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Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii I: GENERAL PHONETICS 1 Phonetic Description 3 Introduction: The speech chain 3 Basics of Acoustics 4 Background Reading 15 Exercises 15 2 The Organs of Speech 16 The Vocal Tract 16 The respiratory system 18 The laryngeal system 19 The supralaryngeal system 21 Monitoring speech 22 Background Reading 25 Exercises 25 3 Initiation of an Airstream 27 Introduction 27 Aerodynamics of airstream initiation 27 Pulmonic Airstreams 29 Glottalic Airstreams 33 Velaric airstreams 34 Esophageal and other airstreams 35 Transcription 36 Background Reading 36 Exercises 37 4 Phonation and Voice Quality 38 Introduction 38 Phonation 39 Supralaryngeal Aspects of Voice Quality 45 Background Reading 48 Exercises 48 5 The Description of Vowels 50 Introduction 50 Articulatory, Acoustic, and Perceptual Descriptions of Vowels 51 Describing vowels by articulation 52 Describing vowels by perception 55 Describing vowels by acoustics 59 Background Reading 61 Exercises 61 6 Articulation: Consonant Manner Types 63 Introduction 63 Stops: Plosives and Nasals 64 Nasal Stops 65 Fricatives and Affricates 66 Approximants 69 Trills and Taps 71 Obstruents and Sonorants 72 Background Reading 72 Exercises 73 7 Articulation: Consonant Place Types 74 Introduction 74 Labial 75 Anterior Lingual 77 Dorsal 80 Posterior 82 Articulatory Description of Consonants 83 Acoustic Description of Consonants 84 Background Reading 88 Exercises 89 8 More on Consonants 91 Introduction 91 Modifications to oral stops 91 Multiple Articulations 96 Acoustic characteristics 100 The IPA Chart 101 Background Reading 102 Exercises 102 9 Suprasegmental Phonetics 104 Introduction: Segmental and suprasegmental aspects of speech 104 Stress 104 Length 106 Pitch 107 Boundary effects 109 Other prosodic features 111 Acoustic analysis of suprasegmentals 112 Background Reading 114 Exercises 114 II: ENGLISH PHONETICS 10 Phonetic and Phonological Description 119 The difference between phonetics and phonology 119 Phonological system and structure 120 Clinical Phonology 123 The system and structure of English 125 Background Reading 131 Exercises 131 11 Monophthongs of English 133 Introduction 133 The High Front Vowels 134 The Lower Back Vowels 145 The High Back Vowels 153 Transcription 158 Further Reading 159 Exercises 159 12 English Central Vowels and Diphthongs 161 Introduction 161 The Nonrhotic Central Vowels 162 The Rhotic Central Vowels, (GA) 166 The Mid-closing Diphthongs 174 The Low-Closing Diphthongs 180 The Fronting-Closing Diphthong 183 The Centering Diphthongs (RP) 185 Further Reading 190 Exercises 191 13 English Plosives and Affricates 193 Introduction 193 The Bilabial Plosives 195 The Alveolar Plosives 199 The Velar Plosives 204 The Postalveolar Affricates 208 The Glottal Stop 212 Background Reading 212 Exercises 213 14 English Fricatives 215 Introduction 215 The Labiodental Fricatives 216 The Dental Fricatives 218 The Alveolar Fricatives 221 The Postalveolar Fricatives 223 The Glottal Fricative 226 Background Reading 227 Exercises 228 15 English Sonorant Consonants 230 Introduction 230 The Nasal Stops 230 The Liquid Approximants 237 The Semivowel Approximants 243 Background Reading 248 Exercises 248 16 Words and Connected Speech 250 Introduction 250 English Word Stress 250 Stress in connected speech 252 Assimilation 255 Elision and Liaison 258 Juncture 262 Background Reading 262 Exercises 263 17 Intonation of English 265 Introduction 265 Nuclear tones and postnuclear patterns 267 Prenuclear patterns 270 Intonation Tunes 273 Background reading 275 Exercises 275 18 Varieties of English 278 Introduction 278 Ways in which accents can differ 279 National Varieties of English 281 Regional differences in American English 283 Spanish-influenced English 286 Phonological problems of learners of English 287 Background reading 292 Exercises 292 III: DISORDERED SPEECH 19 Phonological and Phonetic Disorders 297 Introduction 297 The terms phonetics and phonology in the description of disordered speech 297 Broad and Narrow Transcription 299 Some typical phonetic-level disorders 302 Some typical phonological-level disorders 304 Disturbances to prosody 305 Background reading 306 Exercises 306 20 Transcribing Atypical and Disordered Speech 308 Aspects of atypical and disordered speech 308 Atypical Places of Articulation 309 Atypical manners of articulation 312 Voicing 314 Resolving uncertainty in transcription 314 Connected speech 315 Example 316 Background Reading 317 Exercises 317 Appendix 1 319 The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1993) 320 extIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech (Revised to 2002) 321 VoQS: Voice Quality Symbols 322 Appendix 2 323 Distinctive Features 323 Phonological Primes for English (Adapted from Harris, 1994) 325 Natural Phonological Processes 328 Answers to Transcription Exercises 329 Answers to Audio CD Transcription Exercises 339 References 355 Author Index 357 Subject Index 000
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
English language -- Phonetics.
Speech disorders.