Ballachey, B.E., J.L. Bodkin and A.R. Degange (1994). An overview of sea otter studies. In: Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez, Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, California, USA; London, England, UK, p. 47-59. ISBN: 0124561608.
Descriptors: marine ecology, pathology, pollution, assessment, control, toxicology, sea otters, Exxon Valdez oil spill, foraging behavior, hydrocarbon level, injury assessment, mortality, Prince William Sound, reproduction rate, survival rate, toxicology studies.
Bayha, K., J. Kormendy, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (U.S.). (1990). Sea otter symposium: proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound, Anchorage, Alaska, 17-19 April 1990. Biological Report No. 9012, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation: Washington, D.C., 485 p.
NAL Call Number: QH540.U562 no. 90(12)
Descriptors: Exxon Valdez Ship congresses, sea otter Alaska Prince William Sound Effect of oil spills on congresses, oil spills and wildlife Alaska Prince William Sound congresses, Prince William Sound Alaska congresses.
Bodkin, J.L., G.G. Esslinger, and D.H. Monson (2004). Foraging depths of sea otters and implications to coastal marine communities. Marine Mammal Science 20(2): 305-321. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Enhydra lutris, sea otter, prey, invertebrata, foraging, implications, impact on coastal marine communities, diving, foraging depths, impact on habitat, north Pacific, USA, Alaska, impact on coastal marine communities.
Da Silva, I. and S. Larson (2005). Predicting reproduction in captive sea otters (Enhydra lutris). Zoo Biology 24(1): 73-81. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: Enhydra lutris, sea otter, reproductive techniques, female reproductive status, assessment in captivity, pregnancy diagnosis, delayed implantation, gestation length, progestagens, estrogen, weight gain.
Doroff, A.M. and J.L. Bodkin (1994). Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey. In: Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez, Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, California, USA; London, England, UK, p. 193-208. ISBN: 0124561608.
Descriptors: behavior, marine ecology, feeding, nutrition, pollution assessment, control, sea otter, toxicology, Exxon Valdez oil spill.
Dubey, J.P., D.S. Lindsay, B.M. Rosenthal, and N.J. Thomas (2003). Sarcocysts of an unidentified species of Sarcocystis in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Parasitology 89(2): 397-399. ISSN: 0022-3395.
NAL Call Number: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: infection, molecular genetics, biochemistry, molecular biophysics, parasitology, sea otter, systematics, taxonomy, Sarcocystis infection, infectious disease, parasitic disease, genetic sequencing, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, phylogenetic analysis, mathematical and computer techniques, sarcocysts, ultrastructure.
Estes, J.A., M.T. Tinker, A.M. Doroff, and D.M. Burn (2005). Continuing sea otter population declines in the Aleutian Archipelago. Marine Mammal Science 21(1): 169-172. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Enhydra lutris, sea otter, population censuses, Alaska, Aleutian Archipelago, population declines.
Gelatt, T.S., D.B. Siniff, and J.A. Estes (2002). Activity patterns and time budgets of the declining sea otter population at Amchitka Island, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(1): 29-39. ISSN: 0022-541X.
NAL Call Number: 410 J827
Descriptors: behavior, sea otter, population, activity patterns, radiotelemetry, monitoring method, age differences, conservation biology, diel variation, foraging behavior, haulout, local sea conditions, population declines, prey selection, seasonal changes, sex differences, time budgets, weather conditions, Alaska.
Hattori, K., A.M. Burdin, M. Onuma, M. Suzuki, and N. Ohtaishi (2003). Sex determination in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) from tissue and dental pulp using PCR amplification. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(1): 52-56. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: dental, oral system, population studies, sea otter, dental pulp, PCR, polymerase chain reaction, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, sex determination.
Hayakawa, D., S. Emura, Y. Ozawa, and K. Kohyama (2004). The thyroid and parathyroid glands of two marine mammal species, false killer whale and sea otter. Anatomical Science International 79: 419. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: endocrine system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, morphological difference.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Johnson, S.P., S. Jang, F.M. Gulland, M.A. Miller, D.R. Casper, J. Lawrence, and J. Herrera (2003). Characterization and clinical manifestations of Arcanobacterium phocae infections in marine mammals stranded along the central California coast. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(1): 136-44. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Between 1994 and 2000, 141 Arcanobacterium phocae isolates were recovered from marine mammals that stranded along the central California coast (USA). Arcanobacterium phocae was cultured from tissue sites with abnormal discharge or evidence of inflammation in 66 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 50 Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii), 19 northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), five southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis), and one common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). The overall prevalence of A. phocae among cultured stranded marine mammals was 8%. This is the first report of A. phocae in animals from the Pacific Ocean. Sequence analysis of a portion of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene confirmed recent isolates as A. phocae. Prior to phylogenetic testing and the routine use of the esculin hydrolysis and motility tests, A. phocae isolates may have been misidentified as Listeria ivanovii. Arcanobacterium phocae was commonly isolated from superficial abscesses, was often present in mixed infections, and was susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested.
Descriptors: actinomy, Cetaceae isolation and purification, actinomycetales infections, dolphins, otters, seals, earless, abscess microbiology, abscess, actinomy Cetaceae classification, actinomy Cetaceae drug effects, actinomycetales infections epidemiology, actinomycetales infections pathology, anti bacterial agents pharmacology, base sequence, California epidemiology, gene amplification, microbial sensitivity tests, phylogeny, prevalence, rna, ribosomal, 16s chemistry, rna, ribosomal, 16s genetics, retrospective studies, sequence homology, nucleic acid.
Kannan, K., N. Kajiwara, M. Watanabe, H. Nakata, N.J. Thomas, M. Stephenson, D.A. Jessup, and S. Tanabe (2004). Profiles of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, organochlorine pesticides, and butyltins in southern sea otters and their prey. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(1): 49-56. ISSN: 0730-7268.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E58
Descriptors: pollutants, butyltins, organochlorine pesticides, PCB congeners, sea otter, predators, Enhydra lutris nereis, profiles in predator and prey, chemical pollution, fertilizer and pesticide pollution, prey, North Pacific, USA, California, concentrations, biomagnification, diet, intake.
Kenyon, K.W. (1975). The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, Dover Publications: New York, 352 p. ISBN: 0486213463.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C25K4 1975
Descriptors: sea otter, Pacific Ocean, mammals.
Kim, B.H., J.H. Kim, M.J. Yoo, and D.Y. Kim (2002). Lymphosarcoma in a sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(3): 616-617. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, tumor biology, lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma, sea otter, neoplastic disease, gross microscopy, diagnostic techniques, lymph node, light microscopy, thymus, clinical techniques, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques.
King, D.P., M.D. Schrenzel, M.L. McKnight, T.H. Reidarson, K.D. Hanni, J.L. Stott, and D.A. Ferrick (1996). Molecular cloning and sequencing of interleukin 6 cDNA fragments from the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), killer whale (Orcinus orca), and southern sea otter (Enydra lutris nereis). Immunogenetics 43(4): 190-195. ISSN: 0093-7711.
NAL Call Number: QR184.I4
Descriptors: Molecular cloning, blood, cell biology, genetics, immune system, Interleukin-6, molecular genetics, harbour seal, killer whale, sea otter, complementary DNA, immunogenetics, species specific immunoassay.
Kreuder, C., M.A. Miller, D.A. Jessup, L.J. Lowenstine, M.D. Harris, J.A. Ames, T.E. Carpenter, P.A. Conrad, and J.A.K. Mazet (2003). Patterns of mortality in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris Nereis) from 1998-2001. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3): 495-509. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: sea otters, parasites, diseases, disorders, mortality, shark attack, North Pacific, California, postmortem survey, patterns.
Lindsay, D.S., N.J. Thomas, A.C. Rosypal, and J.P. Dubey (2001). Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection in a northern sea otter from Washington State, USA. Veterinary Parasitology 97(4): 319-327. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call Number: SF810.V4
Descriptors: nervous system, parasitology, Sarcocystis neurona infection, parasitic disease, Toxoplasma gondii infection, encephalitis, nervous system disease, diagnostic method, sea otter, mortality, case study.
Lipscomb, T.P. and Charles Louis Davis (1996). Histopathologic lesions in sea otters caused by oil spills. Foundation for the Advancement of Veterinary and Comparative Pathology: [Gurnee, Ill.]: The Foundation. 1 videocassette: sd., col. 56 min.
NAL Call Number: Videocassette no. 3157
Abstract: A lecture with slides illustrating the effects of oil spills on sea otters.
Descriptors: sea otter, histopathology, effect of oil spills on.
Maehr, C.B. (2004). Unusual predatory behavior of a southern sea otter. California Fish and Game 90(1): 48-50. ISSN: 0008-1078.
NAL Call Number: 410 C12
Descriptors: behavior, predatory behavior, surplus killing, southern sea otter.
Mass, A.M. (2000). Ganglion layer organization and retinal resolution in the sea otter enhydra lutris. Doklady Akademii Nauk 371(4): 544-547. ISSN: 0869-5652.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, sense organs, sensory reception, light microscopy, sea otter, ganglion layer, microscopy, CB, CT, adaptation, cell density, cell distribution map, ganglion layer organization, retinal resolution.
Mass, A.M. and A.Y. Supin (2000). Ganglion cells density and retinal resolution in the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 55(3): 111-119. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: ganglion cells, cell density, cell distribution, retinal organization, retinal resolution, sea otter, cell characteristics.
Mayer, K.A., M.D. Dailey, and M.A. Miller (2003). Helminth parasites of the southern sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis in central california: abundance, distribution and pathology. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 53(1): 77-88. ISSN: 0177-5103.
Descriptors: infection, parasitology, parasitic infection, parasitic disease, mortality, pathology, peritonitis, digestive system disease, mortality, El Nino, dietary differences, sea otter, energy reserves, host density, intestinal perforation, nutrient uptake, parasitism, helminth, species abundance, species distribution, California.
Mcshane, L.J., J.A. Estes, M.L. Riedman, and M.M. Staedler (1995). Repertoire, structure, and individual variation of vocalizations in the sea otter. Journal of Mammalogy 76(2): 414-427. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Descriptors: behavior, communication, sea otter, vocalizations, social behavior, repertoire, captive, wild, adult, young, complexity, short range, communication.
Miller, M.A., I.A. Gardner, C. Kreuder, D.M. Paradies, K.R. Worcester, D.A. Jessup, E. Dodd, M.D. Harris, J.A. Ames, and A.E. Packham (2002). Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). International Journal of Parasitology 32(8): 997-1006. ISSN: 0020-7519.
NAL Call Number: QH547.I55
Abstract: The association among anthropogenic environmental disturbance, pathogen pollution and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife has been postulated, but not always well supported by epidemiologic data. Specific evidence of coastal contamination of the marine ecosystem with the zoonotic protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, and extensive infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) along the California coast was documented by this study. To investigate the extent of exposure and factors contributing to the apparent emergence of T. gondii in southern sea otters, we compiled environmental, demographic and serological data from 223 live and dead sea otters examined between 1997 and 2001. The T. gondii seroprevalence was 42% (49/116) for live otters, and 62% (66/107) for dead otters. Demographic and environmental data were examined for associations with T. gondii seropositivity, with the ultimate goal of identifying spatial clusters and demographic and environmental risk factors for T. gondii infection. Spatial analysis revealed clusters of T. gondii-seropositive sea otters at two locations along the coast, and one site with lower than expected T. gondii seroprevalence. Risk factors that were positively associated with T. gondii seropositivity in logistic regression analysis included male gender, older age and otters sampled from the Morro Bay region of California. Most importantly, otters sampled near areas of maximal freshwater runoff were approximately three times more likely to be seropositive to T. gondii than otters sampled in areas of low flow. No association was found between seropositivity to T. gondii and human population density or exposure to sewage. This study provides evidence implicating land-based surface runoff as a source of T. gondii infection for marine mammals, specifically sea otters, and provides a convincing illustration of. pathogen pollution in the marine ecosystem.
Descriptors: Enhydra lutris, otters, hosts, Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis, coastal areas, fresh water, runoff water, risk factors, male animals, female animals, seroprevalence, regression analysis, California, southern sea otter.
Miller, M.A., I.A. Gardner, A. Packham, J.K. Mazet, K.D. Hanni, D. Jessup, J. Estes, R. Jameson, E. Dodd, B.C. Barr, L.J. Lowenstine, F.M. Gulland, and P.A. Conrad (2002). Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for demonstration of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Parasitology 88(3): 594-599. ISSN: 0022-3395.
NAL Call Number: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: methods, techniques, parasitology, immunohistochemistry, detection method, indirect fluorescent antibody test, detection method, parasite isolation, sea otter, T. gondii, IFAT, evaluation.
Morita, T., M. Kishimoto, A. Shimada, Y. Matsumoto, and J. Shindo (2001). Disseminated histoplasmosis in a sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Comparative Pathology 125(2-3): 219-223. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: infection, histoplasmosis, fungal disease, sea otter, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, case study.
Mulcahy, D.M. and B.E. Ballachey (1994). Hydrocarbon residues in sea otter tissues. In: Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez, Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, California, USA; London, England, UK, p. 313-330. ISBN: 0124561608.
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion, marine ecology, muscular system, sea otter, pollution, assessment, control, toxicology, urinary system, hydrocarbon residues, Exxon Valdez oil spill, kidney, liver, muscle, petroleum, Prince William Sound.
Nickerson, R. (1989). Sea Otters: a Natural History and Guide, Chronicle Books: San Francisco, 96 p. ISBN: 0877015678.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C25N53
Descriptors: sea otter, guide, natural history.
Olson, W.M. (1995). Morphological integration and evolution of the sea otter skull. American Zoologist 35(5): 120A. ISSN: 0003-1569.
NAL Call Number: 410 AM3
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion, development, evolution, adaptation, morphology, sea otter, physiology, skeletal system, taxonomy, jaw, lutrines, meeting abstract, mustelids, teeth.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists, December 26-30,1995.
Ortiz, R.M. (2001). Osmoregulation in marine mammals. Journal of Experimental Biology 204(11): 1831-44. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Osmoregulation in marine mammals has been investigated for over a century; however, a review of recent advances in our understanding of water and electrolyte balance and of renal function in marine mammals is warranted. The following topics are discussed: (i) kidney structure and urine concentrating ability, (ii) sources of water, (iii) the effects of feeding, fasting and diving, (iv) the renal responses to infusions of varying salinity and (v) hormonal regulation. The kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans are reniculate in structure, unlike those of terrestrial mammals (except bears), but this difference does not confer any greater concentrating ability. Pinnipeds, cetaceans, manatees and sea otters can concentrate their urine above the concentration of sea water, but only pinnipeds and otters have been shown to produce urine concentrations of Na+ and Cl- that are similar to those in sea water. This could afford them the capacity to drink sea water and not lose fresh water. However, with few exceptions, drinking is not a common behavior in pinnipeds and cetaceans. Water balance is maintained in these animals via metabolic and dietary water, while incidental ingestion and dietary salt may help maintain electrolyte homeostasis. Unlike most other aquatic mammals, sea otters commonly drink sea water and manatees frequently drink fresh water. Among the various taxonomic groups of marine mammals, the sensitivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system appears to be influenced by the availability of Na+. The antidiuretic role of vasopressin remains inconclusive in marine mammals, while the natriuretic function of atrial natriuretic peptide has yet to be examined. Ideas on the direction of future studies are presented.
Descriptors: mammals physiology, water electrolyte balance physiology, dolphins physiology, drinking physiology, kidney physiology, kidney concentrating ability, marine biology, otters physiology, renin angiotensin system physiology, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology.
Reimer, D.C. and T.P. Lipscomb (1998). Malignant seminoma with metastasis and herpesvirus infection in a free-living sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29(1): 35-39. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: infection, reproductive system, tumor biology, malignant seminoma, disease, neoplastic disease, metastasis, necropsy, sea otter, herpesvirus, diagnostic method.
Ridgway, S.H. and R.J. Harrison (1981). Handbook of Marine Mammals. The Walrus, Sea Lions, Fur Seals, and Sea Otter, Vol. 1, Academic Press: London; New York, ISBN: 0125885016.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.H34 1981
Descriptors: marine mammals collected works, handbook.
Riedman, M., and Estes, J. A. (1990). The Sea Otter (Enhydra Lutris): Behavior, Ecology, and Natural History. Biological Report. 9014. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 126 p.
NAL Call Number: QH540.U562 no. 90(14)
Descriptors: sea otter, Enhydra.
Ryazanov, D.A. (1996). New data on development of dentition in sea-otter Enchydra lutris (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 75(12): 1907-1908. ISSN: 0044-5134.
NAL Call Number: 410 R92
Descriptors: dentition, embryonic development, milk dentition, embryos, newborn, sea otter, incisors, mandible.
Ryazanov, D.A. and M.K. Maminov (1996). Age and sex determination from canine teeth in sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 75(4): 593-601. ISSN: 0044-5134.
NAL Call Number: 410 R92
Descriptors: dental and oral system, sea otter, age determination, canine teeth, morphology, sex determination.
Schwartz, J., B. Aldridge, M. Blanchard, F.C. Mohr, and J. Stott (2005). The development of methods for immunophenotypic and lymphocyte function analyzes for assessment of southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) health. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 104(1-2): 1-14. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: immune system, lymphocyte function, sea otter, immunophenotypic, assessment, methods, techniques, mononuclear cells, blood cell counts, normal range, health.
Shimoda, T., E. Nakanishi, S. Yoshino, and S. Kobayashi (1996). Light and scanning electron microscopic study on the lingual papillae in the newborn sea otter Enhydra lutris. Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 73(1): 65-74. ISSN: 0030-154X.
Descriptors: cell biology, oral system, tongue, morphology, histology, lingual papillae, shape, tongue morphology, sea otter, electron microscope, light microscope.
Staveley, C.M., K.B. Register, M.A. Miller, S.L. Brockmeier, D.A. Jessup, and S. Jang (2003). Molecular and antigenic characterization of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from a wild southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) with severe suppurative bronchopneumonia. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15(6): 570-574. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL Call Number: SF774.J68
Descriptors: southern sea otter, Enhydra lutris nereis, wild, bacterial diseases, Bordetella bronchiseptica, molecular and antigenic characterization, suppurative, bronchopneumonia, north Pacific, USA, California.
Taylor, B.C., R.M. Brotheridge, D.A. Jessup, and J.L. Stott (2002). Measurement of serum immunoglobulin concentration in killer whales and sea otters by radial immunodiffusion. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 89(3-4): 187-95. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call Number: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dolphins blood, dolphins immunology, immunodiffusion methods, immunoglobulin G blood, otters blood, otters immunology, wild animals, zoo animals, antibody specificity, immunoelectrophoresis, immunoglobulin G isolation and purification, rabbits, reproducibility of results, sensitivity and specificity.
Van Blaricom, G.R. and J.A. Estes (1988). The Community Ecology of Sea Otters, Ecological studies, Springer-Verlag: Berlin; New York, 247 p. ISBN: 0387180907.
NAL Call Number: QH540.E288 v. 65
Descriptors: sea otter California Pacific Coast ecology, animal populations California Pacific Coast, mammals California Pacific Coast ecology.
Voyles, A.L. and B.C. Taylor (1999). Development of monoclonal antibodies to quantify immunoglobulin G in southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 99: 272. ISSN: 1060-2011.
NAL Call Number: QR1.A5
Descriptors: immune system, infection, bacterial infection, sea otter, monoclonal antibodies, immunoglobulin G, development, bacterial disease, meeting abstract, meeting poster.
Notes: Meeting Information: 99th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 30-June 3, 1999.
Williams, T.M. and R.W. Davis (1995). Emergency Care and Rehabilitation of Oiled Sea Otters: a Guide for Oil Spills Involving Fur-Bearing Marine Mammals, University of Alaska Press: Fairbanks, AK., 279 p. ISBN: 0912006773 (cloth); 0912006781 (pbk).
NAL Call Number: QL737.C25E44 1995
Descriptors: sea otter effect of oil spills on, sea otter wounds and injuries treatment, marine mammals effect of oil spills on, marine mammals wounds and injuries treatment, wildlife rehabilitation.