1994

A Hadi, A.A.; I.A. Wasfi; F.A. Gadir; M.H. Amiri; A.K. Bashir; J.D. Baggot. Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the camel. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Feb 1994. 17 (1): 48-51. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, aminoglycoside antibiotics, pharmacokinetics, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, dosage, absorption, half life.

Abdel Rahim, S.E.; K. Abdel Rahman; A.E. El Nazier. Production and reproduction of one-humped camels in the Al-Qasim region, Saudi Arabia. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 53-59. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, reproductive performance, age at first conception, sexual reproduction, nutrient requirements, grazing, feed intake, nutritive value, feed supplements, breeding season, animal husbandry, Saudi Arabia.

Aboul Ela, M.B. Reproductive performance of the one-humped camel under traditional management in the United Arab Emirates. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 47-51. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, reproductive performance, age at first mating, age at first calving, breeding season, days open, United Arab Emirates.

Akbar, S.J.; F.J. Derksen; A.M. Billah; U. Werney. Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing camels. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Dec 24/31, 1994. 135 (26): 624-625. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: camels, racing animals, exercise, lung hemorrhage, respiratory diseases, racing performance.

Alshaikh, M.A.; M.S. Salah. Effect of milking interval on secretion rate and composition of camel milk in late lactation. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. Nov 1994. 61 (4): 451-456. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camels, milking interval, camel milk, milk secretion, late lactation, milk composition, milk protein yield, solids not fat, total solids, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: The effect of milking interval on secretion rates of milk and milk constituents was studied in four milking camels during late lactation. An interval of 4 h produced the highest milk secretion rate compared with 8, 12 and 16 h intervals, and rates tended to decline with increasing milking intervals. Secretion rates of organic (lactose, SNF, fat and protein) and inorganic milk constituents (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) generally followed similar patterns of decreasing secretion with increasing milking intervals. Many of the values for different intervals were significantly different.

Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands. Camel Applied Research and Development Network (CARDN). Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic: ACSAD, 1994. 28, 24 p.: col. ill.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C36 1994
Descriptors: camels, applied research, Syrian research network.

Baba, S.S.; A.G. Ambali; L.T. Zaria; S. Kalra. Abattoir records of slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Nairobi: Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. Sept 1994. 42 (3): 253-257. ISSN: 0378-9721
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: dromedary camels, abattoirs, slaughter plants, disease surveys, animal diseases, disease prevalence, meat hygiene, Nigeria.

Baer, A.; I.Ryba; Z.Farah. Plasmin activity in camel milk. Lebensmittell Wissenschaft und Technologie. London: Academic Press. 1994. 27 (6): 595-598. ISSN: 0023-6438
NAL Call no.: TP368.L4
Descriptors: camel milk, plasmin, plasminogen, casein, proteolysis, food processing.

Ben Zvi, Z.; M. Rubin; C. Van Creveld; R. Yagil. Antipyrine disposition in the dehydrated camel. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. Apr 1995. 18 (2): 137-140. ISSN: 0140-7783
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: dromedary camels, phenazone, water deprivation, water intake, pharmacokinetics, age differences, intravenous injection, drug metabolism, body weight, dehydration physiological.

Combarnous, Y.; A. Anouassi. Radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques as aids to studying pituitary hormones and improving reproductive management of the one-humped camel. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 15-20. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, LH, FSH, prolactin, somatotropin, ELISA, radioimmunoassay.

Comin, A.; M. Camici; A. Prandi; M. Messina; A.J. Mohamed; G. Gabai; G. Bono. Isolation of luteinizing hormone, antiserum production and the development of a radioimmunoassay for camels. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 21-31. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, LH, radioimmunoassay, immune serum, extraction, isolation, anterior pituitary.

Damanhouri, Z.A.; O.S. Tayeb. Comparison of cytochrome P-450 content and conjugative enzymes in livers of camels (Camelus dromedarius), guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. July 1994. 108B (3): 349-355. ISSN: 0305-0491.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: camels, guinea pigs, rats, cytochrome p 450, glutathione S-transferase, isoenzymes, transferases, comparisons, UDP-glucuronyltransferase.
Abstract: The activities of the conjugative enzymes, glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase, have been measured in vitro in the livers of camels, guinea-pigs and rats. Some sex differences were observed in the levels of these conjugative enzymes. In rats and guinea-pigs, females had higher UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity than males. In camels, females had higher glutathione S-transferase activity than males. In these species, the cytochrome P-450 isozymes observed between the 50,000 and 60,000 mol. wt regions have been separated and characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Camels showed lower levels of afl types of cytochrome P-450 isozymes, while guinea-pigs showed higher levels of most of these isozymes. In general, camels seemed to have the lowest drug-metabolizing enzyme activity when compared to rats and guinea-pigs.

Egbe Nwiyi, T.N. Haematological and pathological studies of camel babesiosis in Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Nairobi: Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. Dec 1994. 42 (4): 287-290. ISSN: 0378-9721.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: camels, Babesia, protozoal infections, disease prevalence, histopathology, hematology, Nigeria.

El Belely, M.S. Endocrine changes, with emphasis on 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha and corticosteroids, before and during parturition in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Agricultural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Apr 1994. 122 (pt.2): 315-323. ISSN: 0021-8596.
NAL Call no.: 10 J822
Descriptors: dromedary camels, parturition, plasma, chemical composition, progesterone, quantitative analysis, estrogens, prostaglandins, corticoids, luteal cells, pregnancy.

Haroun, E.M. Normal concentration of some blood constituents in young Najdi camels (Camelus dromedarius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd. Aug 1994. 108A (4): 619-622. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Hajdi males, blood, blood chemistry, hematology, age differences, sex differences, breed differences.
Abstract: Normal concentrations of some blood constituents were determined in young male Najdi (Saudi) camels. The mean values were as follows: total protein = 62.3 +/- 8.9 g/l, albumin = 33.5 +/- 8.9 g/l, bilirubin = 8.7 +/- 1.7 micromole/l, urea= 6.6 +/- 1 micromole/l, uric acid = 232 +/- 35.7 micromole/l, iron = 10.4 +/- 5.7 micromole/l, total iron binding capacity = 40.4 +/- 7.3 micromole/l, AST = 12+/-5IU/l ALT = 9 +/- 4IU/I and ALP = 42.6 +/- 21.3IU/1. These values were compared with those reported by other investigators in camels with different ages, sexes and breeds as well as with blood constituents in true ruminants.

Kamoun, M.; R.T. Wilson. Improving early reproductive characteristics of Tunisian camels by nutritional and management interventions. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 89-94. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age at first conception, reproductive performance, sexual maturity, maturity, body weight, liveweight, animal nutrition, body measurements, restricted feeding, Tunisia.

Khalafalla, A.I.; H. Agab; B. Abbas. An outbreak of contagious ecthyma in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Sudan. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Nov 1994. 26 (4): 253-254. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, contagious ecthyma virus, lesions, Sudan.

McGregor, B.A. (Bruce A.) and Victoria. Dept. of Agriculture. Speciality fibre product development and marketing: report of a speciality fibre mission to Yorkshire, U.K. and Oklahoma, U.S.A., September and October 1993. Study Tour Report Series 0815-2373; no. 158. [Melbourne, Vic.?]: Dept. of Agriculture, [1994] 36 p.: ill. ISBN: 0730647897.
NAL Call no.: TS1545.M34 1994
Descriptors: animal fibers marketing research, textile industry, mohair, cashmere, United States, England, Australia.

McKinnon, A.O.; A.H. Tinson; G. Nation. Embryo transfer in dromedary camels. Theriogenology. Stoneham, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann. Jan 1994. 41 (1): 145-150. ISSN: 0093-691X
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, superovulation, embryo transfer, pregnancy rate, laparotomy, male fertility, United Arab Emirates.
Abstract: Embryo recovery rates per attempt from naturally mated camels that superovulated following treatment with FSH or eCG were 261/68 (384%) and 193/84 (230%) respectively. The rate was affected by interval between ovulation and collection, male fertility and reproductive characteristics of the donor. Best recovery rates were achieved on Day 7.0 or 7.5 after natural mating from multiparous camels that had been superovulated with FSH. An overall pregnancy rate of 32% was achieved from the non-surgical transfer of 296 embryos. Factors affecting pregnancy rate included season, age and parity of recipient, number of recipient CL's, quality of embryo and donor/recipient/embryo synchrony.

Nessiem, M.G. Evaluation of the silicone centrifugation technique in the detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels and experimental animals. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Nov 1994. 26 (4): 227-229. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, laboratory diagnosis, specific gravity technique, Egypt.

Rawdah, T.N.; M.Z. El Faer; S.A. Koreish. Fatty acid composition of the meat and fat of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Meat Science. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. 1994. 37 (1): 149-155. ISSN: 0309-1740.
NAL Call no.: TX373.M4
Descriptors: camels, meat, raw foods, dietary fat, fatty acids, food composition.

Riad, F.; M.B. Goumi; M.J. Davicco; A. Safwate; J.P. Barlet. Influence of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium and phosphorus concentration in camel milk. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nov 1994. 61 (4): 567-571. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: dromedary camels, camel milk, 1alpha hydroxycholecalciferol, calcium:inorganic phosphorus ratio, hypercalcemia, blood plasma, dehydration effects, regulation.
Abstract: Some qualitative aspects of the milk of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) suggest that the ability to produce milk of high nutritive value for offspring or for human beings during long periods of drought is important when evaluating the role of this animal in arid areas (Yagil & Etzion, 1980). These results also demonstrate that the calcium:inorganic phosphorus (Pi) ratio decreases in milk from dehydrated camels, owing to the decrease of Ca and increase of Pi. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin do not regulate Ca and Pi concentrations in the milk of domestic ruminants. Neither parathyroidectomy or intravenous infusion of chelating agents in the cow (Pischke & Stott, 1964), nor calcitonin deficiency induced by thyroidectomy (with thyroxine supplementation) in the goat (Barlet, 1974) has any effect on milk Ca and Pi concentrations. Only parathyroid hormone-related peptide secreted by the lactating mammary gland (Rateliffe et al. 1992) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), the active metabolite of vitamin D3 (DeLuca, 1974) have been shown to increase Ca secretion in the milk of goats (Barlet et al. 1992) and cows (Roux et al. 1979). In the work reported here, we have studied the influence of hypercalcaemia induced by Ca infusion or by 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-(OH)D3; a synthetic derivative obtained from cholesterol, whose structure differs from that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 only by the absence of a hydroxyl group in position 25; Holick et al. 1973) on Ca and Pi concentrations in dromedary milk.

Riad, F.; M.B. Goumi; J. Giry; M.J. Davicco; A. Safwate; J.P. Barlet. Renin-aldosterone axis and arginine-vasopressin responses to sodium depletion in camels. General and Comparative Endocrinology. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Aug 1994. 95 (2): 240-247. ISSN: 0016-6480.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 G28
Descriptors: camels, dehydration physiological, furosemide, renin, aldosterone, arginine, vasopressin, sodium, osmotic pressure, hormone secretion, blood plasma, Morocco.
Abstract: Urinary output, urinary sodium and potassium excretion, plasma electrolyte concentrations and osmolality, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) concentrations were determined in eight camels in Tadla (Morocco). After administration of furosemide (2 mg.kg-1 body wt) urinary water, sodium and potassium excretions increased, inducing hypovolemia (as reflected by 14.6% increase in hematocrit), hyponatremia (142 +/- 1.0 vs 150 +/- 2.1 mmol.liter-1 in controls; P < 0.05), plasma hypo-osmolality (287.5 +/- 11.5 vs 307 +/- 1.4 mOsm.kg-1 H2O in controls; P < 0.05), and hypokalemia (3.7 +/- 0.2 vs 4.6 +/- 0.1 mmol.liter-1 in controls; P < 0.05). Such body fluid volume and composition changes were associated with parallel increases in PRA and plasma aldosterone concentrations (5.9 +/- 0.6 vs 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng AI.ml-1.hr-1 and 132.4 +/- 5.5 vs 25.1 +/- 6.5 pg.ml-1 in controls, respectively; P < 0.05). They were also associated with a fourfold increase in plasma arginine-vasopressin concentrations (0.8 +/- 0.2 vs 0.2 +/- 0.1 pg.ml-1; P < 0.05). In furosemide-treated animals, plasma aldosterone concentrations correlated positively with PRA (r = 0.85: n = 64; P < 0.01) and negatively with plasma sodium concentrations (r = -0.80; n = 64: P < 0.01), suggesting that in sodium-depleted camels the nexus between the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone was restored.

Roeder, E.; T. Bourauel; U. Meier; H. Wiedenfeld. Diterpene glycosides form Iphiona aucheri. Phytochemistry Oxford. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. Sept 1994. 37 (2): 353-355. ISSN: 0031-9422.
NAL Call no.: 450 P5622
Descriptors: Compositae, poisonous plants, dromedary camels, plant composition, diterpenes, glycosides, toxic substances, racing animals, liver diseases, spectral analysis, United Arab Emirates, atractyloside, carboxyatractyloside.
Abstract: Iphiona aucheri is responsible for poisoning racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates U.A.E. Terpenoids, a non-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid and two diterpene glycosides, atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside, were isolated and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods. Atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside were identified as the toxic principle of the plant.

Skidmore, J.A.; W.R. Allen; R.B. Heap. Oestrogen synthesis by the peri-implantation conceptus of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Essex, U.K. July 1994. 101 (2): 363-367. ISSN: 0022-4251.
NAL Call no.: 442.8 J8222
Descriptors: dromedary camels, conceptus, endometrium, implantation, estrone, estradiol, biosynthesis, maternal recognition.

The racing camel (Camelus dromedarius): physiology, metabolic functions and adaptations. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum; 617. Oxford; Boston: Published for the Scandinavian Physiological Society by Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994. 95 p.: ill. (some col.) ISBN: 9172681381.
NAL Call no.: QP1.A2 Suppl. 617
Descriptors: dromedary camels, racing animals, physiology, metabolism, adaptions for racing.

Tragardh, Cecilia. A pilot study of the health status of camels in Syria: a minor field study.
Working Paper (Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet. International Rural Development Centre); 255. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, 1994. 35 p.: ill., map.
NAL Call no.: HD1401.W674 no. 255
Descriptors: disease assessment, health assessment, field study, Syria.

Veshkini, A.; M. Teshfam; R.Z. Kermani. Radiographic studies of gastric emptying in suckling camels. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. Raleigh, NC: American College of Veterinary Radiology. May/June 1994. 35 (3): 169-172. ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL Call no.: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: dromedary camels, suckling, radiography, stomach emptying, barium sulfate, abomasum, rumen, omasum, water sacs.

Wardeh, M.F. The Camel Applied Research and Development Network. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 105-111. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, agricultural research network, research policy, research projects, international cooperation, West Asia, North Africa.

Wilson, R.T. Towards committed and collaborative camelid research. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 95-103. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, alpacas, llamas, vicunas, agricultural research, research policy, research support, animal husbandry, animal production.

Zhao, X.X.; Y.M. Huang; B.X. Chen. Artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 61-65. ISSN: 0140-1963
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis, reproductive performance, semen, freezing, thawing.

Zine Filali, R.; A. Guerouali. Maintenance energy requirements of the one-humped camel. Journal Arid Environments. London, New York, Academic Press. Jan 1994. 26 (1): 9-13. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, nutrient requirements, energy requirements, metabolizable energy, digestible energy, energy digestibility, feed conversion efficiency.

1993

Abu Damir, H.; N.I. Eldirdiri; S.E.I. Adam; J.A. Howarth; Y.M. Salih; O.F. Idris. Experimental copper poisoning in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Comparative Pathology. London: Academic Press. Feb 1993. 108 (2): 191-208. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: dromedary camels, copper, Cu, oxicity.

Abu Elzein, E.M.E.; M.M. Hassanein; A.I. Al Afaleq. High level agglutination of camel (Camelus dromedarius) erythrocytes by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1. Avian Pathology. Oxfordshire: Carfax Publishing Company. 1993. 22 (1): 189-192. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL Call no.: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avian paramyxovirus, erythrocytes, camels, hemagglutination inhibition test.

Afzal, M.; I.A. Khan; R. Salman. Symptoms and clinical pathology of rabies in the camel. Veterinary Record. London: The British Veterinary Association. Aug 28, 1993. 133 (9): 220. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: camels, rabies, disease process.

Azwai, S.M.; S.D. Carter; Z. Woldehiwet. The isolation and characterization of camel (Camelus dromedarius) immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. Journal of Comparative Pathology. London: Academic Press. Aug 1993. 109 (2): 187-195. ISSN: 0021-9975
NAL Call no.: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: dromedary camels, isolation and characterization of immunoglobulins.

Celada, Jesus D.; Thomas E. Llamazares; Eduardo Zorita. Livestock Culture in Bierzo, Spain. Leon [Spain]: Universidad de Leon, 1993. 53 p.: ill. (chiefly col.), col. map. ISBN: 8477193908
NAL Call no.: SF55.S7C45 1993
Descriptors: animal culture, livestock production, history.

Elamin, E.A.; G.E. Mohamed; M. Fadl; S. Elias; M.S. Saleem; M.O.A. Elbashir. An outbreak of cameline in filariasis in the Sudan. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Mar/Apr 1993. 149 (2): 195-200. ISSN: 0007-1935
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, filariasis, outbreaks, symptoms, drug therapy, ivermectin, adverse effects, microfilariae, periodicity, Sudan.
Abstract: Sheathed microfilariae (mean length 278 +/- 10 micrometer SEM; mean width 7.2 +/- 0.8 micrometer were detected in the blood of 7/14 housed camels (Camelus dromedarius). Microfilaraemic camels of either sex were inappetent, lethargic, reluctant to move and exhibited weakness in the hind limbs; some remained in sternal recumbency. Cardiac disorders, orchitis and skin nodules were conspicuously absent. The microfilariae showed a biphasic pattern in the blood that peaked at 20:00 and plateaued between 04:00 and 06:00. Adult filarial worms were recovered from the mesenteric and femoral arteries. Marked clinical improvement within 1-2 weeks was seen in three camels treated at 10:00 with a single subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg of ivermectin. These camels became amicrofilaraemic 2-5 days after treatment and remained so for the length of the observation period (133 days). Treatment of two camels at the time of high microfilaracmia (06:30) resulted in adverse reaction and death.

Farah, Z. Composition and characteristics of camel milk. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nov 1993. 60 (4): 603-626. ISSN: 0022-0299
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: dromedary camels, milk composition, milk yield, colostrum, amino acids, casein, micelles, size, whey protein, milk fat, fatty acids, fat globules, coagulation, literature reviews.

Gameel, S.E.A.M.; S.O. Mohamed; A.A. Mustafa; S.M. Azwai. Prevalence of camel brucellosis in Libya. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Midlothian, Scotland: University of Edinburgh. May 1993. 25 (2): 91-93. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Brucella melitensis, blood serum, serological surveys, zoonoses, camel milk, Libya.

Gasthuys, F.; M. Steenhaut. Repair of a diaphyseal fracture of the metatarsus by open reduction and internal fixation in an adult Bactrian camel. Veterinary and Compartive Orthopaedics and Traumatology, VCOT. Stuttgart: F.K. Schattauer Publishers. May 1993. 6 (2): 125-128. ISSN: 0932-0814.
NAL Call no.: SF910.5.V4
Descriptors: camels, fracture fixation, metatarsus.

Goumi, M.B.; F. Riad; J. Giry; F. de La Farge; A. Safwate; M.J. Davicoo; J.P. Barlet. Hormonal control of water and sodium in plasma and urine of camels during dehydration and rehydration. General and Comparative Endocrinology. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Mar 1993. 89 (3): 378-386. ISSN: 0016-6480.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 G28
Descriptors: dromedary camels, dehydration physiological, rehydration, urine, blood plasma, sodium, body water, hormonal control, Morocco.
Abstract: Eight dromedary camels were studied for 24 days under control conditions (3 days), and during water deprivation (14 days) and rehydration (7 days) in Tadla (Morocco), during the summer. During dehydration, food intake gradually fell and was zero on the last day and animals lost about 30% of their body weight. However, most of this reduction in weight was attributed to water loss, since body weight of the animals returned to control values following rehydration. Dehydration was associated with a decrease in plasma volume (-42 +/- 3%) and a concomitant rise in plasma Na concentration (from 154 +/- 2 to 191 +/- 3 mM). These changes were accompanied by increased plasma arginine-vasopressin (from 0.2 +/- 0.1 to 5.7 +/- 2.2 pg ml-1) and plasma renin activity (from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 20.0 +/- 5.2 ng Al ml-1 hr-1), without significantly changed plasma concentrations of aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide. Dehydration was associated with increased urine osmolality (from 952 +/- 515 to 1963 +/- 498 mosm kg-1 H2O), reduced urine production (from 4565 +/- 2230 to 817 +/- 178 ml day-1), and increased Na excretion. Most of these parameters returned to control values during initial rehydration, except for plasma renin activity, which remained elevated for 7 days, and diuresis, which rose to 12773 +/- 6707 ml day-1 on Day 7 of rehydration.

Hamers-Casterman, C.; T. Atarhouch; S. Muyldermans; G. Robinson; C. Hamers; E. Bajyana-Songa; N. Bendahman; R. Hamers. Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. Nature. London: Macmillan Magazines Ltd. June 3, 1993. 363 (6428): 446-448. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call no.: 472 N21
Descriptors: dromedary camels, antibodies, IgG, amino acid sequences, molecular sequence data.
Abstract: Random association of VL and VH repertoires contributes considerably to antibody diversity. The diversity and the affinity are then increased by hypermutation in B cells located in germinal centres. Except in the case of 'heavy chain' disease, naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies have not been described, although antigen binding has been demonstrated for separated heavy chains or cloned VH domains. Here we investigate the presence of considerable amounts of IgG-like material of Mr 100 K in the serum of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). These molecules are composed of heavy-chain dimers and are devoid of light chains, but nevertheless have an extensive antigen-binding repertoire, a finding that calls into question the role of light chains in the camel. Camel heavy-chain IgGs lack CH1, which in one IgG class might be structurally replaced by an extended hinge. Heavy-chain IgGs are a feature of all camelids. These findings open new perspectives in the engineering of antibodies.

Homeida, A.M.; M.M. Al Eknah; E.A. Dafalla; A.K.A. Galil; A.Y. Al Taher. Uterine activity after ovariectomy in the camel (Camelus dromedarius): effect of exogenous administration of oestrogen and progesterone. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association, 1960-. Nov 1993. 55 (3): 382-384. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: dromedary camels, ovariectomized females, uterus, estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, uterine contraction.
Abstract: During oestrous cycles of the camel, spontaneous uterine contractions were correlated significantly with plasma oestradiol-17 beta concentration. Ovariectomy in the camel resulted in a decreased plasma concentration of oestradiol-17 beta (< 15 pg ml-1) and progesterone (< 0.1 ng ml-1) and caused complete cessation of uterine activity. Daily administration of oestradiol benzoate (5 mg, intramuscularly) increased the plasma concentration of oestradiol-17 beta (> 45 pg ml-1) and increased the frequency and amplitude of uterine activity. Coadministration of progesterone (100 mg, intramuscularly) increased the plasma concentration of progesterone (> 4 ng ml-1) and increased the frequency but not amplitude of uterine activity. It is suggested that uterine activity in the camel is correlated with the circulating levels of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone.

Kennedy, T.P.; P.E. Green. The camel, Camelus dromedarius, as a host of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. July 1993. 70 (7): 267-268. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Boophilus microplus, hosts, survival, experimental infestation, Queensland, Australia.

Meyer, H.; H.J. Rziha. Characterization of the gene encoding the A-type inclusion protein of camelpox virus and sequence comparison with other Orthopoxviruses. Journal of General Virology. Reading: Society for General Microbiology. Aug 1993. 74 (pt.8): 1679-1684. ISSN: 0022-1317.
NAL Call no.: QR360.A1J6
Descriptors: camels, Orthopoxvirus, genes, proteins, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences, molecular sequence data, genbank/x69774.
Abstract: A gene was identified in camelpox virus strain CP-1 that is similar to the 160K gene of cowpox virus strain Brighton (BR) that encodes the A-type inclusion body protein (ATIP). The CP-1 gene was mapped, sequenced, and the presence of the ATIP-specific mRNA was demonstrated. The open reading frame [2178 nucleotides (nt)] was found at a similar position in the CP genome as the one reported for the cowpox virus 160K ATI gene. DNA sequence comparison revealed a deletion of two adjacent adenine residues relative to cowpox virus BR, generating a reading frame shift accompanied by the formation of a translational stop codon. An identical deletion has been described for vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve. The DNA sequence of the corresponding region of monkeypox virus strain Copenhagen revealed a deletion leading to a putative stop codon 75 nt upstream of the same stop codons in the camelpox and vaccinia virus genes. These findings are consistent with the expression of truncated ATIPs, of 94K in vaccinia and camelpox viruses and of 92K in monkeypox virus. In addition, a deletion of 789 bp could be localized downstream of the ATI open reading frame in camelpox virus isolates of different origin. This causes the transcription of a shortened ATI-specific mRNA (3.7 kb) relative to vaccinia and cowpox viruses (both 4-5 kb). The similarity observed in ATIP-encoding and flanking sequences might suggest that vaccinia and camelpox viruses are descended from a common ancestor.

Mehala, M.A. Composition, yield and organoleptic evaluation of fresh Domiati cheese made from a mixture of camel and cow milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Victoria: Dairy Industry Association of Australia. Nov 1993. 48 (2): 74-77. ISSN: 0004-9433
NAL Call no.: 44.8 Au74
Descriptors: Domiati cheese, camel milk, chemical composition, sensory evaluation, Saudi Arabia.

Natelson, N. Humane innovations and alternatives in Israel. Humane Innovations and Alternatives. Washington Grove, MD: Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, c1991-. 1993. 7 p. 453-455. ISSN: 1062-4805
NAL Call no.: QL55.H8
Descriptors: camels, animal welfare, Israel.

Net, J.L. le; M.F. Ahmed; G. Saint Martin; M.T. Masson; C. Montois; L. Longeart. Granulomatous enteritis in a dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) due to green algal infection. Veterinary Pathology. Lawrence, Kan.: American College of Veterinary Pathologists. July 1993. 30 (4): 370-373. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Prototheca, algal infection, enteritis.

Ngeranwa, J.J.N.; P.K. Gathumbi; E.R. Mutiga; G.J.O. Agumbah. Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma (brucei) evansi in small East African goats. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association, 1960-. May 1993. 54 (3): 283-289. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: goats, Trypanosoma evansi, pathogenesis, disease course, experimental infections, histopathology, camel disease, surra, Kenya.
Abstract: Trypanosoma evansi is the cause of surra, a camel disease which is the most important single cause of economic losses in camel rearing areas. Sheep and goats herded with camels are the most likely hosts for T. evansi. Upon intravenous infections goats developed erratic parasitaemia, lost weight and their packed cell volume dropped significantly (P < 0.001). Trypanosomes were demonstrated by direct microscopy in extravascular locations such as synovial, peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluids and also in lymph by subinoculations into mice. The carcasses were emaciated and pale. Histologically there was lymphatic tissue hyperplasia, muscular atrophy and nephrotic changes. Two animals had necrotic foci in the liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen and lungs and also bronchopneumonia. Histologically there was depopulation of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissues, destruction of hepatocytes in the liver with infiltration by inflammatory cells in the liver, lymph nodes, spleen and the kidneys.

Saint-Martin, G. Workshop "Is it Possible to Improve the Reproductive Performance of the Camel?" (1990: Paris, France). Actes de l'atelier "Peut-on ameliorer les performances de reproduction des camelins?": Paris, 10-12 septembre 1990. [Proceedings of the Workshop "Is it Possible to Improve the Reproductive Performance of the Camel?]" Etudes et Syntheses de l'I.E.M.V.T., 41. Maisons-Alfort, France: CIRAD-EMVT, 1993. 437 p.: ill. (1 col.), maps. ISBN: 2876141108
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2W67 1993
Descriptors: camels, reproduction, conference proceedings.

Sorensen, E.S.; T.E. Petersen. Phosphorylation, glycosylation and amino acid sequence of component PP3 from the proteose peptone fraction of bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929. Nov 1993. 60 (4): 535-542. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camel milk, proteose peptones, serine, amino acid sequences, whey protein, species differences.

Sorensen, E.S.; T.E. Petersen. Purification and characterization of three proteins isolated from the proteose peptone fraction of bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. May 1993. 60 (2): 189-197. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camels, milk proteins, proteose peptones, amino acids, osteopontin, camel whey protein.

Stenzel, D.J.; M.F. Cassidy; P.F.L. Boreham. Morphology of Blastocystis sp. isolated from circus animals. International Journal of Parasitology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Aug 1993. 23 (5): 685-687. ISSN: 0020-7519.
NAL Call no.: QH547.I55
Descriptors: circus animals, camels, llamas, lions, bulls, Blastocystis, ultrastructure, protozoal infections, taxonomy.
Abstract: Blastocystis sp. is reported for the first time from faecal samples collected from a camel, a llama, a highland bull and a lion in a travelling circus. Fresh faecal specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy, and vacuola and cyst forms of similar morphology were present in all three ungulates. These cells were smaller than cultured vacuolar cells of Blastocystis hominis isolated from humans and contained only a single vacuole in comparison to the multivacuolar cell found in fresh human faeces. The taxonomic relationship of Blastocystis isolated from humans and ungulates remains to be determined. The number of parasites present in the lion sample was too small to make valid comparisons.

Stiles, D. Nomads on notice. Natural History. New York, N.Y.: American Museum of Natural History. Sept 1993. 102 (9): 50-57. ISSN: 0028-0712.
NAL Call no.: 500 N483J
Descriptors: nomadism, camels, cattle, goats, sheep, survival, transhumance, arid zones, Chalbi desert, drought, robbing, Kenya.

1992

Agarwal, S.P.; A.K. Rai; N.D. Khanna. Hormonal studies in postpartum female camels and their neonates. Theriogenology. Stoneham, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann. Oct 1992. 38 (4): 735-747. ISSN: 0093-691X
NAL Call no.: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dromedary camels, newborn animals, postpartum interval, progesterone, hydrocortisone, thyroid, hormone changes, blood sampling, India.
Abstract: The expulsion of the fetus from the mother at parturition necessitates reorganization of the endocrine status in both individuals. In this study, the patterns of hormonal changes were investigated in postpartum Dromedary camels and their neonates. Blood samples were recovered within a few hours after calving from 10 female Dromedary camels and their calves, and sampling was continued at varying intervals upto Day 21 post partum. Sera were assayed for progesterone, cortisol and thyroid hormone concentrations by specific radioimmunoassays. Progesterone concentrations in the dams varied between 0.5 and 2.0 ng/ml on the day of calving and declined steadily thereafter to become undetectable by Day 9; progesterone remained undetectable in the neonates. Cortisol concentrations were high (25 to 30 ng/ml) at parturition in both the dams and their calves. They declined to 6 to 7 ng/ml in the dams, but became undetectable in the neonates by Day 14 post partum. The thyroid hormones were low in the dams (T4 70; T3 = 1-6 ng/ml) on Day 1 post partum but then increased gradually to Day 21 (T4 = 110; T3 = 2.2 ng/ml). In contrast, thyroid hormone concentrations in the neonates were 4 to 5 times higher than those of their mothers at birth. They declined thereafter but nevertheless remained at almost double the concentrations found in the dams.

Al Ani, F.K.; W.A.R.A. Al Azzawi; M.S. Jermukly; K.K. Razzaq. Studies on some haematological parameters of camel and llama in Iraq. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Nairobi: Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. June 1992. 40 (2): 103-106. ISSN: 0378-9721.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: camels, llamas, hematology, blood profiles, normal values, female animals, Iraq.

Allen, W.R.; International Camel Conference (1st: 1992: Dubai). Proceedings of the First International Camel Conference: 2nd-6th February 1992. Newmarket, Suffolk, U.K.: R & W Publications, c1992. 431 p.: ill. (some col.)
NAL Call no.: SF997.5.C3I58 1992
Descriptors: camels, diseases, conference, reproduction, physiology, nutrition.

Aminlari, M.; T. Vaseghi. Arginase distribution in tissues of domestic animals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Oct 1992. 103 (2): 385-389. ISSN: 0305-0491.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: sheep, cattle, camels, horses, donkeys, dogs, arginase, enzyme activity, determination, animal tissues, colorimetry, rapid methods.
Abstract: A new colorimetric method was used for determination of arginase in different tissues of some domestic animals. source of arginase. In all species studied liver was the richest source arginase. Significant differences were observed in the specific activity of arginase in livers from different species. In all species, besides liver, kidney and brain also contained significant levels of arginase. In the dog, in addition to the three organs mentioned above, lung, heart, spleen and skeletal muscle showed some arginase activity. In sheep and cattle significant arginase activity was observed in the rumen. No differences were observed between epithelial and muscular layers of different parts of digestive system in all species studied. These results are discussed in terms of the possible role of arginase in different tissues of animals.

Baumann, M.P.O.; K.H. Zessin. Productivity and health of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Somalia: associations with trypanosomosis and brucellosis. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Midlothian, Scotland: University of Edinburgh. Aug 1992. 24 (3): 145-156. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, serological surveys, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, animal husbandry, pastoralism, livestock numbers, arid zones, Brucella, reproductive performance, Somalia.

Benlamlih, S.; K. Dahlborn; R.Z. Filali; J. Hossaini-Hilali. Fluid retention after oral loading with water or saline in camels. American Journal of Physiology. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society. May 1992. 262 (5,pt.2): R915-R920. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call no.: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: camels, dehydration physiology, isotonic saline, water deprivation, rehydration, diuresis, water excretion, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, osmotic pressure, blood proteins, renal function, kidneys, blood plasma, atrial natriuretic peptide.
Abstract: When dehydrated camels are offered water they drink volumes of water exceeding their body water loss during the water deprivation period. The excess water is excreted during 2-4 days. To investigate the ability to retain fluid in the body, normohydrated camels were loaded with water or isotonic saline (0.1 l/kg body wt) by esophageal tube. After water loading plasma osmolality decreased and a water diuresis was seen, but it took 3 days until the body weight returned to prehydration level. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) increased, but plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration did not change. After the saline loading plasma osmolality increased and total plasma proteins and hematocrit decreased. Renal Na excretion increased 4 h after the saline load, but the magnitude of the natriuresis was small, and the camels had not regained their body weight 6 days after the load. PAC and PRA decreased after saline loading, while plasma ANP concentration did not change. These data show that camels are able to retain excess water within the body and to tolerate blood hyposmolality for a relatively long time. With saline the retention of fluid lasts even longer despite an attenuation of PAC.

4, M.; J. Mumford; U. Wernery. Analysis of the camelpox virus thymidine kinase gene. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Nov/Dec 1992. 148 (6): 541-546. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, Orthopoxvirus, thymidine kinase, genes, DNA sequencing, recombinant vaccines, nucleotide sequences.

Chauhan, R.S.; R.K. Kaushik. Pyometra in camels: case report. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Jan/Feb 1992. 148 (1): 84-85. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, pyometra, case reports, Actinomyces pyogenes.

Cooper, C.W. Risk factors in transmission of brucellosis from animals to humans in Saudi Arabia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. London: The Society. Mar/Apr 1992. 86 (2): 206-209. ISSN: 0035-9203
NAL Call no.: 448.9 R813
Descriptors: sheep, goats, camels, cattle, man, livestock products, brucellosis, terminal hosts, disease transmission, disease prevention, risk, etiology, disease surveys, case reports, Saudi Arabia.

Dahlborn, K.; S. Benlamlih; R. Zine-Filali; A. Gueroulali; J. Hossaini-Hilali; M. Oukessou. Food deprivation and refeeding in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). American Journal of Physiology. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society. June 1992. 262 (6, pt.2): R1000-R1005. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call no.: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, female animals, food deprivation, refeeding, feeding behavior, water intake, body weight, glucose, hydrocortisone, thyroxine, urea, metabolism, blood plasma, urine, blood chemistry, body temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, arid zones, semiarid zones, renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
Abstract: Camels thrive in arid and semiarid areas, although food and water frequently are scarce. However, the mechanisms enabling camels to withstand food deprivation are poorly understood. In this study four female camels were totally deprived of food for 4 days. Their body weight decreased by 6%. Food deprivation caused no change in total plasma protein concentration in the camel, indicating that no alterations in plasma volume occurred. When the first meal was withheld water intake was unchanged. Next day the camels showed signs of hydration with a decreased plasma Na+ concentration and an increased excretion of diluted urine. In the afternoon water intake decreased. Urine K+ excretion fell the first day and urine volume and Na+ excretion from the third day. No activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) was observed. Plasma and urine urea concentration increased during food deprivation. Plasma glucose concentration and plasma cortisol and thyroxine levels did not change. Body temperature decreased during food deprivation. After refeeding, total plasma proteins increased temporarily by 12%, and a threefold increase in RAAS was seen, implying that both plasma volume and RAAS changed rapidly. Our results show that fluid balance was only slightly affected in the food-deprived camel. We suggest that strategies for the camel to endure food deprivation include maintenance of plasma volume and glucose concentration and a lowering of the body temperature.

El-Agamy, E.I.; R. Ruppanner; A. Ismail; C.P. Champagne; R. Assaf. Antibacterial and antiviral activity of camel milk protective proteins. Journal of Dairy Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. May 1992. 59 (2): 169-175. ISSN: 0022-0299.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J823
Descriptors: camel milk, antibacterial properties, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, IgA, IgG, antiviral properties, gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, rotavirus.

El-Khouly, A.B.; F.A. Gadir; D.D. Cluer; G.W. Manefield. Aspergillosis in camels affected with a specific respiratory and enteric syndrome. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Vic.: Australian Veterinary Association, 1927-. Aug 1992. 69 (8): 182-186. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dromedary camels, aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus, symptoms, histopathology, morbidity, mortality, respiratory system, digestive system.

Elamin, F.M.; C.J. Wilcox. Milk composition of Majaheim camels. Journal of Dairy Science. Champaign, Ill.: American Dairy Science Association. Nov 1992. 75 (11): 3155-3157. ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: camels, milk composition, chemical composition, mineral content, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: To determine composition, milk samples were obtained at random from camels at two camel rearing areas near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Proximate analyses indicated 3.15% fat, 2.81% protein, 4.16% lactose, 10.95% total solids, .15% acidity, .83% ash, and 88.33% water. Mineral composition was (milligrams per gram) 30.03, Ca; 72.48, K; 43.10, Na;.28, Fe;.18, Pb; and 4.50, Mg. Results should contribute to the overall knowledge of camels as a food source, but much still needs to be learned if efficient improvement programs are to be initiated.

Elgasim, E.A.; M.A. Alkanhal. Proximate composition, amino acids and inorganic mineral content of Arabian camel meat: comparative study. Food Chemistry. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. 1992. 45 (1): 1-4. ISSN: 0308-8146.
NAL Call no.: TX501.F6
Descriptors: camel meat, proximate analysis, food composition, mineral content, amino acids, nutrient content, nutritive value, comparisons, beef, lamb, chicken, goat, fish, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: The proximate composition, amino acid and inorganic mineral contents of the Arabian Camel (Camelus dromedarius) meat were investigated and compared with other red and white meats (beef, lamb, goat, chicken and fish). Camel meat had more moisture, less fat, less ash and similar protein contents to beef, lamb, goat and chicken. The highest moisture and the lowest protein contents were found for fish (Epinephulus chlorostigma). Accordingly the moisture to protein ratios (M/P) of the camel and fish were higher than those of beef, lamb, goat and chicken. Except for Na, camel had a similar elemental composition (Zn, Ca, K, Mg, Cu and Mn) to beef but was superior to that of fish. For the six species studied, the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids (ESAA/NEAA) ranged between a high of 0.90 for goat and a low of 0.81 for fish. Camel had a similar ESAA/NEAA value to beef (0.85). Based on its possible contribution to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the nutrient density of camel meat is quite comparable to that of beef, however, the two species are poor sources of Ca.

Farah, Z.; R. Rettenmaier; D. Atkins. Vitamin content of camel milk. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Bern: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. 1992. 62 (1): 30-33. ISSN: 0300-9831.
NAL Call no.: 389.8 Z33
Descriptors: camels, milk, vitamin content, food composition, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, vitamin E.
Abstract: The content of vitamin C, vitamin B2 and fat-soluble vitamins E and A in camel milk was studied. The milk samples were collected from 20 individual camels (Camelus dromedarius) in two different occasions. The study showed that camel milk contains considerably less vitamin A and B2 than cow milk while the content of vitamin E was about the same level. The level of vitamin C was in average three times higher than that of cow milk.

Faye, B.; G. Saint Martin; R. Cherrier; A. Ruffa. The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel (Camelus dromedarius). I. Changes in metabolic profiles and growth performance. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd. June 1992. 102 (2): 409-416. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, young animals, dietary protein, forage, mangroves, Avicennia marina, leaves, dietary minerals, zinc, copper, mineral supplements, concentrates, energy intake, nutritional state, nutrient deficiencies, growth, metabolism, food intake, nutritive value, mortality, protein energy concentrates, Djibouti.
Abstract: 1. The main forage for camels in northern Djibouti (mangrove with Avicennia marina) is very poor in nitrogen and energy. In a trial, 32 young camels (less than 2 years old) were used in four groups of eight each. 2. All the camels received mangrove as basal diet ad lib. 3. After 1 month, the camels received mineral supplementation in copper and zinc (groups 1 and 3) or/and a concentrate rich in protein and energy (groups 2 and 3) or continued with the basal diet (controls). 4. Any supplementation was stopped after 2 months for 1 month. 5. Growth performance was 550 g/day (concentrate-supplemented camels) and 570 g/day (concentrate + mineral-supplemented camels). 6. The growth was negative for the two other groups (-260 g/day). 7. Food intake of mangrove was slightly more important with mineral supplementation only and with mineral + concentrate supplementation. 8. The changes in metabolic profiles have shown an important catabolism in non-supplemented animals, an increase of urea and free fatty acid concentrations in plasma and a decrease of glucose concentrations. 9. Three camels died in the control group with symptoms of starvation and signs of liver damage (increase of liver enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase).

Faye, B.; G. Saint-Martin; R. Cherrier; A. Ruffa. The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel (Camelus dromedarius). II. Changes in mineral status. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. Physiology. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd. June 1992. 102 (2): 417-424. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL Call no.: QP1.C6
Descriptors: camels, young animals, dietary protein, forage, concentrates, dietary minerals, mineral supplements, copper, zinc, calcium, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, mineral deficiencies, trace element deficiencies, nutritional state, mineral absorption, mineral content, liver, blood plasma, Djibouti, protein energy concentrates.
Abstract: 1. Mangrove Avicennia marina is poor in some trace elements such as copper, zinc and manganese. In a trial we used 32 young camels divided into four groups. 2. Groups 1 and 3 were supplemented with copper and zinc in drinking water after 1 month of mangrove feeding. 3. Groups 2 and 3 received concentrate rich in protein and energy. The supplementation was stopped after 2 months. 4. All the camels were deficient in trace elements at the beginning of mineral supplementation. 5. The plasma concentration of copper increased significantly up to normal levels (< 70 micrograms/100 ml) in energy protein supplemented groups, but the quantity supplied (100 mg of copper sulphate/day) was not sufficient to maintain this level after the end of supplementation. 6. The original zinc deficiency was too severe to observe a significant effect of the mineral supplementation. 7. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels were improved during the supplementation period in protein-energy supplemented group s. 8. A high interaction between mineral absorption and quality of the diet was observed. A well-balanced diet seems essential to avoid deficient mineral status.

Gahlot, T.K.; D.S. Chouhan. Camel Surgery. 1st ed. Bikaner, India: Dept. of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan Agricultural University, 1992. 160 p.: ill.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2G35 1992
Descriptors: camels, surgery, surgical techniques.

Grenot, C.J. Ecophysiological characteristics of large herbivorous mammals in arid Africa and the Middle East. Journal Arid Environments. London: Academic Press. Aug 1992. 23 (2): 125-155. ISSN: 0140-1963.
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: sheep, goats, camels, animal physiology, deserts, literature reviews, arid regions, North Africa, Middle East.

Hussein, M.F.; M.M. Liman; H.H. Mogawer; M.N. Bakkar; A.R. Garel-Nabi. The haematology of growing camels (Camelus dromedarius) during the first year of life. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. Suweon, Korea: Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies. Sept 1992. 5 (3): 519-525. ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call no.: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: dromeday camels, hematology, calves, age differences.

Keatinge, J.D.H.; A. Rodriguez; G.F. Sabir; A. Afzal; N.A. Shah. Camels in the farming systems of the arid highlands of western Pakistan: is management research a worthwhile investment. Journal Arid Environments. London: Academic Press. Sept 1992. 23 (3): 293-300. ISSN: 0140-1963
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: camels, draft animals, farming systems research, farming systems, arid regions, highlands, agricultural economics, Baluchistan, Pakistan.

Lalla, Sigrid. Fine Structural Investigations on the Liver and Various Hepatopathies in the Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Hannover: [s.n.], 1992. 194 p.: ill.
NAL Call no.: DISS F1992177
Descriptors: dromedary camels, liver structure, liver diseases.

Mirgani, T. Lipid composition of camel erythrocytes. Journal Arid Environments. London: Academic Press. May 1992. 22 (4): 401-405. ISSN: 0140-1963
NAL Call no.: QH541.5.D4J6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, erythrocytes, lipids, phospholipids, glycerophospholipids.

Mutugi, M.W.; W. Olaho-Mukani; W. Kuto; B. Alushula; H. Njogu; A.R. Njogu. Some reproductive parameters in a Kenyan population of Camelus dromedarius. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Nairobi: Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. Sept 1992. 40 (3): 215-217. ISSN: 0378-9721.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 B872
Descriptors: camels, reproductive efficiency, Kenya.

Otsyula, M.; K. Kamar; M. Mutugi; A.R. Nijogu. Preliminary efficacy trial of Cymelarsan, a novel trypanocide, in camels naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi in Kenya. Acta Tropica. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. Feb 1992. 50 (3): 271-273. ISSN: 0001-706X
NAL Call no.: 475 AC8
Descriptors: camels, Trypanosoma evansi, trypanocides, Kenya.

Oukessou, M.; V. Uccelli-Thomas; P.L. Toutain. Pharmacokinetics and local tolerance of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in camels. American Journal of Veterinary Research. Schaumburg, Ill.: American Veterinary Medical Association. Sept 1992. 53 (9): 1658-1662. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: camels, oxytetracycline, pharmacokinetics, drug formulations, creatine kinase, enzyme activity, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection.

Rashed, M.N. Determination of trace elements in milk of some animals from Aswan (Egypt). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry Reading: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. 1992. 48 (1): 41-50. ISSN: 0306-7319.
NAL Call no.: QH540.I52
Descriptors: camels, goats, ewes, buffalo, milk composition, comparison study, trace elements, minerals, mineral content, livestock feeding, grazing, forage, site factors, Egypt.

Rinkanya, F.G.R.; H.S.N. Kiniiya; G. Muraguri. Evaluation of the efficacy of Ectopor pour-on against ticks infesting camels in Kenya. Tropical Pest Management. London: Taylor & Francis. Jan/Mar 1992. 38 (1): 96-97. ISSN: 0143-6147.
NAL Call no.: SB950.A1P3
Descriptors: camels, Amblyomma variegatum, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, pyrethroid acaricides, Kenya.

Schwartz, H.J.; M. Dioli. The One-humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Eastern Africa: A Pictorial Guide to Diseases, Health Care and Management. Weikersheim, FR Germany: J. Margraf, c1992. 282 p.: ill. (some col.) ISBN: 3823612182.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2O53 1992
Descriptors: camels, Eastern Africa, diseases, care, treatment, husbandry, illustrations, dromedaries.

Soliman, A.K.; B.A.M. Botros; D.M. Watts. Evaluation of a competitive enzyme immunoassay for detection of Coxiella burnetii antibody in animal sera. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology. June 1992. 30 (6): 1595-1597. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL Call no.: QR46.J6
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, Coxiella burnetii, antibodies, serum, enzyme immunoassay, detection.
Abstract: A competitive enzyme immunoassay (CEIA) was established and compared with other serological techniques for detecting Coxiella burnetii antibody in camels, goats, and sheep. This technique was evaluated because a conjugated anti-camel immunoglobulin was not available to serve as a direct signal for the demonstration of antigen-antibody reaction. A C. burnetii antibody-positive human serum and a peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin G were used as an indicator system competing against antibody in animal serum or as an indicator of the absence of antibody. Sera were considered antibody positive when the A414 of the test sera plus the competing positive antibody was less than or equal to 50% of the A414 of the negative-control serum plus the competing antibody. Antibody to C. burnetii was repeatedly demonstrated in 66% of camel serum samples (n = 200) by the CEIA. Among 48 camel serum samples, 71% were positive for antibody by CEIA versus 65% by EIA using peroxidase-labeled protein A. The CEIA detected C. burnetii antibody in 63% of sheep serum samples (n = 40) and in 50% of goat serum samples (n = 96), while the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique detected antibody in 38% of sheep and 34% of goat serum samples and the EIA detected antibody in 50% of sheep and 35% of goat serum samples. These data indicate that the CEIA is a reliable and sensitive technique for demonstrating C. burnetii antibody in camels, sheep, and goats.

Wernery, U.; J. Wensvoort. Experimentally induced rumen acidosis in a 1-year-old camel bull (Camelus dromedarius)--a preliminary report. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Mar/Apr 1992. 148 (2): 167-170. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, acidosis, rumen fluid, blood, symptoms, young male dromedary.

Wernery, U. The prevalence of Salmonella infections in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. Sept/Oct 1992. 148 (5): 445-450. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, Salmonella, salmonellosis, disease prevalence, serotypes, incidence, Clostridium perfringens, United Arab Emirates.
Abstract: One hundred and eighty-seven Salmonella strains were isolated from 4006 samples collected from camels in the United Arab Emirates between 1987 and 1991. One hundred and sixty-five (4.3%) strains were isolated from 3801 faecal and 22 from 205 organ samples of 62 autopsied camels. In total, 28 different serotypes were identified with S. saintpaul being the most frequent (69), followed by S. frintrop (31) and S. hindmarsh (15). Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from only two faecal specimens. All salmonellas isolated from faecal samples originated from carrier camels, and those isolated from organs were secondary findings. The camels from which salmonella organisms were found died from diseases other than salmonellosis, Most of the S. saintpaul isolated originated from one herd suffering from Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxaemia which suggests that salmonella infections may predispose camels to clostridial enterotoxaemias.

1991

Abouheif, M.A.; S.M. Basmaeil; M.N. Bakkar. A standard method for jointing camel carcasses with reference to the effect of slaughter age on carcass characteristics in Najdi camels. 2. Partition and distribution of carcass fat. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. Suweon, Korea: Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies. Sept 1991. 4 (3): 219-225. ISSN: 1011-2367.
NAL Call no.: SF55.A78A7
Descriptors: dromedary camels, age differences, carcass composition, body fat, Saudi Arabia.

Abu Lehia, I.H. Nitrogen distribution and mineral contents of camel colostrum. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Victoria: Dairy Industry Association of Australia. Nov 1991. 46 (2): 82-84. ISSN: 0004-9433.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 AU74
Descriptors: dromedary camels, colostrum, Saudi Arabia.

Ali, B.H.; H.A. El Sheikah. Some compartive aspects of drug metabolism in Nubian goats (Capra hircus), desert sheep (Ovis aries) and dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C. Pharmacology and Toxicology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Feb 1992. 101 (2): 189-195. ISSN: 0742-8413.
NAL Call no.: QP901.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, goats, sheep, fascioliasis, poisonous plants, latex, toxicity, phenazone, sulfadimidine, drug metabolism, enzymes, enzyme activity, pharmacokinetics, tropics, species differences, Calatropis procera.

Anderson, B.C. Experimental infection in mice of Cryptosporidium muris isolated from a camel. Journal of Protozoology. Lawrence, Kan.: Society of Protozoologists. Nov/Dec 1991. 38 (6): 165-175. ISSN: 0022-3921.
NAL Call no.: 439.8 J82
Descriptors: camels, Cryptosporidium, experimental infection, mice, feces, histopathology, smears.

Bergin, T.J.; L.R. Torenbeeck. Melioidosis in camels. Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Victoria: Australian Veterinary Association. Sept 1991. 68 (9): 309. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: camels, Pseudomonas pseudomallei, outbreaks, Queensland, Australian Northern Territory.

Buscher, Friedemann Christian. Comparative Studies of Enzymes Related to Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Different Tissues of Camels (Camelus dromedarius), Bovines (Bos taurus) and Rats (Rattus rattus) Based on Enzyme Measurements. Hannover: [s.n.], 1991. 180 p.: ill.
NAL Call no.: 41.2 H198 1991 no.9
Descriptors: camels, cattle, rats, enzyme physiology, fatty acids, species comparison.

El Bahri, L.; R. Chemli. Peganum harmala L.: a poisonous plant of North Africa. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Manhattan, Kan.: Kansas State University. June 1991. 33 (3): 276-277. ISSN: 0145-6296
NAL Call no.: SF601.A47
Descriptors: Peganum harmala, poisonous plants, indole alkaloids, alkaloids, toxic substances, toxicity, symptoms, poisoning, cattle, camels.

El Faer, M.Z.; T.N. Rawdah; K.M. Attar; M.V. Dawson. Mineral and proximate composition of the meat of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Food Chemistry. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. 1991. 42 (2): 139-143. ISSN: 0308-8146
NAL Call no.: TX501.F6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, meat cuts, proximate analysis, mineral content, food composition tables, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract: The information available on the nutritional value of the meat of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) is very limited. The mineral elements and proximate composition of muscle tissues taken from the shoulders, thighs, ribs, necks and humps of seven young (1-3 years) male camels have been determined. The amounts of mineral elements, protein and ash in the various muscle tissues of the camel are generally similar to the amounts reported for these constituents in the corresponding tissues of beef. However, the meat of the camel contains significantly less lipids (1.2-1.8% versus 4.0-8.0%) and higher water content (5-8% more) than beef. The hump consists mainly of lipids (86.9%).

Elias, E. Left ventrolateral Cesarean section in three dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Veterinary Surgery. Hagerstown, Md.: J.B. Lippincott Company. Sept/Oct 1991. 20 (5): 323-325. ISSN: 0161-3499
NAL Call no.: SF911.V43
Descriptors: dromedary camels, Caesarean section, case reports.

Elsheikh, H.A.; B.H. Ali; A.M. Homeida; T. Hassan; H.J. Hapke. Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine (sulfamethazine) in camels, sheep and goats. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Sept 1991. 14 (3): 269-275. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call no.: SF915.J63
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, male animals, phenazone, sulfadimidine, pharmacokinetics, species differences.

Elsheikh, H.A.; B.H. Ali; A.M. Homeida; H.J. Hapke. Activities of glutathione S transferase and ethoxycoumarin O deethylase in tissues of camels, sheep, goats and rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C. Pharmacology and Toxicology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1991. 98 (2/3): 293-297. ISSN: 0306-4492.
NAL Call no.: QP901.C6
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, rats, glutathione transferase, enzymes, drug metabolism, enzyme activity, sex differences, liver, kidneys, duodenum, mucosa.
Abstract: The activities of the drug metabolizing enzymes ethoxycoumarin O deethylase, glutathione S transferase, and protein concentrations were measured in vitro in the liver, kidney and duodenal mucosa of camels, sheep, goats and rats. Enzyme activities were generally higher in the liver than in the kidney and duodenal mucosa in the four species studied. The activities of ethoxycoumarin O deethylase and glutathione S transferase in liver of male kids were about one third and half of that in adult male goats, respectively. In the kidney and duodenal mucosa of male kids, the activity of glutathione S transferase was about 70% and 53% of that in the mature male goat, respectively. In the latter tissues, however, there was no detectable activity of ethoxycoumarin O deethylase. In general, goats and sheep had similar activities of the two enzymes which were significantly higher than those found in camels and rats. Some sex related differences were noted in the activity of the two enzymes studied. Female sheep had significantly higher hepatic glutathione S transferase than the male; while the enzyme activity in the kidney and duodenal mucosa of male goats was significantly higher than in females. Male rats had higher hepatic ethoxycoumarin O deethylase activity than females.

Farah, Z.; M. Ruegg. The creaming properties and size distribution of fat globules in camel milk. Journal of Dairy Science. Champaign, Ill.: American Dairy Science Association. Sept 1991. 74 (9): 2901-2904. ISSN: 0022-0302.
NAL Call no.: 44.8 J822
Descriptors: camels, cattle, milk, fat globules, particle size, creaming, comparisons, raw and heated milk.
Abstract: The natural creaming of raw and heated camel milk was studied. Compared with cow (Bos taurus) milk camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk showed very slow creaming rate in both raw and heated milk at refrigerator and room temperatures. Fat globule size distribution was similar in cow and camel milks. The creaming ability was also studied in various combinations of skim milks and creams of raw camel and cow milks. All systems that contained skim camel milk creamed poorly. It was concluded that insufficient quantity of agglutinin in camel milk was mainly responsible for the slow rate of creaming.

Kataria, N.; J.S. Bhatia. Activity of some enzymes in the serum of dromedary camels. Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association. Sept 1991. 51 (2): 174-176. ISSN: 0034-5288
NAL Call no.: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: camels, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, enzyme activity, normal values, blood serum, age differences, sex differences, seasonal variation.
Abstract: The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) in the serum of 60 healthy dromedary camels of either sex and different ages (one to 25 years) were determined. The results were analysed with respect to time of year (December-January and May-June), sex and age groups (below four years; four to 10 years; and over 10 years). The overall mean activities of AST,ALT, ALP, ACP, LDH and ICD were 36.1 +/- 0.35, 4.65 +/- 0.35, 27.21 +/- 0.43, 7.18 +/- 0.21, 479.0 +/- 7.33 and 7.74 +/- 0.17 iu litre-1, respectively. Activities of AST, ALT, ALP and ACP were significantly higher during extremely hot conditions (May-June) than in extreme cold (December-January) while the activity of LDH was higher in extremely cold conditions. Analysis of data based on sex revealed that AST, ALT and ALP activities in the serum of male animals were significantly higher than in female animals. The activities of all the enzymes were highest in animals under four years and then gradually decreased with age being lowest in the animals over 10 years.

Njanja, J.C.; F.G.R. Rinkanya; H.K. Kiara. Ticks of camels, sheep and goats in northwestern Kenya rangelands. Tropical Pest Management. London: Taylor & Francis. Apr/June 1991. 37 (2): 166-168. ISSN: 0143-6147
NAL Call no.: SB950.A1P3
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, rangelands, semiarid zones, surveys, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus pravus, tickborne diseases, pest disease surveys, tick infestations, pest control, Kenya.

Omar, Sh. Abdurahman. Prevalence of mastitis among camels in Southern Somalia: a pilot study. Camel Forum. Working Paper, 0281-7985; no. 37. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts, [1991] 9 leaves: map.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C35 no. 37
Descriptors: camels, mastitis, Somalia.

Ribadu, A.Y.; D. Ogwu; C.O. Njoku; L.O. Eduvie. An abattoir survey of female genital disorders of imported camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kano, Nigeria. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. May/June 1991. 147 (3): 290-292. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, female genital diseases, disease surveys, slaughtered animals, disease prevalence, Nigeria.
Abstract: An abattoir survey of 850 female genital organs of imported camels was conducted at the Kano abattoir between October 1987 and April 1988. An incidence of 4.49% of disorders was recorded, including follicular cystic degeneration (0.12%), ovarian haemorrhagic cysts (0.47%), pyometra (0.35%), early embryonic mortality (0.12%), endometrial haemorrhages (0.47%), fetal maceration (0.12%), abscess (0.24%), vulvar tick infection (1.77%) and cervical hypoplasia (0.12%).

Safer, A.M.; K.S. Abo-Salem. Ultrastructure of the nephron of the young camel Camelus dromedarius. Journal of Morphology. New York, N.Y.: Wiley-Liss. Nov 1991. 210 (2): 101-115. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: dromedary camels, young animals, adults, kidneys, morphology, tissue ultrastructure, renal function, water deprivation, age differences.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to compare the ultrastructure of the kidney of young camels (Camelus dromedarius) with that of adult kidneys, described previously (Safer et al., '88). Young kidneys are known to produce a urine that is only about half as concentrated as that of adult kidneys (Maloiy, '72; Abo-Salem, '88). While possessing most of the ultrastructural features of adult kidneys, and of mammalian kidneys in general, young kidneys differ from those of adults in several respects. The basal lamina comprising part of the filtration barrier is approximately one-fourth as thick as that of the adult kidney. Young kidneys also lack thickened, heterogeneous basal laminae associated with the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubules, and the thin segments of the loops of Henle in adult kidneys. In addition, the proximal convoluted tubules of young kidneys contain mixtures of lightly stained and darkly stained cells, while those of adult kidneys possess only lightly stained cells. These differences between young and adult kidneys might in part be related to a greater degree of water deprivation experienced by adult animals.

Safer, A.M.; E. Katchburian. Unusual membrane-bound bodies in the basal lamina of the uriniferous tubules of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Acta Anatomica. Basel: S. Karger. Feb 1991. 140 (2): 156-162. ISSN: 0001-5180.
NAL Call no.: 444.8 AC82
Descriptors: dromedary camels, kidneys, intra-membranes particles, cell ultrastructure, nephrons.
Abstract: Kidney samples of the camel Camelus dromedarius were aldehyde fixed and glycerol impregnated for ultra thin-section and freeze-fracture studies of the basal lamina. Results obtained show the presence of extracellular membrane-bound bodies within the thick basal lamina of the tubular portion of the nephron. The 10- to 500-nm bodies appear isolated and are found at various levels along the width of a highly structural lattice basal lamina. The bodies are observed either in small groups or as single structures which are invariably surrounded by a clear halo of the basal lamina. In ultrathin sections they appear limited by a typical unit-membrane structure, and their interior may appear empty or may exhibit material of variable electron opacity. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal the limiting membrane of the bodies which appear either as concave or convex structures. Intramembrane particles (IMPs) measuring between 5 and 15 nm are present in some of the bodies, whilst others appear devoid of IMPs. The IMPs are present in both concave and convex surfaces and are usually aggregated into clumps. The region of the basal lamina which contains the membrane-bound bodies is usually granular except in the area immediately surrounding the bodies which corresponds to the clear halo observed in thin sections. Although these basal lamina membrane-bound bodies appear to be similar to matrix vesicles previously described in mineralizing tissues, it seems unlikely that they are involved in calcification. It is possible that the membrane-bound bodies and the highly configurated basal lamina may be related to ionic transport mechanisms which are associated with the high osmolarity of the camel urine.

Squire, K.R.E.; P.N. Boehm. External fixation repair of a displaced comminuted radial fracture in a juvenile camel. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Schaumburg, Ill.: The Association. Sept 15, 1991. 199 (6): 769-771. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: camels, radius, bone fractures, fracture fixation, case reports, Thomas splint, fiberglass casts.

Trueman, K.F.; M.W. Powell. Suspected poisoning of camels by Trema tomentosa (poison peach). Australian Veterinary Journal. Brunswick, Victoria: Australian Veterinary Association. June 1991. 68 (6): 213-214. ISSN: 0005-0423
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: camels, Trema tomentosa, poison peach, poisoning, susceptibility, case reports, Queensland, Australia.

Ul'masov, Kh.A.; V.K. Dashkevich; V.N. Lyashko; M.B. Evgen'ev. Properties of protein synthesis from heat shock in the blood cells of the camel, Camelus dromedarius. Doklady Biological Sciences Akademiia Nauk SSSR. New York, N.Y.: Consultants Bureau. May 1991. 315 (1/6): 656-659. ISSN: 0012-4966
NAL Call no.: 511 P444AEB
Descriptors: dromedary camels, blood cells, heat shock, heat shock proteins, protein synthesis.

Zguigal, H.; N.G. Ghoshal. Gross and histologic study of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus in one humped camels. American Journal of Veterinary Research . Schaumburg, Ill.: American Veterinary Medical Association. July 1991. 52 (7): 1173-1177. ISSN: 0002-9645
NAL Call no.: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: camels, blood vessels, sinuses, head, histology, heat regulation, carotid rate.
Abstract: Gross and histologic features of the rostral epidural rete mirabile (carotid rete) and the cavernous sinus in one humped camels were studied. It was evident that the branches of the carotid rete share a common tunica adventitia with the veins of the cavernous sinus. Transmission electron microscopy of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus revealed gap junctions in endothelial cells lining the walls of the arterial rete branches and veins. The internal elastic lamina of rete branches were fenestrated. Some of these structural features could facilitate countercurrent heat exchange between the rete branches and the venous plexus of the cavernous sinus to regulate brain temperature.

1990

Abu Damir, H.; M.E.S. Barri; M.H. Tageldin; O.F. Idris. Clinical and subclinical colloid goitre in adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) at Kordofan region of Sudan. British Veterinary Journal. London: Bailliere Tindall. May/June 1990. 146 (3): 219-227. ill. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 V643
Descriptors: camels, goiter, thyroid gland, blood picture, blood chemistry, blood serum, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, symptoms, iodine, histopathology, anemia, supplements, Sudan.

Ahmed, A. Elmi. Relationship of forage species cover and its proportion in camel diets. Camel Forum. Working Paper, 0281-7985; no. 35. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts; Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, [1990] 4 leaves.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C35 no. 35
Descriptors: camels feeding, feeds, forage plants, Somalia.

Ahmed, A. Elmi. Mineral contents of some major plant species that camels consume in Ceeldheer district, central Somalia. Camel Forum. Working Paper, 0281-7985; no. 34. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts; Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, [1990] 6 leaves.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C35 no. 34
Descriptors: camels feeding, forage plants, feeds, Somalia.

Berlin, Karin. A model for a camel's milk dairy plant in Somalia. Camel Forum. Working Paper, 0281 7985; no. 33. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1990. 57 leaves: ill.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C35 no. 33
Descriptors: camels, milk processing plant, dairy products, Somalia.

Doose, Anette. Funktionen und Morphologie des Verdauungssystems des einhockrigen Kamels (Camelus dromedarius): eine Literaturauswertung. [Functions and Morphology of the Digestive System of the One Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius).] Hannover: [s.n.], 1990. 169 p.

Elkhawad, A.O.; N.S. Al Zaid; M.N. Bou Resli. Facial vessels of desert camel (Camelus dromedarius): role in brain cooling. American Journal of Physiology. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society. Mar 1990. 258 (3,pt.2): R602-R607. ill. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call no.: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: dromedary camels, facial blood vessels, brain, cooling, thermoregulation, stimulation, norepinephrine, blood flow.

Field, C.R. Farm-Africa--a possible approach to extension and development for equines in the Third World. Donkeys, mules and horses in tropical agricultural development proc of a Colloquium organ by the Edinburgh School of Agriculture and the Center for Tropical Veterinary Medicine of the University of Edinburgh and held in Edinburgh, Scotland, 3rd-6th Sept 1990. [Edinburgh]: Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, c1991. p. 306-310. ISBN: 907146066.
NAL Call no.: SF170.D66 1991
Descriptors: camels, draft animals, animal power, extension, communication, developing countries, food and agriculture research management, Africa.

Gitao, C.G.; J.O. Evans; D.J. Atkins. Natural Dermatophilus congolensis infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Kenya. Journal of Comparative Pathology. London: Academic Press. Oct 1990. 103 (2): 307-313. ill. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call no.: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: camels, Dermatophilus congolensis, bacterial diseases, outbreaks, calves, semiarid climate, arid climate, dermatophilosis, Kenya.

Hitti, Hanna-Nasr. Origin of Arabic camel. al-Tabah 1. Tarabulus, Lubnan: Jarrus Bris, 1990. 182 p.: ill. (some col), col. map.
NAL Call no.: QL737.U54H57 1990
Descriptors: camels, Arab countries, history, evolution.

Lechner Doll, M.; T.Rutagwenda; H.J. Schwartz; W. Schultka; W. v. Engelhardt. Seasonal changes of ingesta mean retention time and forestomach fluid volume in indigenous camels, cattle, sheep and goats grazing a thornbush savannah pasture in Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dec 1990. 115 (pt.3): 409-420. ISSN: 0021-8596.
NAL Call no.: 10 J822
Descriptors: camels, goats, sheep, zebu, breeds, nutrient retention, rumen contents, rumen fluid, seasonal fluctuations, pastures, savannas, woodlands, Kenya.

Mace, R. Pastoralist herd compositions in unpredictable environments: a comparison of model predictions and data from camel keeping groups. Agricultural Systems. Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. 1990. 33 (1): 1-11. ISSN: 0308-521X.
NAL Call no.: HD1.A3
Descriptors: camels, goat, pastoralism, agricultural households, livestock numbers, herd structure, environmental factors, drought, household income, food consumption, comparisons, models, SubSaharan, Africa.

Magzoub, M.; E.M. El Hassan; H.J. Burger. Pasture infestation with Trichostrongyles of camels in the Butuna area of eastern Sudan. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. Feb 1990. 22 (1): 7-8. maps. ISSN: 0049-4747.
NAL Call no.: SF601.T7
Descriptors: camels, Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, incidence, pastures, rainy season, seasonal effects, Sudan.

Martinat, N.; A. Anouassi; J.C. Huet; J.C. Pernollet; Y. Combarnous. Purification and characterization of glycosylated and non glycosylated forms of prolactin from the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B. Biochemical and Molecular Biology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1990. 97B (4): 667-674. ISSN: 0305-0491.
NAL Call no.: QP501.C6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, prolactin (camPRL), pituitary extraction, biochemical polymorphism, purification, characterization, carbohydrate metabolism, glycosylation.
Abstract: Camel prolactin (camPRL) was isolated from the insoluble residue left after extraction of the gonadotropins FSH and LH from a single batch of one humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) pituitaries. 2. Several isoforms of camPRL were isolated and characterized. 3. Glycosylated and non glycosylated forms of camPRL were separated by affinity chromatography on Con A Sepharose. 4. The glycosylated form represented more than 20% of total camPRL and was found to be only 10 20% as active as the nonglycosylated form in its ability to bind to rabbit mammary gland PRL receptors and to stimulate the proliferation of Nb2 cells.

Martinat, N.; A. Anouassi; J.C. Huet; J.C. Pernollet; V. Segard; Y. Combarnous. Purification and partial characterization of growth hormone from the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Domestic Animal Endocrinology. Auburn, Ala.: Domendo, Inc. Oct 1990. 7 (4): 527-535. ISSN: 0739-7240.
NAL Call no.: QL868.D6
Descriptors: dromedary camels, somatotropin, pituitary, FSH, LH, purification, characterization, growth hormone.

Masiga, D.K.; W.C. Gibson. Specific probes for Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi based on kinetoplast DNA minicircles. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. May 1990. 40 (2): 279-283. ill. ISSN: 0166-6851.
NAL Call no.: QL757.M6
Descriptors: camels, horses, dogs, Trypanosoma evansi, mitochondrial DNA, DNA probes, cloning.

Mirgani, T.; S.M.A. Bakhit. Effect of intraruminal administration of molasses on blood glucose concentration and rumen VFA concentration in camels, sheep and goats. World Review of Animal Production. Rome: International Publishing Enterprises. July/Sept 1990. 25 (3): 81-84. ISSN: 0043-8979.
NAL Call no.: 49 W89
Descriptors: camels, sheep, goats, molasses, rumen, blood sugar, volatile fatty acids, feed intake, digestibility, dry matter, species differences.

Mohamed, Ali Hussein. Management of camels and emigration of labour. Camel Forum. Working Paper, 0281-7985; no. 36. Mogadishu, Somalia: Somali Academy of Sciences, [1990] 9 leaves: ill., maps
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2C35 no. 36
Descriptors: camels, care, management, labor resources, emigration, Somalia.

Mohamed, Muctar Ali. Camel Milk: Chemical Composition, Characterization of Casein and Cheese Making Properties. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry, 1990. 1 v. (various pagings): ill., map. ISBN: 9157641137.
NAL Call no.: SF401.C2M6
Descriptors: camel milk, composition, casein, coagulating of milk, cheese.

Rath, D. Reproduction in camels: a review. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper; 82. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990. vii, 54 p.: ill. ISBN: 9251029695.
NAL Call no.: SF1.S64 no. 82
Descriptors: camels, reproductive physiology, care and managment.

Roth, E.A. Modeling Rendille household herd composition. Human Ecology. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. Dec 1990. 18 (4): 441-455. ISSN: 0300-7839.
NAL Call no.: HM206.A1H8
Descriptors: camels, cattle, livestock numbers, herd structure, households, decision making, pastoralism, traditions, cultural change, Kenya.

Saint-Martin, G. Bibliography on the dromedary and camel. 2e ed. Etudes et Syntheses de l'I.E.M.V.T.; 1. Maisons-Alfort: Institut d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, c1990. 2 v. (xv, 824 p.) ISBN: 2859851682; 2859851690 (v.2); 2859851674 (set).
NAL Call no.: Z5074.C27B52 1990
Descriptors: camels, bibliography.