Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR ALPHA-CHLOROACETOPHENONE

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about alpha-chloroacetophenone for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(8)H(7)ClO

* Structure

(For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

Phenacyl chloride, omega-chloroacetophenone, 2-chloroacetophenone, chloromethyl phenyl ketone, phenyl chloromethyl ketone, tear gas, CN, mace.

* Identifiers

1. CAS No.: 532-27-4

2. RTECS No.: AM6300000

3. DOT UN: 1697 55

4. DOT label: Poison * Appearance and odor

alpha-Chloroacetophenone is a colorless to gray solid with an irritating floral odor. It has an air odor threshold of 0.035 part per million (ppm) parts of air.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data

1. Molecular weight: 154.59

2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 247 degrees C (476.6 degrees F)

3. Specific gravity: 1.324 at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F) (solid)

4. Vapor density (air = 1): 5.32

5. Melting point: 58 to 59 degrees C (136.4 to 138.2 degrees F)

6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 5.4 x 10(-3) mm Hg

7. Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene.

8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat.

2. Incompatibilities: Contact between alpha-chloroacetophenone and water or steam may cause generation of hydrogen chloride. alpha-Chloroacetophenone is also incompatible with strong oxidizers and reacts slowly with metals, causing mild corrosion.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic and corrosive gases and vapors such as carbon monoxide and fumes of chlorine may be released when alpha-chloroacetophenone undergoes thermal decomposition .

4. Special precautions: alpha-Chloroacetophenone will slowly corrode metals.

* Flammability

The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 1 (slight fire hazard) to alpha-chloroacetophenone.

1. Flash point: 118 degrees C (244.4 degrees F) (closed cup)

2. Autoignition temperature: Data not available.

3. Flammable limits in air: Data not available.

4. Extinguishant: For small fires use dry chemical, water spray, or regular foam. Use water spray, fog, or regular foam to fight large fires involving alpha-chloroacetophenone .

Fires involving alpha-chloroacetophenone should be fought upwind from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard area and deny entry. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Containers of alpha-chloroacetophenone may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool fire exposed containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter this material. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving alpha-chloroacetophenone.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

* OSHA PEL

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for alpha-chloroacetophenone is 0.05 ppm (0.3 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m(3))) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].

* NIOSH REL

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for alpha-chloroacetophenone of 0.05 ppm (0.3 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [NIOSH 1992].

* ACGIH TLV

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned alpha-chloroacetophenone a threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.05 ppm (0.32 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [ACGIH 1994, p. 16].

* Rationale for Limits

The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of eye and upper respiratory irritation, and possible conjunctivitis and corneal damage [NIOSH 1992].

The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of irritation, sensitization, and possible systemic effects [ACGIH 1991, p. 266].

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of Exposure

Exposure to alpha-chloroacetophenone can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and eye or skin contact [Sittig 1991].

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: alpha-Chloroacetophenone is a severe eye irritant and lacrimator in experimental animals. The oral LD(50) values in rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs are 50, 118, and 158 mg/kg, respectively [NLM 1995]. The short-term inhalation toxicity of alpha-chloroacetophenone is less severe in mice than in rats, rabbits, or guinea pigs. Death occurred as a result of asphyxia following lung damage resulting from pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage and edema. Animals exposed to alpha-chloroacetophenone by inhalation experienced lacrimation, salivation, lethargy, and labored breathing [ACGIH 1991]. Instillation of 1 to 10 percent solution of alpha-chloroacetophenone in polyethylene glycol into the eyes of rabbits produced inflammation, corneal damage, keratitis, and increases in corneal thickness and intraocular tension [NLM 1995]. Topical or intradermal administration of alpha-chloroacetophenone in guinea pigs caused erythema, edema, induration, necrosis and eschar formation [ACGIH 1991]. Laboratory animals exposed to high concentrations (not further specified) developed systemic effects including agitation, miosis, coma, areflexia, and fatty infiltration of the liver [Gosselin 1984].

2. Effects on Humans: alpha-Chloroacetophenone is a potent lacrimating agent and an eye and respiratory tract irritant in humans [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Burning and irritation of the skin can occur especially if the skin is moist. Contact sensitization has been reported [Hathaway et al. 1991]. The use of alpha-chloroacetophenone as a riot-control agent has caused several deaths; the estimated lethal concentration in humans is 8,500 mg-min/m(3) for 10 minutes [ACGIH 1991]. Although the corneal haziness, pain, and severe irritation associated with most exposures are reversible, overexposure can cause permanent partial opacity [ACGIH 1991]. Severe inhalation exposure causes pulmonary edema, which may have delayed onset [ACGIH 1991].

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: Acute exposure to alpha-chloroacetophenone results in tearing, burning of the eyes, blurred vision, irritation of the nose, runny nose, and burning of the throat. Skin contact may result in redness, irritation and dermatitis. Pulmonary congestion and edema may result and death from acute exposure has occurred [ACGIH 1991; Sittig 1991; Gosselin 1984; Hathaway et al. 1991].

2. Chronic exposure: Chronic exposure to alpha-chloroacetophenone can result in allergic sensitization and contact dermatitis [Hathaway et al. 1991].

EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES

* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue operations.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve alpha-chloroacetophenone and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

* The manufacture and transportation of alpha-chloroacetophenone

* Liberated during loading of solutions for aerosols for law enforcement and civilian protective devices; use as a riot-control agent (Mace); use in chemical warfare

* Use as a pharmaceutical intermediate

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to alpha-chloroacetophenone, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:

* Process enclosure
* Local exhaust ventilation
* General dilution ventilation
* Personal protective equipment

Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].

Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:

1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are exposed to alpha-chloroacetophenone are required to implement medical surveillance procedures.

* Medical Screening

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to alpha-chloroacetophenone, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by the American Thoracic Society.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to alpha-chloroacetophenone at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other findings consistent with diseases of the eyes, skin, or respiratory system.

* Periodic medical evaluations

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to alpha-chloroacetophenone exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of alpha-chloroacetophenone on the eyes, skin, or respiratory system. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

* Termination medical evaluations

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population.

* Biological monitoring

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been developed for alpha-chloroacetophenone.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne alpha-chloroacetophenone is made using a two Tenax-GC tubes in series (first tube 35 mg section, second tube 17 mg section). Samples are collected at a maximum flow rate of 0.2 liter/minute until a maximum collection volume of 12 liters is reached. The sample is then treated with methanol. Analysis is conducted by high performance liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet detector (HPLC/UV). This method (OSHA modified NIOSH method # 291) is described in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994] and is partially validated.

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If alpha-chloroacetophenone contacts the skin, workers should flush the affected areas immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, followed by washing with soap and water.

Clothing contaminated with alpha-chloroacetophenone should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous properties of alpha-chloroacetophenone, particularly its potential for severe irritation.

A worker who handles alpha-chloroacetophenone should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.

Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or take medication in areas where alpha-chloroacetophenone or a solution containing alpha-chloroacetophenone is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

alpha-Chloroacetophenone should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of alpha-chloroacetophenone should be protected from physical damage and moisture, and should be stored separately from strong oxidizers. Conveying equipment and storage containers should be electrically grounded during transfer to prevent the possibility of a dust explosion. All electrical service should be non-sparking and have an explosion-proof design. Any bulk storage system should have an explosion-relief design. Empty containers contain residues of alpha-chloroacetophenone and should be handled accordingly.

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving alpha-chloroacetophenone, persons not wearing protective equipment and fully-encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Notify safety personnel.

2. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.

3. Ventilate potentially explosive atmospheres.

4. Absorb small quantities of alpha-chloroacetophenone with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place in containers for later disposal.

5. For small dry spills, use a clean shovel and place the material into a clean, dry container; cover and remove the container from the spill area.

6. For small liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later disposal.

7. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the alpha-chloroacetophenone for later reclamation or disposal.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

alpha-Chloroacetophenone is not subject to EPA emergency planning requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (Title III) in 42 USC 11022.

* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases

A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].

The reportable quantity of alpha-chloroacetophenone is 1 pound. If an amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period in a manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers are required to do the following:

- Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800) 424-8802 or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6].

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers who own or operate facilities in SIC codes 20 to 39 that employ 10 or more workers and that manufacture 25,000 pounds or more of alpha-chloroacetophenone per calendar year or otherwise use 10,000 pounds or more of alpha-chloroacetophenone per calendar year are required by EPA [40 CFR Part 372.30] to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of alpha-chloroacetophenone emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although alpha-chloroacetophenone is not specifically listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA, EPA requires employers to treat waste as hazardous if it exhibits any of the characteristics discussed above.

Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S. Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of alpha-chloroacetophenone exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in preventing skin contact with alpha-chloroacetophenone. The selection of the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves, encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential exposure to alpha-chloroacetophenone. The resistance of one PPE material to permeation by alpha-chloroacetophenone is shown below:

To evaluate the use of this or other PPE materials with alpha- chloroacetophenone, users should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers' recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl) produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat components.

Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations that involve alpha-chloroacetophenone.

Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long, minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.

In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed about measures to minimize their health risk.

Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.

Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation, especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work environments.

REFERENCES

ACGIH [1991]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

ACGIH [1994]. 1994-1995 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

Amoore JE, Hautala E [1983]. Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. J of App Tox 3(6): 272-290.

ATS [1987]. Standardization of spirometry -- 1987 update. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:1285-1296.

CFR. Code of Federal regulations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.

DOT [1993]. 1993 Emergency response guidebook, guide 55. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration.

Forsberg K, Mansdorf SZ [1993]. Quick selection guide to chemical protective clothing. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Genium [1986]. Material safety data sheet No. 603. Schenectady, NY: Genium Publishing Corporation.

Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC [1984]. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, Hughes JP, and Fischman ML [1991]. Proctor and Hughes' chemical hazards of the workplace. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Lewis RJ, ed. [1993]. Lewis condensed chemical dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Mickelsen RL, Hall RC [1987]. A breakthrough time comparison of nitrile and neoprene glove materials produced by different glove manufacturers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48(11): 941-947.

Mickelsen RL, Hall RC, Chern RT, Myers JR [1991]. Evaluation of a simple weight-loss method for determining the permeation of organic liquids through rubber films. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 52(10): 445-447.

NFPA [1986]. Fire protection guide on hazardous materials. 9th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.

NIOSH [1987a]. NIOSH guide to industrial respiratory protection. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-116.

NIOSH [1987b]. NIOSH respirator decision logic. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-108.

NIOSH [1992]. Recommendations for occupational safety and health: Compendium of policy documents and statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 92-100.

NIOSH [1994]. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116.

NIOSH [1995]. Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances: alpha-Chloroacetophenone. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, Technical Information Branch.

NLM [1995]. Hazardous substances data bank: alpha-Chloroacetophenone. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine.

OSHA [1994]. Computerized information system. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Sittig M [1991]. Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications.

USC. United States code. Washington. DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Windholz M, ed. [1983]. Windholz Index 10th ed. Rahway, NJ: Windholz & Company.