990, (also 
Navy NAVFAC (Naval Facilities) P-397, Air Force Regulation 88-2); Contact 
David Hyde, 
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry 
Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180 or via e-mail to hyded@ex1.wes.army.mil 
U.S. Department of Commerce
Administrative Orders (DAO) 
DAO 206-5, Occasional Use of Public Areas in Public Buildings, December 9, 1986 
http://www.osec.doc.gov/ bmi/daos/206-5.htm 
DAO 207-1, Security Programs, June 24, 1991, Amended September 6, 1991 
http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/daos/ 207-1.htm 
Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office 
Vulnerability Assessment Framework 1.1, October 1998 
http://www.ciao.gov/resource/vulassessframework.pdf 
Practices For Securing Critical Information Assets, January 2000 
http://www.ciao.gov/resource Practices_For_ 
Securing_Critical_Information_Assets.pdf 
U.S. Department of Defense
DoD Security Engineering Manual [Expected to have a major portion for public 
distribution once published as Unified Facilities Criteria and a smaller portion For 
Official Use Only similar to the UFC for AT Standards for Buildings listed below. 
This publication will replace Army Technical Manual 5-853 (Air Force Joint Manual 
32-1071) volumes 1, 2, and 3 and Navy Military Handbook 1013/1A] 
DoD O-2000.12-H, Protection of DoD Personnel and Activities Against Acts of Terrorism and 
Political Turbulence: Mandatory Standards and Implementing Guidance, with Changes 1 and 
2, February 1993, Change 1 Ñ May 21, 1993, Change 2 Ð October 3, 1997 [For Official 
Use Only] http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/ pub1.html 
Force Protection Equipment Demonstration IV, 6-8 May 2003 
http://www.fped4.org 
Interim Antiterrorism/Force Protection Construction Standards, December 16, 1999 [For 
Official Use Only] Contact U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha, ATTN: CENWO-ED-
ST, 215 North 17th Street, Omaha, NE 68102-4978, phone: (402) 221-4918. 
Interim Antiterrorism/Force Protection Construction Standards Ð Progressive Collapse 
Guidance, April 4, 2000 (not available on Internet) Contact U.S. Army Corps of 
Engineers Protective Design Center, ATTN: CENWO-ED-ST, 215 N. 17th Street, 
Omaha, Nebraska, 68102-4978, phone: (402) 221-4918 
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 
UFC 3-340-01, Design and Analysis of Hardened Structures to Conventional 
Weapons Effects, June 30, 2002 [For Official Use Only] [Formerly Army TM 
5-855-1] http://www.hnd.usace.army. mil/techinfo/ufc/ UFC3-340-
01WEB.PDF 
UFC 4-010-01, DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings, July 31, 
2002 http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ 
ccbdoc.php?category=ufc&docid=106&ref=1 
Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS) 
UFGS-02821A, Fencing, February 2002 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/02821A.pdf 
UFGS-02840A, Active Vehicle Barriers, February 2002 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/02840A.pdf 
UFGS-02841N, Traffic Barriers, August 2001 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/02841N.pdf 
UFGS-08390A, Blast Resistant Doors, April 2001 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/08390.pdf 
UFGS-08581, Blast Resistant Tempered Glass Windows, August 2001 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/08581.pdf 
UFGS-08840A, Plastic Glazing, July 1995 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/08840A.pdf 
UFGS-08850, Fragment Retention Film for Glass, July 1992 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/08850.pdf 
UFGS-11020, Security Vault Door, August 2002 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/11020.pdf 
UFGS-11025, Forced Entry Resistant Components, August 2001 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/11025.pdf 
UFGS-11035, Bullet-Resistant Components, April 2000 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/11035.pdf 
UFGS-13095A, Electromagnetic (EM) Shielding, July 2001 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/13095A.pdf 
UFGS-13420A, Self-Acting Blast Valves, November 1997 
http://www.ccb.org/ufgs/pdf/13420A.pdf 
U.S. Department of Energy
DOE/TIC 11268, A Manual for the Prediction of Blast and Fragment Loadings on Structures, 
February 1992, Albuquerque, NM, Southwest Research Institute [not available on 
Internet] 
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
National Strategy for Homeland Security, July 2002 
http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/nat_strat_hls.pdf 
The National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets, 
February 2003 http://www.dhs.gov/ interweb/assetlibrary/Physical_Strategy.pdf 
National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, February 2003 
http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/ 
National_Cyberspace_Strategy.pdf 
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
The Avoidance of Progressive Collapse, Regulatory approaches to the problem, PB-248 781, 
October 1975, Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards, Office of 
Policy Development and Research, Washington, D.C. 20410 (not available on 
Internet) 
Creating Defensible Space, April 1996, Oscar Newman, Washington, 
D.C. http://www.huduser.org/publications/pdf/def.pdf 
U.S. Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 
Terrorism in the United States, 1999, Washington, D.C., Counterterrorism 
Division http://www.fbi.gov/ publications/terror/terror99.pdf 
Office of Domestic Preparedness (ODP) 
Fiscal Year 1999 State Domestic Preparedness Equipment Program, Assessment 
and Strategy Development Tool Kit, NCJ181200, May 15, 2000, [For Official 
Use Only] 
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/assessment.txt 
National Institute of Justice (NIJ) 
The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in 
U.S. Schools: A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies, September 1999, with U.S. 
Department of 
Education, Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program; and 
U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories 
http://www.ncjrs.org/school/home.html 
NIJ Guide 100-00, Guide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Material 
Detection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, June 2000 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/184449.pdf 
NIJ Guide 101-00, An Introduction to Biological Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency First 
Responders, December 2001 http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/190747.pdf 
NIJ Guide 102-00, Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First 
Responders, Volumes I-IV, November 2002 http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/ 
191518.pdf 
NIJ Guide 602-00, Guide to the Technologies of Concealed Weapon and Contraband 
Imaging and Detection, February 2001 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/184432.pdf 
NIJ Standard 0108.01, Blast Resistant Protective Materials, September 1985 
www.ccb.org under Standards, Government Standards 
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and Community Policing, August 1996, 
Dan Fleissner and Fred Heinzelmann, Washington, D. C. http://www.ncjrs.org/ 
pdffiles/crimepre.pdf 
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Parking Facilities, April 1996, Mary S. 
Smith, Washington, D. C. 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/cptedpkg.pdf 
"Designing Out" Gang Homicides and Street Assaults, November 1998, James Lasley, 
Washington, D. C. http:// www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/173398.pdf 
The Expanding Role of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Premises Liability, 
April 1996, Corey 
L. Gordon and William Brill Washington, D. C. 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/cptedlia.pdf 
Physical Environment and Crime, January 1996, Ralph B. Taylor and Adele V. 
Harrell, Washington, D. C. 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/physenv.pdf 
Visibility and Vigilance: MetroÕs Situational Approach to Preventing Subway Crime, 
November 1997, Nancy G La Vigne, Washington, D.C. 
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/ 166372.pdf 
U.S. Marshals Service 
Vulnerability Assessment of Federal Facilities, June 28, 1995 
http://www.oca.gsa.gov 
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of DiplomaticSecurity 
Architectural Engineering Design Guidelines (5 Volumes), March 1998 [For Official 
Use Only] (not available on Internet) 
Certification Standard SD-STD-01.01, Revision G (Amended), Forced Entry and 
Ballistic Resistance of Structural Systems, Amended April 30, 1993 www.ccb.org under 
Standards, Government Standards 
Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2001, May 2002, Washington, D.C. 
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2001/pdf 
Physical Security Standards Handbook, January 7, 1998 [For Official Use Only] (not 
available on Internet) 
Structural Engineering Guidelines for New Embassy Office Buildings, August 1995 [For 
Official Use Only] (not available on Internet) 
The Report of the Accountability Review Board on the Embassy Bombings in Nairobi and Dar es 
Salaam on August 7, 1998, January 1999, Washington, D.C. 
http://www.state.gov/www/regions/africa/ accountability_report.html 
U.S. Department of the Treasury/Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco and Firearms 
Vehicle Bomb Explosion Hazard And Evacuation Distance Tables, 1999, request in writing, 
address information available at 
http://www.atf.treas.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/i54001.htm 
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 
Physical Security Assessment of Veterans Affairs Facilities, Recommendations of the 
National Institute of Building Sciences Task Group to the Department of Veterans 
Affairs, 6 September 2002 http://www.va.gov/facmgt/standard/etc/ 
vaphysicalsecurityreport.pdf 
U.S. Fire Administration (USFA of FEMA) 
The Critical Infrastructure Protection Process Job Aid, May 1, 2002 
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/dhtml/fire-service/cipc-jobaid.cfm 
U.S. Navy 
Design Manual (DM) NAVFAC (Naval Facilities Command) 
NAVFAC DM 2.08, Blast Resistant Structures, December 1986 
http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php? category=nav&docid=46&ref=1 
NAVFAC DM 13.02, Commercial Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), September 
1986 http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ 
ccbdoc.php?category=nav&docid=47&ref=1 
Military Handbooks (MIL-HDBK) 
MIL-HDBK-1002/1, Structural Engineering General Requirements, November 30, 
1987 http://www.wbdg.org/ 
ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category=nav&docid=48&ref=1 
MIL-HDBK-1004/4, Electrical Utilization Systems, October 13, 1987 
http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ ccbdoc.php?category=nav&docid=49&ref=1 
MIL-HDBK-1012/3, Telecommunications Premises Distribution Planning, Design, and 
Estimating, May 31, 1996 
http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category= 
nav&docid=50&ref=1 
MIL-HDBK-1013/1A, Design Guidelines for Physical Security of Fixed Land-Based 
Facilities, December 15, 1993 For copies contact Defense Printing Service, 
Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, (215) 6972179, 
FAX (215) 697-1462 or available on the National Institute of Building SciencesÕ 
Construction Criteria Base 
MIL-HDBK-1013/10, Design Guidelines for Security Fencing, Gates, Barriers, and 
Guard Facilities, May 14, 1993 For copies contact Defense Printing Service, 
Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, (215) 6972179, 
FAX (215) 697-1462 or available on the National Institute of Building SciencesÕ 
Construction Criteria Base 
MIL-HDBK-1013/12, Evaluation of Security Glazing for Ballistic, Bomb, and Forced 
Entry Tactics, March 10, 1997 For copies contact Defense Printing Service, 
Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, (215) 6972179, 
FAX (215) 697-1462 or available on the National Institute of Building SciencesÕ 
Construction Criteria Base 
MIL-HDBK- 1013/14, Selection and Application of Vehicle Barriers, February 1, 
1999 For copies contact Defense Printing Service, Building 40, 700 Robbins 
Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, (215) 697-2179, FAX (215) 697-1462 or 
available on the National Institute of Building SciencesÕ Construction Criteria 
Base 
TechData Sheets Ð Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) 
TDS-2062-SHR, Estimating Damage to Structures from Terrorist Bombs, September 
1998 [For Official Use Only] Requests for publication can be made to Naval 
Facilities Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division (ESC66), 
1100 23rd Ave, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, (805) 982-1582 (Primary), 
(805) 982-4817 (Alternate), (805) 982-1253 (Fax) 
TDS-2063-SHR, Blast Shielding Walls, September 1998 [For Official Use Only] 
Requests for publication can be made to Naval Facilities Engineering Service 
Center, Security Engineering Division (ESC66), 1100 23rd Ave, Port Hueneme, 
CA 93043-4370, (805) 982-1582 (Primary), (805) 9824817 (Alternate), (805) 
982-1253 (Fax) 
TDS-2079-SHR, Planning and Design Considerations for Incorporating Blast 
Mitigation in Mailrooms, May 2000 For copies contact Defense Printing Service, 
Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, (215) 6972179, 
FAX (215) 697-1462 
TDS-2090-SHR, Design Parametesr for a Controlled Entry Point For copies contact 
Defense Printing Service, Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 
19111-5094, (215) 697-2179, FAX (215) 697-1462 
User Guides Ð Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) 
UG-2030-SHR, Security Glazing Applications, May 1998, distributed June 25, 1998 
[For Official Use Only] Requests for publication can be made to Naval Facilities 
Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division (ESC66), 1100 23rd 
Ave, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, (805) 982-1582 (Primary), (805) 982-4817 
(Alternate), (805) 982-1253 (Fax) 
UG-2031-SHR, Protection Against Terrorist Vehicle Bombs, May 1998, distributed 
June 25, 1998 [For Official Use Only] Requests for publication can be made to 
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division 
(ESC66), 1100 23rd Ave, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, (805) 982-1582 
(Primary), (805) 982-4817 (Alternate), (805) 982-1253 (Fax) 
Other Books, Magazines, Magazine Articles, and Newspaper Articles 
Atlas, Randall I., June 1998, Designing for Crime and Terrorism, Security and Technology 
Design (not found on Internet Ð suspect this may be a magazine article in Security and 
Technology Design magazine) Security Technology and Design Magazine Reprint 
Services, Jim Benesh, Phone: (800) 547-7377 x324, FAX: (920) 568-2244, E-MAIL: 
jim.benesh@cygnuspub.com 
Archibald, Rae W., et al., 2002, Security and Safety in Los Angeles High-Rise Buildings 
after 9/11. RAND, Santa Monica, California, ISBN: 0-8330-3184-8 
http://www.rand.org/publications/DB/ DB381 
Broder, James F., December 15, 1999, Risk Analysis and the Security Survey, 2nd Edition, 
Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, Massachusetts, ISBN 0750670894 
http://www.amazon.com/ exec/obidos/ASIN/0750670894/ref=pd_sxp_elt_l1/103-
7416668-4182264#product-details 
Craighead, Geoff, December 2002, High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, 2nd Edition, 
Academic Press, ISBN 0750674555 
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0750674555/ qid=/br=1-
/ref=br_lf_b_//t/103-7416668-4182264?v=glance &s=books&n=173507#product-
details 
Crowe, Timothy D., 2000, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications Of 
Architectural Design And Space Management Concepts (2nd Edition), Stoneham, 
Massachusetts, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 075067198X 
http://www.amazon.com/exec/ obidos/ASIN/075067198X/103-7416668-
4182264#product-details 
Fehr, Stephen C., July 1996, Parking Under Siege in D.C.: U.S. Anti-Terrorism Plan 
Threatens 360 Spaces, The Washington Post, July 13, 1996 
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-adv/archives/ advanced.htm 
Fenelly, Lawrence J, June 1997, Effective Physical Security, 2nd Edition, Stoneham, 
Massachusetts, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-75-069873-X 
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ 
ASIN/075069873X/ref=ase_lksmsubsite-df1-2-20/103-7416668-
4182264#product-details 
Garcia, Mary Lynn, February 23, 2001, The Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection 
Systems, Stoneham, Massachusetts, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN: 0750673672 
http:// www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0750673672//103-7416668-
4182264?v=glance&s=books 
Gonchar, Joann, March 2002, Building for a Secure Future: Government 
Facilities under way incorporate already tough standards, Engineering News-
Record, March 25, 2002 http:// 
www.construction.com/NewsCenter/Headlines/ENR/ 20020325e.asp 
Greene, R.W., October 2002, Confronting Catastrophe: A GIS Handbook, ESRI 
Press, ISBN: 1589480406 http:// 
www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589480406/ ref=ase_inktomi-bkasin-
20/103-7416668-4182264 
Hart, Sara, March 2002, In the aftermath of September 11, the urban landscape 
appears vulnerable and random: Architects and consultants focus on risk assessment 
and security through design, Architectural Record, March 2002 
http://archrecord.construction. com/CONTEDUC/ARTICLES/03_02_1.asp 
Kowalski, Wladyslaw Jan, P.E., Ph.D., September 26, 2002, Immune Building Systems 
Technology, McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN: 0-07-140246-2 
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/stores/ detail/-/books/0071402462/002-
5179887-1245633#product-details 
Nadel, Barbara A, March 1998, Designing for Security, Architectural Record, March 
1998 http://www.archrecord.com/ CONTEDUC/ARTICLES/3_98_1.asp 
Owen, David D. and R.S.Means Engineering Staff, Building Security: Strategies and 
Costs, Construction Publishers & Consultants, ISBN: 0-87629-698-3, 2003. 
Pearson, Robert, September 1997, Security through Environmental Design, Security and 
Technology Design, Security Technology and Design Magazine Reprint Services, Jim 
Benesh, Phone: (800) 547-7377 x324, FAX: (920) 568-2244, E-MAIL: 
jim.benesh@cygnuspub.com 
Rochon, Donald M., June 1998, Architectural Design for Security, Security and Technology 
Design, Security Technology and Design Magazine Reprint Services, Jim Benesh, 
Phone: (800) 547-7377 x324, FAX: (920) 568-2244, E-MAIL: 
jim.benesh@cygnuspub.com 
Security Magazine [on-line magazine] 
http://www.securitymagazine.com 
Security Solutions Online: Access Control and Security Systems [on-line magazine] 
http://industryclick.com/ magazine.asp?magazineid=119&siteid=24 
Security Technology and Design [on-line and print magazine] 
http://www.st-and-d.com 
Sidell, Frederick R., et al, 1998, JaneÕs Chem-Bio Handbook, JaneÕs Information Group, 
Alexandria, Virginia, ISBN 0-7106 2568-5 
http://www.janes.com/company/catalog/chem_bio_hand.shtml 
Smith, Keith, November 2000, Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing 
Disaster, Routledge, New York, New York, ISBN 0415224632 
http://www.routledge-
ny.com/books.cfm?isbn=0415224632