1999

Abdel-Fattah, M.; H. Amer; M.A. Ghoneim; M. Warda; Y. Megahed. Response of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) to intravenous glucagon injection and to infusion of glucose and volatile fatty acis, and the kinetics of glucagon disappearance from the blood. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series A. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag. Oct 1999. 46 (8): 473-481. ISSN: 0931-184X
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, intravenous injection, glucagon, glucose, volatile fatty acids, blood chemistry, blood plasma, blood sugar, blood lipids, lactic acid, species differences.

Abo Shehada, M.N.; H. Anshassi; G. Mustafa; Z. Amr. Prevalence of Surra among camels and horses in Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. Feb 15, 1999. 38 (4): 289-293. ISSN: 0167-5877
NAL Call no.: SF601.P7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, horses, Trypanosoma evansi, disease prevalence, incidence, serological surveys, climatic factors, cattle, goats, donkeys, geographical variation, symptoms, mice, rats, clinical aspects, Jordan.

Al Hazmi, M.A.  A comparative study of behavioural ecology and physiology of Arabian camels Camelus dromedarius from two habitats (high and low land) in the mid-western region of Saudi Arabia.  Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences. A. Zoology. January-June 1999, 18A (1): 11-23.
Descriptors: Camelus dromedarius, two habitats, comparison study, body temperature, behavioral ecology, high and lowland habitats, Wadi Briman and Wadi Liyah, Saudi Arabia.

Al Hazmi, M.A.  Grazing behaviour and food selection of camels (Camelus dromedarius) along Makkah, Al Sail Al Kabir and Taif Road in the mid-western region of Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences A Zoology. January-June 1999, 18A (1): 51-61.
Descriptors: Camelus dromedarius, grazing behavior, food plant choices and preferences, Asir Mountains, Saudi Arabia.  

Al Qudah, K.M.; L.A. Sharif; O.F. Al-Rawashdeh; F.K. Al Ani. Efficacy of closantel plus albendazole liquid suspension against natural infection of gastrointestinal parasites in camels. Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. Mar 31, 1999. 82 (2): 173-178. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, closantel, albendazole, Haemonchus longistipes, Ascaris, Trichuris ovis, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Fasciola hepatica, efficacy, evaluation, infections, Cestoda, oral administration, feces composition, helminth ova, helminth larvae, mixed infections, Jordan.

Alkatheeri, N.A.; I.A. Wasfi; M. Lambert. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ketoprofen after intravenous and intramuscular administration in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Apr 1999. 22 (2): 127-135. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ketoprofen, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, metabolites, drug residues, urine, blood serum.

Alsobayil, F.A.; K.R. Mama. Anesthetic management of dromedary camels. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. Trenton, N.J.: Veterinary Learning Systems. Mar 1999. 21 (3, suppl.): S102-S111. ISSN: 0193-1903
NAL Call no.: SF601.C66
Descriptors: bull camels, preanesthetic medication, restraint, neuroleptics, phenothiazines, agonists, alpha adrenergic receptors, injectable anesthetics, halothane, local anesthetics, anesthesia, anticholinergics.

Bekele, T. Studies on the respiratory disease "Sonbobe" in camels in the eastern lowlands of Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dec 1999. 31 (6): 333-345. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Pasteurella haemolytica, respiratory diseases, morbidity and mortality, symptoms, epidemics, postmortem examinations, oxytetracycline as drug therapy, penicillins, streptomycin, etiology, identification, Ethiopia.

Claus, R.; B. Kaufmann; M. Dehnhard; V. Spitzer. Demonstration of 16-unsaturated C-19 steroids ('boar pheromones') in tissues of the male camel (Camelus dromedarius). Reproduction in Domestic Animals. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH. Dec 1999. 34 (6): 455-458. ISSN: 0936-6768
NAL Call no.: SF105.A1Z8
Descriptors: dromedary camels, male animals, steroids, pheromones, chemical structure, sexual reproduction, testes, chemical composition, glands animal, animal tissues, palatal flap.

Derbala, A.A.; A.A. El Massry. Some studies on the growth and development of Echinococcus granulosus, camel origin in experimentally infected dogs. Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. June 1, 1999. 83 (1): 25-36. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, strains, dogs, experimental infections, growth, biological development, developmental stages, morphology, body measurements, small intestine, histology, camel isolates.

Gharaibeh, N.S.A. N-ethylmaliemide (NEM)-stimulated passive potassium transport in camel erythrocytes: inhibitory effects of age, furosemide, sodium fluoride and okadaic acid. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. Jan 1999. 157 (1): 57-60. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: dromedary camels, erythrocytes, N-ethyl-maleimide, potassium, ion transport, inhibition, age, furosemide, sodium fluoride, enzyme inhibitors, pretreatment.
Abstract: The effects of age, and the inhibitory effects of furosemide, sodium fluoride, and okadaic acid on N-ethyl-maliemide (NEM)-stimulated, ouabain-resistant potassium influx were investigated in camel erythrocytes. The NEM-stimulated influx which declined with the age of erythrocytes, was partially inhibited by 2 mmol/L furosemide, 20 mmol/L sodium fluoride, and completely inhibited by 150nM okadaic acid. The effect of all chemical inhibitors was significant if added before the NEM pretreatment.

Gorban, A.M.S.; O.M. Izzeldin. Study on cholesteryl ester fatty acids in camel and cow milk lipid. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. June 1999. 34 (3): 229-234. ISSN: 0950-5423
NAL Call no.: TP368.J6
Descriptors: camel milk, milk, milk fat, cholesteryl esters, fatty acids, dietary fat, food composition, nutrient content, cholesterol, lactating females, species differences.
Abstract: The average lipid content of mature camel milk (3.48 g 100 g(-1)), was found to be less than cow's milk (3.69 g 100 g(-1)), but the total cholesterol content of camel milk was high (31.32 mg 100 g(-1)) when compared to the total cholesterol content of cow's milk (25.63 mg 100 g(-1)). The average free cholesterol content of mature milk from 54 lactating camels was 21.34 mg 100 g(-1), while the average free cholesterol of mature milk of 24 lactating cows was 17.25 mg 100 g(-1). In the esterified fraction of camel's milk the percentage of saturated fatty acids was 52% with a content of palmitic acid of 18.4%. In cow's milk saturated fatty acids accounted for 58% of the total with a content of palmitic acid of 23.6%. The unsaturated fatty acids fraction in both groups was mainly contributed by oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. Pelargonic acid (C9:0) and decanoic acid (C10:1) were found in significant amounts in mature camel milk, but were only just detectable in cow's milk. The higher content of medium chain fatty acids in camel milk is useful from a nutritional point of view as they are more easily absorbed and metabolized than long chain fatty acids.

Haarmeyer, Petra. Oesophagus and Forestomach Motility, Rumination and Jaw Movements in Camels with Special Reference to Circadian Rhythm and Dehydration. Hannover: [s.n.], 1999. 101 p.: ill.
NAL Call no.: DISS F1999273
Descriptors: camels, digestive system motility, behavior, daily rhythms, effects of water stress.

Han, J.; J. Quan; Z. Men; Y. Zhang; W. Wang. Rapid communication: Three unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms of EcoRI, PvuII, and ScaI digested mitochondrial DNA of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus ferus) in China. Journal of Animal Science. Savoy, IL: American Society of Animal Science. Aug 1999. 77 (8): 2315-2316. ISSN: 0021-8812
NAL Call no.: 49 J82
Descriptors: camels, mitochondrial DNA, wild animals, restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Johnson, E.H.; D.E. Muirhead; R. Al Busaidy; B.E. Musa. The ultrastructural morphology of the camel eosinophil. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. Jan 1999. 157 (1): 79-84. ISSN: 1090-0233
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: camels, eosinophils, morphology, cell ultrastructure, eosinophilia, polymorphism, species differences.
Abstract: The ultrastructural morphology of the eosinophil was studied in specimens of peripheral blood from normal adult camels and those with eosinophilia. Specific granules were extremely polymorphic. The specific granules exhibited the basic structure of an electron-dense crystalloid core surrounded by a lighter, homogeneous matrix. The crystalloid cores were extremely variable in size and shape, often were segmented and demonstrated a variety of lamellated patterns that were transverse, longitudinal or concentric to the long axis of the core. It was not uncommon to observe multiple crystalloid cores in a single granule. In addition to large specific granules, microgranules and specific microgranules were observed. The extreme polymorphism of the specific granules and variety of lamellated patterns differentiate camel eosinophils from those of other species.

Kappeler, S.; Z. Farah; Z. Puhan. Alternative splicing of lactophorin mRNA from lactating mammary gland of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Dairy Science. Savoy, Ill.: American Dairy Science Association. Oct 1999. 82 (10): 2084-2093. ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: dromedary camels, camel milk, whey proteins, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, repetitive DNA, molecular conformation, species differences, alternative splicing, globule membrane. genbank/aj131714.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the corrected structure of lactophorin, a major whey protein in camel milk. The protein had 60.4% amino acid sequence identity to a proteose peptone component 3 protein from bovine whey and 30. 3% identity to the glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 in mice. The N-terminal heterogeneity of the protein was a result of alternative mRNA splicing. About 75% of the protein was expressed as a long variant A with 137 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 15.7 kDa; about 25% was as a short variant B with 122 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 13.8 kDa. Both proteins are probably threefold phosphorylated. In contrast to the related proteins, no glycosylation was found in camel lactophorin. Because of this difference, specific interaction with carbohydrate binding proteins, as reported for the murine protein, can be excluded, and a function of the protein other than cell recognition or rotaviral inhibition is proposed. The concentration of lactophorin in camel milk was found to be about three times higher than the concentration of the bovine homologue in bovine milk. Pronounced similarities existed between the primary and secondary structures of bovine and camel proteins. We speculated that camel lactophorin has a similar function to that of bovine protein in milk, which is supposed to be the prevention of fat globule aggregation and the inhibition of spontaneous lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase.

Kappeler, S.R.; M. Ackermann; Z. Farah; Z. Puhan. Sequence analysis of camel (Camelus dromedarius) lactoferrin. International Dairy Journal. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Limited. 1999. 9 (7): 481-486. ISSN: 0958-6946
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: camel milk, lactoferrin, dromedary camels, amino acid sequences, molecular conformation, antibacterial properties, colostrum, milk composition, molecular sequence data, bacteriostactic activity.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterise camel lactoferrin in terms of primary structure and molecular weight. The protein was eluted from a heparin-sepharose column at a sodium chloride concentration of 0.5 M, and corresponded to bovine lactoferrin in terms of N-terminal sequence and the molecular weight of 80.16-80.73 kDa. Lactoferrin cDNA was PCR amplified, using a cDNA library from lactating mammary gland of a Somali camel. The sequenced clone had a length of 2337 bp and an open reading frame of 2124 bp, which coded for a protein of 708 amino acid residues. The mature protein had a length of 689 amino acid residues, a calculated molecular weight of 75.250 kDa and a calculated isoelectric point at pH 8.14. Primary structure identity to bovine lactoferrin was 74.9%. Concentration of lactoferrin in whole, late-lactational milk was 220 mg l(-1), which was higher than the lactoferrin concentration in comparable bovine milk, which was 140 mg l(-1).

Latif, B.M.A.; J.K. Al Delemi; B.S. Mohammed; S.M. Al Bayati; A.M. Al-Amiry. Prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. meat-producing animals in Iraq. Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. July 1999. 84 (1/2): 85-90. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, camels, Sarcocystis, protozoal infections, disease prevalence, cysts, diagnostic techniques, dogs, experimental infections, feces, sporocysts, disease transmission, Iraq.

Mohamed, H.A.; A.N. Hussein. Studies on normal haematological and serum biochemical values of the 'Hijin' racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kuwait. Veterinary Research Communications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. June 1999. 23 (4): 241-248. ISSN: 0165-7380
NAL Call no.: SF601.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, racing camels, blood chemistry, hematology, blood serum, estimation, hematocrit, erythrocyte count, volume, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, potassium, sodium, iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, glucose, protein content, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, enzyme activity, Kuwait.

Oukessou, M.; B. Berrag; M. Alvinerie. A comparative kinetic study of ivermectin and moxidectin in lactating camels (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Parasitology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. June 15, 1999. 83 (2): 151-159. ISSN: 0304-4017
NAL Call no.: SF810.V4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ivermectin, moxidectin, subcutaneous injection, camel milk, pharmacokinetics, blood plasma, lactation.

Osuobeni, E.P.; W.A. Hamidzada. Ultrasonographic determination of the dimensions of ocular components in enucleated eyes of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Oct 1999. 67(2): 125-129. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, dimensions of the eyes, refractive status, optical characteristics, schematic eyes.
Abstract: The refractive status and visual capabilities of the one-humped camel are not currently known. Schematic eyes are important tools in studying the optical characteristics and refractive status of an eye. The variables required in developing a schematic eye for a particular animal species include the dimensions of the optical components. We have employed A-scan ultrasonography to measure the dimensions of optical components in freshly enucleated eyes of the one-humped camel. Measurements were made in eyes immersed in distilled water kept at 20 degrees C. The average values of the optical components were as follows: anterior chamber depth = 5.27 mm, lens thickness = 10.93 mm, vitreous chamber depth = 14.85 mm and axial length = 31.05 mm. The uncorrected average corneal thickness was 0.76 mm. These values would have to be confirmed in live animal subjects before they can be used to design a schematic eye for the one-humped camel.

Pearce, S.G.; M.B. Hurtig. Surgical repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament in a dromedary camel. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Schaumburg, Ill.: American Veterinary Medical Association. Nov 1, 1999. 215 (9): 1325-1327. ISSN: 0003-1488
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ligaments, rupture, stifle, surgery, autografts, case reports.

Sghiri, A.; M.A. Driancourt. Seasonal effects on fertility and ovarian follicular growth and maturation in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Animal Reproduction Science. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Apr 31, 1999. 55 (3/4): 223-237. ISSN: 0378-4320
NAL Call no.: QP251.A5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, seasonal variation, fertility, ovaries, ovarian follicles, growth, sexual reproduction, semiarid climate, ovulation, age, body condition, maturation, steroidogenesis, conception, testosterone, estradiol, Morocco.

Vellayan, S.; Jeffery, J.; Sulaiman, S.; Zahedi, M.; Oothuman, P.; Krishnasamy, M. The camel nasal bot, Cephalopina titillator (Clark), in the dromedary, Camelus dromedarius at Zoo Negara, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine. December 1999, 16 (2): 53-54. ISSN:  0127-5720.
Descriptors: camel new mammalian host for Cephalopina titillator (Oestridae) exotic imported host, Zoo Negara, Malaysia.

Wanderley, R.C.; G.A. Alhadhrami; M. Pessarakli; J.L. Aquino-Ramos; J.T. Huber. An assessment of the microbial colonization of forage in the rumen of dairy cows and camels. Animal Feed Science and Technology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V. Jan 1999. 76 (3/4): 207-218. ISSN: 0377-8401
NAL Call no.: SF95.A55
Descriptors: camels, dairy cows, rumen, forage, dry matter, nitrogen content, rumen, kinetics. microorganisms and fermentation, colonization, microbial contamination, protein degradation,

Wasfi, I.A.; A.A. Abdel-Hadi; A.K. Bashir; G.A. Alhadrami; M.O.M. Tanira. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the camel. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Feb 1999. 22 (1): 62-64. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, amikacin, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, dosage.

Wasfi, I.A.; I.M. Barezaiq; N.A. Alkatheeri; A.A.A. Hadi; N.S. Boni; A.M. Almurhami; M. Elghazali. The pharmacokinetics of promethazine after intravenous administration in camels. Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Apr 1999. 66 (2): 159-160. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, promethazine, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, time.
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of promethazine were determined in seven camels (Camelus dromedarius) after an intravenous dose of 0(.)5 mg kg body weight(-1). The data obtained (median and range) were as follows: the elimination half-life (t (1/2beta) ) was 5(.)62 (2(.)84-6(.)51) h; the steady state volume of distribution (V(dss)) was 8(.)90 (7(.)10-12(.)00) L kg(-1), total body clearance (C(T)) was 24(.)5 (17(.)22-33(.)65) ml kg(-1) min(-1) and renal clearance (Cl(r) was 4(.)81 (1(.)97-5(.)48) mlkg(-1) min(-1).

Wasfi, I.A.; M. Elghazali; N.S. Boni; A.A.A. Hadi; G.A. Alhadrami; A.M. Almuhrami; N.A. Alkatheeri; I.M. Barezaiq; B.A.O. Agha; S.A. Wajid. The disposition of theophylline in camels after intravenous administration. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Aug 1999. 22 (4): 255-260. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, theophylline, intravenous injection, pharmacokinetics, dosage, metabolites, caffeine, blood serum, urine, binding.
Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of theophylline were determined after an intravenous (i.v.) dose of 2.36 mg/kg in six camels and 4.72 mg/kg body weight in three camels. The data obtained (median and range) for the low and high dose, respectively, were as follows: the distribution half-lives (t(1/2alpha)) were 1.37 (0.64-3.25) and 2.66 (0.83-3.5) h, the elimination half-lives (t(1/2beta)) were 11.8 (8.25-14.9) and 10.4 (10.0-13.5) h, the steady state volumes of distribution (V(ss)) were 0.88 (0.62-1. 54) and 0.76 (0.63-0.76) L/kg, volumes of the central compartment (V(c)) were 0.41 (0.35-0.63) and 0.51 (0.36-0.52) L/kg, total body clearances (Cl(t)) were 62.3 (39.4-97.0) and 50.2 (47.7-67.4) mL/h.kg body weight and renal clearance (V(r)) for the low dose was 0.6 (0.42-0.96) mL/h.kg body weight. There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the two doses. Theophylline protein binding at a concentration of 5 microgram/mL was 32.2 +/- 3.3%. Caffeine was identified as a theophylline metabolite but its concentration in serum and urine was small. Based on the pharmacokinetic values obtained in this study, a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg body weight administered by i.v. injection at 12 h intervals can be recommended. This dosing regimen should achieve an average steady state serum concentration of 10 microgram/mL with peak serum concentration not exceeding 15 microgram/ml.

Williams, O.J. and Central Australian Camel Industry Association. Capture and Handling of Camels Destined for the Abattoir. 1st ed. Alice Springs, N.T.: CACIA, c1999. 16 p.: col. ill. ISBN: 0957705409
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2 W55 1999
Descriptors: camels, handling, capture, restraint, transport, Australia.

Yahaya, M.S.; J. Takahashi; S. Matsuoka; O. Alaku. Ovarian activity of dromedary (single humped) camel (Camelus dromedarius) in North-Eastern Nigeria. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. Seoul, Korea: AAAP and Korean Society of Animal Nutrition. Sept 1999. 12 (6): 868-870. ISSN: 1011-2367
NAL Call no.: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ovaries weight, seasonal fluctuations, follicular fluid, Graafian follicles, corpus luteum, dry season, harmattan, Nigeria.

1998

Abdullani, A.M.; Boehle, W. Camel's milk economics in pastoral Somalia. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 267-273. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, camel's milk, economics, trade, socioeconomic organization, pastoralism, Somalia.

Abdurahman, O.A.Sh. Detection of subclinical mastitis in camels: relationship between udder infection and inflammatory indicators in milk. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 31-34. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: French summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: camel, Camelus bactrianus, Bactrian, dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, pathology, mastitis, pathogen, diagnosis, Sudan, Sweden.

Abeiderrhamane, N. La pasteurisation du lait de chamelle: une experience en Mauritanie. [The pasteurization of camel milk: an experience in Mauritania.] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 213-219. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, pasteurizing, pasteurized milk, camel's milk, cow's milk, dairy, marketing, supply balance, season, Mauritania.

Abu Elzein, E.M.E.; M.A. Sandouka; A.I. Al Afaleq; O.B. Mohamed; J.R.B. Flamand. Arbovirus infections of ruminants in Al-Rub Al-Khali desert. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Feb 21, 1998. 142 (8): 196-197. ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: sheep, goats, camels, bluetongue virus, small ruminants virus, akabane virus, contagious ecthyma virus, viral diseases, disease surveys, antibody testing, deserts.

Abu-Lehia, I.H. Recombined camel's milk powder. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p.181-184. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, powdered milk, reconstituted milk, organoleptic analysis.

Abu Taraboush, H.M.; M.M. Al Dagal; M.A. Al Royli. Growth, viability, and proteolytic activity of bifidobacteria in whole camel milk. Journal of Dairy Science. Savoy, Ill.: American Dairy Science Association. Feb 1998. 81 (2): 354-361. ISSN: 0022-0302
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: camel milk, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium, cold storage, refrigeration, enzyme activity, proteolysis, survival, species differences, acidity, Saudi Arabia, Bifidobacterium angulatum.
Abstract: Four species of Bifidobacteria were evaluated for growth, viability, and proteolytic activity in whole camel milk, and comparison was made with whole cow milk. Growth of all species in either whole milk was characterized by the appearance of two logarithmic phases following anaerobic incubation at 37 degrees C for 36 h. The growth rate of Bifidobacterium longum 15707 was higher in camel milk than in bovine milk and was higher for Bifidobacterium angulatum 27535 in bovine milk than in camel milk. Bifidobacterium bifidum 2715 and Bifidobacterium breve 2258 showed the same trend as B. angulatum 27535 after 16 h of postinoculation. Viable counts of all species except B. bifidum 2715 increased in the fermented whole milks during the first 3 d of storage at 4 degrees C. However, such counts did not change in unfermented milk, except for B. longum 15707, which showed an increase in viable counts after 12 d of storage. Viability of all species in both fermented and unfermented milks was unaffected during refrigerated storage for 15 d. All species except B. longum 15707 showed higher proteolytic activity in fermented camel milk than in bovine milk. However, proteolytic activity of all species except B. breve 2258 started at d 9 in unfermented camel milk only and increased sharply until the end of the storage period.

Al-Ani, F.K.; Al-Shareefi, M.R. Studies on mastitis in lactating one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iraq. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 121-124. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, mastitis, mammary glands, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermides, E. coli, Streptococcus, Micrococcus ssp., Pasteurella hemolytica, Corynebacterium pyrogenes, Iraq.

Ali, B.H.; Y.C. Wong; G.A. Alhadrami; B.G. Charles; A.K. Bashir. Plasma pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular furosemide in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Jan/Feb 1998. 64 (1): 69-72. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, furosemide, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, pharmacokinetics, electrolytes, blood plasma.
Abstract: Single bolus intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) doses of furosemide (1.5 mg kg-1) were administered in a crossover design to three female and three male adult, dromedary camels. Plasma furosemide concentrations were assayed by HPLC and sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations were measured using ion-selective electrodes. Plasma furosemide concentration-time plots indicated multi-compartment disposition, and there was considerable intersubject variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters. The mean (SD) i.v. terminal elimination half-life was 118 (67) minutes. The systemic clearance was 5.4 (1.2) ml min-1 kg-1, and the steady-state volume of distribution was 0.43 (0.14) litre kg-1. The mean absorption time after i.m. dosing was 33 (62) minutes, while the absolute bioavailability was 71(20) per cent. The glucuronide metabolite of furosemide was not detected in plasma. Clearance was lower, volume of distribution was larger, and half-life was longer compared with published data for dogs, horses, rats and humans. Plasma potassium and sodium concentrations were significantly diminished (P<0.05) by an average of 35.6 per cent (two to six hours post-dose) and 11.3 per cent (eight hours post-dose), respectively. Plasma chloride concentrations were not significantly affected by furosemide administration.

Bengoumi, M.; A.K. Essamadi; J.C. Tressol; J.P. Chacornac; B. Faye. Comparative effects of selenium supplementation on the plasma selenium concentration and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in cattle and camels. Animal Science. Midlothian, U.K.: British Society of Animal Science. Dec 1998. 67 (pt.3): 461-466. ISSN: 1357-7298
NAL Call no.: SF1.A56
Descriptors: dromedary camels, cattle, species differences, mineral supplements, blood plasma, selenium, dietary minerals, erythrocytes, glutathione peroxidase, enzyme activity, mineral metabolism, comparative study, Morocco.

Bengoumi, M.; A.K. Essamadi; J.C. Tressol; B. Faye. Comparative study of copper and zinc metabolism in cattle and camel. Biological Trace Element Research. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. Aug 1998. 63 (2): 81-94. ISSN: 0163-4984
NAL Call no.: QP534.B56
Descriptors: camels, cattle, Zn, zinc, Cu, copper, nutrient requirements, mineral nutrition, mineral metabolism, species differences.

Bengoumi, M.; Faye, B.; Tressol, J.C. Composition minerale du lait de chamelle du Sud marocain. [Mineral composition of the camel milk from southern Morocco] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 145-149. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, composition, minerals, blood plasma, animal nutrition, Morocco.

Bonnet, Pascal. CIRAD (Organization). Dromadaires et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Colloques; 1264-112X. Colloques (Cirad (Organization)). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. 301 p., ix p. of plates: ill. (some col.), maps. ISBN: 2876143070
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, conference, dairy animals.

El Sawalhy, A.; J.R. Seed. Diagnosis of trypanosomiasis in experimental mice and field-infected camels by detection of antibody to trypanosome tyrosine aminotransferase. Journal of Parasitology. Lawrence, Kan.: American Society of Parasitologists. Dec 1998. 84 (6): 1245-1249. ISSN: 0022-3395
NAL Call no.: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: Trypanosoma evansi, mice, dromedary camels, infections, experimental infections, immunodiagnosis, tyrosine, aminotransferases, enzyme activity.

Elagamy, E.I. Camel's colostrum. Antimicrobial factors. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 177-180. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, colostrum, immunoglobulin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, Egypt.

Elamin, E.A.; M.O.A. El Bashir; E.M.A. Saeed. Prevalence and infection pattern of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in mid-eastern Sudan. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Apr 1998. 30 (2): 107-114. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, serological surveys, trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma evansi, disease prevalence, ELISA, diagnostic techniques, hematocrit, age differences, sex differences, nomadism, agro-pastoral systems, dry season, wet season, buf fy coat, Sudan.

Elmahdi, Barakat E.M. Comparative Aspects of Glucose Metabolism in Camels, Sheep, Horses and Ponies. [Hannover: s.n., 1998?] iv, 101 p.: ill
NAL Call no.: DISS F1998052
Discriptors: camels, sheep, horses, comparative metabolic studies.

Farah, Z.; Streiff, T. Processing options for camel's milk: field studies in north-eastern Kenya. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 151-154. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, butter, cultured milk, dairy, Kenya.

Field, C.R.; Tullu, D.; McLeod, A. Condensed camel's milk: a new approach to food security in Kenya. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 227-235. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, camel's milk, evaporated milk, food security, pastoralism, arid zones, semiarid zones, Kenya.

Gameel, A.A.; A.A. Hegazy; N. Yassein. Primary bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Mar 7, 1998. 142 (10): 252. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, adenocarcinoma, lungs, histopathology, case reports, Saudi Arabia.

Gharaibeh, N.S.A. N-ethylmaliemide (NEM)-stimulated potassium transport in camel erythrocytes. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. Sept 1998. 156 (2): 145-148. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: camels, erythrocytes, potassium, ion transport, N-ethylmaleimide.

Gnan, S.O.; Mohamed, M.O.; Shereha, A.M.; Igwegbe, A.O. Antimicrobial activity of camel's milk. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 185-187. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, cow, milk, antimicrobial activity, Libya.

Gnan, S.O.; Mohamed, M.O.; Shereha, A.M.; Igwegbe, A.O. Fermentation ability of camel's milk. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 173-176. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, cow, milk, lactic fermentation, Libya.

Heller, M.; D. Anderson; F. Silveira. Streptococcal peritonitis in a young dromedary camel. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. Apr 1998. 76 (4): 253-254. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, peritonitis, septicemia, treatment, case reports.

Hadi, A.A.A.; I.A. Wasfi; A.K. Bashir; F.A. Gadir. Pharmacokinetics of streptomycin in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Dec 1998. 21 (6): 494-496. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, streptomycin, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, dosage.

Hosseini, S.H.; A. Eslami. Morphological and developmental characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus derived from sheep, cattle and camels in Iran. Journal of Helminthology. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. Dec 1998. 72 (4): 337-341. ISSN: 0022-149X
NAL Call no.: 436.8 J82
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, cestode larvae, developmental stages, parasitic nematodes, intermediate hosts, strains, experimental infections, dogs, biological development, species differences, sheep, cattle.

Hulsebusch, C.G.; Kaufmann, B.A.; Atkins, D.J.; Evans, J.O. Milk production of Somali and Turkana type dromedaries under semiarid conditions in Kenya. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 137-142. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: French summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, pastoralism, semiarid climate, Kenya.

Ibrahem, M.M.; P.S. Craig. Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Libya. Journal of Helminthology. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. Mar 1998. 72 (1): 27-31. ISSN: 0022-149X.
NAL Call no.: 436.8 J82
Descriptors: echinococcus, camels, meat animals, disease prevalence, zoonoses.

Indra, R.; Erdenebaatar, B. Camel's milk processing and its consumption patterns in Mongolia. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 257-261. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: camel, Camelus bactrianus, milk, milk products, processing, Mongolia.

Ismail, M.D.; Mutairi, S.E. Al. Milk production potential of dairy camels in northern Saudi Arabia. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 35-40. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, breed, lactation, Saudi Arabia.

Jacquiet, P.; Dia, M.L.; Cheikh, D.; Thiam, E.; Aminetou, M.M. Parasitisme et production laitiere. [Parasites in milk production.] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 41-45. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, ruminant, parasitic diseases, milk production, lactation, reproduction, Mauritania.

Kamoun, M. Approche pratique des besoins energetiques, azotes et hydriques des Negga (Camelus dromedarius) en lactation. [A practical approach on the needs of energy from nitrogen and hydrogen, of the Necca camel during lactation.] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 47-54. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: In French with and English summary.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: Negga dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, animal nutrition, pregnancy, lactation, growth, Tunisia.

Kappeler, S.; Z. Farah; Z. Puhan. Sequence analysis of Camelus dromedarius milk caseins. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. May 1998. 65 (2): 209-222. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: dromedaries, camel milk, casein, protein composition, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, beta casein, kappa casein, alphas1 casein, alphas2 casein, species differences, molecular conformation, phosphorylation, molecular sequence data.
Abstract: alpha s1-, alpha s2-, beta- and kappa-caseins from Somali camels (Camelus dromedarius) were purified by acid precipitation at pH 4.4, crudely separated into an alpha-CN and a beta-CN fraction and further purified by reversed-phase HPLC. Fragments of tryptic digests were sequenced. Amino acid patterns obtained were used to screen a cDNA library constructed from mRNA from lactating udder tissue. Full length clones corresponding to the four caseins were sequenced. The numbers of residues in the sequences deduced were alpha s1-CN 207, alpha s2-CN 178, beta-CN 217, kappa-CN 162. Percentage similarity to bovine proteins was alpha s1-CN A 39, alpha s2-CN 56, beta-CN 64, kappa-CN 56. Acid-precipitated casein of pooled milk was separated by reversed-phase HPLC and monitored at 220 nm, and its composition, estimated from peak integration, was (g/kg total casein) alpha s1-CN 220, alpha s2-CN 95, beta-CN 650, kappa-CN 35. Degrees of phosphorylation and glycosylation were determined by laser ionization mass spectrometry and sequence pattern analysis. Molecular masses determined were (kDa) alpha s1-CN A, 24.755 and 24.668; alpha s1-CN B, 25.293; alpha s2-CN 21.993; beta-CN, 24.900; kappa-CN 22.294-22.987. The pH values of the most probable isoelectric points were: alpha s1-CN A 6P 4.41, alpha s1-CN B 6P 4.40, alpha s2-CN 9P 4.58, beta-CN 4P 4.66, kappa-CN 1P, with ten sialic acid residues bound, 4.10.

Karue, C.N. The dairy characteristics of the Kenyan camel. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 55-60. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, dairy cow, milk production, lactation, milking, animal nutrition, pastoralism, Kenya.

Khanna, N.D.; Sahani, M.S.; Rai, A.K. The camel as a milk animal: an Indian experience. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 95-100. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, colostrum, chemical composition, milk production, milking, animal nutrition, body weight, India.

Kumar, R.; A.P. Singh; M. Kapoor; A.K. Rai. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and dosage regimen of sulphadiazine (SDZ) in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Oct 1998. 21 (5): 393-399. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, sulfadiazine, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, dosage, intravenous injection, oral administration, half life.

Larsson-Raznikiewicz, M.; Mohamed, M.A. Camel's (Camelus dromedarius) milk: properties important for processing procedures and nutritional value. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. 301 p. Chapter pagination: 189-196. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk casein, coagulation, cheese, Somalia.

Li, Yunzhang; Yang, Xiaoye; Xing, Zhengui; Hao, Lujun. [Observations on the life habits of Cephalopina titillator from Bactrian camels.]  Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. January 1998, 28 (1): 5-7; Sum. 245. ISSN:  1000-6419. Note:  In Chinese.
Descriptors: Cephalopina titillator (Oestridae), isolates from Bactrian camel host, biology, life history.

Marichatou, H.; Matinat, N.; Lecompte, F.; Bonnin, G.; Anouassi, A.; Combarnous, Y. Production and characterization of reference preparations for pituitary hormones from the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius): camLH, camFSH, camGH and cam PRL and setting-up of homologous immunoassays (RIA and ELISA) for cam PRL. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 129-136. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, hormone, pituitary gland, immunology, ELISA, lactation, reproduction.

Minoia, P.; Garicci, A.C.; Massari, S.; Bozzetti, M.; Dell'Aquila, M.E.; Lacalandra, G.M. Isolation and characterization of dromedary camel K-casein cDNA. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 155-158. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, casein, PCR, gene.

Moslah, M. La production laitiere du dromadaire en Tunisie. [Milk production of the Dromedary in Tunisia.] Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 61-65. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in English.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: Maghrebi dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, lactation, animal nutrition, rangeland, Tunisia.

Nazifi, S.; K. Maleki. Biochemical analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult camels (Camelus dromedarius). Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. July/Aug 1998. 65 (1): 83-84. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, blood serum, blood chemistry, cerebrospinal fluid, chemical composition, enzymes, enzyme activity, normal values.
Abstract: The concentrations of total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, copper, magnesium, and iron and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), creatine kinase (CK) and amylase were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 21 clinically healthy adult camels. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in CSF were similar to those of serum, whereas the values for all other constituents were significantly higher (P<0.05) in serum than in CSF.

Ochirkhuyag, B.; J.M. Chobert; M. Dalgalarrondo; Y. Choiset; T. Haertle. Characterization of whey proteins from Mongolian yak, khainak, and Bactrian camel. Journal of Food Biochemistry. Trumbull, Conn.: Food and Nutrition Press Inc. June 1998. 22(2): 105-124. ISSN: 0145-8884.
NAL Call no.: TX545.J6
Descriptors: yaks, Bactrian camels, dromedary camels, ruminants, milk proteins, amino acids, amino acid sequences, fractionation, comparisons, alpha lactalbumin, amino acid composition, molecular sequence data, N-terminal amino acid sequences, comparative study.
Abstract: The composition of whey proteins from ruminant Mongolian domestic animals was analyzed and a comparative study between camel (Camelus bactrianus) and dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) was made. Whey proteins were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence determination. The main components of wheys of yak and khainak were nearly identical with their bovine counterparts. Three different forms of alpha-lactalbumin were isolated in the whey of Camelus bactrianus and two from Camelus dromedarius. As shown by classical biochemical and immunological studies, beta-lactoglobulin was absent from whey of both Camelus. Camel whey basic protein (CWBP), having no analogy with known milk and nonmilk proteins, was identified in the whey of Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius and its N-terminal sequence was determined.

Omer, O.H.; M. Magzoub; E.M. Haroun; O.M. Mahmoud; Y.M. Abdel-Hamid. Diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) by the passive haemagglutination test and Ag-ELISA. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag. Dec 1998. 45 (10): 627-633. ISSN: 0931-1793.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: dromedary, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, hemagglutination tests, ELISA, immunodiagnosis, antibodies, antigens, experimental infections, seroconversion, blood serum, serology, surveys, age differences, parasitology, Saudi Arabia.

Simpkin, S.P. Traditional camel management methods in Kenya with special reference to milk production. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. 301 p. Chapter pagination: 67-78. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, animal husbandry method, milk production, milking, animal nutrition, breed, animal health, reproduction, Kenya.

Skidmore, J.A.; G.R. Starbuck; G.E. Lamming; W.R. Allen. Control of luteolysis in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Cambridge, U.K. Nov 1998. 114 (2): 201-209. ISSN: 0022-4251.
NAL Call no.: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: dromedary camels, white blood cells, cell lysis.

Wangoh, J.; Z. Farah; Z. Puhan. Iso-electric focusing of camel milk proteins. International Dairy Journal. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Limited. July 1998. 8 (7): 617-621. ISSN: 0958-6946.
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: dromedary camels, milk composition, proteins, casein, whey protein, isoelectric focusing, genetic polymorphism, breed differences, amino acid sequences.

Wardeh, M.F. Dairy camel breeds in the Arab Countries. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 125-128. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk yielding animals, breed, classification, Algeria, Libya, Sudan.

Wasfi, I.A.; N.S. Boni; A.A. Abdel-Hadi; M. Elghazali; O. Zorob; N.A. Alkatheeri; I.M. Barezaiq. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of flunixin after intravenous administration in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. June 1998. 21 (3): 203-208. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, flunixin, intravenous injection, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, dosage effects, metabolites, urine, detection, time, half life.

Wasfi, I.A.; M. Elghazali; A.A.A. Hadi; O. Zorob; N.S. Boni; N.A. Alkatheeri; I.M. Barezaiq. Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid and its detection time in urine after intravenous administration of the drug in camels (Camelus dromedarius). American Journal of Veterinary Research. Schaumburg, Ill.: American Veterinary Medical Association. Nov 1998. 59 (11): 1451-1458. ISSN: 0002-9645
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: dromedary camels, non steroidal antiinflammatory agents, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, urine, detection, metabolites, intravenous injection, drug residues, racing animals.

Wernery, U.; Haydn-Evans, J.; Kinne, J. Amprolium-induced cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in dromedary racing camels. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series B. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag. Aug 1998. 45 (6): 335-343. ISSN: 0931-1793
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Z52
Descriptors: dromedary camels, racing animals, amprolium, barley, feeds, hay, thiamin phosphates, blood chemistry, histopathology, clinical aspects, symptoms, potassium, anemia, blood sugar, glucose, enzymes, muscles, leukocyte count, hematology.

Zhang, L.H.; J.J. Chai; W. Jiao; Y. Osman; D.P. McManus. Mitochondrial genomic markers confirm the presence of the camel strain (G6 genotype) of Echinococcus granulosus in north-western China. Parasitology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jan 1998. 116 (pt.1): 29-33. ISSN: 0031-1820.
NAL Call no.: 448.8 P21
Descriptors: Echinococcus granulosus, strains, genotypes, man, sheep, cattle, camels, zoonoses, mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome C oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase, structural genes, nucleotide sequences, restriction fragment length polymorphism, genetic markers, echinococcosis, Xinjiang, COI gene, NDI gene, molecular sequence data, sequence alignment.

Zhao, X.X. Milk production of Chinese Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 101-105. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: Bactrian camel, Camelus bactrianus, milk production, China.

Zhao, X.X.; Y. Zhang; B.X. Chen. Serum progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations during pregnancy of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Theriogenology. New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science Inc. Sept 1998. 50 (4): 595-604. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, pregnancy, blood serum, progesterone, estradiol, ovulation, gestation period.
Abstract: Serum progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol during pregnancy in the Bactrian camel were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum progesterone concentrations increased by 15 d after artificial insemination(AI) and remained elevated throughout most of gestation, the mean concentrations (3.06+/-0.49 to 8.51+/-4.80 ng/mL) were similar to those reported for many species during the same stage of pregnancy. Serum 17 beta estradiol increased significantly from 11 mo of pregnancy with peak mean concentrations of 617.47+/-32.56 pg/mL at the 11.5 mo.

Zia-Ur-Rahman; Straten, M.V.; Haq, I.U. Blood biochemical, hormonal profiles and mild composition of low and high yielding camel. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. 301 p. Chapter pagination: 163-165. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, milk, hormone, urea, fatty acid, Pakistan.

Zia-Ur-Rahman; Straten, M.V. Milk production and composition in lactating camels injected with recombinating bovine somatotropin. Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 159-161. ISBN: 2876143070. ISSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk, milk production, chemical composition, somatotropin, Pakistan.

Zia-Ur-Rahman; Haq, I.U. Milk production potential of camels in Punjab (Pakistan). Dromedaries et Chameaux, Animaux Laitiers: Actes du Colloque, 24-26 Octobre 1994, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. Bonnet, Pascal (ed.). Montpellier: CIRAD, c1998. p. 107-109. ISBN: 2876143070. SSN: 1264-112X. Note: Summary in French.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2D76 1998
Descriptors: dromedary, Camelus dromedarius, milk production, chemical composition, animal nutrition, Pakistan.

1997

Abdel-Rahim, S.E.A. Studies on the age of puberty of male camels (Camelus dromedaries [sic]) in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. July 1997. 154 (1): 79-83. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Najdi, Mojaheem, Wadah, age, puberty, sexual development, sexual maturity, body weight, testes, diameter, penis, semen characters, mating ability, comparison study, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: Aspects of sexual development and attainment of sexual and breeding maturity were studied in two groups of Najdi camels (Mojaheem and Wadah), maintained in stalls under good nutritional conditions. Body weight, testes diameter and degree of penile freedom were recorded weekly. Sexual maturity was assessed by the examination of semen collected by an artificial vagina. Puberty was defined as the stage when the animal was able to produce viable sperms. Mating, followed by strong jerks and ejaculation of mature sperms, was taken to indicate onset of breeding maturity. Mojaheem camels reached sexual maturity at a significantly younger age and heavier weight (164 weeks and 360 kg) than Wadah camels (182 weeks and 336.5 kg) (P < 0.001). Complete separation of the penis from preputial adhesions occurred at an average age of 138.6 weeks in both breeds. At the point of sexual maturity, the mean percentage of live spermatozoa was 65.1 +/- 5.2 while percentage of abnormal sperms was 17.6 +/- 2.2; total motility was 40 +/- 16% and progressive motility (48 +/- 12.2% (semen pH range 7.8-8.2). The percentage of live sperm was 65 +/- 1.5 (normal sperms 82 +/- 4). It is suggested that the encouragement of rapid growth during the pubertal period in camels managed under good nutritional and environmental conditions could assist early sexual development and breeding maturity.

Adeghate, E. Immunohistochemical identification of pancreatic hormones, neuropeptides and cytoskeletal proteins in pancreas of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Morphology. New York, N.Y.: Wiley Liss. Feb 1997. 231 (2): 185-193. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: dromedary camels, pancreatic hormones, identification techniques, insulin, glucogon, atrial natriuretic peptide, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, neurofilament-200 protein, S-100 protien, vimentin,
Abstract: The patterns of distribution of insulin (INS), glucagon (GLU), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), neuropeptide-Y (NPY), cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), neurofilament-200 protein (NF), S-100 protein (S-100), and vimentin (VIM) in the pancreas of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. INS-immunoreactive cells were observed in the central and peripheral parts of the islets of Langerhans, but some solitary INS-positive cells were found outside the islets. INS-positive cells constituted 44.26-90.91% [mean +/- standard deviation (std): 67.34 +/- 14.20] of the total number of islet cells. GLU-immunopositive cells were located mainly in the peripheral region of the islets, and they constituted 11.43-44.44% [mean +/- std: 23.54 +/- 8.27] of the total number of islet cells. ANP and CCK-8 immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and perivascular nerves fibers. NPY was identified in pancreatic neurons and in some peripheral and central cells of the islets of Langerhans. VIM immunoreactivity was observed in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and the nerves located in the perivascular, interlobular and periacinar regions. VIM was also detected immunohistochemically in the periductal nerves of the pancreas. NF occurred only in nerves. S-100 was discerned mainly in the nerves of the interlobular connective tissue and in nerves lying close to blood vessels and acinar tissue. It is concluded that INS, GLU, ANP, NPY, CCK-8, NF, S-100, and VIM are well distributed in the pancreas of the camel.

Agarwal, S.P.; A.K. Rai; N.D. Khanna. Induction of sexual activity in female camels during the nonbreeding season. Theriogenology. New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Science Inc. Jan 15, 1997. 47 (2): 591-600. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, induced ovulation, conception rate, anestrus females, synthetic progestogens, chorionic gonadotropin, LH, eCG, hCG, GnRH, blood serum, estradiol, progesterone, corpus luteum, standing reflex, hydroxyprogesterone-hexanoate.
Abstract: Sixteen anestrous adult female camels (Camelus dromedarius) in good health and with inactive ovaries were selected from the herd during the month of June (non-breeding season). The camels were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. To induce ovarian activity, camels in Groups I, II and III were given an intramuscular injection of 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate followed by 1000 IU eCG on days 2 and 3 of treatment. The camels were mated on Day 5 after the last eCG injection. Ovulation in Groups II and III was induced by intravenous administration of 3000 IU hCG and 40 mcg GnRH, respectively. Group IV was administered saline and served as the control. Periodic examinations per rectum were performed to explore the status of the ovaries. Blood samples were collected at 8 different stages and sera were analyzed for estradiol 17-B and progesterone using specific RIA kits. All camels in the control and treated groups were mated successfully. Levels of estradiol 17-B did not exhibit any particular trend. Blood progesterone levels suggested ovulation in 2 camels (50%) in Group I and in 3 camels (75%) in each of Groups of II and III. This was confirmed by presence of CL in the ovary during per rectum examination. No camel ovulated in the control group. One camel conceived in each of Groups I and III.

Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management. The Camel (Camelus dromedarius). SCARM report; no. 61. Model code of practice for the welfare of animals. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO, 1997. v, 17 p. ISBN: 0643062823.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2A37 1997
Descriptors: animal welfare, camels, care and management, Code of Practice, Australia, New Zealand.

Ali, B.H.; G.A. Alhadrami; A.K. Bashir. Furosemide-induced changes in plasma and blood volume of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Dec 1997. 20 (6): 483-486. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, furosemide, blood plasma, blood volume, blood proteins, hematocrit, diuresis, urine, dosage effects, intravenous injection, drug effects, plasma total solids.

Assad, F.; M.T. Bayoumi; H.S. Khamis. Impact of long-term administration of saline water and protein shortage on the haemograms of camels and sheep. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Sept 1997. 37 (1): 71-81. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, sheep, blood profiles, salt water effects, long term exposure, Egypt.

Cui, S.; Z.M. Xie. Gross anatomy of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve of the head and cranial neck region in the Bactrian camel. Veterinary Journal. London: Balliere Tindall, c1997-. May 1998. 155 (3): 317-322. ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call no.: SF601.V484
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, neuroanatomy, peripheral nerves, vagus nerve, head and neck, accessory nerve, cervical nerves.
Abstract: Seven heads and necks of Bactrian camels were dissected to investigate the origin, course, branches and distribution of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve in the cranial cervical region. The spinal root and external branch of the accessory nerve were not present, but there was a delicate communicating branch between the dorsal root of the first cervical nerve and the root of the vagus nerve. The sternocephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve while the brachiocephalic and trapezius muscles were supplied by the sixth and seventh cervical nerves. In the head and cranial cervical region of the Bactrian camel the vagus nerve gave off the auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, cranial laryngeal nerve, a common trunk to the larynx, oesophagus and trachea, and some communicating branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, first cervical nerves and the cranial cervical ganglion.

Dunnett, M.; R.C. Harris; M.Z. Soliman; A.S.S. Suwar. Carnosine, anserine and taurine contents in individual fibres from the middle gluteal muscle of the camel. Research in Veterinary Science. London, U.K.: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. May/June 1997. 62 (3): 213-216. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, gluteus muscles, muscle fibers, carnosine, anserine, dipeptides, taurine, chemical composition.
Abstract: High muscle carnosine and anserine contents contribute significantly to intra-cellular physico-chemical buffering. Our aim was to measure carnosine, anserine and taurine contents directly in individual type I, IIA and IIB fibres from the middle gluteus muscle of the camel. Mean carnosine contents in type I, IIA and IIB were 24.6 +/- 9.2, 39.4 +/- 11.4 and 42.8 +/- 18.8 mmol kg-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. Mean anserine contents in type I, IIA and IIB fibres were 30.0 +/- 8.4, 37.3 +/- 10.1 and 34.5 +/- 9.7 mmol kg-1 dw, respectively. Mean taurine contents in type I, IIA and IIB fibres were 42.4 +/- 15.9, 20.3 +/- 12.9 and 24.7 +/- 15.9 mmol kg-1 dw, respectively. Higher carnosine contents in type II fibres emphasise the importance of carnosine to intra-muscular acid-base regulation. A specific role for taurine in type I fibres is unclear.

Elmahdi, B.; H.P. Sallmann; H. Fuhrmann; W. von Engelhardt; M. Kaske. Comparative aspects of glucose tolerance in camels, sheep, and ponies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Tarrytown, NY: Elsevier Science Inc. Sept 1997. 118A (1): 147-151.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, ponies, sheep, comparison study, blood plasma glucose levels, intravenous glucose tolerance, cellular insulin levels.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to gain information about factors responsible for the higher level of plasma glucose in camels as compared to sheep and ponies. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was carried out with four camels, four ponies, and four sheep by infusing 1 mmol glucose per kg body weight intravenously within 3 min. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were estimated in venous plasma samples taken before and within 6 hr after infusion. Basal glucose values were higher in camels (7.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/l) than in ponies (4.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/l) and sheep (3.4 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). The rate of glucose elimination was markedly lower in camels (0.270 +/- 0.018 hr-1) than in sheep (0.804 +/- 0.036 hr-1) and ponies (0.858 +/- 0.084 hr-1). The insulin response after glucose infusion was more pronounced in ponies and sheep than in camels. Concentrations of NEFA in plasma dropped 30 min after the infusion in all species, however, NEFA level decreased slower in camels than in sheep and ponies. It is concluded that the markedly higher plasma concentration of glucose in camels compared to sheep and ponies may be caused by a poorer insulin response and/or a reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin.

Elsheikh, H.A. A comparative study of some drug metabolizing enzymes in lungs of dromedary camels, Desert sheep and Nubian goats. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Dec 1997. 20 (6): 496-498. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Desert sheep, Nubian goats, lungs enzymes, drug metabolism, enzyme activity, sex differences, species differences, protein content.

Gorban, A.M.S.; O.M. Izzeldin. Mineral content of camel milk and colostrum. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aug 1997. 64 (3): 471-474. ISSN: 0022-0299
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camel milk, colostrum, mineral content, milk composition.

Kadir, A.; B.H. Ali; G. Al Hadrami; A.K. Bashir; M.F. Landoni; P. Lees. Phenylbutazone pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Feb 1997. 20 (1): 54-60. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, phenylbutazone, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, oxyphenbutazone, thromboxanes.

Kaluz, S.; M. Kaluzova; A.P.F. Flint. Sequencing analysis of prion genes from red deer and camel. Gene. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Oct 15, 1997. 199 (1/2): 283-286. ISSN: 0378-1119
NAL Call no.: QH442.A1G4
Descriptors: camels, red deer, Cervus elaphus, structural genes, animal proteins, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, open reading frames, species differences.

Kamal, M.A. Effect of sevin on kinetic parameters of camel retina acetylcholinesterase. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. Marrickville, N.S.W., Australia: Academic Press. June 1997. 42 (2): 235-246. ISSN: 1039-9712
NAL Call no.: QD415.A1B52
Descriptors: camels, sevin insecticide effects, kinetic parameters, retina membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase.
Abstract: The present investigation addresses the effect of sevin (insecticide) on kinetic parameters of camel retina membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7). The Michaelis-Menten constant (Ks) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide (ASCh) by AChE was 0.072 mM in the control system, a value decreased by 38-55% in the sevin treated systems. The Vmax was 0.967 micromoles/min/mg protein for the control system while it was decreased by 50-84% in the sevin treated systems. The Lineweaver-Burk plot, Dixon plot, and their secondary replots indicated that the nature of the inhibition was of the linear mixed type, i.e. uncompetitive and noncompetitive. The values of Ki(slope) and KI(intercept) were estimated as 6.194 and 2.811 micr omolar, respectively. The turnover number (Kcat) and specificity constant (Ksp) were 74.65 min-1 and 10.37 X 10(5)(M. min)-1 in the control system respectively, while the values for both parameters were significantly decreased in the sevin treated systems.

Kudi, A.C.; D.J.U. Kalla; M.C. Kudi; G.I. Kapio. Brucellosis in camels. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Oct 1997. 37 (2): 413-417. ISSN: 0140-1963
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: Brucella, infectious diseases, disease process, incidence, Nigeria.

Kumar, A.; N. Jindal. Rabies in a camel--a case report. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Feb 1997. 29 (1): 34. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: camels, rabies, occurrence, case study, India.

Li, Yunzhang; Yang, Xiaoye; Zhu, Yongwang; Xing, Zhengui; Wu, Haiying; Tang, Shengming; Hao, Lujun; Baiyinwuliji.[Epidemiological investigation of immature Cephalopina titillator infestation in Bactrian camels.] Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. D ecember 1997, 27 (12): 11-12; Sum. 244. ISSN:  1000-6419. Note:  In Chinese with a Chinese and an English summary.   
Descriptors: Bactrian camels, Cephalopina titillator (Oestridae), Camelus bactrianus, epidemiology of immature stages, infestation levels, Alashen district, Nei Mongol.

Mukhwana, E.J.; E.S. Mitema. Comparative efficacy of three anthelmintics against mixed gastrointestinal nematode infections in camels. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. May 1997. 29 (2): 99-101. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, albendazole, levamisole, thiophanate, nematode infections, helminth ova, drug efficacy, Kenya.

Ouma, J.O.; W. Olaho-Mukani; B.E.L. Wishitemi; S.O. Guya. Changes in classical pathway complement activity in dromedary camels experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. June 1997. 57 (1/2): 135-140. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Trypanosoma evansi, surra, parasitic disease, effects on blood complement levels, melarsomine treatment, hemolytic compliment activity, experimental infection, immunity.
Abstract: The complement system is known to have important effector functions in immune responses. However, its role in camel trypanosomosis has not been determined. The present study was undertaken to evaluate haemolytic complement activity in Trypanosoma evansi-infected and uninfected camels. Five dromedary camels were experimentally infected with T. evansi and classical pathway haemolytic complement activity was assayed. Parasitaemia and packed cell volume were also monitored. Following infection, classical pathway haemolytic complement showed a slight initial increase (7%) in all the camels. The amounts later dropped as the infection progressed and correlated negatively with parasitaemia. Haemolytic complement recovered following elimination of trypanosomes by treatment with melarsomine. Treatment of uninfected camels had no effect on complement. This study has demonstrated that complement concentration increases in the initial phase of infection followed by a drop as the infection progresses towards chronicity. In addition, the study has shown that activation of the classical complement pathway occurs in camels infected with T. evansi. Complement could therefore be involved in the in vivo control of parasitaemia in dromedary camels infected with T. evansi. Decreased complement levels in this species could lead to immunosuppression, widely reported in animal trypanosomosis.

Raza, H.; M.S. Lakhani; I. Ahmed; A. John; R. Morgenstern; W. Montague. Tissue specific expression of glutathione S-transferases, glutathione content and lipid peroxidation in camel tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Inc. Dec 1997. 118B (4): 829-835. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: camels, glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity, isoenzymes, toxic effects, immunohistochemistry, ethacrynic acid, xenobiotics.
Abstract: Differential expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity in various tissues of the camel was observed with a maximum activity in the liver. Compared with the rat and human livers, GST activity in camel liver was 50% lower than that of rat liver and similar to that of human liver. Extra-hepatic tissues in camel have a comparable GST activity with those of similar tissues in the rat. Assay of GST activity using ethacrynic acid as substrate demonstrated maximum activity in the camel brain followed by intestine, liver and kidney. Microsomal GST activity in camel tissues was expressed in the order of liver > testis > intestine approximately kidney approximately brain. Phenotyping of GST was performed in camel hepatic and extrahepatic tissues using human specific antibodies to class alpha, mu, and pi cytosolic GST isoenzymes and rat specific antibody to the microsomal GST. Western immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses showed an abundant expression of GST alpha and mu in the camel liver, while pi was very poorly expressed. Camel extrahepatic tissues however, had a significant expression of GST pi. The camel GST isoenzymes were found to be predominantly expressed in the hepatocytes around the central vein with a gradual decrease in expression in the hepatocytes located toward the periphery. Kidney cortex exhibited a greater expression of the enzyme protein in the proximal tubules as compared to the glomeruli. Glutathione (GSH) concentration in rat tissues, except in the brain, was about 2-fold higher than that of camel tissues. Rate of NADPH-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation was comparable both in the rat and camel tissues with the highest activity in the brain and lowest activity in the intestine. The differential expression of GST isoenzymes in different organs of the camel, GSH concentration and the rate of lipid peroxidation in different tissues may be important factors in determining the differential susceptibility of camel tissues to the toxic effects of xenobiotics.

Teame, G. An assessment of the efficacy of deltamethrin with HCH for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in camels. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Feb 1997. 29 (1): 33-34. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: camels, Sarcoptes, scabies, infestation, deltamethrin, HCH, drug efficacy, mange.

Wardeh, Muhammad F.; International Fund for Agricultural Development. Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands. Camel Applied Research and Development Network. The Nutrient Requirements of the Dromedary Camels. Damascus: Camel Applied Research and Development Network, 1997. 97 p.: col. ill.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2W37 1997
Descriptors: dromedary camels, feeding, feeds, nutrition requirements.

Zahran, A.S.; A.A. Al Saleh. Isolation and identification of protease-producing psychrotrophic bacteria from raw camel milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Highett, Victoria: Dairy Industry Association of Australia. Apr 1997. 52 (1): 5-7. ISSN: 0004-9433.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 Au74
Descriptors: camel milk, psychrotrophic bacteria, bacterial proteins, proteinases, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Saudi Arabia.

Yigezu, L.M.; F. Roger; M. Kiredjian; S. Tariku. Isolation of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (strangles agent) from an Ethiopian camel. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. June 7, 1997. 140 (23): 608. ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Streptococcus equi, isolation, outbreaks, symptoms, histopathology, pathogenicity, bacterial diseases, lesions, strangles, case reports, Ethiopia.

1996

Afza, M.; M. Sakir; M. Majid-Hussain. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection and Lymphadenitis (Taloa or Mala) in the camel. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. May 1996. 28 (2): 158-162. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, lymphadenitis, bacterial toxins, experimental infections, strain differences, toxicity, leukocyte count, dermo-necro toxicity, Abu Dhabi.

Alhomida, A.S. Total, free, short-chain and long-chain acyl carnitine levels in Arabian camel milk (Camelus dromedarius). Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. Basel; New York: Karger, 1981-. July/Aug 1996. 40 (4): 221-226. ISSN: 0250-6807
NAL Call no.: RM214.N8
Descriptors: dromedaries camels, milk, milk composition, acyl carnitine levels, nutrient content, species differences.

Al Senaidy, A.M. Distribution of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols within blood fractions of ruminants. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Tarrytown, NY: Elsevier Science Inc. Nov 1996. 115A (3): 223-227.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, cattle, sheep, alpha tocopherol, tocopherols, lipoproteins, erythrocytes, blood plasma, cholesterol, blood lipids, species differences, comparison study.
Abstract: This is a comparative study of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in plasma, red blood cells, and in lipoprotein fractions, and their interrelationships with plasma cholesterol and total lipids were studied in camel, cattle, and in sheep. Plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in cattle were significantly higher than in camel or sheep (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Erythrocytes of the three species contained similar amounts of both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. Plasma tocopherols distributed equally between plasma lipoprotein fractions of camel and cattle, but sheep had significantly higher LDL/HDL tocopherol ratios than camel or cattle (P < 0.05). All species had similar plasma tocopherol to total lipid ratios, but varied in RBC-to-plasma tocopherol ratios where sheep had significantly the highest ratio (P < 0.05). Plasma cholesterol and total lipids were positively correlated with plasma alpha and gamma-tocopherol in all species, and were negatively correlated with alpha-tocopherol in the erythrocytes. gamma-Tocopherol in red blood cells correlated with cholesterol and total lipids negatively in camel and positively in cattle. The camel's unique adaptations to dehydration and rehydration may not be related to deference in vitamin E distribution within blood fractions. Plasma cholesterol level is probably the main determinant of blood tocopherol concentration and distribution pattern.

Ali, B.H.; Z. Cheng; G. El Hadrami; A.K. Bashir; Q.A. McKellar. Comparative pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and its sulphate and glucuronide metabolites in desert camels and goats. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. June 1996. 19 (3): 238-244. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, goats, acetaminophen, metabolites, species differences, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, bioavailability, glucuronic acid, sulfates, comparison study.

Australian Camelid Veterinary Network. Camelid medicine & surgery: Friday 13 & 14 July 1996. Proceedings (University of Sydney. Post-Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science); 278. Sydney, South NSW: Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, [1996] viii, 339 p.: ill. ISBN: 1875582533
NAL Call no.: SF604.R37 no. 278
Descriptors: camelids, diseases, surgery, methods, treatment, conferences.

Azwai, S.M.; S.D. Carter; Z. Woldehiwet. Immunoglobulins of camel (Camelus dromedarius) colostrum. Journal of Comparative Pathology. London: W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. Apr 1996. 114 (3): 273-282. ISSN: 0021-9975
NAL Call no.: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: dromedary camels, colostrum, colostral immunity, IGG, IGM, IGA, cross reaction, IGG1, IGG2, IGG3.

Ben-Zvi, Z.; E. Gussarsky; C. Van Creveld; R. Yagil. The bioavailability of febantel in dehydrated camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. Aug 1996. 19 (4): 288-294. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, febantel, bioavailability, dehydration physiological, pastes, drug formulations, blood serum, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, metabolites, binding, blood proteins, febantel suspension, fenbendazole-sulfone.

Catley, A.P.; A. Aden. Use of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools for investigating tick ecology and tick-borne disease in Somaliland. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Feb 1996. 28 (1): 91-95. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: cattle, camels, tick infestations, tickborne diseases, rapid rural appraisal, seasonal fluctuations, ranking, rain, Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, indigenous knowledge, Djibouti.

Daneji, A.I.; K.T.F. Djang; E.A. Ogunsan. Actinobacillus lignieresi infection in camels on the Sokoto plains, Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Nov 1996. 28 (4): 315-316. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Actinobacillus lignieresii, abscesses, head, culture media, Nigeria.

Elagamy, E.I.; R. Ruppanner; A. Ismail; C.P. Champagne; R. Assaf. Purification and characterization of lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and immunoglobulins from camel's milk. International Dairy Journal. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Limited. 1996. 6 (2): 129-145. ISSN: 0958-6946.
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: camels, milk, species differences, blood serum, IgG, IgA, IgM, lysozyme, SDS page, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, molecular weight, cross reaction, gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, purification.

Ibrahem, M.M.; P.S. Craig; A. McVie; K. Ersfeld; M.T. Rogan. Echinococcus granulosus antigen B and seroreactivity in natural ovine hydatidosis. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association, 1960-. Sept 1996. 61 (2): 102-106. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: sheep, camels, Echinococcus granulosus, hydatids, cysts, fluids, antigens, recombinant antigens, echinococcosis, ELISA, IgG, blood serum, detection, immunodiagnosis.
Abstract: Hydatid cyst fluid from sheep and camels infected with Echinococcus granulosus, together with partially purified preparations of hydatid fluid antigen B and a recombinant antigen B product, were tested in an ELISA for their ability to detect IgG antibodies against E. granulosus in the serum of naturally infected sheep. The antibody activity in sera from sheep naturally infected with Taenia hydatigena cysticercosis or Fasciola hepatica was also tested. All the antigen preparations from native hydatid cyst fluid were able to detect antibodies in the sera from a significant proportion of sheep with natural hydatid cyst infection, as identified by inspection at slaughter, although the seroreactivity was variable. The native antigen B preparation from camel hydatid cyst fluid gave the highest sensitivity in the ELISA (total 90 per cent), with 99 per cent specificity. In all cases, the recombinant antigen B was the least sensitive antigen (25 per cent) although it was highly specific (99 per cent).

Kaluz, S.; M. Kaluzova; A.P.F. Flint. Heterogeneity in the third intracytoplasmic region of the oxytoxin receptor-encoding gene. Gene. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. June 26, 1996. 172 (2): 313-314. ISSN: 0378-1119.
NAL Call no.: QH442.A1G4
Descriptors: camels, cats, cattle, red deer, donkeys, horses, man, mice, pigs, rats, sheep, hormone receptors, oxytocin receptor, amino acid sequences, biochemical polymorphism, species differences, nucleotide sequences, structural genes, molecular sequence data.
Abstract: The oxytocin receptor (OTR), a member of the seven-transmembrane domain guanine-nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) coupled receptor family plays a central role in lactation, ovarian cyclicity and reproductive behaviour. Recent cloning and sequencing unexpectedly revealed that the third intracytoplasmic region (3ICR) of the sheep receptor has 3 and 2 additional amino acids (aa) relative to the rat and human receptors, respectively. We have now confirmed, by sequencing polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-derived genomic fragments coding for the OTR 3ICR from a variety of ruminant and non-ruminant species, that additional aa are a general phenomenon in ruminants.

Mehaia, M.A. Chemical composition of camel skim milk concentrated by ultrafiltration. International Dairy Journal. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Limited. July 1996. 6 (7): 741-752. ISSN: 0958-6946.
NAL Call no.: SF221.I57
Descriptors: camels, skim milk, concentrated milk, ultrafiltration, ultrafiltration retentates, milk composition, milk fat, milk protein, ash, total solids, lactose, nitrogen, nitrogen content, mineral content, nutrient retention.

Obied, A.I.; H.O. Bagadi; M.M. Mukhtar. Mastitis in Camelus dromedarius and the somatic cell content of camels' milk. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association, 1960-. July 1996. 61 (1): 55-58. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, mastitis, mammary infections, somatic cell count, herds, disease prevalence, etiology, bacteria, leukocyte count, lactation stage, Sudan.
Abstract: Seven hundred and sixty-three camels from 400 herds of local Sudanese camel breeds were investigated for the prevalence of mastitis, identification of its bacterial causes and determination of the leucocyte contents of camel's milk. One hundred and forty-nine (19.5 per cent) of the 763 camels examined were diagnosed as mastitis cases based on clinical signs. One hundred and fifty-nine (47.3 per cent) of the 336 randomly selected milk samples were reactive in a rapid mastitis test and 16 of the 153 tested samples contained Brucella abortus agglutinating antibodies. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Aerobacter species and Escherichia coli were found to be the main causes of mastitis (in descending order). The leucocyte contents of the 757 milk samples ranged from <5 X 10(5) to >7.5 X 10(6) leucocyte ml-1 and 42.8 per cent of the samples contained <5 X 10(5) cells ml-1. Neither significant correlation between the leucocyte content of milk and isolated bacterial species nor significant variation in leucocyte contents during different stages of lactation were detected.

Olaho-Mukani, W.; J.M.N. Nyang'Ao.; J.O. Ouma. Use of Suratex for field diagnosis of patent and non-patent Trypanosoma evansi infections in camels. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Jan 1996. 152 (1): 109-111. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, latex agglutination test, diagnostic techniques, treatment, antigens, persistence, Kenya.

Omar Abdulkadir Sh. Abdurahman. Studies on Mastitis in the Camel: Cytological, Bacteriological and Diagnostic Aspects. Uppsala: Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1996. 1 v. (various pagings): ill. ISBN: 9157651051.
NAL Call no.: DISS F1996037
Descriptors: camels, diseases, physiology, camel milk, mastitis, pathogenic bacteria, diagnosis, disease process.

Oukessou, M.; M. Badri; J.F. Sutra; P. Galtier; M. Alvinerie. Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Oct 26, 1996. 139 (17): 424-425. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ivermectin, pharmacokinetics, subcutaneous injection, species differences.

Sell, Randall S. (Randall Scott); Aakre, Dwight G. (Dwight Gerard), NDSU Extension Service. Alternative Agriculture Series. Fargo, ND: NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University, 1993. 18 v.: ill., map
NAL Call no.: S494.5.A65S44 1993
Descriptors: alternative agriculture, North Dakota.

Sheik, E.A.; Q. Rahim. Body condition scoring in camels. World Review of Animal Production. Rome: International Publishing Enterprises. Jan/June 1996. 31 (1/2): 41-48. ISSN: 0043-8979.
NAL Call no.: 49 W89
Descriptors: dromedary camels, body condition, body measurements, Saudi Arabia.

Skidmore, J.A.; M. Billah; W.R. Allen. Patterns of hormone secretion throughout pregnancy in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. Collingwood, Vic., Australia: CSIRO Australia. 1996. 8 (5): 863-869. ISSN: 1031-3613.
NAL Call no.: QP251.R47
Descriptors: dromedary camels, hormone profiles, reproductive biochemistry.

Vilmos, P.; E. Kurucz; I. Ocsovszki; G. Keresztes; I. Ando. Phylogenetically conserved epitopes of leukocyte antigens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Aug 1996. 52 (4): 415-426. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: camels, cattle, river buffalo, swine, humans, leucocyte antigens, conserved epitopes, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry.
Abstract: The occurrence of conserved epitopes in the immune system was investigated on the leukocytes of cattle, river buffalo, sheep, camel, swine and humans by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The distribution of the most conservative epitopes on leukocyte sub-populations suggests that the expression pattern of the proteins is similar. Western blotting experiments indicate that the recognized antigens are structural homologues.

1995

Afzal, M.; A. Saeed. Distribution of enzymes between different organs of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. May 1995. 72 (5): 195. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, organs, enzymes, enzyme activity, distribution.

Alhomida, A.S.; A.S. Duhaiman; A.A. Al Jafari; M.A. Junaid. Determination of L-carnitine, acylcarnitine and total carnitine levels in plasma and tissues of camel (Camelus dromedarius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. July 1995. 111B (3): 441-445.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: camels, blood plasma, animal tissues, heart, liver, composition, carnitine, carnitine acetyltransferase, lipid metabolism, oxidation, fatty acid beta oxidation.
Abstract: The total, free and acyl carnitine levels were measured in plasma and tissues of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Significant variation in carnitine concentrations were observed in plasma and tissues of the camel when compared with other animal species. A higher proportion of acyl carnitine was found in plasma and skeletal muscle of the camel than other animal species. Among the camel tissues, skeletal muscle possessed the highest amount of carnitine while the lowest amount was found in kidney. The higher carnitine content and a higher proportion of acyl carnitine in plasma and tissues of the Arabian camel suggest an adaptive mechanism that could be common to desert animal species.

Azwai, S.M.; S.D. Carter; Z. Woldehiwet. Monoclonal antibodies against camel (Camelus dromedarius) IgG, IgM and light chains. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Mar 1995. 45 (1/2): 175-184. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, monoclonal antibodies, IgG, IgM, hybridomas, lymphocytes, cell fusion, ELISA, SDS page, immunoblotting, ascites, mice, lymph nodes, polypeptides, heavy and light chains.

Ben Zvi, Z.; G. Goldin; C. van Creveld; R. Yagil. Lidocaine elimination and monoethylglycinexylidide formation in the dehydrated camel. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Dec 1995. 18 (6): 442-445. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, lidocaine, drug metabolism, metabolites, dehydration, water deprivation, physiological, liver function, pharmacokinetics, blood flow.

Boyd, Eva Jolene. Noble Brutes: Camels on the American Frontier. Plano, Tex.: Republic of Texas Press, c1995. xx, 255 p.: ill. ISBN: 155622379X
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2B69 1995
Descriptors: camels, American Southwest, 19th century, animal introductions, frontier and pioneer life, history, expeditions.

Dawood, A.A.; M.A. Alkanhal. Nutrient composition of Najdi camel meat. Meat Science. Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited. 1995. 39 (1): 71-78. ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call no.: TX373.M4
Descriptors: camel meat, meat cuts, proximate analysis, amino acids, mineral content, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, moisture content, crude protein, fat, ash, livers as food, heart as food, kidneys as food, camels, age differences.

Dawood, A.A. Physical and sensory characteristics of Najdi camel meat. Meat Science. Oxford: Elsevier Science Limited. 1995. 39 (1): 59-69. ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call no.: TX373.M4
Descriptors: camel meat, camels, age differences, cooking losses, shear, losses, tenderness, flavor, organoleptic traits, moisture, meat cuts, freezing, roasting, cooking methods, ground camel meat burgers, drip loss, juiciness, expressible moisture.

Duhaiman, A.S.; N. Rabbani; A.A. AlJafari; A.S. Alhomida. Purification and characterization of zeta-crystallin from the camel lens. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Oct 13, 1995. 215 (2): 632-640. ISSN: 0006-291X.
NAL Call no.: 442.8 B5236
Descriptors: camels, eye lens, zeta-crystallins, purification, characterization, physicochemical properties, kinetics.
Abstract: Zeta-crystallin a novel NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase was purified from the cortex of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) lens to homogeneity by Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration column and 2', 5' ADP-Sepharose 4B affinity column chromatography in the presence of dithiothreitol. The purified zeta-crystallin has a molecular weight of 140 kDa, as determined by Superose 12 gel filtration column. SDS-PAGE showed a single polypeptide band of molecular weight 35 kDa, suggesting that the native enzyme is composed of four identical subunits. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 7.6 on native polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme was purified 20-fold over homogenate with a specific activity of 26.0 Unit/mg protein, and an overall recovery of 53%. This enzyme was NADPH specific and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Km values for the reduction of 9,10-phenanthroquinone and oxidation of NADPH were 17 micromolar and 6.9 micromolar, respectively, at pH 7.8. The Vmax values of the enzyme for 9,10 phenanthroquinone and NADPH were 32 micromoles min-1 mg-1 protein and 22.7 micromoles min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively.

Farid, M.F.A. Nutrient requirements of dromedary camels: protein and energy requirements for maintenance. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. June 1995. 30 (2): 207-218. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, energy requirements, protein requirement, nutrient requirements, balance studies, metabolizable energy, nitrogen, nitrogen metabolism, animal nutrition, digested nitrogen, nitrogen requirements, nutritional maintenance.

Faye, B.; M. Rotavonanahary; J.P. Chacornac; P. Soubre. Metabolic profiles and risks of diseases in camels in temperate conditions. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Kidlington, Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1995. 112A(1): 67-73.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, female animals, metabolic profiles, biochemistry, animal health, diet, blood chemistry, temperate zones, farm surveys, protein, urea, glucose, free fatty acid, liver enzymes, minerals, ceruloplasmin, survey, France.
Abstract: A survey of 65 female camels has been conducted over a 1-year period in France to determine their metabolic profiles and to study the correlations between this profile and the feeding and health status in temperate conditions. The following parameters were measured: protein (albumin, globulin, total protein), urea, glucose, free fatty acid, liver enzymes (GLDH, GGT, GOT), minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) and ceruloplasmin. The values obtained were similar to those reported in desert areas throughout the world, but the standard deviation was generally higher. This important variation might be due to the large variability of feeding conditions: albumin (36.4 +/- 4.7 g/l), total globulin (32.7 +/- 5.1 g/l), total protein (69.2 +/- 6.1 g/l), urea (30.0 +/- 14.8 mg/100 ml), glucose (111.0 +/- 12.2 mg/100 ml), FFA (0.15 +/- 0.15 mmol/l), GLDH (5.8 +/- 10.8 IU/l), GGT (10.1 +/- 5.8 IU/l), GOT (48.1 +/- 14.3 IU/l), calcium (10.2 +/- 6.5 mg/100 ml), magnesium (2.6 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml), copper (65.4 +/- 20. 2 micrograms/100 ml), zinc (34.6 +/- 7.8 micrograms/100 ml), ceruplasmin (41.4 +/- 2.6 UO). The season, the mineral supplementation and the health status had a significant effect on the metabolic profile of the she-camels.

Gavrielli, R.; R. Yagil; G. Ziv; C.V. Creveld; A. Glickman. Effect of water deprivation on the disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin in camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. Oct 1995. 18 (5): 333-339. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, enrofloxacin, water deprivation, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, oral administration, absorption, binding, drug excretion, urine, blood, milk.

Grigg, G.C.; A.R. Pople; L.A. Beard. Movements of feral camels in central Australia determined by satellite telemetry. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Dec 1995. 31 (4): 459-469. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, feral animals, behavior, telemetry studies, Australia.

Jobse, C.; J.B. Buntjer; N. Haagsma; H.J. Breukelman; J.J. Beintema; J.A. Lenstra. Evolution and recombination of bovine DNA repeats. Journal of Molecular Evolution. New York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag. Sept 1995. 41 (3): 277-283. ISSN: 0022-2844.
NAL Call no.: QH359.J6
Descriptors: camels, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, buffalo, repetitive DNA, satellite DNA, recombination, evolution, Tragulus javanicus, SINE elements.
Abstract: The history of the abundant repeat elements in the bovine genome has been studied by comparative hybridization and PCR. The Bov-A and Bov-B SINE elements both emerged just after the divergence of the Camelidae and the true ruminants. A 31-bp subrepeat motif in satellites of the Bovidae species cattle, sheep, and goat is also present in Cervidae (deer) and apparently predates the Bovidae. However, the other components of the bovine satellites were amplified after the divergence of the cattle and the Caprinae (sheep and goat). A 23-bp motif, which as subrepeat of two major satellites occupies 5% of the cattle genome, emerged only after the split of the water buffalo and other cattle species. During the evolution of the Bovidae the satellite repeat units were shaped by recombination events involving subrepeats, other satellite components, and SINE elements. Differences in restriction sites of homologous satellites indicate a continuing rapid horizontal spread of new sequence variants.

Klopries, M.; U. Wernery; O.R. Kaaden. Characterization of the camel skin cell line Dubca. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Sept/Oct 1995. 151 (5): 555-565. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: dromedary camels, skin fibroblast cell culture, Dubca cells, viral cell cultures, viruses, fetal origin, Camelpox virus (CaPV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), border disease virus (BDV).
Abstract: A skin fibroblast cell culture was established from a 2-month-old dromedary foetus. The cells were transformed by infection with SV40 and cloned in soft agar. The established cell line is now designated Dubca cells (Dubai camel) and has been in permanent culture for 95 passages. The cell culture was examined morphologically, chromosome preparations made and DNA fingerprinting performed by hybridization with the oligonucleotide probe (GTG)5. SV40 large T antigen was detected by western blotting. The viral host range was determined by infection with viruses of different families. Camelpox virus (CaPV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and border disease virus (BDV) could be propagated in these cells.

Kohler Rollefson, I. Camels in the land of kings. Natural History. New York, N.Y.: American Museum of Natural History, 1919-. Mar 1995. 104 (3): 54-61. ISSN: 0028-0712
NAL Call no.: 500 N483J
Descriptors: camels, animal husbandry, pastoral society, cultural values, Rajasthan.

Nyang'ao, J.M.; W. Olaho-Mukani; J.M. Maribei; J.K. Omuse. Evaluation of the efficacy of melarsenoxyde cysteamine (Cymelarsan) in treatment of camels experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi using antigen trapping enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. Dec 1995. 18 (6): 468-470. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, arsenicals, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, experimental infections, ELISA, diagnostic techniques, efficacy, drug therapy, antibody detection ELISA. microhematocrit centrifugation, mouse sub-inoculation.

Oatham, M.P.; M.K. Nicholls; I.R. Swingland. Manipulation of vegetation communities on the Abu Dhabi rangelands. I. The effects of irrigation and release from long-term grazing. Biodiversity and Conservation. London: Chapman & Hall, c1992-. 1995. 4 (7): 696-709. ISSN: 0960-3115.
NAL Call no.: QH75.A1B562
Descriptors: rangelands, plant communities, species diversity, sprinkler irrigation, grazing effects, camels, goats, desert plants, Stipagrostis plumosa, Zygophyllum, range management, arid regions, Abu Dhabi, species richness, Zygophyllum hamiense.

Olaho-Mukani, W.; J.N.M. Nyang'ao; J.K. Kimani; J.K. Omuse. Studies on the haemolytic complement of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). I. Classical pathway haemolytic activity in serum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. June 1995. 46 (3/4): 337-347. ISSN: 0165-2427.
NAL Call no.: SF757.2.V38
Descriptors: dromedary camels, complement activation, age differences, sex differences, immune hemolysis, normal values, complement, hemolysins, species differences, pH, magnesium, cations, concentration, incubation duration.

Riad, F.; M.B. Goumi; M.J. Davicco; V. Coxam; J.C. Tressol; J.P. Barlet. Regulation of urinary phosphate excretion in camels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Kidlington, Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science Ltd. Aug 1995. 111A (4): 577-581.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, urine, regulation, phosphorus excretion, phosphates, parathyrin, peptides, female animals, parathyrin related peptide, calcium excretion.
Abstract: Urinary inorganic phosphorus (P) excretion was measured in 16 adult female non-pregnant, non-lactating daily watered camels. They were randomly divided into four groups of four animals. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received either an i.v. infusion of phosphate or synthetic human parathyroid hormone (PTH) or PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), respectively. The fourth group was used as a control. Intravenous P loading induced a significant increase in phosphatemia and in P renal clearance. Both PTH and PTHrP increased calcemia and decreased phosphatemia. They had no significant effect on urinary calcium excretion, but they increased P renal clearance and phosphaturia. Thus, the regulation of urinary P excretion in normally watered camels looks similar to that already described in other ruminants.

Saeed, A.; M. Afzal, M.; S. Akhtar. Effect of storage on some constituents of camel serum. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association. June 1995. 72 (6): 212-215. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: camels, blood composition, blood, storage, temperature, cold storage, enzymes, enzyme activity, room temperature storage.

Wernery, Ulrich.; O.R. Kaaden. Infectious Diseases of Camelids. Berlin; Boston: Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, 1995. x, 138: col. ill., map ISBN: 3826330560.
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3W413 1995
Descriptors: camels, diseases, handbooks, manuals.

Ziv, G.; C.V. Creveld; Z. Ben Zvi; A. Glickman; R. Yagil. Disposition kinetics of tylosin tartrate administered intravenously and intramuscularly to normal and water-deprived camels. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. Aug 1995. 18 (4): 299-305. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, tylosin tartrate, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, water deprivation, drug excretion.