TITLE: Earthworms in Agriculture
PUBLICATION DATE: November 1996
ENTRY DATE: November 15, 1996
EXPIRATION DATE: None
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EARTHWORMS IN AGRICULTURE
JANUARY 1994 - SEPTEMBER 1996
159 citations from AGRICOLA
by Mary V. Gold
1. NAL Call No.: RA1270.P35A1
32P-postlabeling determination of DNA adducts in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris exposed to
PAH-contaminated soils.
Walsh, P.; El Adlouni, C.; Mukhopadhyay, M. J.; Viel, G.; Nadeau, D.; Poirier, G. G.
Bull-environ-contam-toxicol v.54(5): p.654-661. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; earthworms-; aromatic-hydrocarbons; polluted-soils; toxicity-; dna-;
phosphorus-; isotope-labeling; quebec-; polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons; genotoxicity-
2. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Ability of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides to increase plant growth and
the foliar concentration of elements in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Spear) in a sandy loam soil.
Stephens, P. M.; Davoren, C. W.; Doube, B. M.; Ryder, M. H. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(2): p.150-154. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; aporrectodea-caliginosa; aporrectodea-; population-density; growth-;
foliage-; concentration-; trace-elements; foliar- nutrition; roots-; weight-; sandy-loam-soils
3. NAL Call No.: RA1270.P35A1
Acute toxicity studies with earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris.
Ebere, A. G.; Akintonwa, A. Bull-environ-contam-toxicol v.55(5): p.766-770. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pesticides-; fuels-; earthworms-; lumbricus-terrestris; nontarget-organisms; toxicity-; nigeria-
4. NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Aggregate stability under oak and pine after four decades of soil development.
Graham, R. C.; Ervin, J. O.; Wood, H. B. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of
America v.59 (6)p.1740-1744 (1995 Nov.-1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: quercus-dumosa; pinus-coulteri; forest-soils; comparisons-; aggregates-; stability-;
soil-formation; soil-organic-matter; horizons-; earthworms-; worm-casts; water-stable-aggregates;
soil-aggregation
Abstract: The development of water-stable aggregates is an important soil genesis process because it
strongly influences important soil characteristics, including infiltration, aeration, and erodibility. We
studied a 41-yr-old biosequence of lysimeter soils at the San Dimas Experimental Forest in southern
California to assess water-stable aggregates as a function of the imposed scrub oak (Quercus dumosa Nutt.)
and Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri B. Don) communities. Significantly different aggregate stabilities
developed in these initially identical and homogeneous soils. Earthworms under the oak produced a
7-cm-thick A horizon composed almost entirely of worm casts. Casts were also deposited within the litter
of the Oi horizon. The A horizon and the Oi horizon worm casts had aggregate stabilities near 90%,
approximately 35 g kg-1 organic C, and abundant fungal hyphae, as observed by scanning electron
microscopy. The 1-cm-thick A horizon under pine contained no worm casts and had 78% water-stable
aggregates, 12.9 g kg-1 organic C, and abundant very fine roots and fungal hyphae. Subsoils under both
oak and pine had 43 to 51% water-stable aggregates, attributable to inorganic binding mechanisms since
organic C contents were less than or equal to 4 g kg-1, roots were relatively few, and no fungal hyphae
were observed. After 41 yr of soil formation, aggregate stability was approximately 15% greater and the
volume of stable aggregates was seven times larger under scrub oak than under Coulter pine.
5. NAL Call No.: 100-C12Cag
Almond growers reduce pesticide use in Merced County field trials.
Hendricks, L. C. Calif-agric v.49(1): p.5-10. (1995 Jan.-1995 Feb.)
Descriptors: orchards-; pest-management; prunus-dulcis; insecticides-; insect-pests; beneficial-insects;
soil-organic-matter; soil-fertility; oligochaeta-; parasites-of-insect-pests; crop-yield; california-
6. NAL Call No.: QP501.C6
Alterations in polyamine levels of nematode, earthworm, leech and planarian during regeneration,
temperature and osmotic stresses.
Hamana, K.; Hamana, H.; Shinozawa, T. Comp-biochem-physiol-Part-B,-Biochem-mol-biol v.111B(1):
p.91-97. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nematoda-; earthworms-; planaria-; hirudo-; regeneration-; polyamines-; biosynthesis-;
ornithine-decarboxylase; cold-stress; heat-shock; temperature-; osmotic-pressure
Abstract: Free-living nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans and Dorylaimus fodori, contain putrescine and
spermidine. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine occur in the parasitic Nematoda, Ascaris suum, Anisakis
simplex and Dirofilaria immitis. Earthworms, Eisenia foetida, Tubifex hattai and Pheretima
communissima and the leech, Hirudo nipponia (belonging to Annelida) and the planarian, Dugesia
japonica (belonging to Platyhelminthes) contain homospermidine and spermine in addition to putrescine
and spermidine. Regenerated heads of E. foetida and D. japonica are rich in putrescine indicating the
stimulation of its synthesis during regeneration. Putrescine and spermidine levels temporarily increase
after heat shock in C. elegans, E. foetida and D. japonica and cold shock and hypertonic osmotic shock
treatments in D. japonica.
7. NAL Call No.: 442.8-B5236
Annetocin: an oxytocin-related peptide isolated from the earthworm, Eisenia foetida.
Oumi, T.; Ukena, K.; Matsushima, O.; Ikeda, T.; Fujita, T.; Minakata, H.; Nomoto, K.
Biochem-biophys-res-commun v.198(1): p.393-399. (1994 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; earthworms-; peptides-; isolation-; characterization-; oxytocin-; vasopressin-;
osmoregulation-
Abstract: An oxytocin-vasopressin-related peptide, Cys-Phe-Val-Arg-Cys-Prp-Thr-Gly-NH2, was isolated
from the lumbricid earthworm, Eisenia foetida and termed annetocin. Annetocin potentiated not only
spontaneous contractions of the gut but also pulsatory contractions and bladder- shaking movement of the
nephridia. Annetocin may be involved in osmoregulation of the animal through nephridial function.
8. NAL Call No.: 99.8-F762
As the worm turns.
Nixon, W. Am-for v.101(9): p.34-36. (1995 Autumn)
Descriptors: forest-damage; forest-soils; fungi-; earthworms-; oligochaeta-; forests-; forest-litter
9. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Bins enter the schools.
Appelhof, M. Biocycle v.35(10): p.66-67. (1994 Oct.)
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; earthworms-; educational-programs
10. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E52
Bioconcentration and Biokinetics of heavy metals in the earthworm.
Neuhauser, E. F.; Cukic, Z. V.; Malecki, M. R.; Loehr, R. C.; Durkin, P. R. Environ-pollut v.89(3):
p.293-301. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; aporrectodea-caliginosa; lumbricus-rubellus; heavy-metals; cadmium-; copper-;
lead-; nickel-; zinc-; concentration-; kinetics- ; polluted-soils
11. NAL Call No.: QL391.A6E3--1996
Biology and ecology of earthworms. 3rd ed. Biology of earthworms.
Edwards, C. A. C. A. 1.; Edwards, C. A. C. A. 1.; Bohlen, P. J. xii, 426p. (Chapman and Hall, London ;
New York , 1996)
Originally published: Biology of earthworms / C.A. Edwards, J.R. Lofty. 1972.
Descriptors: Earthworms-
12. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Biotic manipulation effects on soil carbohydrates and microbial biomass in a cultivated soil.
Hu, S.; Coleman, D. C.; Hendrix, P. F.; Beare, M. H. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(9): p.1127-1135. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ultisols-; soil-types-cultural; soil-organic-matter; cycling-; roots-; soil-fungi; soil-arthropods;
earthworms-; carbohydrates-; soil-flora; biomass-; carbon-; nitrogen-; microarthropods-;
soil-organic-matter-dynamics
Abstract: Plant roots, fungi and soil fauna are important soil ecological constituents, which have
substantial influences on soil C dynamics and nutrient cycling. Four biotic treatments (root exclusion,
earthworm addition, fungicide and insecticide applications) were designed to investigate the influences of
plant roots, fungi, microarthropods and earthworms on soil C dynamics and nutrient cycling in the field.
Soils under these four treatments and their untreated controls in a 40 year old mixed meadow in the
Georgia piedmont were analyzed for total organic C, soil N, microbial biomass C and N, and
carbohydrates for 2 years. Root exclusion significantly reduced the concentrations of soil carbohydrates (P
< 0.05) as determined by gas chromatography, with only slight differences in total C between the
treatments and the controls. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly lower under root exclusion and
fungicide treatment than under the control. Root exclusion and inhibition of soil fungi significantly
reduced soil N content, suggesting that both roots and fungi contribute to the retention of soil organic N or
contribute as a source of N in cultivated soils. Microbial biomass determined in this study was strongly
related to total carbohydrates (P << 0.01). Mannose, a sugar mainly of microbial origin, significantly
decreased in the surface 5 cm soils under fungicide treatment, while little effects of the arthropod repellant
naphthalene were found in any of the measurements. Significant reductions in xylose and glucose but not
in mannose after earthworm additions suggested that earthworms accelerated the turnover of plant
materials in soils. The results confirmed that the short-term effects of soil biota on SOM dynamics.
derived carbohydrates are relatively dominant in the total carbohydrate pool. When combined with
information on microbial biomass, soil carbohydrate ratios may be a useful indicator of changes in SOM
status as a function of biotic and management regimes in cultivated soils.
13. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Breakdown of plant residues with contrasting chemical compositions under humid tropical conditions:
effects of earthworms and millipedes.
Tian, G.; Brussaard, L.; Kang, B. T. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(3): p.277-280. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: tropical-soils; humid-tropics; soil-fauna; diplodia-; oligochaeta-; biological-activity-in-soil;
pruning-trash; maize-stover; rice-straw; decomposition-; mineralization-; plant-composition;
carbon-nitrogen-ratio; lignin-; polyphenols-; chrysobalanaceae-; gliricidia-sepium; leucaena-leucocephala;
zea-mays; oryza-sativa; nigeria-; spirostreptidae-; eudrilus-eugeniae; dactyladenia-barteri
Abstract: The effects of tropical earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) and millipedes (Spirostreptidae) on the
breakdown of plant residues [Acioa (presently, Dactyladenia) barteri, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena
leucocephala prunings, maize (Zea mays) stover and rice (Oryza sativa) straw], with contrasting chemical
compositions, were studied in the field under humid tropical circumstances. Addition of earthworms
significantly increased the breakdown of maize stover. Addition of millipedes significantly increased the
breakdown of maize stover and rice straw. Combined addition of earthworms and millipedes generally
resulted in greater plant residue breakdown, compared to that of a single group of fauna. During 10 weeks
of exposure, earthworms and millipedes, on average, accounted for the breakdown of all plant residues by
10.4 and 28.4%, respectively. Millipedes and earthworms contributed more to the breakdown of plant
residues with low quality (high C-to-N ratio, lignin and polyphenol contents) than to the degradation of
those with high quality. It is concluded that fauna-enhanced breakdown of plant residues will have
different effects on soil nutrient supply, depending on residue quality.
14. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Burial of soil-surface artifacts in the presence of lumbricid earthworms.
Yeates, G. W.; Meulen, H. v. d. Biol-fertil-soils v.19(1): p.73-74. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; lumbricidae-; wire-; topsoil-; soil-movement; worm-casts;
biological-activity-in-soil; grassland-soils; forest-soils; pastures-; new-zealand; soil-bioturbation;
burial-by-worm-casts; topsoil-mixing; wire-rings; surface-casting
15. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E29
Cadmium-induced mRNA encoding a nonmetallothionein 33-kDa protein in Enchytraeus buchholzi
(Oligochaeta).
Willuhn, J.; Schmitt Wrede, H. P.; Greven, H.; Wunderlich, F. Ecotoxicol-environ-saf v.29(1): p.93-100.
(1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: enchytraeus-; cadmium-; dosage-effects; messenger-rna; induction-; uptake-; concentration-;
survival-; mortality-; reproduction-; toxicity-; biological-indicators; pollution-; bioconcentration-
16. NAL Call No.: 1-F766Fi
Can earthworms survive fire retardants.
Beyer, W. N.; Olson, A. Fire-Manage-Notes. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service v.56
(1)p.25-27 (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-fires; fire-retardants; oligochaeta-; earthworms-; toxicity-
17. NAL Call No.: 381-J824
cDNA cloning of a cadmium-inducible mRNA encoding a novel cysteine-rich, non-metallothionein
25-kDa protein in an enchytraeid earthworm.
Willuhn, J.; Schmitt Wrede, H. P.; Greven, H.; Wunderlich, F. J-biol-chem v.269(40): p.24688-24691.
(1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: enchytraeus-; earthworms-; cadmium-; cysteine-; sulfur-proteins; genes-;
complementary-dna; messenger-rna; induction-; nucleotide- sequences; amino-acid-sequences;
molecular-sequence-data; genbank; x79344-; embl; x79344-
Abstract: Cadmium accumulation and its effect on gene expression have been investigated at sublethal
cadmium concentrations in the soil oligochaete Enchytraeus buchholzi. This worm is capable of
accumulating cadmium to large amounts, which coincides with the induction of a mRNA isolated as a
cDNA clone by differential screening of a cDNA library constructed from cadmium-treated enchytraeids.
The cDNA-clone designated CRP1 is 1474 base pairs in length and contains a 753-base pair open reading
frame, encoding a novel Cys-rich non-metallothionein protein. In vitro translation of the in vitro
transcribed CRP1 results in a protein with a molecular mass of 25 kDa and an pI of approximately 7.5.
These values are consistent with those predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence. The CRP protein
contains 27% Cys, most of them arranged in Cys-X-Cys and Cys-Cys segments. The sequence is also
characterized by a 31-amino-acid motif, which is tandemly repeated along the sequence. Northern blot
analysis reveals that the CRP gene is not constitutively expressed in untreated worms, but rather it is
rapidly induced by cadmium. The CRP gene may be a promising candidate gene for monitoring
bioavailable cadmium at subtoxic levels in terrestric environments.
18. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Changes in potassium availability and other soil properties due to soil ingestion by earthworms.
Baskar, A.; Kirkman, J. H.; Macgregor, A. N. Biol-fertil-soils v.17(2): p.154-158. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-caliginosa; lumbricus-rubellus; potassium-; bioavailability-; soil-texture;
soil-types; cation-exchange-capacity; cations-; ph-; biological-activity-in-soil
19. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Changes in the composition of sugarcane harvest residues during decomposition as a surface mulch.
Spain, A. V.; Hodgen, M. J. Biol-fertil-soils v.17(3): p.225-231. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sugarcane-; harvesting-; plant-residues; decomposition-; mulches-; chemical-composition;
change-; earthworms-; queensland-
20. NAL Call No.: 500-N484
Chemical toxicity and host defense in earthworms: an invertebrate model.
Goven, A. J.; Fitzpatrick, L. C.; Venables, B. J. Ann-NY-Acad-Sci. New York : New York Academy of
Sciences v.712p.280-300 (1994)
Paper presented at the conference "Primordial Immunity: Foundations for the Vertebrate Immune System,"
May 2-5, 1993, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; immune-system; toxicity-; defense-mechanisms; chemicals-; pollutants-;
immunoassay-; lysozyme-; enzyme-activity; toxicology-; risk-; animal-models; immunotoxicity-;
risk-assessment
21. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E29
CO2 production in three earthworm species exposed to terbuthylazine and carbofuran in food.
Brunninger, B.; Viswanathan, R.; Beese, F. Ecotoxicol-environ-saf v.32(1): p.68-72. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: terbuthylazine-; carbofuran-; toxicity-; lumbricus-rubellus; lumbricus-terrestris; eisenia-;
oral-administration; exposure-; duration-; carbon- dioxide; gas-production; respiration-;
nontarget-organisms; eisenia-andrei
22. NAL Call No.: QL461.E532
Colonization and degradation of cattle dung: aspects of sampling, fecal composition, and artificially
formed pats.
Barth, D.; Karrer, M.; Heinze Mutz, E. M.; Elster, N. Environ-entomol v.23(3): p.571-578. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cattle-dung; staphylinidae-; coleoptera-; scarabaeidae-; diptera-; lumbricidae-; degradation-;
germany-
Abstract: Many biotic and abiotic factors influence colonization and degradation of cattle dung pats. Thus,
studies using the pat as an experimental unit require precise methodology to prevent misinterpretation of
results. This paper reports trials in which impact of methodological procedures on dung fauna and dung
degradation was investigated. Factors investigated were pat position on pasture, sampling techniques,
influence of various diets. and a comparison between naturally voided versus artificially formed pats.
Parameters used to measure these factors included quantitative and qualitative monitoring of dung fauna,
including Coleoptera, Diptera, bacteria, nematodes, and Lumbricidae, and assays of pH, moisture content,
and organic matter content of dung. An influence of pat position on colonization was seen, with
Staphylinidae occurring more frequently in pats located toward the center of a pasture compared with pats
located close to a road. Coleoptera larvae preferred the northern parts of the pats. Pat composition
influenced colonization of coleoptera. Staphylinidae and Scarabaeidae preferred pats from cattle fed with
grass, but Hydrophilidae preferred pats from cattle fed corn silage. More Coleoptera larvae were collected
from pats produced by grazing cattle compared with pats from cattle fed hay or corn silage. There were no
significant differences between artificial and natural pats as to the total number of Coleoptera, Diptera, or
bacteria collected. However, development of Diptera larvae was accelerated in the artificial pats.
Degradation of pats measured by content of organic substance and pat area was similar in artificial and
natural pats.
23. NAL Call No.: 448.3-Ap5
Comparative assessment of the aerobic and anaerobic microfloras of earthworm guts and forest soils.
Karsten, G. R.; Drake, H. L. Appl-environ-microbiol v.61(3): p.1039-1044. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-rubellus; oligochaeta-; earthworms-; intestinal-microorganisms; aerobes-;
anaerobes-; bacterial-count; carbohydrate-metabolism; glucose-; cellobiose-; ferulic-acid; metabolism-;
comparisons-; forest-soils; broadleaved-deciduous-forests; octolasium-lacteum
Abstract: Aerobic and anaerobic microbial potentials of guts from earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus
Hoffmeister and Octolasium lacteum (Oerl.)) collected from a beech forest were evaluated. On the basis of
enumeration studies, microbes capable of growth under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were more
numerous in the earthworm intestine than in the beech forest soil from which the worms were obtained.
The intestine of worms displayed nearly equivalent aerobic and anaerobic microbial growth potentials; in
comparison, soils displayed greater aerobic than anaerobic microbial growth potentials. Hence, the ratio of
microbes capable of growth under obligately anaerobic conditions to those capable of growth under
aerobic conditions was higher with the worm intestine than with the soil. Process level studies corroborated
these population differentials: (i) under anaerobic conditions, worm gut homogenates consumed glucose,
cellobiose, or ferulate more readily than did soil homogenates; and (ii) under aerobic conditions, worm gut
homogenates consumed cellobiose or oxygen more readily than did soil homogenates. Collectively, these
results reinforce the general concept that the earthworm gut is not microbiologically equivalent to soil and
also suggest that the earthworm gut might constitute a microhabitat enriched in microbes capable of
anaerobic growth and activity.
24. NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Comparison of buried bag and PVC core methods for in situ measurement of nitrogen mineralization rates
in an agricultural soil.
Subler, S.; Parmelee, R. W.; Allen, M. F. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.26(15/16): p.2369-2381. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-soils; nitrogen-; mineralization-; determination-; measurement-;
analytical-methods; comparisons-; nitrogen-; nutrient-sources; earthworms-; populations-
Abstract: We compared estimates of soil nitrogen (N) mineralization rates using the buried bag and PVC
core methods in an ongoing investigation of the effects of earthworms and N fertilizer sources on
agroecosystem N dynamics. Over a seven-month period, we paired monthly buried bag and PVC core soil
incubations within research plots receiving one of three N treatments (inorganic, legume, or manure
fertilizers) and with manipulated earthworm populations (reduced, ambient, or increased numbers). Soil
moisture within both the buried bags and the PVC cores fluctuated in response to changes in the
surrounding soil, violating assumptions of the buried bag method that soil moisture remains constant
during incubation. For both methods, overall CV's for net ammonification, nitrification, and N
mineralization rates were very high (104-628%). Overall, results for the two methods were significantly
correlated for net ammonification (r = 0.89), net nitrification (r = 0.58), and net N mineralization (r =
0.24). In general, the two methods yielded similar seasonal estimates of net N mineralization and
nitrification. However, on one occasion in the plots with the inorganic N treatment, buried bag estimates
of net N mineralization were significantly higher than the PVC core estimates (1.5 versus -0.4 mg N.kg-1
soil.d-1, respectively). Under some conditions, the two methods may lead to quite different interpretations
of soil N mineralization processes.
25. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E29
Comparison of forest soil microcosm and acute toxicity studies for determining effects of fenitrothion on
earthworms.
Addison, J. A.; Holmes, S. B. Ecotoxicol-environ-saf v.30(2): p.127-130. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fenitrothion-; toxicity-; eisenia-fetida; dendrobaena-; sublethal-effects; susceptibility-;
mortality-; burrowing-; forest-litter; soil-organic- matter; growth-; reproduction-; species-differences;
dendrobaena-octaedra
26. NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Comparison of water movement and quality in earthworm burrows and pan lysimeters.
Shipitalo, M. J.; Edwards, W. M.; Redmond, C. E. J-environ-qual v.23(6): p.1345-1351. (1994 Nov.-1994
Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; animal-burrows; water-flow; nitrate-nitrogen; water-flow;
nitrate-nitrogen; ammonium-nitrogen; pollutants-; macropore-flow; no-tillage-; tillage-;
continuous-cropping; zea-mays; conventional-tillage
Abstract: Although a number of investigators have suggested that earthworm burrows can affect water
movement and quality, little attempt has been made to directly measure their effect in the field. Using
individual samplers, we monitored flow in Lumbricus terrestris L. burrows for 11 mo in adjacent no-till
and conventionally tilled watersheds used for the continuous production of corn (Zea mays L.).
Tension-free pan lysimeters were used to assess the composition and amount of bulk subsurface flow in
each watershed and SrBr2.6H20 tracer was broadcast on a 25-m2 area surrounding the samplers. In both
watersheds the earthworm burrows functioned as preferential flow paths collecting more water, NO3-N,
Br, NH4-N, and Sr than an equivalent area of soil overlying the pan lysimeters. Transport through the bulk
soil was less in the tilled than in the no-till watershed, and the burrows in the tilled watershed were less
effective flow paths than those in the no-till watershed, apparently due to disruption by tillage. Based on
an estimated 1.6 million burrows (greater than or equal to 5-mm diam.) per hectare, the amount of water,
NO3- N, Br, and Sr transported in these macropores was small, representing < 5% of the totals measured
using pan lysimeters. Data from burrow samplers and pan lysimeters installed in five farmer-owned, no-till
fields under different soils and production practices supported the results obtained in the no-till
experimental watershed.
27. NAL Call No.: QP501.E8
The complete sequence of a 40-kDa actin-modulating protein from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris.
Giebing, T.; Hinssen, H.; D'Haese, J. Eur-j-biochem v.225(3): p.773-779. (1994 Nov.)
The accession number ju0190 does not conform to standard format.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; earthworms-; actin-; proteins-; complementary-dna; clones-;
dna-libraries; nucleotide-sequences; amino-acid- sequences; comparisons-; binding-site;
earthworm-actin-modulators; molecular-sequence-data; genbank; l31800-; genbank; z32528-; pir; ju0190-;
sequence-alignment
Abstract: The complete primary structure of a 40-kDa actin-modulating protein from the earthworm
Lumbricus terrestris is presented A muscle- specific cDNA library of the earthworm was constructed and
screened with a specific DNA probe obtained by polymerase chain reaction considering information from
peptide sequencing. A full-length clone with a coding region of 1098 bp was isolated. The deduced
polypeptide sequence of 366 amino acids (41457 Da) reveals the segmental structure typical of both the
40-kDa and 80-kDa actin-modulating proteins. Prominent similarities to the 80-kDa protein gelsolin
especially exist with respect to the first segment and to the C-terminal segment. The comparatively high
nucleation efficiency of the earthworm actin modulator is probably determined by its third segment which
seems to enable the earthworm actin modulator to bind a second G-actin molecule more tightly than other
previously described 40-kDa modulators.
28. NAL Call No.: QP33.J681
Dehydration of earthworm cocoons exposed to cold: a novel cold hardiness mechanism.
Holmstrup, M.; Westh, P. J-comp-physiol,-B-Biochem-syst-environ-physiol v.164(4): p.312-315. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; dendrobaena-; cocoons-; cold-resistance; dehydration-physiological; water-;
dendrobaena-octaedra; osmotically-active-water
Abstract: Mechanisms involved in cold hardiness of cocoons of the lumbricid earthworm Dendrobaena
octaedra were elucidated by osmometric and calorimetric studies of water relations in cocoons exposed to
subzero temperatures. Fully hydrated cocoons contained ca. 3 g water g dry weight-1; about 15% of this
water (0.5 g g dry weight-1) was osmotically inactive or "bound". The melting point of the cocoon fluids in
fully hydrated cocoons was--0.20 degrees C. Exposure to frozen surroundings initially resulted in
supercooling of the cocoon fluids, but over a period of 1-2 weeks the cocoons dehydrated (as a result of
the vapour pressure difference at a given temperature between supercooled water and ice) to an extent
where the vapour pressure of water in the body fluids was in equilibrium with the surrounding ice. This
resulted in a profound dehydration of the cocoons, even at mild freezing exposures, and a concomitant
slight reduction in the amount of osmotically inactive water. At temperatures around -8 degrees C, which
cocoons readily survive, almost all ( > 97%) osmotically active water had been withdrawn from the
cocoons. It is suggested that cold injuries in D. octaedra cocoons observed at still lower temperatures may
be related to the degree of dehydration, and possibly to the loss of all osmotically active water. The study
indicates that ice formation in the tissues is prevented by equilibrating the body fluid melting point with
the exposure temperature. This winter survival mechanism does not conform with the freeze
tolerance/freeze avoidance classification generally applied to cold-hardy poikilotherms. Implications of this
cold hardiness mechanism for other semi-terrestrial invertebrates are.
29. NAL Call No.: 421-C674
Detection of mucus-producing prey by Carabus nemoralis Mueller and Scaphinotus marginatus Fischer
(Coleoptera: Carabidae).
Digweed, S. C. Coleopt-bull v.48(4): p.361-369. (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: carabidae-; orientation-; animal-behavior; deroceras-reticulatum; earthworms-; mucus-;
sex-differences; environmental-factors; predator- prey-relationships
30. NAL Call No.: QL392.J68
Dicelis keymeri sp. n. (Nematoda: Drilonematidae) from the earthworm Octolasium pseudotranspadanum
Zicsi, 1971 (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae).
Morand, S.; Ivanova, E. S.; Vaucher, C. J-Helminthol-Soc-Wash v.63(1): p.19-23. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nematoda-; octolasion-; animal-parasitic-nematodes; new-species; morphology-; taxonomy-;
hungary-
31. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E29
Dietary uptake of superlipophilic compounds by earthworms (Eisenia andrei).
Belfroid, A.; Meiling, J.; Drenth, H. J.; Hermens, J.; Seinen, W.; Gestel, K. v. Ecotoxicol-environ-saf
v.31(3): p.185-191. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-; organic-compounds; polychlorinated-biphenyls; pollutants-; uptake-; diet-;
concentration-; excretion-; pharmacokinetics-; toxicology-; hexabromobenzene-; octachloronaphthalene-
32. NAL Call No.: 442.8-An72
Distribution and prevalence of the predatory planarian Artioposthia triangulata (Dendy) (Tricladida:
Terricola) in Scotland.
Boag, B.; Palmer, L. F.; Neilson, R.; Chambers, S. J. Ann-appl-biol v.124(1): p.165-171. (1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: planaria-; predators-; earthworms-; agricultural-land; population-distribution; scotland-
33. NAL Call No.: TD172.C54
Distribution and transport of atrazine as influenced by surface cultivation, earthworm population and
rainfall pattern.
Sigua, G. C.; Isensee, A. R.; Sadeghi, A. M.; Im, G. J. Chemosphere v.31(10): p.4237-4242. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: atrazine-; herbicide-residues; leaching-; tillage-; no-tillage-; population-density; rain-;
saturated-hydraulic-conductivity; macropores-
34. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E29
Earthworm and food interactions on bioaccumulation and disappearance in soil of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: studies on phenanthrene and fluoranthene.
Ma, W. C.; Immerzeel, J.; Bodt, J. Ecotoxicol-environ-saf v.32(3): p.226-232. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: polycyclic-hydrocarbons; contaminants-; lumbricus-rubellus; earthworms-; lipids-;
concentration-; exposure-; duration-; degradation-; polluted-soils; food-limitation
35. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Earthworm biomass response to soil management in semi-arid tropical Alfisol agroecosystems.
Reddy, M. V.; Kumar, V. P. K.; Reddy, V. R.; Balashouri, P.; Yule, D. F.; Cogle, A. L.; Jangawad, L. S.
Biol-fertil-soils v.19(4): p.317-321. (1995)
Special Issue: Microbial and faunal biomass in soils. II.
Descriptors: earthworms-; lampito-mauritii; farmyard-manure; rice-straw; tillage-; no-tillage-; biomass-;
spatial-variation; temporal-variation; dry- season; rainy-season; india-; octochaetona-phillotti;
octonochaeta-rosea
36. NAL Call No.: SF597.E3L35--1994
Earthworm breeding for profit : practical production and marketing of earthworms in Australia and New
Zealand. 2nd ed.
Lambert, D. 32p. [Naremburn, N.S.W.? : s.n.] , 1994)
Includes bibliographical references (p. [3] of cover).
Descriptors: Earthworm-culture; Earthworms-Marketing
37. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E52
Earthworm communities along a gradient of urbanization.
Pizl, V.; Josens, G. Environ-pollut v.90(1): p.7-14. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; population-density; biomass-production; cadmium-; magnesium-; lead-;
copper-; zinc-; concentration-; soil-pollution; urban- areas; belgium-
38. NAL Call No.: QL391.A6E22--1995
Earthworm ecology and biogeography in North America.
Hendrix, P. F. 244 : ill., mapsp. ( Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton FL:. 1995)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Status of exotic earthworm systematics and biogeography
in North America -- Systematics, biogeography, and ecology of nearctic earthworms from Eastern,
Central, Southern, and Southwestern United States -- Native earthworms of the Pacific Northwest: an
ecological overview -- Native earthworms of the north neotropical region: current status and controversies
-- Native and exotic earthworms in wildland ecosystems -- Influences of earthworms in biogeochemistry --
Earthworms and their influence on soil structure and infiltration -- Earthworms in agroecosystems --
Earthworms and sustainable land use.
Descriptors: Earthworms-Ecology-North-America; Earthworms-North-America-Geographical-distribution
39. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Earthworm effects on N dynamics and soil respiration in microcosms receiving organic and inorganic
nutrients.
Bohlen, P. J.; Edwards, C. A. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(3): p.341-348. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; aporrectodea-caliginosa; biological-activity-in-soil; nitrogen-cycle;
nutrient-sources; nitrogen-fertilizers; cattle- manure; vicia-villosa; crop-residues; respiration-;
nitrate-nitrogen; ammonium-nitrogen; nutrient-availability; soil-flora; biomass-; nitrogen-; mineralization-;
immobilization-; microbial-biomass-nitrogen
Abstract: We designed a microcosm experiment to investigate the effects of earthworms on N cycling
processes and microbial activity, in soil receiving organic or inorganic nutrient amendments. Cylindrical
microcosms contained 161. of field-collected soil that received 1 of 3 nutrient amendments, added to the
upper 5 cm of soil at a rate of 150 kg N ha-1: (I) granular NH4NO3. fertilizer; (2) straw-packed dairy cow
manure; and (3) air-dried hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) legume residue. There were 4 replicates of each
nutrient treatment without earthworms, and 4 replicates with a total of 21 earthworms added per
microcosm (a mixed community of Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata). The microcosms
were incubated for 112 days. Soil respiration was measured continuously and extractable NO(3) and NH(4)
and microbial biomass- N were measured, periodically, at 0-5 and 5-15cm. Earthworms had significant
effects on amounts of extractable NO(3), which increased with time, and were greatest in soil that received
NH4NO3 fertilizer and least in soil that received legume residues. On the final sample date (112 days),
earthworms increased amounts of extractable NO3 at the 0-5 cm soil depth 1.83-, 1.88- and 1.26-fold in
microcosms supplied with NH4NO3, manure and legume trestments, respectively. Earthworms increased
the amounts of extractable NH(4), after 112 days, at the 0-5 cm soil depth, by 1.60-,4.00- and 1.30-fold, in
microcosms that had received the NH4NO3, manure and legume treatments, respectively. Earthworms
significantly reduced the amounts of microbial biomass-N at the 5-15 cm soil depth, and this effect was
greatest in microcosms that had received the NH4NO3, and manure. respiration (112 days) by 1.84-, 1.37-
and 1.24-fold, respectively, in microcosms treated with the fertilizer, manure and legume treatment. These
results indicate earthworms increased the amounts of extractable N by feeding on the microbial biomass,
and increasing the turnover and mineralization of microbial tissues.
40. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Earthworm effects on the use of C sources by microorganisms: non-linear response to temperature
alteration.
Wolters, V.; Ekschmitt, K. Biol-fertil-soils v.19(2/3): p.109-114. (1995 Feb.)
Special Issue: Microbial and faunal biomass in soils. 1.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-caliginosa; soil-flora; biomass-; litter-plant; fagus-sylvatica; air-temperature;
carbon-; mineralization-; forest-soils; calcareous-soils; climatic-change
Abstract: A microcosm was used to study the effect of a the endogeic earthworm Aporrectodeo caliginosa
(Savigny) on the use of C by microorganisms in a calcareous beech forest soil and its dependence on
temperature (5-25 degrees C). Inclusion of 14C-labelled beech leaf litter made it possible to differentiate
between C use by litter-colonizing microflora and by autochthonous soil microflora. The effect of
temperature on the soil microbial biomass 12C was confined to a significant increase at 15 and 20 degrees
C. The size of the 14C-labelled microbial biomass, in contrast, was positively correlated with temperature.
The 12C mineralization increased exponentially with temperature. The relationship between 14C
mineralization and temperature, in contrast, followed a logistic curve. Significant main effects of A.
caliginosa were confined to 12C mineralization, reflecting an increase in 12CO2-C production in the
earthworm treatments. The earthworm effects on 12CO2-C production and on 14C incorporation of the
microflora were not linear. The effect of A. caliginosa on 12CO2-C production was most pronounced at
intermediate temperatures. It is concluded that temperature alterations affect the microbial use of different
C sources in different ways and that the temperature effects can be significantly modified by endogeic
earthworms.
41. NAL Call No.: QL388.7.B35--1994
Earthworm identifier.
Baker, G.; Baker, V. 24 : ill.p. (CSIRO, [Melbourne?] , 1994)
Includes bibliographical references (p. 24).
Descriptors: Earthworms-Australia; Earthworms-Australia-Identification; Earthworms-Anatomy;
Earthworms-Australia-Geographical-distribution
42. NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa) effects on carbon flux in soil.
Zhang, Q. L.; Hendrix, P. F. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America v.59
(3)p.816-823 (1995 May-1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-rubellus; aporrectodea-caliginosa; soil-flora; interactions-;
biological-activity-in-soil; litter-plant; soil-organic-matter; decomposition-; carbon-; mineralization-;
immobilization-; movement-in-soil; carbon-cycle; epigeic-earthworms; endogeic-earthworms
Abstract: Effects of earthworm activities on litter and soil C flux were studied in a laboratory incubation
experiment using two types of isotopic tracers and two earthworms with different ecological
strategies-Lumbricus rubellus, an epigeic species, and Aporrectodea caliginosa, an endogeic species. The
soil was prelabeled with 14C. Dry sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] leaves labeled with 13C were
applied to the soil surface. Activity of both earthworm species significantly (P < 0.001) enhanced total C
efflux (479 +/- 8 [standard error], 483 +/- 4, and 395 +/- 5 mg C jar(-1) for L. rubellus, A. caliginosa, and
the control, respectively) and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced total surface soil microbial biomass (251.7,
205.2, and 312.1 mg C kg(-1) soil for L. rubellus, A. caliginosa, and the control, respectively) during the
30-d incubation. Activity of A. caliginosa also reduced subsurface soil microbial biomass. The epigeic
earthworms assimilated significantly more 13C from the litter and significantly less 14C from the soil than
the endogeic species. In the absence of earthworms, 14C in the soil was translocated into the surface liner,
as shown by a 15.5-fold increase in 14C enrichment in the surface litter by the end of the experiment. This
translocation of soil C into the litter was significantly reduced by earthworm activities (155.43, 121.11,
and 240.58 kBq kg(-1) litter for L. rubellus, A. caliginosa, and the control, respectively), possibly due to
disruption by earthworms of fungal-hyphal connections between litter and soil. These interactions between
earthworms and soil microbial processes have important implications for soil C turnover.
43. NAL Call No.: TD365.C54-1995
Earthworm macropores and preferential transport as influenced by management.
Gupta, S. C.; Bhattacharjee, A.; Schumacher, T. W.; Allaire, S.; Munyankusi, E.; Moncrief, J. F.; Berry, E.
C.; Nieber, J. L. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team agriculture, working to protect water
resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City, Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE
v.3p.117-120 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworm-channels; macropores-; macropore-flow; porosity-; liquid-manures; cattle-manure;
application-to-land; no-tillage-; chiselling-; lumbricus-terrestris; lumbricus-rubellus; aporrectodea-;
minnesota-; aporrectodea-tuberculata; macroporosity-
44. NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Earthworm macropores and preferential transport in a long-term manure applied typic hapludalf.
Munyankusi, E.; Gupta, S. C.; Moncrief, J. F.; Berry, E. C. J-environ-qual v.23(4): p.773-784. (1994
July-1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-effluent; inorganic-compounds; fertilizers-; application-to-land; earthworms-;
macropores-; pore-size; spatial-distribution; soil-depth; soil-water-movement; hapludalfs-; minnesota-
Abstract: Deep burrowing earthworm species have been found to be present in soils with a history of
manure application. This study was designed to quantify the effects of long-term application of liquid
dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer on the distribution of earthworm macropores and in turn on the
preferential transport of water and tracer through a typical soil of the karst area of the upper mid-western
USA. Large (approximately 30 cm diam. by 90 cm long) undisturbed soil columns were taken from plots
where liquid dairy manure or inorganic fertilizers had been applied continuously for 8 yr. The number and
size distribution of macropores in soil columns were nearly the same for both inorganic and manure
treatments, however, visible surface macropores were continuous to much deeper depth in soil columns
taken from manure than from the inorganic fertilizer plot. Identification of the earthworms a year later
showed the presence of Apporectodea tuberrulata, A. trapezoides, and Lumbricus rubellus, subsurface
burrowers, as well as, L. terristris, a deeper burrowing species in the manure applied plot. Apporectodea
tuberculata was the only species present in the inorganic fertilizer plot. Number of macropores and
macroporosity varied with soil depth. The maximum macroporosity was < 2.5% and it occurred at 2-cm
depth. The predominant macropore sizes were between 1- and 2-mm radii for both treatments. During
breakthrough experiments, Cl- appeared earlier in soil columns taken from the manure plot thereby
indicating a greater continuity of macropores in the manure compared with the inorganic fertilizer
treatment. The early appearance of Cl- in the manure treatment, however, was much. the intrusive serial
sectioning and image analysis techniques probably overestimate the continuity of macropores possibly due
to vacuuming of the earthworm casts and other debris that plugs the macropores channels. Based on
macropores size distribution with depth and related breakthrough curves, it is likely that most existing
models of water and contaminant transport that simulate macropore flow, will not accurately predict the
transport of water and contaminant because of their assumption that surface visible macropores are
continuous to deeper soil depths. Data from this study showed that macropore size distribution could be
described by a normal or log-normal distribution function. These functions in combination with
information on continuity and tortuosity of macropores may be sufficient, when used in some current
macropores models, to adequately describe the conducting efficiency of macropores in soils.
45. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
The earthworm population of a winter cereal field and its effects on soil and nitrogen turnover.
Curry, J. P.; Byrne, D.; Boyle, K. E. Biol-fertil-soils v.19(2/3): p.166-172. (1995 Feb.)
Special Issue: Microbial and faunal biomass in soils. 1.
Descriptors: earthworms-; population-density; nitrogen-cycle; biomass-production; worm-casts; tillage-;
rotations-; cattle-slurry; arable-land; biological- activity-in-soil; northern-ireland
Abstract: The earthworm population in a winter cereal field in Ireland was studied over a 3-year-period
and its effects on soil and N turnover were assessed. The mean annual population density was 346-471
individuals m-2 and the mean biomass was 56.9-61.2 g m-2. Twelve species were recorded, the most
abundant being Allolobophora chlorotica followed by Aporrectodea caliginosa. Relative cast production
(mg dry soil egested g-1 fresh mass day-1) in the laboratory ranged from 362 mg at 5 degrees C to 2353
mg at 15 degrees C in the case of Aporrectodea caliginosa, and 242 mg at 5 degrees C to 713 mg at 10
degrees C in the case of juvenile Lumbricus terrestris. Gut contents (dry mass of soil) comprised
6.7-15.5% of the A. caliginosa live mass, and 9.7-14.7% of the Lumbricus terrestris mass. Annual soil
egestion by the field population was estimated as 18-22 kg m-2. Tissue production ranged from 81.7 to
218.5 g m-2, while N turnover resulting from mortality was calculated as 1.5-3.9 g m-2 depending on the
year and the method of calculation. Earthworms were estimated to contribute an additional 3.4-4.1 g
mineral N to the soil through excretion, mucus production, and soil ingestion. Independent estimates of N
output via mucus and excretion derived from 15N laboratory studies with Lumbricus terrestris were
2.9-3.6 g m-2 year-1.
46. NAL Call No.: SF597.E3G99--1994
Earthworms : a full circle.
Guy, C. 56, [16] p. of plates : ill.p. (C. Guy, Heathcote, Vic., Australia : , [1994])
"February 1994"--T.p. verso.
Descriptors: Earthworm-culture; Earthworms-; Earthworm-culture-Economic-aspects
47. NAL Call No.: TD172.C54
Earthworms and assessment of ecological impact of soil xenobiotics.
Viswanathan, R. Chemosphere v.28(2): p.413-420. (1994 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; pollutants-; organic-compounds; metabolism-; mineralization-; polluted-soils;
soil-pollution
48. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.S6315-1994
Earthworms and other fauna in the soil.
Berry, E. C. Soil biology effects on soil quality /. Boca Raton : Lewis Publishers p.61-90 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; soil-arthropods; animal-burrows; habitats-; population-density; soil-properties;
residues-; decomposition-; research-needs
49. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E52
Earthworms and radionuclides, with experimental investigations on the uptake and exchangeability of
radiocaesium.
Brown, S. L.; Bell, J. N. B. Environ-pollut v.88(1): p.27-39. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-longa; cesium-; radionuclides-; uptake-; bioavailability-; spatial-distribution;
biological-activity-in-soil; soil-; litter-plant
50. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Earthworms disseminate a soil-borne plant pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. raphani.
Toyota, K.; Kimura, M. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(1): p.32-36. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; pheretima-; fusarium-oxysporum; plant-pathogenic-fungi; dispersal-;
fungal-spores; survival-; digestive-system; worm-casts; propagules-
51. NAL Call No.: SF597.E3B76--1994
Earthworms unlimited : backyard earthworm breeding.
Brown, A. 80p. (Kangaroo Press, Dural Delivery Centre, NSW , 1994)
Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-78) and index.
Descriptors: Earthworm-culture; Earthworms-
52. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Effect of agroforestry woody species on earthworm activity and physicochemical properties of worm casts.
Kang, B. T.; Akinnifesi, F. K.; Pleysier, J. L. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(3): p.193-199. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: woody-plants; gliricidia-; gliricidia-sepium; leucaena-leucocephala; treculia-africana;
earthworms-; biological-activity-in-soil; worm-casts; chemical-composition; physicochemical-properties;
microclimate-; phosphorus-; sorption-; zea-mays; growth-; npk-fertilizers; nutrient-uptake;
dactyladenia-barteri; senna-siamea; hyperiodrilus-africanus
53. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Effect of blood type and placement on earthworm (Aporrectodea tuberculata) burrowing and soil turnover.
Cook, S. M. F.; Linden, D. R. Biol-fertil-soils v.21(3): p.201-206. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-caliginosa; earthworms-; biological-activity-in-soil; burrowing-; pedoturbation-;
crop-residues; spatial-distribution; food-; sources-; patterns-; macropores-; macropore-flow;
transport-processes; bioturbation-; preferential-transport; burrowing-patterns
Abstract: Subsurface-dwelling Aporrectodea tuberculata a common earthworm in Upper-Midwest (USA)
agricultural fields, may be a significant component of agroecosystems with regard to soil mixing and
preferential transport of water and chemicals. In this study we looked al effects of food residue placement
and food type on A. tuberculata burrowing and soil turnover in two-dimensional Evans box microcosms.
Four food residue placements mimicked patterns induced by primary tillage and two food types, readily
available and natural food sources, with no food as a control. An average earthworm population of 100
earthworms m-2 was calculated to generate 1058 km ha-1 of new burrows and turnover 7.9 Mg ha-1 of
soil in 1 week of activity at 20 degrees C. Burrowing was random until food sources were encountered, at
which time burrowing appeared to center around the food source.
54. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Effect of diet on cast production by the megascolecid earthworm Amynthas alexandri in laboratory culture.
Kaushal, B. R.; Bisht, S. P. S.; Kalia, S. Biol-fertil-soils v.17(1): p.14-17. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: megascolecidae-; earthworms-; diet-; food-consumption; worm-casts; biomass-;
physicochemical-properties
55. NAL Call No.: 443.8-H42
Effect of quantitiy and quality of environmental stress on multilocus heterozygosity-growth relationships in
Eisenia fetida (Annelida: Oligochaeta).
Audo, M. C.; Diehl, W. J. Heredity v.75(pt.1): p.98-105. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; heterozygosity-; loci-; alloenzymes-; soil-water; soil-water-regimes;
soil-temperature; stress-; growth-; environmental- factors; enzyme-polymorphism
Abstract: The effects of environmental quantity (moderate soil moisture vs. low soil moisture) and quality
(low soil moisture vs. low temperature) on multilocus heterozygosity (MLH)-growth relationships were
tested in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. The control treatment was high soil moisture and high temperature.
Fresh weight was measured weekly for 4 weeks; MLH was computed for eight polymorphic loci. Moderate
moisture limited growth (change in fresh weight) to 50 per cent of control growth; both low moisture and
low temperature limited growth to 25 per cent of control growth. MLH was not correlated with growth at
any time in the control treatment. MLH was strongly correlated with growth (P < 0.01) in three out of four
weekly intervals in the moderate moisture treatment; MLH was weakly correlated with growth (P < 0.05)
in two out of four weekly intervals in the low moisture treatment. MLH was not correlated with growth at
any time in the low temperature treatment. Moderate soil moisture produced significantly stronger
MLH-growth relationships than high moisture or low temperature. Even though low soil moisture and low
temperature depressed growth to the same extent, the former produced MLH-growth relationships whereas
the latter did not. Thus both environmental quantity and quality affected the existence and recurrence of
MLH-growth relationships.
56. NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Effect of root systems on preferential flow in swelling soil.
Mitchell, A. R.; Ellsworth, T. R.; Meek, B. D. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.26(15/16): p.2655-2666.
(1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: clay-soils; irrigated-soils; transport-processes; macropore-flow; swelling-; shrinkage-;
macropores-; spatial-distribution; medicago-sativa; triticum-turgidum; root-systems; comparisons-; cracks-;
root-channels; earthworm-channels; stability-; preferential-water-flow-paths
Abstract: Permeability problems on irrigated soils may be alleviated by root systems that increase water
flow by creating macropores. Infiltration rates have been shown to increase where plant roots decay and
serve as preferential flow paths. For low-organic-matter swelling soil, there is a question whether
macropores are able to resist the lateral swelling forces of the soil. The objective of this study was to
observe preferential water flow paths in a swelling soil under two cropping systems. A Holtville silty clay
(clayey-over-loamy, montmorillonitic Typic Torrifluvent) was observed in situ. Two crops, alfalfa
(Medicago sativa, L.) and wheat (Triticum turgidum, L.) provided sharply contrasting root systems, with
wheat possessing fine, fibrous roots; alfalfa on the other hand, has a taproot system. Macropores were
observed after applying soil- adsorbing methylene blue dye to irrigation water. Shrinkage cracks failed to
conduct dye after 10 minutes into a flood irrigation. Earthworm (Lubricus terrestris) channels were also
not stable. However, decaying roots of alfalfa produced stable macropores, while wheat produced no such
macropores. The influence of alfalfa-root-induced macropores was demonstrated by the increase in final
infiltration rate during alfalfa cropping which agreed with Meek et al.'s (1989, 1990) findings on sandy
loam soils.
57. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E52
Effects of cadmium, copper, lead and zine on growth, reproduction and survival of the earthworm Eisenia
fetida (Savigny): assessing the environmental impact of point-source metal contamination in terrestrial
ecosystems.
Spurgeon, D. J.; Hopkin, S. P.; Jones, D. T. Environ-pollut v.84(2): p.123-130. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; polluted-soils; heavy-metals; cadmium-; copper-; lead-; zinc-; growth-;
reproduction-; survival-; mortality-; environmental- impact; nontarget-effects; adverse-effects; cocoons-;
viability-; nontarget-organisms; cocoon-production
58. NAL Call No.: QP33.J681
Effects of dehydration on water relations and survival of lumbricid earthworm egg capsules.
Holmstrup, M.; Westh, P. J-comp-physiol,-B-Biochem-syst-environ-physiol v.165(5): p.377-383. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricidae-; cocoons-; dehydration-physiological; osmotic-pressure; water-content;
water-balance; drought-resistance; species- differences; osmotically-active-water;
osmotically-inactive-water
Abstract: Earthworm egg capsules-of five species were compared with regard to survival and water
relations upon exposure to controlled dehydration at 20 degrees C. Cocoons of the investigated species all
contained about 3.5 g.water g-1 dry weight when fully hydrated. Approximately 18% of this does not
readily freeze upon cooling to -40 degrees C and is referred to as osmotically inactive water. Cocoons
exposed to desiccation lose a large proportion of the osmotically active water over 1-4 days until water in
the cocoon fluids has equilibrated with surrounding water vapour. The amount of osmotically inactive
water, on the other hand, is only reduced by 10-20%. Dendrobaena octaedra was the species most tolerant
to drought, its tolerance limit coinciding with loss of practically all osmotically active water. For the five
species investigated, there seemed not to be any clear correlation between drought tolerance and
microhabitat. Previous investigations have suggested a very close relation between tolerance to
dehydration and to subzero temperatures in overwintering earthworm cocoons. Survival at a given level of
dehydration at room temperature is less than at temperatures below 0 degrees C, and the tolerance of room
temperature dehydration is not closely correlated with cold hardiness across the range of the species
studied.
59. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E58
The effects of dieldrin on the sperm ultrastructure of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta).
Reinecke, S. A.; Reinecke, A. J.; Froneman, M. L. Environ-toxicol-chem v.14(6): p.961-965. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dieldrin-; toxicity-; sublethal-effects; oligochaeta-; spermatozoa-; ultrastructure-;
nontarget-effects; nontarget-organisms
Abstract: Earthworms of the species Eudrilus eugeniae were exposed to dieldrin, using the contact filter
paper method, to study the sublethal effects of the pesticide, which is still widely used in many parts of
Africa, on the ultrastructure of spermatozoa. The concentrations ranged from 0.154 to 1.54
microgram/cm2 and exposures lasted 48 h. The spermathecae were dissected out and prepared for electron
microscopy. Dieldrin was extracted from the worms by steam distillation and analysed by ECD-gas
chromatography. A description of the sperm ultrastructure is presented. This study showed that dieldrin at
relatively low concentrations caused structural damage, especially to the nucleus of the sperm. It is argued
that this finding could contribute toward the development of a model for predicting environmental quality,
based on sperm morphology, sperm motility, and sperm density. The sublethal effects of dieldrin on sperm
morphology could provide a subanimal test for ecotoxicity since its effects will most probably be
manifested at the population level.
60. NAL Call No.: 56.8-So3
The effects of direct drilling and stubble retention on water and bromide movement and earthworm species
in a duplex soil.
Carter, M. R.; Mele, P. M.; Steed, G. R. Soil-sci v.157(4): p.224-231. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: duplex-soils; conservation-tillage; drilling-; tillage-; soil-pore-system; macropore-flow;
infiltration-; earthworms-; oligochaeta-; populations-; population-dynamics; species-diversity; australia-;
conventional-versus-conservation-tillage; preferential-flow
61. NAL Call No.: QL391.N4J62
Effects of earthworms on the dispersal of Steinernema spp.
Shapiro, D. I.; Tylka, G. L.; Berry, E. C.; Lewis, L. C. J-nematol v.27(1): p.21-28. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: steinernema-; neoaplectana-feltiae; neoaplectana-glaseri; lumbricus-terrestris; dispersal-;
earthworm-channels; spatial-distribution; species- differences; entomophilic-nematodes; soil-biology;
biological-control-agents; steinernema-carpocapsae
Abstract: Previous studies indicated that dispersal of S. carpocapsae may be enhanced in soil with
earthworms. The objective of this research was to determine and compare the effects of earthworms on
dispersal of other Steinernema spp. Vertical dispersal of Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. glaseri
was tested in soil columns in the presence and absence of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). Dispersal was
evaluated by a bioassay and by direct extraction of nematodes from soil. Upward dispersal of S.
carpocapsae and S. feltiae increased in the presence of earthworms, whereas upward dispersal of S. glaseri
was not affected by earthworms. No significant differences were detected in downward dispersal of S.
carpocapsae and S. feltiae in soil with earthworms compared to soil without earthworms. Downward
dispersal of S. glaseri, however, was greater in soil without earthworms relative to soil with earthworms.
In soil void of earthworms, dispersal of S. glaseri was greatest followed by dispersal of S. carpocapsae.
The presence of earthworm burrows in soil did not influence nematode dispersal. Nematodes were
recovered from the surface, interior, and casts of earthworms. Therefore, nematodes may have a phoretic
association with earthworms.
62. NAL Call No.: 410-Ec7
Effects of invasion of an aspen forest (Canada) by Dendrobaena octaedra (Lumbricidae) on plant growth.
Scheu, S.; Parkinson, D. Ecology v.75(8): p.2348-2361. (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dendrobaena-; invasion-; forest-soils; populus-; forests-; elymus-trachycaulus; growth-;
biomass-production; shoots-; roots-; root-shoot- ratio; nutrients-; mineralization-; soil-flora; respiration-;
ammonium-nitrogen; nitrate-nitrogen; phosphates-; soil-water-regimes; exposure-; duration-;
phosphate-phosphorus
63. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Effects of lumbricids and enchytraeids on nematodes in limed and unlimed coniferous mor humus.
Hyvonen, R.; Andersson, S.; Clarholm, M.; Persson, T. Biol-fertil-soils v.17(3): p.201-205. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: enchytraeidae-; lumbricidae-; free-living-nematodes; mor-; liming-
64. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Effects of pasture improvement and intensive cultivation on microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and
composition and size of earthworm populations.
Fraser, P. M.; Haynes, R. J.; Williams, P. H. Biol-fertil-soils v.17(3): p.185-190. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pastures-; superphosphate-; application-rates; microorganisms-; biomass-; enzyme-activity;
earthworms-; new-zealand
65. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Efficacy of methods for manipulating earthworm populations in large-scale field experiments in
agroecosystems.
Bohlen, P. J.; Parmelee, R. W.; Blair, J. M.; Edwards, C. A.; Stinner, B. R. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(8):
p.993-999. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oligochaeta-; earthworms-; populations-; population-change; field-experimentation; cycling-;
biological-activity-in-soil; soil-analysis; analytical-methods; efficacy-; zea-mays; agricultural-soils; ohio-
Abstract: We established a long-term field experiment in 1991 to investigate the influence of earthworms
on C and N cycling processes in agroecosystems. In a replicated field experiment we decreased earthworm
populations using electroshocking, increased them by adding field- collected worms or left them
unmanipulated. Population manipulations and sampling were done twice per year in 20 m2 field enclosures
that were made from sheets of PVC buried 45 cm deep and extending 15 cm above the soil surface. The
experiment was established in maize (Zea mays) agroecosystems in which N was provided in the form of
NH4NO3-N, cow-manure-N or legume-cover-crop-N. The two dominant earthworm species at the site
were Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata. Electroshocking was effective at reducing
earthworm populations to about 25% of their natural abundance. In the autumn of 1993, electroshocked
enclosures had 75% fewer earthworms and 65% less earthworm biomass than plots with unmodified
populations. Electroshocking was equally effective at reducing populations of all earthworm species and
did not alter the relative species abundance. The addition of field-collected worms was not as effective at
increasing earthworm populations as electroshocking was at reducing populations. Enclosures with added
earthworms had 1.17-fold more earthworms and 2.18-fold greater earthworm biomass than control
enclosures. The biomass of L. terrestris was significantly greater in enclosures with increased earthworm
populations than in enclosures with reduced or unmodified populations; the biomass of A. tuberculata was
not increased. Total earthworm biomass at the site declined from nearly 90 g m-2 in the. summers of 1991
and 1993 and a period of excessive rain in the summer of 1992; and (2) the conversion of the field from
perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to cultivated maize. The manipulation of earthworm populations in
large-scale, replicated field experiments provides a unique and successful approach for investigating the
effects of earthworms on soil structure and nutrient cycling processes.
66. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Enhanced root nodulation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) by Rhizobium leguminosarum
biovar trifolii in the presence of the earthworm Apporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae).
Doube, B. M.; Ryder, M. H.; Davoren, C. W.; Stephens, P. M. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(3): p.169-174. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: trifolium-subterraneum; seedlings-; rhizobium-leguminosarum; nodulation-; root-nodules;
spatial-distribution; aporrectodea-caliginosa; dispersal-; sheep-dung; growth-; foliar-diagnosis; leaves-;
nitrogen-content
67. NAL Call No.: TD172.C54
Environmental fate and effects of DEEDMAC: a new rapidly biodegradable cationoic surfactant for use in
fabric softeners.
Giolando, S. T.; Rapaport, R. A.; Larson, R. J.; Federle, T. W. Chemosphere v.30(6): p.1067-1083. (1995
Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: surfactants-; microbial-degradation; soil-flora; toxicity-; bioassays-; eisenia-fetida; algae-;
avena-sativa; lactuca-sativa; waste-water- treatment; biological-treatment; seleastrum-capricornutum
68. NAL Call No.: TD172.C54
Experimental accumulation of lead from soil through earthworms to common shrews.
Pankakoski, E.; Koivisto, I.; Hyvarinen, H.; Terhivuo, J.; Tahka, K. M. Chemosphere v.29(8):
p.1639-1649. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lead-; polluted-soils; earthworms-; lumbricidae-; sorex-araneus; trophic-levels; food-chains;
toxicity-
69. NAL Call No.: SB998.E4E76--1995
The farmer's earthworm handbook : managing your underground money-makers. 1st ed.
Ernst, D. 1. 112p. (Lessiter Publications, Brookfield, Wisconsin , 1995)
Descriptors: Zoology,-Economic; Tillage-; Earthworms-
70. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Field evidence for reduced severity of Rhizoctonia bare-patch disease of wheat, due to the presence of the
earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides.
Stephens, P. M.; Davoren, C. W.; Ryder, M. H.; Doube, B. M.; Correll, R. L. Soil-biol-biochem v.26(11):
p.1495-1500. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-; rhizoctonia-solani; fungal-diseases; aporrectodea-; aporrectodea-caliginosa;
earthworms-; plant-disease-control; biological- control; biological-control-agents; red-brown-earths;
calcareous-soils; sandy-loam-soils; field-experimentation; suppressive-soils; south- australia;
disease-severity
Abstract: A study demonstrated the ability of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea
trapezoides (added at an equivalent density of 100 or 300 m-2) to reduce the disease severity of
Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn on wheat in the field. In a calcareous sandy loam artificially infested with R.
solani, the addition of these earthworms caused a significant (P = 0.02) reduction of the Rhizoctonia root
disease rating and had a significant (P = 0.01) positive effect on shoot weight. Neither earthworm number
or earthworm species had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on root disease rating or shoot weight. In a
red-brown earth soil artificially infested with R. solani, neither the presence of these earthworms,
earthworm species nor earthworm number influenced root disease rating. However, under these conditions
the addition of earthworms (P = 0.01) had a significant positive effect upon shoot weight. To our
knowledge these results demonstrate for the first time, the potential of earthworms to contribute to the
disease suppression of a cropping soil in a field situation.
71. NAL Call No.: S544.3.N7A4
Getting the lowdown on worms.
Comis, D.; Becker, H. Agfocus p.13. (1995 Nov.)
Descriptors: earthworms-; tilth-
72. NAL Call No.: 442.8-B5236
The GGNG peptides: novel myoactive peptides isolated from the gut and the whole body of the
earthworms.
Oumi, T.; Ukena, K.; Matsushima, O.; Ikeda, T.; Fujita, T.; Minakata, H.; Nomoto, K.
Biochem-biophys-res-commun v.216(3): p.1072-1078. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; pheretima-; crop-; gizzard-; intestines-; peptides-; amino-acid-sequences;
synthetic-peptides; intestinal-motility; stimulation-; pheretima-vittata; molecular-sequence-data
Abstract: Three novel bioactive peptides, which were structurally related to each other, were purified and
chemically identified from two species of the earthworms, Eisenia foetida and Pheretima vittata. One
peptide was isolated from the gut tissue of E. foetida, and the other two were purified from the whole body
of E. foetida and P. vittata, respectively. These peptides consisted of 17 or 18 amino acid residues and were
named GGNG peptides after their unique, common structure of the C-termini. These GGNG peptides
augmented both tension and frequency of spontaneous contractions of isolated gut preparations of E.
foetida, and also elicited contractions of other annelidan tissues such as the polychaete esophagus and the
leech vagina. However, they showed no activity on molluscan or arthropodan tissues, suggesting that
GGNG peptides may be peculiar to annelids. No peptides homologous to GGNG peptides have been
known so far in any living organisms.
73. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Glyphosate, 2,4-DB and dimethoate: effects on earthworm survival and growth.
Dalby, P. R.; Baker, G. H.; Smith, S. E. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(12): p.1661-1662. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-caliginosa; aporrectodea-longa; aporrectodea-; growth-; survival-; glyphosate-;
2,4-db-; dimethoate-; adverse-effects; aporrectodea-rosea
74. NAL Call No.: 470-C16D
Habitat-abundance relationships of the earthworm Eisenia rosea (Savigny) (Lumbricidae), using principal
component regression analysis.
Liang, Q.; Thomson, A. J. Can-j-zool v.72(7): p.1354-1361. (1994 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-; habitats-; site-factors; population-density; spatial-distribution; soil-water-content;
soil-density; bulk-density; regression-analysis; ontario-
75. NAL Call No.: RA1270.P35A1
Heavy metal concentrations in earthworms following long-term nutrient enrichment.
Brewer, S. R.; Barrett, G. W. Bull-environ-contam-toxicol v.54(1): p.120-127. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; old-field-soils; heavy-metals; cadmium-; copper-; zinc-; lead-; sewage-sludge;
fertilizers-; municipal-sewage-sludge
76. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
The heterogeneity of humus profiles and earthworm communities in a virgin beech forest.
Ponge, J. F.; Delhaye, L. Biol-fertil-soils v.20(1): p.24-32. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: humus-horizons; earthworms-; species-diversity; spatial-distribution; canopy-; coverage-;
canopy-gaps; soil-types; geomorphology-; fagus- sylvatica; forests-; france-; species-richness; forest-cycle
Abstract: Thirty sites, encompassing a range of soil and vegetation conditions in the biological reserve of
La Tillaie (Fontainebleau Forest, France) were investigated in April 1992. Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was
the dominant tree species, with several developmental phases forming the forest patchwork. Sessile oak
[Quercus petraea (Mattus.) Liebl.] was present but only as old relictual individuals. Gaps in the canopy
cover were abundant, mostly caused by wind storms 2 years previously. The next most recent storm was
25 years before, resulting in distinct patches of full-grown trees. Humus profiles were classified and
compared with the distribution of earthworm communities, canopy cover, and soil types. Geomorphology
was responsible for the main part of the observed variation. Absence of lime in the substrate and direct
contact with a sandstone stratum near the ground surface was associated with the absence of earthworms
and the appearance of an OH horizon (moder humus). Elsewhere, earthworms were present and humus
profiles did not display any OH horizon (mull or mull-like moder humus), but species composition was
variable and strongly influenced by the thickness of the superficial sand deposit overlying limestone. On a
thick (1 m or more) sandy substrate earthworm communities were dominated by epigeic species together
with the anecic Lumbricus terrestris L. The species richness was higher on a shallower sandy substrate (50
cm) where lime was more accessible to tree roots and burrowing animals. The influence of the forest cycle
of beech was visible in the latter case (covering most of the area), with an increase in the thickness of the
OL and OF horizons and a decrease in endogeic earthworm populations during. mature stands as early as
2 years after the fall of the trees.
77. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Historical overview of vermicomposting.
Edwards, C. A. Biocycle v.36(6): p.56-58. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; organic-wastes; waste-utilization; earthworms-
78. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Humus form dynamics during the sylvogenetic cycle in a mountain spruce forest.
Bernier, N.; Ponge, J. F. Soil-biol-biochem v.26(2): p.183-220. (1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: picea-abies; vaccinium-myrtillus; erica-; forest-soils; ecosystems-; mull-; moder-;
transformation-; organomineral-complexes; soil- variability; biological-activity-in-soil; earthworms-;
community-ecology; site-factors; vegetation-; regeneration-; profiles-; plant-competition; france-;
humus-profiles; forest-ecosystems
Abstract: The humus forms during the life cycle of a spruce forest are described. A significant change in
humus form may be attributed to plant and soil fauna changes. This phenomenon is considered to be
fundamental for the renewal of the forest ecosystem. Forest dynamics is perceived as a biphasic cycle, (i)
the tree growth phase with a shift from mull towards moder humus form, as a consequence of a decline in
earthworm populations and (ii) a humus form improvement from moder towards earthworm mull humus,
during the second half of the life of spruce trees. This results from a succession of earthworm species. The
particular role of anecic species during the second phase has been highlighted, where they allow endogenic
earthworm species and young spruce seedlings to install themselves in the regeneration site, the fall of
parent trees not being considered as the chief factor governing humus changes. The life cycle of the spruce
ecosystem can nevertheless be impaired by the development of a bilberry heath, with a mor humus form
which is detrimental to the germination and growth of spruce seedlings. Earthworm populations of anecic
and endogenic species are present in this case but without any burrowing activity.
79. NAL Call No.: 292.8-J82
Hydrological and environmental impact of earthworm depletion by the New Zealand flatworm
(Artioposthia triangulata).
Haria, A. H. J-hydrol v.171(1/2): p.1-3. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: tricladida-; introduced-species; predation-; earthworms-; environmental-impact;
hydrological-factors; uk-
Abstract: The predation of earthworms by the New Zealand flatworm is an environmental threat that may
have consequences beyond the scope of merely reducing earthworm populations in the UK. The role of
earthworms in developing soil structure is substantial and the effect of structural degradation on
hydrological processes, following earthworm eradication, may therefore be major, with a resulting increase
in flood risk from river systems and decrease in agricultural productivity of economic concern.
80. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Impact of pasture contamination by copper, chromium, arsenic timber preservative of soil biological
activity.
Yeates, G. W.; Orchard, V. A.; Speir, T. W.; Hunt, J. L.; Hermans, M. C. C. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(3):
p.200-208. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: grassland-soils; contamination-; copper-; chromium-; arsenic-; wood-preservatives;
polluted-soils; soil-depth; biological-activity-in-soil; lumbricus-rubellus; aporrectodea-; enchytraeidae-;
free-living-nematodes; population-density; species-diversity; respiration-; nitrate-nitrogen;
sulfuric-ester-hydrolases; enzyme-activity; soil-pollution; apporectodea-rosea
81. NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Impact of the soil disinfectant basamid granular on terrestrial non-target organisms.
Ufer, A.; Dohmen, G. P.; Fritsch, H. J. Acta-hortic (382): p.110-118. (1995 Feb.)
Paper presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Soil and Substrate Infestation and
Disinfestation, September 6-12, 1993, Leuven, Belgium.
Descriptors: dazomet-; soil-fumigation; nontarget-organisms; coleoptera-; araneae-; collembola-;
earthworms-; colonization-; nontarget-effects; species- diversity; germany-; recolonization-;
species-abundance
82. NAL Call No.: 448.8-C162
In situ analysis of the bacterial community in the gut of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. by
whole-cell hybridization.
Fischer, K.; Hahn, D.; Amann, R. I.; Daniel, O.; Zeyer, J. Can-j-microbiol v.41(8): p.666-673. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; intestinal-microorganisms; bacteria-; biochemical-techniques;
rna-probes; ribosomal-rna; labeling-; fluorescent-dyes; digoxigenin-; oligonucleotide-probes
83. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Influence of barley straw and the lumbricid earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides on Rhizobium meliloti
L5-30R, Pseudomonas corrugata 2140R, microbial biomass and microbial activity in a red-brown earth
soil.
Stephens, P. M.; Davoren, C. W.; Hawke, B. G. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(11): p.1489-1497. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rhizobium-meliloti; pseudomonas-corrugata; soil-bacteria; populations-;
aporrectodea-caliginosa; barley-straw; interactions-; persistence-; microbial-activities; biomass-; carbon-;
respiration-; population-density; electrical-conductivity; microbial-respiration
Abstract: In greenhouse experiments, the ability of barley straw and the earthworm Aporrectodea
trapezoides to influence the persistence of Pseudomonas corrugata 2140R and Rhizobium meliloti
L5-30R, previously inoculated separately into soil, was examined. The addition of barley straw (0.62%
w/w), significantly increased the numbers of both introduced bacteria ca. 1000- to 3000-fold after 29 d
incubation and cat 25-to 100-fold after 63 d incubation in soil. In the absence of barley straw, there was a
significant positive linear relationship between the number of A. trapezoides (at densities equivalent to 0,
105, 315 or 525 m-2) and the numbers of both introduced bacteria after 29 d, but not after 63 d incubation.
In contrast, in the presence of barley straw, there was a significant negative linear relationship between the
number of A. trapezoides and the numbers of both introduced bacteria after 29 and 63 d incubation. By
combining data from both sampling times, there was a significant linear relationship between the
persistence of both introduced bacteria and changes in microbial biomass only in the presence of added
barley straw. This would suggest that A. trapezoides had a selective effect upon the persistence of both
introduced bacteria in the absence of barley straw, which was not manifest upon the whole microbial
community.
84. NAL Call No.: 448.3-Ap5
Influence of earthworm activity on gene transfer from Pseudomonas fluorescens to indigenous soil
bacteria.
Daane, L. L.; Molina, J. A. E.; Berry, E. C.; Sadowsky, M. J. Appl-environ-microbiol v.62(2): p.515-521.
(1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pseudomonas-fluorescens; plasmids-; recombinant-dna; genetic-transformation; soil-bacteria;
pseudomonas-; xanthomonas-; pasteurella-; acinetobacter-; gene-transfer; aporrectodea-caliginosa;
lumbricus-terrestris; lumbricus-rubellus; biological-activity-in-soil; bacterial-conjugation;
genetically-engineered-microorganisms; acidovorax-
Abstract: We have developed a model system to assess the influence of earthworm activity on the transfer
of plasmid pJP4 from an inoculated donor bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens C5t (pJP4), to indigenous
soil microorganisms. Three different earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus rubellus, and
Aporrectodea trapezoides), each with unique burrowing, casting, and feeding behaviors, were evaluated.
Soil columns were inoculated on the surface with 108 cells per g of soil of the donor bacterium, and after a
2-week incubation period, donor, transconjugant, and total bacteria were enumerated at 5-cm-depth
intervals. Transconjugants were confirmed by use of colony hybridization with a mer gene probe. In situ
gene transfer of plasmid pJP4 from P. fluorescens C5t to indigenous soil bacteria was detected in all
inoculated microcosms. In the absence of earthworms, the depth of recovery was limited to the top 5 cm of
the column, with approximately 10(3) transconjugants per g of soil. However, the total number of
transconjugants recovered from soil was significantly greater in microcosms containing either L. rubellus
or A. trapezoides, with levels reaching about 10(5) CFU/g of soil. In addition, earthworms distributed
donor and transconjugant bacteria throughout the microcosm columns, with the depth of recovery
dependent on the burrowing behavior of each earthworm species. Donor and transconjugant bacteria were
also recovered from earthworm casts and inside developing cocoons. Transconjugant bacteria from the
indigenous soil microflora were classified as belonging to Acidovorax spp., Acinetobacter spp.,
Agrobacterium spp., Pasteurella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Xanthomonas spp.
85. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Influence of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae) on the colonization of alfalfa
(Medicago sativa L.) roots by Rhizobium meliloti L5-30R and the survival of R. meliloti L5-30R in soil.
Stephens, P. M.; Davoren, C. W.; Ryder, M. H.; Doube, B. M. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(1): p.63-70. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; rhizobium-meliloti; inoculation-methods; nodulation-; crop-establishment;
survival-; aporrectodea-caliginosa; earthworms-; soil-depth; spatial-distribution; microscolex-dubius
86. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Influence of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides on Rhizoctonia solani
disease of wheat seedlings and the interaction with a surface mulch of cereal-pea straw.
Stephens, P. M.; Davoren, C. W.; Ryder, M. H.; Doube, B. M. Soil-biol-biochem v.26(9): p.1285-1287.
(1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; seedlings-; rhizoctonia-solani; root-rots; aporrectodea-; species-;
straw-mulches; surface-treatment; interactions-
87. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Interaction of a genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescens with the soil-feeding earthworm Octolasion
cyaneum (Lumbricidae).
Clegg, C. D.; Anderson, J. M.; Lappin Scott, H. M.; Elsas, J. D. v.; Jolly, J. M. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(11):
p.1423-1429. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: octolasion-cyaneum; pseudomonas-fluorescens; genetic-engineering; introduced-species;
interactions-; survival-; digestive-tract; worm- casts; soil-; population-dynamics
Abstract: The geophagous earthworm Octolasion cyaneum was maintained in microcosms for up to 14 d
in the presence of a genetically-modified microorganism (GEMMO). Pseudomonas fluorescens KTG. The
GEMMO contained a marker cassette, which was inserted into the chromosome, consisting of the genes
coding for kanamycin and gentamycin resistance and also a cryIVB sequence. Plate counts of P.
fluorescens KTG were higher in the burrow wall on day 2, and lower on days 7 and 14 than those in the
unworked bulk soil. Numbers of P. fluorescens KTG were consistently significantly lower in cast material
than in the unworked soil. Counts for total bacteria revealed no significant differences between bulk soil,
burrow wall and casts. When earthworms were fed on soil containing P. fluorescens KTG, the population
size of the GEMMO declined progressively on passage from the foregut to the hindgut, then increased
slightly in the casts relative to the hindgut. However counts in fresh casts were still significantly lower
than the corresponding uningested soil. Populations of P. fluorescens KTG in casts increased by up to
approximately 10-fold over the first 2 d of the ageing period. Thereafter, plate counts of the GEMMO were
slightly less than the corresponding soil kept under the same conditions, showing a similar rate of decline
over the 50-d period. Total bacterial plate counts in the aged casts increased by approximately 25-fold
during the first 2 d of incubation, subsequently declining whilst remaining significantly higher than the
total bacterial plate counts in the corresponding soil which remained relatively constant throughout the
experiment. Following a single exposure of the earthworms to the GEMMO, counts of the. potential for
dispersal of GEMMOs by soil invertebrates.
88. NAL Call No.: QD501.M63
Isolation of genomic DNA from the earthworm species Eisenia fetida.
El Adlouni, C.; Mukhopadhyay, M. J.; Walsh, P.; Poirier, G. G.; Nadeau, D. Mol-cell-biochem v.142(1):
p.19-23. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; dna-; isolation-; isotope-labeling; phosphorus-
Abstract: Our interest in detecting genotoxic exposure in earthworms led us to isolate high quality DNA
from the Eisenia fetida species. For that, we compared a modification of the conventional
phenol-chloroform extraction procedure, usually referred to as the Maniatis procedure, to two
commercially available kits reportedly eliminating multiple partitions in phenol and chloroform, namely
the Qiagen and Nucleon protocols. From the 260 nm optical density values, the commercial kits extracts
hinted toward higher DNA recovery with those procedures. However, the 260/280 nm ratios indicated that
the quality of the DNA isolated with the modified Maniatis procedure was purer than that isolated with the
commercial kits, the latter being most probably contaminated by proteins and/or RNA. The Maniatis
procedure was slightly modified by the introduction of a potassium acetate step for protein precipitation
and by shortening the proteinase K treatment from 12-18 h to only 2 h. The higher quality of the DNA
isolated by phenol-chloroform extraction was confirmed by quantification with the fluorescent
3,5-diaminobenzoic acid assay. Preliminary results suggest that the modified Maniatis procedure herein
described is not only applicable for DNA adducts studies using 32P-postlabelling techniques but is also
suitable for DNA extraction from other earthworm species such as Lumbricus terrestris.
89. NAL Call No.: S1.M57
Look out below! worms at work.
Ritchie, J. D. Small-farm-today v.13(2): p.52. (1996 Apr.)
Descriptors: oligochaeta-; earthworms-; biological-activity-in-soil; domestic-gardens; soil-fertility
90. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Lumbricus terrestris in a soil core experiment: nutrient-enrichment processes (NEP) and gut-associated
processes (GAP) and their effect on microbial biomass and microbial activity.
Devliegher, W.; Verstraete, W. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(12): p.1573-1580. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-flora; populations-; biomass-; microbial-activities; nitrification-; respiration-;
lumbricus-terrestris; earthworms-; biological-activity-in- soil; interactions-; organic-matter; incorporation-;
metabolism-; enrichment-; nutrient-availability; microbial-ecology; metabolic-activity
Abstract: For 5 weeks, lettuce was supplied to the surface of three types of soil cores. In the first treatment,
Lumbricus terrestris (L.) was added before the lettuce supply. The average specific growth rate of L.
terrestris was 0.01 d-1 with an average feeding rate of 47 mg lettuce dw g-1 earthworm dw d-1 (2.1 mg
lettuce Kjeldahl(Kj)-N g-1 earthworm dw d-1). In the second treatment, no worms were added but the
lettuce was mixed with the soil. Relative to this "Mixed control", microbial biomass, nitrifying activity and
respiration rate were significantly reduced in the presence of L. terrestris by 20, 25 and 49%, respectively.
Proteolytic bacteria were significantly stimulated, but the inverse was noticed for fluorescent
pseudomonads. Total plate counts, siderophore-producing bacteria and fungi were similar in both
treatments. In the third treatment, no worms were added but the lettuce was left unmixed on the soil
surface. The "Earthworm treatment" scored significantly higher for most values relative to this "Unmixed
control". Nutrient-enrichment processes (NEP) associated with the organic matter incorporation were
distinguished from gut-associated processes (GAP) associated with the transit of soil and organic matter
through the earthworm gut. It was concluded that the NEP rather than the GAP are responsible for the
increased numbers of microorganisms reported in the presence of earthworms. On the other hand, the
specific metabolic activity (qCO2) of the microbial biomass was decreased by 35% due to the GAP. The
lower qCO2 indicated a better energy to biomass conversion and an alteration in the microbial community
in favour of a higher proportion of K-strategists.
91. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E58
Lysozyme activity in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) coelomic fluid and coelomocytes: enzyme assay for
immunotoxicity of xenobiotics.
Goven, A. J.; Chen, S. C.; Fitzpatrick, L. C.; Venables, B. J. Environ-toxicol-chem v.13(4): p.607-613.
(1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; toxicity-; immune-system; copper-; sublethal-effects; lysozyme-;
enzyme-activity; body-fluids; mortality-; temperature-; immunotoxicity-
92. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E58
A method for assessing sublethal effects of contaminants in soils to the earthworm, Eisenia foetida.
Gibbs, M. H.; Wicker, L. F.; Stewart, A. J. Environ-toxicol-chem v.15(3): p.360-368. (1996 Mar.)
Paper presented at the 15th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, October
30-November 3, 1994, Denver, Colorado.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; toxicity-; contaminants-; growth-; biomass-production; reproduction-;
survival-; sublethal-effects; biological-indicators; monitoring-; soil-pollution
Abstract: We developed and tested a procedure that allows quantification of the effects of soil
contaminants on earthworm (Eisenia foetida) growth and reproduction. The procedure monitors isolated
pairs of earthworms and generates a higher ratio of data per organism than other commonly used
procedures. It also incorporates an accurate technique for measuring adult growth, has high sensitivity
compared to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 14-d acute toxicity
test, and is cost effective. We applied the method to a variety of soil- testing problems. A
food-and-substrate trial using artificial soil demonstrated the sensitivity of the method and the need for
food supplementation to stimulate earthworm reproduction. Application of the procedure to assess efficacy
of a soil bioremediation technology revealed the advantage of measuring both growth and reproduction
and highlighted the usefulness of a single integrated measure of these two responses. The method also was
used as a fast-screening analysis for field soils in a large-scale ecological risk assessment. Finally, a
reference toxicant, used in dilution series, demonstrated that responses of E. foetida using our method
were similar to their responses in the OECD artificial-soil test method. The results of this study indicate
that this procedure can be used both for regulatory and compliance needs within the framework of
ecological risk assessment.
93. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Method for caging earthworms for use in field experiments.
Baker, G. H.; Barrett, V. J.; Carter, P. J.; Woods, J. P. Soil-biol-biochem v.28(3): p.331-339. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-longa; megascolecidae-; earthworms-; populations-; establishment-; biomass-;
survival-; biological-activity-in-soil; lime-; sheep-dung; surface-treatment; incorporation-;
species-differences; grassland-soils; permanent-grasslands; dry-matter-accumulation; soil-ph; soil-depth;
land-productivity; field-experimentation; methodology-; south-australia; spenceriella-
Abstract: A method is described for caging earthworms in undisturbed soil in field experiments. The
method is applicable to sites which are seasonally dry (e.g. summer in southern Australia). Cages were
made from sections of PVC pipe (20 cm long X 30 cm dia) which were driven vertically into the soil
beneath a permanent pasture in South Australia during spring when the soil was moist and resident
earthworms were active near the surface. During the following summer, when most resident earthworms
had burrowed below the depth of the pipes to escape surface aridity, the pipes and the soil within them
were lifted from the surrounding soil. Fine curtain mesh was strapped across the bottom edges of the pipes
and the resultant "cages" were then replaced in their holes. The mesh isolated the soil within the cages and
prevented escape or invasion of earthworms during the subsequent wet season when the desired
earthworm species were added. The method was used to compare: (1) the influences of surface-applied
lime and sheep dung on the establishment of two earthworm species, Aporrectodea longa (Lumbricidae)
and Spenceriella sp. (Megascolecidae); (2) the abilities of the same two earthworm species to bury lime
and dung; and (3) the relative influences of A. caliginosa, A. longa, A. rosea, A. trapezoides and
Spenceriella sp. on pasture production. The earthworms were caged for 5 months. Survivorship of all
species was good (greater than or equal to 50%). Contamination in the cages by undesired species was
small (< 20%). The addition of sheep dung enhanced the establishment of A. longa (greater numbers and
biomass) but not the establishment of Spenceriella sp. The addition of lime did not influence the
establishment of either A. longa or. longa and dung than in other treatments.
94. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Microbial biomass in agricultural topsoils after 6 years of bare fallow.
Weigand, S.; Auerswald, K.; Beck, T. Biol-fertil-soils v.19(2/3): p.129-134. (1995 Feb.)
Special Issue: Microbial and faunal biomass in soils. 1.
Descriptors: soil-flora; biomass-; fallow-; catalase-; enzyme-activity; earthworms-; soil-properties;
topsoil-; agricultural-soils
Abstract: Inherent soil properties have an influence on microbial activity. These effects were measured in
a field trial at Weihenstephan with 30 agricultural and 2 vineyard soils from different sites in Bavaria
which had been kept under bare fallow for 6 years. The soils represented a wide range of arable soils from
a temperate climate. Unaffected by recent differences in climatic conditions or cropping managements,
they were used to assess the relationship between microbial biomass C and a broad spectrum of soil
physical and chemical properties (clay content 5-63%, pH 4.5-7.5, organic C 0.55-2.93%). Microbial C
was measured using the substrate-induced respiration method. In addition, soil catalase activity and the
abundance and biomass of earthworms were determined. Among the soil properties, microbial C was most
strongly correlated with organic C (r = 0.86, n = 29). In a comparison of linear regressions between
microbial biomass C and organic C for different cropping managements, the slope under bare fallow was
lowest, followed by monoculture and crop rotation. The microbial:organic C ratio ranged from 1.1 to 4.3%
and was significantly correlated with soil pH (r = 0.66). A positive relationship between microbial C and
the clay content (r = 0.66) was significantly improved when soils with more than 25% clay were excluded
(r = 0.80). Partial correlation analysis indicated that clay had a direct influence, hardly affected by an
intercorrelation with organic C. Catalase activity was highly correlated with microbial C (r = 0.95) and,
because a rapid and sensitive method of determination is available, was considered suitable for estimating
relative amounts of active microbial. mesofauna.
95. NAL Call No.: 442.8-B5236
Mitochondrial mass and membrane potential in coelomocytes from the earthworm Eisenia foetida: studies
with fluorescent probes in single intact cells.
Cossarizza, A.; Cooper, E. L.; Quaglino, D.; Salvioli, S.; Kalachnikova, G.; Franceschi, C.
Biochem-biophys-res-commun v.214(2): p.503-510. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; earthworms-; cells-; mitochondria-; cell-membranes; membrane-potential;
fluorescence-microscopy; coelom-
Abstract: Earthworm coelomocytes exist in two forms, i.e., small (SC) and large (LC) cells, as
demonstrated by velocity sedimentation, electron microscopy, and FCM. However, we know little
concerning the functional activities of various, important organelles, such as mitochondria. In comparison
with SC, LC from Eisenia foetida have a higher number of mitochondria, and, accordingly, showed a
greater fluorescence intensity when mitochondrial mass was measured by nonyl acridine orange and FCM.
To measure MMP we used both the lipophilic cationic probe JC-1 and Rh123. The intracellular
localization of JC-1 in SC and LC was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Using JC-1, MMP was
analyzed separately on SC and LC by FCM, and significant percentages of coelomocytes (>95% of SC and
about 90% of LC) displayed a high MMP. Adding 0.1 micromolar VAL caused most SC to depolarize,
while this occurred in only a few LC. Rh123 gave different results: no effects of VAL were observed
either in SC or in LC. In coelomocytes there may be several energy-independent Rh123-binding sites
whose role must still be elucidated. On the whole, these data indicate that it is possible to analyze
mitochondrial parameters by FCM in intact invertebrate coelomocytes, and that the type of cell and the
probe used have a critical importance.
96. NAL Call No.: TD172.A7
Modelling and monitoring organochlorine and heavy metal accumulation in soils, earthworms, and shrews
in Rhine-delta floodplains.
Hendricks, A. J.; Ma, W. C.; Brouns, J. J.; Ruiter Dijkman, E. M. de.; Gast, R.
Arch-environ-contam-toxicol. New York, Springer-Verlag v.29 (1)p.115-127 (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: organochlorine-compounds; heavy-metals; polluted-soils; lumbricus-rubellus;
crocidura-russula; sorex-araneus; concentration-; animal- tissues; liver-; kidneys-; lipids-; residues-;
pollution-; monitoring-; biological-indicators; species-differences; floodplains-; biconcentration-
97. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Moisture requirements of Dendrobaena veneta (Oligochaeta), a candidate for vermicomposting.
Muyima, N. Y. O.; Reinecke, A. J.; Viljoen Reinecke, S. A. Soil-biol-biochem v.26(8): p.973-976. (1994
Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dendrobaena-; earthworms-; growth-; maturation-; cocoons-; cattle-manure;
environmental-factors; moisture-content; vermicomposting-; moisture-; moisture-perferences
Abstract: Dendrobaena veneta, an earthworm species from Europe, has been reported to have the potential
to combat organic waste problems and to be a producer of protein. This study was concerned with the
effect of moisture on growth, maturation and cocoon production of this species. Moisture preferences of
clitellate worms were studied with the aid of cylindrical moisture towers filled with cattle manure, ground
to a particle size of between 500 and 1000 micrometers and moistened. A moisture gradient was allowed
to develop in the towers and after the worms were added they were kept at a temperature of 15 degrees C
and a relative humidity of 47.7%. Juvenile worms were exposed to different moisture contents in glass
flasks filled with cattle manure medium and kept at 15 degrees C. The highest frequency for clitellate
worms was between 77.9 and 78.7% while their moisture preference ranged between 67.4 and 84.3%. For
cocoon production the highest frequency was between 73.1 and 79.9%. The optimum moisture content for
growth and maturation of juvenile worms was 75%. From the results it appears that this earthworm species
could be utilized in organic waste with a relatively high moisture content. However, comparing the
reproductive capacity and maturation time with that of other vermicomposting species, D. veneta seems to
be a less successful earthworm species for vermicomposting.
98. NAL Call No.: TD172.A7
Mortality of birds of prey following field application of granular carbofuran: a case study.
Dietrich, D. R.; Schmid, P.; Zweifel, U.; Schlatter, C.; Jenni Eiermann, S.; Bachmann, H.; Buhler, U.;
Zbinden, N. Arch-environ-contam-toxicol. New York, Springer-Verlag v.29 (1)p.140-145 (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: carbofuran-; predatory-birds; wild-birds; mortality-; crop-; earthworms-; concentration-;
nontarget-organisms; nontarget-effects; arable- land; switzerland-; buteo-buteo
99. NAL Call No.: QP1.C6
Multimeric Lumbricus hemoglobin stabilization by alkali and alkaline earth cations.
Harrington, J. P. Comp-biochem-physiol,-A-Comp-physiol v.109A(3): p.799-803. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; earthworms-; hemoglobin-; cations-; structure-activity-relationships;
monovalent-cations; divalent-cations
Abstract: The role of monovalent and divalent cations on the structure-function relationships operative in
the large extracellular hemoglobin, isolated from the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, has been
investigated. This study includes the effects of these cations on the rates of autoxidation, resistance to
thermal unfolding, and the conversion of the methemoglobin form to the hemichrome state. At pH 7.0, the
divalent cations, Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II), and Ba(II), were found to be more effective in reducing the rate of
Lumbricus hemoglobin autoxidation than any of the monovalent cations studied. The order of
effectiveness in decreasing the rate of autoxidation was Ba(II)=Ca(II) > Sr(II) > Mg(II). Resistance to
thermal unfolding (25-60 degrees C) for Lumbricus hemoglobin is increased in the presence of Ca(II) or
Ba(II) ions. All of the monovalent cations appear to enhance thermal unfolding above 55 degrees C.
Reduced hemichrome formation is evident in the presence of Ca(II) or Ba(II) ions. Increased effectiveness
of several of the divalent cations in reducing autoxidation, increasing resistance to thermal unfolding, and
stabilization of the methemoglobin state is consistent with other investigations showing these cations
prevent subunit dissociation of the Lumbricus hemoglobin molecule.
100. NAL Call No.: QH75.A1B562
Nearctic earthworm fauna in the southern USA: biodiversity and effects on ecosystem processes.
Hendrix, P. F. Biodivers-conserv v.5(2): p.223-234. (1996)
Special issue: Biodiversity of soil organisms: community concepts and ecosystem function.
Descriptors: earthworms-; species-diversity; communities-; biogeography-; conservation-
101. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
New horizons for commercial vermiculture.
Riggle, D.; Holmes, H. Biocycle v.35(10): p.58-62. (1994 Oct.)
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; earthworms-; waste-utilization
102. NAL Call No.: TD365.C54-1995
Nitrogen cycling processes at the Ohio Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA).
Subler, S.; Nokes, S. E.; Blair, J. M.; Edwards, C. A. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team
agriculture, working to protect water resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City,
Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE v.2p.223-226 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nitrogen-cycle; nitrogen-fertilizers; application-rates; tillage-; ridging-; continuous-cropping;
rotations-; zea-mays; glycine-max; triticum- aestivum; vicia-; low-input-agriculture; soil-fertility;
nitrogen-; soil-flora; earthworms-; biological-activity-in-soil; mineralization-; ohio-; ridge-tillage
103. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Nitrogen transformations associated with earthworm casts.
Parkin, T. B.; Berry, E. C. Soil-biol-biochem v.26(9): p.1233-1238. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nitrogen-; transformation-; worm-casts; nitrogen-content; oligochaeta-; aporrectodea-;
soil-organic-matter; nutrient-sources; biological- activity-in-soil; nitrification-; denitrification-;
species-differences; soil-variability; octolasian-
Abstract: Earthworms are intimately involved in the cycling of C and N in soil. Earthworm casts are
enriched in mineral N; however, there have been few studies of the dynamics of microbial N
transformations associated with earthworm casts. We evaluated the N-transformations in earthworm casts
as affected by organic residues used as a food source by earthworms. Denitrification rate, nitrification
potential and mineral N content of the casts of two earthworm species (Octolasian tyrtaeum Savigny and
Aporrectodea tuberculata Eisen) were assessed in laboratory trials. Trials were made in plastic chambers
(600 g soil) with three organic-c treatments: 20 g fresh hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), 5.5 g air- dried
hairy vetch or 5.5 g air-dried horse (Equus caballus) manure. Earthworm casts were enriched in mineral N,
relative to surrounding soil, and that the amount of N accumulated in earthworm casts was a reflection of
the N content of the organic matter used as a food source by the earthworms. Casts had elevated
denitrification rates, compared to soil, however, rates were low relative to the elevated NO3-
concentrations in the casts (80-100 microgram NO3-(-)N g-1 dry wt). Observed denitrification rates
appeared to be related to the quality of organic matter available to the earthworms, but were not
significantly affected by species of worm.
104. NAL Call No.: 23-W52J
No-tillage sowing decreases water erosion on loamy soils and increases earthworm activity.
Bligh, K. J-agric. South Perth, W.A. : Dept. of Agriculture v.35 (1) p.47-50 (1994)
Descriptors: no-tillage-; minimum-tillage; tillage-; pastures-; wind-erosion; water-erosion; runoff-;
losses-from-soil; earthworms-; population-density; loam-soils; australia-; conservation-tillage
105. NAL Call No.: 470-C16D
North American earthworms native to Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula.
McKey Fender, D.; Fender, W. M.; Marshall, V. G. Can-j-zool v.72(7): p.1325-1339. (1994 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; lumbricidae-; megascolecidae-; new-species; descriptions-; taxonomy-;
ecology-; british-columbia; pacific-northwest-states- of-usa; arctiostrotus-
106. NAL Call No.: QC180.A1M52
Oxygen uptake and enzyme activity of isolated tissues of Lumbricus terrestris.
Wallukait, M.; Jay, A. Trans-Mo-Acad-Sci. Kirksville, Mo. : The Academy v.29 p.14-17 (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; earthworms-; oxygen-consumption; lactate-dehydrogenase;
isocitrate-dehydrogenase; succinate-dehydrogenase; enzyme-activity; gizzard-; intestines-; animal-tissues;
body-wall
107. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E52
PB uptake by ecologically dissimilar earthworm (Lumbricidae) species near a lead smelter in south
Finland.
Terhivuo, J.; Pankakoski, E.; Hyvarinen, H.; Koivisto, I. Environ-pollut v.85(1): p.87-96. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricidae-; lead-; pollutants-; polluted-soils; uptake-; concentration-; soil-ph;
population-density; species-differences; monitoring-; pollution-; finland-
108. NAL Call No.: 421-J826
PCBs increase molecular-related activities (lysozyme, antibacterial, hemolysis, proteases) but inhibit
macrophage-related functions (phagocytosis, wound healing) in earthworms.
Ville, P.; Roch, P.; Cooper, E. L.; Masson, P.; Narbonne, J. F. J-invertebr-pathol v.65(3): p.217-224. (1995
May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; eisenia-; lumbricus-terrestris; polychlorinated-biphenyls; toxicity-; lysozyme-;
hemolysins-; hemolysis-; proteinases-; macrophages-; phagocytosis-; healing-; humoral-immunity;
cell-mediated-immunity; aeromonas-hydrophila; eisenia-hortensis
Abstract: Both humoral and cellular immunodefense responses of the earthworms, Eisenia fetida andrei,
Eisenia hortensis, and Lumbricus terrestris, have been compared after exposure to the PCB Aroclor 1254.
Responses mediated by free factors, detected by in vitro assays for lysozyme, hemolysis, and proteases,
were increased in both Eisenia. Antibacterial activity directed against pathogenic bacteria was increased in
E.f. andrei. The resistance of L. terrestris against nonpathogenic bacteria was decreased, confirming that
the bacteria were treated by different systems according to their pathogenicity. Nonspecific cellular
functions, including phagocytosis and those related to wound healing, decreased dramatically in all
earthworms.
109. NAL Call No.: TD930.A32
Phosphatase and beta-glucosidase activities in humic substances from animal wastes.
Garcia, C.; Ceccanti, B.; Masciandaro, G.; Hernandez, T. Bioresour-technol v.53(1): p.79-87. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; composts-; cattle-manure; sheep-manure;
phosphoric-monoester-hydrolases; beta-glucosidase-; enzyme-activity; humic- acids; worm-casts;
isoelectric-focusing
Abstract: Phosphatase and beta-glucosidase, which are hydrolases bound to humic substances, were
determined in the extracts of humic substances and in their fractions (F) of varying molecular weight
(F1<10(3) low, F2<10(3)-10(4) intermediate and F3>10(4) high) obtained from cow and sheep manure
and their corresponding vermicomposted products (casting). In both of these products F2 was the fraction
with the highest C and N content, while the F1 fraction lost the greatest proportion of C during
vermicomposting. Phosphatase and beta-glucosidase could be detected in all the fractions studied, whether
these were from the extracts of the manure or from the casting. However, the enzymatic activity found in
the extracts was less than the total activity of all the fractions summed, which demonstrated that an
increase in activity was obtained as a consequence of the ultrafiltration. IEF spectra pointed to bands of
humic substances with higher isoelectric points (Ip) in the castings than in the corresponding manures.
Most of the beta-glucosidase in cow manure (as determined in humic bands appearing in the
polyacrylamide gel after IEF) corresponded to humic bands which focused at Ip between 4.1 and 4.7,
while in cow manure casting most of the activity was in bands with Ip between 5.1 and 6. In sheep manure
and casting the bands which showed beta-glucosidase activity also showed phosphatase activity. Both in
the extract and in its different fractions beta-glucosidase and phosphatase activity increased with IEF. IEF
spectra showed that humic substances of the casting had higher enzymatic activity than those of the
corresponding manures.
110. NAL Call No.: QP33.J681
Physiology of cold hardiness in cocoons of five earthworm taxa (Lumbricidae: Oligochaeta).
Holmstrup, M. J-comp-physiol,-B-Biochem-syst-environ-physiol v.164(3): p.222-228. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricidae-; cocoons-; cold-resistance; cold-injury; freezing-; dehydration-physiological
Abstract: Earthworm cocoons are mostly found in the uppermost soil layers and are therefore often
exposed to low temperatures during winter. In the present study, cocoons of five taxa of earthworms were
investigated for their tolerance to freezing, melting points of cocoon fluids and dehydration of cocoons
when exposed to a frozen environment. Embryos of the taxa investigated were freeze intolerant. The
melting points of fully hydrated cocoon fluids were high (above -0.3 degrees C) and thermal hysteresis
factors were absent. Exposure to a frozen environment caused the cocoons to dehydrate drastically and
dehydrated cocoons showed significantly lower supercooling points than fully hydrated cocoons, reducing
the risk of freezing for dehydrated cocoons. It is proposed therefore that the cold-hardiness strategy of the
earthworm cocoons is based on dehydration upon exposure to subzero temperatures in the frozen
environment. Cocoons of three surface-dwelling taxa, Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrodrilus rubidus tenuis
and Dendrodrilus rubidus norvegicus had lower supercooling points and survived frost exposure better
than cocoons of two deeper-dwelling taxa, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica. One of
the investigated taxa, D.r. norvegicus, was collected from a cold alpine habitat. However, it was not more
cold hardy than the closely related D.r. tenuis collected from a lowland temperate habitat. D. octaedra was
the most cold hardy taxon, its cocoons being able to withstand -8 degrees C for 3 months and -13.5
degrees C for 2 weeks in frozen soil.
111. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E58
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) depress allogeneic natural cytotoxicity by earthworm coelomocytes.
Suzuki, M. M.; Cooper, E. L.; Eyambe, G. S.; Goven, A. J. Environ-toxicol-chem v.14(10): p.1697-1700.
(1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: polychlorinated-biphenyls; pollutants-; lumbricus-terrestris; cell-mediated-immunity;
cytotoxicity-; cells-; in-vitro; bioassays-; comparisons-; natural-killer-cell-like-activity
Abstract: Coelomocytes of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris caused significant spontaneous allogeneic
cytotoxicity in a 24-h trypan blue assay, but not in an assay using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release.
Allogeneic cytotoxicity assays using cells from worms exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
suggest that PCBs can suppress a natural killing (NK-like) reaction. The implications of this work are
112. NAL Call No.: TD172.C54
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in earthworms and isopods from contaminated forest soils.
Brummelen, T. C. v.; Verweij, R. A.; Wedzinga, S. A.; Gestel, C. A. M. v. Chemosphere v.32(2):
p.315-341. (1996 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: polycyclic-hydrocarbons; aromatic-hydrocarbons; soil-pollution; polluted-soils;
porcellio-scaber; oniscus-asellus; lumbricus-rubellus; philoscia-muscorum; forest-soils; air-pollution;
furnaces-; factories-; factory-fumes; mineral-soils; humus-horizons; forest-litter; netherlands-
113. NAL Call No.: QP1.C6
Polyol accumulation in earthworm cocoons induced by dehydration.
Holmstrup, M. Comp-biochem-physiol-Part-A,-Physiol v.111A(2): p.251-255. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-caliginosa; allolobophora-chlorotica; dendrobaena-; earthworms-; cocoons-;
dehydration-physiological; temperature-; polyols-; embryo-mortality; dendrobaena-octaedra
Abstract: Earthworm egg capsules ("cocoons") of five species were shown to accumulate polyol, probably
sorbitol, when dehydrated at -3 and 20 degrees C. Low temperature (0 degrees C) did not induce polyol
accumulation if cocoons were not dehydrated. The polyol accumulation was restricted to the embryos of
the cocoons. Accumulated polyol will reduce water loss of the embryo and thus increase the chances for
survival in cocoons exposed to cold or drought.
114. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Population dynamics of the earthworm Amynthas alexandri (Annelida: Megascolecidae) in a Kumaun
Himalayan pasture soil.
Kaushal, B. R.; Bisht, S. P. S. Biol-fertil-soils v.17(1): p.9-13. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: megascolecidae-; earthworms-; grassland-soils; population-dynamics; seasonal-variation;
india-
115. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E29
Population level consequences of toxicological influences on individual growth and reproduction in
Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta).
Klok, C.; Roos, A. M. de. Ecotoxicol-environ-saf v.33(2): p.118-127. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-rubellus; toxicity-; copper-; pollutants-; sublethal-effects; exposure-; duration-;
population-structure; survival-; growth-; reproduction-; mathematical-models; ecotoxicity-
116. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Potential of earthworms, ants, millipeds, and termites for dissemination of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi in soil.
Harinikumar, K. M.; Bagyaraj, D. J. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(2): p.115-118. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhizas; vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhizas; dispersal-;
fungal-spores; survival-; viability-; lumbricus-terrestris; worm-casts; camponotus-; nests-; arthropods-;
feces-; odontotermes-; microtermes-; mounds-; propagules-; camponotus-compressus;
phyllogonostrepus-nigrolabiatus
117. NAL Call No.: 442.8-An72
The potential spread of terrestrial planarians Artioposthia triangulata and Australoplana sanguinea var. alba
to continental Europe.
Boag, B.; Evans, K. A.; Neilson, R.; Yeates, G. W.; Johns, P. M.; Mather, J. G.; Christensen, O. M.; Jones,
H. D. Ann-appl-biol v.127(2): p.385-390. (1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: planaria-; predators-; earthworms-; spread-; prediction-; geographical-distribution;
climatic-factors; computer-software; scotland-; england- ; europe-; climex-model
118. NAL Call No.: 421-En895
Prey preference and egg production of the carabid beetle Agonum dorsale.
Bilde, T.; Toft, S. Entomol-exp-appl v.73(2): p.151-156. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agonum-dorsale; rhopalosiphum-padi; drosophila-melanogaster; lumbricus-terrestris;
predatory-insects; predators-of-insect-pests; feeding- preferences; prey-; predator-prey-relationships;
fecundity-; biological-control-agents; prey-quality
119. NAL Call No.: S37.F72
Proliferative gill disease of catfish.
Killian, H. S. FSA-Univ-Ark-Syst-Coop-Ext-Serv. [Little Rock, Ark.] : Cooperative Extension Service
v.(9073)p. 4 (1994 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ictalurus-punctatus; fish-diseases; gills-; symptoms-; myxozoa-; oligochaeta-;
intermediate-hosts; life-cycle; fish-ponds; infestation-; disease-control; aurantiactinomyxon-ictaluri;
dero-digitata
120. NAL Call No.: QL750.O3
Protozoa, nematoda and lumbricidae in the rhizosphere of Hordelymus europaeus (Poaceae): faunal
interactions, response of microorganisms and effects on plant growth.
Alphei, J.; Bonkowski, M.; Scheu, S. Oecologia v.106(1): p.111-126. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gramineae-; rhizosphere-; soil-flora; protozoa-; free-living-nematodes; earthworms-;
aporrectodea-caliginosa; population-density; shoots-; roots-; biomass-production; nutrient-availability;
nitrogen-; phosphorus-; forest-soils; fagus-sylvatica; respiration-; pellioditis-pellio; nutrient-leaching
121. NAL Call No.: QP501.C6
Purification and characterization of a poly-L-lysine-activated serine endoprotease from Lumbricus
rubellus.
Woo, K. M.; Yi, W.; Sohn, Y. J.; Chang, C. S.; Kang, M. S.; Ha, D. B.; Chung, C. H.
Comp-biochem-physiol,-B-Comp-biochem v.109B(1): p.71-80. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-rubellus; serine-proteinases; purification-; physicochemical-properties;
enzyme-activity; ph-; inhibition-; enzyme-inhibitors; lysine-; coelomomyces-
Abstract: An endoprotease in earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) is purified to apparent homogeneity using
125-I-lactalbumin as a substrate. The protease has a molecular mass of 27 kDa and is markedly activated
by poly-L-lysine or poly-L-arginine. It is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease. Its activity is distributed to
coelomic fluid but relatively little to coelomocytes.
122. NAL Call No.: TD930.A32
Recycling of cattle dung, biogas plant-effluent and water hyacinth in vermiculture.
Balasulramanian, P. R.; Bai, R. K. Bioresour-technol v.52(1): p.85-87. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cattle-dung; eichhornia-crassipes; plant-residues; vermiculture-; earthworms-; organic-matter;
crude-protein; growth-rate; waste-utilization
Abstract: The efficiency of recycling cattle dung, anaerobically digested cattle dung (biogas plant-effluent)
and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) by culture of the earthworm Megascolex sp. was studied. The
growth of the earthworms was increased by 156, 148 and 119% in soil supplemented with water hyacinth,
cattle dung and biogas plant-effluent, respectively. The growth rate of the earthworms was increased
significantly by raw cattle dung and water hyacinth over that by biodigested slurry.
123. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Relationships between casts of geophagous earthworms (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) and matric potential. I
. Cast production, water content, and bulk density.
Hindell, R. P.; McKenzie, B. M.; Tisdall, J. M.; Silvapulle, M. J. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(2): p.119-126.
(1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-caliginosa; aporrectodea-; worm-casts; matric-potential; water-content;
water-balance; biological-production; bulk-density; species-differences; biological-activity-in-soil;
aporrectodea-rosea; cast-production
124. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Relationships between casts of geophagus earthworms (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) and matric potential. II.
Clay dispersion from casts.
Hindell, R. P.; McKenzie, B. M.; Tisdall, J. M.; Silvapulle, M. J. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(2): p.127-131.
(1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-caliginosa; aporrectodea-; worm-casts; matric-potential; dispersion-; clay-;
aggregates-; stability-; aporrectodea-rosea; mechanical-dispersion
125. NAL Call No.: SF995.A1A9
Resistance of chicks and poults fed vermicompost to caecal colonization by Salmonella.
Spencer, J. L.; Garcia, M. M. Avian-pathol v.24(1): p.157-170. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: chicks-; poults-; composts-; feces-; eisenia-fetida; earthworms-; disease-resistance; cecum-;
colonization-; salmonella-typhimurium; salmonella-enteritidis; disease-prevention
126. NAL Call No.: 421-J822
Response of plant-feeding, predatory, and soil-inhabiting invertebrates to Acremonium endophyte and
nitrogen fertilization in tall fescue turf.
Davidson, A. W.; Potter, D. A. J-econ-entomol v.88(2): p.367-379. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: festuca-arundinacea; acremonium-coenophialum; endophytes-; urea-; soil-fertility;
spodoptera-frugiperda; schizaphis-graminum; rhopalosiphum-padi; predatory-arthropods; insects-;
scheloribates-; earthworms-; population-density; soil-fauna; kentucky-; herbivorous-insects
Abstract: The endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams conveys resistance
to herbivory in tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber. In contrast, nitrogen fertilization generally
enhances plant quality for herbivores. We studied the main effects and interaction of A. coenophialum and
fertilization on plant-feeding, predatory, and soil-dwelling invertebrates in tall fescue turf. Fall
armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), developed faster when reared on foliage from plots
treated with medium or high rates of urea than on unfertilized tall fescue, but development rates were not
affected by A. coenophialum. Greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum Rondani, preferred fertilized,
endophyte-free fescue over nonfertilized, endophyte-free grass. Similarly, bird cherry-oat aphids,
Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), developed fastest on fertilized, endophyte-free tall fescue. Fertilization,
however, did not override the strong, adverse effects of A. coenophialum on both aphid species. In field
plots, densities of leafhoppers, flea beetles, and Staphylinidae were generally higher in fertilized than in
nonfertilized turf. Flea beetles and two of the five most abundant species of leafhoppers were less
numerous in endophyte-infected plots. Predatory arthropods, earthworms, oribatid mites, and Japanese
beetle grubs were equally abundant in endophyte-infected and endophyte-free plots. Fertilization did not
affect the densities of oribatids or P. japonica, but earthworms were more abundant in fertilized plots on
some dates. Results showed variable main effects, and an absence of interactive effects of A.
coenophialum and fertilization on invertebrates in tall fescue. Fertilization of tall fescue probably will not
nullify the.
127. NAL Call No.: QL461.E582
Results of two years' investigations of heavy metal content in fleshflies and their hosts (Diptera:
Sarcophagidae/Annelidae:. Ergebnisse zweijahriger Untersuchungen der Schwermetall-Gehalte bei
Fleischfliegen und ihren Wirten (Diptera:
Pavel, J.; Povolny, D. Entomol-gen. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung v.18
(3/4)p.213-226 (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms-; snails-; sarcophagidae-; heavy-metals; determination-; environmental-impact
128. NAL Call No.: HC79.E5E5
Rock phosphate solubilizing and cellulolytic actinomycete isolates of earthworm casts.
Mba, C. C. Environ-manage. New York, Springer-Verlag v.18 (2)p.257-261 (1994 Mar.-1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: worm-casts; rock-phosphate; cellulose-; solubilization-; nutrient-availability; nitrogen-;
carbon-
129. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Scaling up for commercial vermiculture.
Riggle, D. Biocycle v.37(2): p.39-40, 42, 44. (1996 Feb.)
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; waste-utilization; projects-
130. NAL Call No.: QH75.A1B562
Secondary succession, soil formation and development of a diverse community of oribatids and
saprophagous soil macro-invertebrates.
Scheu, S.; Schulz, E. Biodivers-conserv v.5(2): p.235-250. (1996)
Special issue: Biodiversity of soil organisms: community concepts and ecosystem function.
Descriptors: soil-invertebrates; lumbricidae-; diplopoda-; isopoda-; species-diversity; plant-succession;
secondary-forests; colonization-; soil-fertility; carbon-; nitrogen-content; soil-density; soil-depth;
temporal-variation; germany-; species-composition; species-abundance
131. NAL Call No.: QH540.F85
Seeds in soil and worm casts from a neutral grassland.
Thompson, K.; Green, A.; Jewels, A. M. Funct-ecol v.8(1): p.29-35. (1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: seed-banks; botanical-composition; seed-size; worm-casts; buried-seeds; grasslands-;
south-west-england
132. NAL Call No.: S592.7.A1S6
Selective consumption of decomposing wheat straw by earthworms.
Moody, S. A.; Briones, M. J. I.; Piearce, T. G.; Dighton, J. Soil-biol-biochem v.27(9): p.1209-1213. (1995
Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-terrestris; aporrectodea-longa; allolobophora-chlorotica; earthworms-;
feeding-preferences; soil-fungi; species-; wheat-straw; crop-residues; decay-fungi; plant-pathogenic-fungi;
microbial-grazing
Abstract: Three species of earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L., Aporrectodea longa (Ude) and
Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny), were offered a choice of mixtures,of soil and small wheat straw
fragments which had been inoculated individually with six saprotrophic fungi. All earthworm species
showed preferences between the six fungal species offered. Early straw decomposers, capable of utilizing
water-soluble sugars and cellulose, were preferred in most cases to the lignin-decomposing fungi
characteristic of the later stages of decomposition. The removal of fungal-inoculated straw pieces from the
soil surface by L. terrestris followed the same pattern. The palatability of two wheat pathogens to L.
terrestris was found to be similar to that of the preferred saprotroph. The implications of these findings for
fungal abundance and dispersal in wheat fields are discussed.
133. NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
Short-term effects of tillage and stubble management on earthworm populations in cropping systems in
southern New South Wales.
Doube, B. M.; Buckerfield, J. C.; Kirkegaard, J. A. Aust-j-agric-res v.45(7): p.1587-1600. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; brassica-; minimum-tillage; direct-sowing; fallow-; stubble-cultivation;
earthworms-; aporrectodea-caliginosa; oligochaeta-; population-density; waterlogging-; red-soils;
red-brown-earths; new-south-wales; microscolex-dubius; microscolex-phosphoreus
134. NAL Call No.: RA1270.P35A1
Single cell gel electrophoresis assay in the earthworm for the detection of genotoxic compounds in soils.
Verschaeve, L.; Gilles, J. Bull-environ-contam-toxicol v.54(1): p.112-119. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: polluted-soils; earthworms-; mutagens-; dna-; detection-; bioassays-; electrophoresis-;
rapid-methods
135. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Soil enzymatic response to addition of municipal solid-waste compost.
Serra Wittling, C.; Houot, S.; Barriuso, E. Biol-fertil-soils v.20(4): p.226-236. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: refuse-compost; soil-flora; biological-activity-in-soil; soil-enzymes; enzyme-activity;
mineralization-; organic-matter; organic-compounds; decomposition-; vermiculture-; loam-soils;
carbon-mineralization
Abstract: Modifications of soil microbiological activity by the addition of municipal solid-waste compost
were studied in laboratory incubations. Three composts were compared, one lumbricompost and two
classical composts with different maturation times. Organic C mineralization and nine enzyme activities
(dehydrogenase, peroxidase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase,
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, protease, amidase, and urease) were determined in the composts and the
amended soil. Initial enzyme activities varied in the soil according to the sampling date (winter or
summer) and were greater in the composts than in the soil, except for urease. Generally, the youngest
compost exhibited greater activity than the oldest one. In the amended soil, the composts did not increase
enzyme activity in an additive way. Dehydrogenase, the only strictly endocellular enzyme, was the only
one for which the activity in the amended soil increased significantly in proportion to the addition of
compost. During the incubations, C mineralization and dehydrogenase activity were significantly
correlated, indicating that dehydrogenase was a reliable indicator of global microbial activity. Peroxidase
activity in the soil remained constant, but increased in the composts and amended soil. Addition of the
oldest compost had no effect on the activity of the C cycle enzymes, but the youngest compost increased
soil activity at the higher application rate. Enzymes of the N cycle were stimulated by all compost
amendments, but the increase was only transient for amidase and urease. Lumbricomposting had no
marked effect on compost enzyme activity, either before or during the incubation.
136. NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Sorption and retention of herbicides in vertically oriented earthworm and artificial burrows.
Stehouwer, R. C.; Dick, W. A.; Traina, S. J. J-environ-qual v.23(2): p.286-292. (1994 Mar.-1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: atrazine-; metolachlor-; dicamba-; sulfonylurea-herbicides; earthworm-channels; sorption-;
retention-; transport-processes; leaching-; flow-; sorption-isotherms; soil-depth; worm-casts;
soil-organic-matter; preferential-flow
Abstract: In many temperate region no-tillage agro-ecosystems, the vertically oriented burrows of the
nightcrawler earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.) function as preferential flow paths and may promote the
rapid downward transport of surface-applied chemicals. The burrows of nightcrawlers, however, are lined
with a material that is enriched in organic C relative to the surrounding soil matrix that may affect transport
of organic chemicals. We investigated the effect of this lining on the sorption and retention of four
herbicides: atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1- methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine 2,4-diamine], metolachlor
[2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N (2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], dicamba
(3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), and primisulfuron [3-[4,6-bis
(difluoromethoxy)-pyrimidin-2yl]-1-(2-methoxy carbonylphenyl sulfonyl) urea]. Batch sorption isotherms
were determined using burrow lining and bulk soil collected from seven depth intervals from 0 to 50 cm.
Sorption of the more strongly sorbed herbicides (atrazine and metolachlor) was enhanced by a factor of up
to three on burrow lining relative to bulk soil, while there was little or no enhancement of the weakly
sorbed herbicides (dicamba and primisulfuron). Transport and retention of these herbicides was measured
in intact burrows in undisturbed soil blocks. Concentrations of the two strongly sorbed herbicides
decreased during flow through nightcrawler and artificial (unlined) burrows, with the largest decreases
occurring in earthworm burrows. Concentrations of the two weakly sorbed herbicides decreased very little
during flow through either type of burrow. Retained herbicide concentrations were. greater in
nightcrawler than in artificial burrow walls. These results indicate the material lining nightcrawler burrows
may significantly retard herbicide transport during lateral flow into and out of burrows.
137. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Suitable characters for selective breeding in Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta).
Meyer, W. J.; Bouwman, H. Biol-fertil-soils v.20(1): p.53-56. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; animal-breeding; selective-breeding; traits-; growth-rate; maturity-; fecundity-
Abstract: Selective breeding of invertebrates has been suggested by many but studied by few. The
possibilities of improving characters like biomass, maturation time, coccoon production rate, and hatching
success of cocoons for the earthworm Eisenia fetida were examined in the present study. The results
showed that biomass, maturation time, and number of hatchlings could be successfully improved by
selective breeding, although a concomitant tendency to a lower reproductive rate, as found in vertebrates,
was observed. Other characters like cocoon production rate, hatching success, and number of hatchlings
per cocoon also showed promising results.
138. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Survival of bacteria introduced into soil by means of transport by Lumbricus rubellus.
Heijnen, C. E.; Marinissen, J. C. Y. Biol-fertil-soils v.20(1): p.63-69. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-rubellus; rhizobium-leguminosarum; pseudomonas-fluorescens;
pseudomonas-cepacia; digestive-tract; worm-casts; survival-; population-dynamics; transport-processes;
biological-activity-in-soil; introduced-species; risk-; genetically-engineered-microorganisms
Abstract: Four strains of bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarurn biovar trifolii, Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Pseudomonas cepacia, and Flavobacterium sp., were introduced into loamy sand and then transported by
earthworms of the species Lumbricus rubellus to uninoculated soil. Cell densities recovered from the
earthworm gut and casts (both expressed per gram dry material) were significantly lower (up to 3 log units)
than cell densities recovered from the inoculated soil. Total bacterial counts in casts were similar to those
in the inoculated soil. In casts excreted into a sterile environment numbers of colony-forming units (CFU)
increased, suggesting a favourable environment for growth. In casts excreted in a non-sterile environment,
cell densities of introduced strains decreased. Casts therefore did not offer the introduced bacteria a
protective microenvironment for survival in the bulk soil. Transport by worms of R. leguminosarum
biovar trifolii and of P. fluorescens appeared to occur mostly by means of cast production; with the
Flavobacterium sp. and P. cepacia a large proportion of the cells was possibly transported on the skin of
earthworms.
139. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Terbuthylazine and carbofuran effects on growth and reproduction within three generations of Eisenia
andrei (Oligochaeta).
Brunniger, B.; Viswanathan, R.; Beese, F. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(2): p.83-88. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-; terbuthylazine-; carbofuran-; sublethal-effects; growth-rate; reproduction-;
developmental-stages; weight-; biomass-production; hatchlings-; cocoon-production
140. NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Tillage, residue, and rainfall effects on movement of an organic tracer in earthworm-affected soils.
Trojan, M. D.; Linden, D. R. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America v.58
(5) p.1489-1494 (1994 Sept.-1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-soils; solutes-; pesticides-; transport-processes; adsorption-; desorption-;
movement-in-soil; macropore-flow; earthworms-; biological-activity-in-soil; aporrectodea-caliginosa;
lumbricus-terrestris; lumbricus-rubellus; no-tillage-; tillage-; crop-residues; rain-; macropores-;
fluorescent-dyes; fluorescent-tracers; minnesota-; preferential-flow;
conventional-versus-conservation-tillage; rain-intensity; single-rain-versus-multiple-rain-events
Abstract: A field study was conducted to determine the effects of tillage, residue, and rainfall on the
movement of rhodamine WT (C29H29N2O5- Na2Cl), a strongly adsorbed organic dye, in
earthworm-affected soils. Rhodamine WT was uniformly applied to the surface of two separate, 0.063-m2
areas within either no-till or conventionally tilled treatments in the presence or absence of residues. One
area was exposed to a high intensity rainfall of 12 mm, whereas the second area received 193 mm of
rainfall in 13 events during a 28-d period. Following rainfall, soils were excavated in layers to a depth of
40 cm and dye concentrations were determined. For the single rain event, dye concentration at the 28- to
40-cm depth was 1.20 and 0.63 mg kg-1 in the no-till and conventionally tilled treatments containing
residues, respectively, compared with concentrations near the detection limit (0.10 mg kg-1) in treatments
without residues. For multiple-rain plots, dye concentrations of 1.80 and 0.93 mg kg -1 were detected at
the 28-to 40-cm depth in the no till with surface residue and no till without residue treatments, respectively,
compared with concentrations near the detection limit for the conventionally tilled treatments. Staining
patterns indicated that earthworm channels were responsible for dye movement below 20 cm. The
differences in dye movement for single-and multiple-rain events suggests that properties of the macropore
system, such as continuity and surface position, control preferential flow under differing tillage, residue,
and rainfall conditions.
141. NAL Call No.: RA1270.P35A1; LNSU RA1270.P35A1
Toxicity of pesticides to earthworms in Kentucky bluegrass turf.
Potter, D. A.; Spicer, P. G.; Redmond, C. T.; Powell, A. J. Bull-environ-contam-toxicol v.52(2): p.176-181.
(1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pesticides-; plant-growth-regulators; application-rates; formulations-; lumbricidae-;
nontarget-effects; nontarget-organisms; kentucky-
142. NAL Call No.: QH540.M64
Transgenic plant release: comments on the comparative effects of agriculture and forestry practices on soil
fauna.
Tomlin, A. D. Mol-ecol v.3(1): p.51-52. (1994 Feb.)
In the special issue: Ecological implications of transgenic plant release / edited by T. Burke, R. Seidler and
H. Smith.
Descriptors: soil-insects; earthworms-; nontarget-effects; nontarget-organisms; crop-residues;
decomposition-; transgenic-plants; bacillus-thuringiensis; bacterial-toxins; endotoxins-;
bacterial-insecticides; environmental-impact; comparisons-; silviculture-; forestry-practices; agriculture-
143. NAL Call No.: QH540.J6
Transport of nitrate in soils as affected by earthworm activities.
Li, Y.; Ghodrati, M. J-environ-qual v.24(3): p.432-438. (1995 May-1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-; biological-activity-in-soil; nitrate-nitrogen; movement-; transport-processes;
worm-casts; macropores-; spatial-distribution; macropore-flow; hydraulic-conductivity; water-flow;
simulation-models
Abstract: Earthworm (Lumbricus sp.) boles have long been recognized as an important conduit for water
and solute transport in field soils. In this study we investigated preferential movement of NO3 through
artificially induced earthworm boles and compared three commonly used solute transport models with
respect to their ability to describe NO3 transport through the earthworm macropore system. Earthworms
boles were created by introducing earthworms into uniformly packed soil columns of 20-cm i.d. and 30- or
60 cm long. After 8 wk of incubation, the columns were leached at a range of fluxes and NO3
breakthrough curves (BTCs) were determined. The columns also were traced with dyes to visualize the
spatial distribution of the earthworm boles. The results showed that the earthworms completely altered the
uniformity of the packed soil cores. The average saturated hydraulic conductivities of the earthworm hole
columns (Ksm) increased 17.9- to 22.3-folds as compared with the control columns. Significant
preferential movement of NO3 occurred in these columns even at relative fluxes as low as 0.014 Ksm. A
nonlinear least squares program, CXTFIT, was used to fit three solute transport models to all BTCs. The
physical nonequilibrium model (MIM) fitted the experimental data better than the convection-dispersion
equation (CDE) and the stochastic model (SM), while none of them was adequate to describe the data
well.
144. NAL Call No.: 444.8-J826
Ultrastructurally different muscle cell types in Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta).
Royuela, M.; Fraile, B.; Garcia Anchuelo, R.; Panigua, R. J-morph v.224(1): p.87-96. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; earthworms-; muscles-; cells-; ultrastructure-; morphology-
Abstract: Muscles in the body wall, intestinal wall, and contractile hemolymphatic vessels (pseudohearts)
of an oligochaete annelid (Eisenia foetida) were studied by electron microscopy. The muscle cells in all
locations, except for the outer layer of the pseudohearts, are variants of obliquely striated muscle cells.
Cells comprising the circular layer of the body wall possess single, peripherally located myofibrils that
occupy most of the cytoplasm and surround other cytoplasmic organelles. The nuclei of the cells lie
peripherally to the myofibrils. The sarcomeres consist of thin and thick myofilaments that are arranged in
parallel arrays. In one plane of view, the filaments appear to be oriented obliquely to Z bands. Thin
myofilaments measure 5-6 nm in diameter. Thick myofilaments are fusiform in shape and their width
decreases from their centers (40-45 nm) to their tips (23-25 nm). The thin/thick filament ratio in the A
bands is 10. The Z bands consist of Z bars alternating with tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Subsarcolemmal electron-dense plaques are found frequently. The cells forming the longitudinal layer of
the body wall musculature are smaller than the cells in the circular layer and their thick filaments are
smaller (31-33 nm centrally and 21-23 nm at the tips). Subsarcolemmal plaques are less numerous. The
cells forming the heart wall inner layer, the large hemolymphatic vessels, and the intestinal wall are
characterized by their large thick myofilaments (50-52 nm centrally and 27-28 nm at the tips) and
abundance of mitochondria. The cells forming the outer muscular layer of the pseudohearts are smooth
muscle cells. These cells are richer in thick filaments than vertebrate smooth muscle cells. They.
sarcomeres and Z bands and by displaying tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum among the bundles of
myofilaments.
145. NAL Call No.: QP1.C6
Uptake and long-time storage of natural and synthetic dyes by earthworm chloragocytes. In vivo and in
vitro investigations.
Prento, P. Comp-biochem-physiol,-A-Comp-physiol v.109A(3): p.805-816. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumbricus-rubellus; lumbricus-terrestris; earthworms-; cells-; metabolic-detoxification; dyes-;
uptake-; transport-processes; storage-; chloragosomes-; xenobiotics-
Abstract: Cationic or anionic dyes adsorbed onto cellulose granulate were transported across the gut wall,
bound to blood proteins, and accumulated by the chloragocytes. Solubility in water promoted
accumulation. The dyes ended up mainly in the chloragosomes. Down to 20 micromoles dye per litre soil
water resulted in visible accumulation. Worms which after dye-exposure were kept dye-free for 5 months
retained substantial amounts of dye in the chloragosomes. In vitro experiments indicate that the binding to
chloragosomes of synthetic and natural phenolics is by ion exchange with calcium phosphate and with an
uncharacterized matrix-bound calcium chelator, aided by hydrophobic interactions between the dye and
constituents of the chloragosome matrix. The findings are relevant for the evaluation of the effects of
constant or periodic soil contamination with industrial or agricultural organochemicals.
146. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E58
Uptake, bioavailability and elimination of hydrophobic compounds in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in
field-contaminated soil.
Belfroid, A.; Berg, M. v. d.; Seinen, W.; Hermens, J.; Gestel, K. v. Environ-toxicol-chem v.14(4):
p.605-612. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-; chlorinated-hydrocarbons; pollutants-; polychlorinated-biphenyls;
polychlorinated-dibenzofurans; uptake-; bioavailability-; excretion-; chlorobenzenes-
Abstract: Uptake, accumulation, and elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in earthworms
(Eisenia andrei) exposed to field-contaminated Volgermeerpolder soil was studied. Earthworms were able
to take up chlorobenzenes, and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), but body burdens did not exceed
concentrations measured in the soil. For the chlorobenzenes, steady-state concentrations in the worms and
biota-to-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) values were much smaller than expected based on earlier
experiments, suggesting a decreased bioavailability in the Volgermeerpolder soil. Comparison of the PCB
accumulation pattern in worms to the pattern in soil showed that biotransformation of the studied PCBs is
of minor importance in this species. Elimination of all chemicals studied was monophasic, with the
exception of hexachlorobenzene, which showed a biphasic elimination. The elimination half-life for the
initial fast phase of this compound is comparable to the elimination measured in previous studies.
Elimination rate constants decreased with increasing log Kow.
147. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E58
Uptake, metabolism and toxicity of terbufos in the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) exposed to
counter-15G in artificial soils.
Cobb, G. P.; Hol, E. H.; Allen, P. W.; Gagne, J. A.; Kendall, R. J. Environ-toxicol-chem v.14(2):
p.279-285. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: terbufos-; lumbricus-terrestris; uptake-; concentration-; metabolism-; toxicity-; mortality-;
metabolites-; nontarget-organisms; nontarget- effects
148. NAL Call No.: QH545.A1E58
Uptake of cesium-134 by the earthworm species Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus rubellus.
Janssen, M. P. M.; Glastra, P.; Lembrechts, J. F. M. M. Environ-toxicol-chem v.15(6): p.873-877. (1996
June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-fetida; lumbricus-rubellus; cesium-; pollutants-; uptake-; concentration-; half-life;
temperature-; ph-; electrical-conductivity; species-differences
Abstract: The uptake processes of 134Cs in two earthworm species were investigated as well as the effect
of temperature on these processes. The results show that equilibrium concentrations in the two species
differ by 1.5- to fivefold. Equilibrium concentrations range from 367 to 963 Bq g-1 in Lumbricus rubellus
and from 920 to 1,893 Bq g-1 in Eisenia foetida; biological half-lives range from 56 to 119 h and 52 to 64
h, respectively. Assimilation was two to four times higher in E. foetida and elimination rate one to two
times higher in E. foetida than in L. rubellus. Further, the results show that temperature may affect the
134Cs concentration in these earthworms by a factor of 1.4 to 2.1 between 10 and 20 degrees C,
depending on the species. The maximum difference found within one species was a factor of 2.6. Our
results show no clear effect of temperature on the assimilation, but a small negative effect on elimination,
resulting in an increasing biological half-life and concentration factor with higher temperatures.
149. NAL Call No.: TD172.A7
Uptake of hydrophobic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons from food by earthworms (Eisenia andrei).
Belfroid, A.; Meiling, J.; Sijm, D.; Hermens, J.; Seinen, W.; Gestel, K. v. Arch-environ-contam-toxicol.
New York, Springer-Verlag v.27 (2)p.260-265 (1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: eisenia-; species-; uptake-; hydrophobicity-; halogenated-hydrocarbons;
aromatic-hydrocarbons; soil-pollution; intestinal-uptake; uptake-efficiency
150. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
The use of resource patches by earthworms.
Hughes, M. S.; Bull, C. M.; Doube, B. M. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(3): p.241-244. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-organic-matter; sheep-manure; formulations-; spatial-distribution;
aporrectodea-caliginosa; aporrectodea-; earthworms-; soil-depth; population-density; biomass-production;
aporrectodea-rosea; microscolex-dubius
151. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Vermicomposting for the paper pulp industry.
Elvira, C.; Dominguez, J.; Sampedro, L.; Mato, S. Biocycle v.36(6): p.62-63. (1995 June)
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; pulp-and-paper-industry; paper-mill-sludge; waste-utilization
152. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Vermicomposting in Australia and New Zealand.
Appelhof, M.; Webster, K.; Buckerfield, J. Biocycle v.37(6): p.63-66. (1996 June)
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; food-wastes; sewage-sludge; waste-paper; litter-plant; waste-utilization;
projects-; australia-; new-zealand
153. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Vermiculture in Cuba.
Werner, M.; Cuevas, J. R. Biocycle v.37(6): p.57, 61-62. (1996 June)
Descriptors: vermiculture-; earthworms-; worm-casts; application-to-land; organic-fertilizers; cuba-
154. NAL Call No.: SB321.G85
Vermiculture (worm) composting.
Grubinger, V. Grower. Storrs, Conn. : Cooperative Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, The University of Connecticut v.94 (3)p.3-4 (1994 Mar.)
Descriptors: lumbricus-rubellus; eisenia-fetida; vermicomposting-
155. NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Volume density of earthworm burrows in compacted cores of soil as estimated by direct and indirect
methods.
Hirth, J. R.; McKenzie, B. M.; Tisdall, J. M. Biol-fertil-soils v.21(3): p.171-176. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aporrectodea-caliginosa; aporrectodea-; earthworms-; earthworm-channels; volume-;
density-; determination-; measurement-; methodology-; comparisons-; imagery-; worm-casts;
animal-burrows; computer-techniques; aporrectodea-rosea; stereology-; air-filled-burrows;
cast-filled-burrows
Abstract: After earthworms of the species Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. rosea had burrowed in
compacted cores of soil for 68 days the cores were sectioned horizontally. The upper surface of each
sectioned layer of soil was photographed before it was dissected and the dimensions of all burrows within
the layer measured. Volume densities calculated from the direct measurement of burrows were compared
with the values calculated by stereology; from data obtained from two image analysis methods,
computerised image analysis and point counting with a systematic lattice. The assumption implicit in all
stereology calculations was satisfied for this experiment in that the burrows of both species showed no
preferred orientation in the compacted soil. Computerised image analysis could not measure the density of
all burrows in the photographs because of the lack of contrast between cast-filled burrows and the soil and
the complex shapes of the burrows. Although the volume densities of A. caliginosa burrows calculated
from point counts were correlated with the values calculated from direct measurement, point counting
over-estimated volume densities by two to three times. In the experiment, A. rosea produced too few
air-filled burrows for the lattice to detect. The relative ratios of air-filled to cast-filled burrows calculated
from the point counts suggested that approximately two-thirds and eight-ninths of the burrows of A.
caliginosa and A. rosea, respectively, were filled with casts.
156. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Worldwide progress in vermicomposting.
Logsdon, G. Biocycle v.35(10): p.63-65. (1994 Oct.)
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; earthworms-; waste-utilization
157. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Worm composters in school programs.
Conrad, P. Biocycle v.36(2): p.91. (1995 Feb.)
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; technical-training; educational-programs
158. NAL Call No.: S544.3.N6N62
Worms can recycle your garbage.
Sherman, R. AG-NC-Agric-Ext-Serv. Raleigh : North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service
v.(473-18)p.4 (1994 May)
In subseries: Water Quality & Waste Management.
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; food-wastes; eisenia-fetida; refuse-compost; waste-utilization
159. NAL Call No.: 57.8-C734
Young composters learn with worms.
Riggle, D. Biocycle v.36(8): p.72-75. (1995 Aug.)
Descriptors: vermicomposting-; agricultural-education; elementary-education
Author Index
Addison, J.A. 25
Akinnifesi, F.K. 52
Akintonwa, A. 3
Allaire, S. 43
Allen, M.F. 24
Allen, P.W. 147
Alphei, J. 120
Amann, R.I. 82
Anderson, J.M. 87
Andersson, S. 63
Appelhof, M. 9, 152
Audo, M.C. 55
Auerswald, K. 94
Bachmann, H. 98
Bagyaraj, D.J. 116
Bai, R.K. 122
Baker, G.H. 73, 93
Baker, Geoff. 41
Baker, Vicki. 41
Balashouri, P. 35
Balasulramanian, P.R. 122
Barrett, G.W. 75
Barrett, V.J. 93
Barriuso, E. 135
Barth, D. 22
Baskar, A. 18
Beare, M.H. 12
Beck, T. 94
Becker, H. 71
Beese, F. 21, 139
Belfroid, A. 31, 146, 149
Bell, J.N.B. 49
Berg, M. van den. 146
Bernier, N. 78
Berry, E.C. 43, 44, 48, 61, 84, 103
Beyer, W.N. 16
Bhattacharjee, A. 43
Bilde, T. 118
Bisht, S.P.S. 54, 114
Blair, J.M. 65, 102
Bligh, K. 104
Boag, B. 32, 117
Bodt, J. 34
Bohlen, P. J. 11, 39, 65
Bonkowski, M. 120
Bouwman, H. 137
Boyle, K.E. 45
Brewer, S.R. 75
Briones, M.J.I. 132
Brouns, J.J. 96
Brown, Amy. 51
Brown, S.L. 49
Brummelen, T.C. van 112
Brunniger, B. 139
Brunninger, B. 21
Brussaard, L. 13
Buckerfield, J. 152
Buckerfield, J.C. 133
Buhler, U. 98
Bull, C.M. 150
Byrne, D. 45
Carter, M.R. 60
Carter, P.J. 93
Ceccanti, B. 109
Chambers, S.J. 32
Chang, C.S. 121
Chen, S.C. 91
Christensen, O.M. 117
Chung, C.H. 121
Clarholm, M. 63
Clegg, C.D. 87
Cobb, G.P. 147
Cogle, A.L. 35
Coleman, D.C. 12
Comis, D. 71
Conrad, P. 157
Cook, S.M.F. 53
Cooper, E.L. 95, 108, 111
Correll, R.L. 70
Cossarizza, A. 95
Cuevas, J.R. 153
Cukic, Z.V. 10
Curry, J.P. 45
D'Haese, J. 27
Daane, L.L. 84
Dalby, P.R. 73
Daniel, O. 82
Davidson, A.W. 126
Davoren, C.W. 2, 66, 70, 83, 85, 86
Delhaye, L. 76
Devliegher, W. 90
Dick, W.A. 136
Diehl, W.J. 55
Dietrich, D.R. 98
Dighton, J. 132
Digweed, S.C. 29
Dohmen, G.P. 81
Dominguez, J. 151
Doube, B.M. 2, 66, 70, 85, 86, 133, 150
Drake, H.L. 23
Drenth, H.J. 31
Durkin, P.R. 10
Ebere, A.G. 3
Edwards, C.A. 39, 65, 77, 102
Edwards, C. A. (Clive Arthur), 1925 11
Edwards, W.M. 26
Ekschmitt, K. 40
El Adlouni, C. 1, 88
Ellsworth, T.R. 56
Elsas, J.D. van. 87
Elster, N. 22
Elvira, C. 151
Ernst, David, 1958 69
Ervin, J.O. 4
Evans, K.A. 117
Eyambe, G.S. 111
Federle, T.W. 67
Fender, W.M. 105
Fischer, K. 82
Fitzpatrick, L.C. 20, 91
Fraile, B. 144
Franceschi, C. 95
Fraser, P.M. 64
Fritsch, H.J. 81
Froneman, M.L. 59
Fujita, T. 7, 72
Gagne, J.A. 147
Garcia Anchuelo, R. 144
Garcia, C. 109
Garcia, M.M. 125
Gast, R. 96
Gestel, C.A.M. van. 112
Gestel, K. van. 31, 146, 149
Ghodrati, M. 143
Gibbs, M.H. 92
Giebing, T. 27
Gilles, J. 134
Giolando, S.T. 67
Glastra, P. 148
Goven, A.J. 20, 91, 111
Graham, R.C. 4
Green, A. 131
Greven, H. 15, 17
Grubinger, V. 154
Gupta, S.C. 43, 44
Guy, Craig. 46
Ha, D.B. 121
Hahn, D. 82
Hamana, H. 6
Hamana, K. 6
Haria, A.H. 79
Harinikumar, K.M. 116
Harrington, J.P. 99
Hawke, B.G. 83
Haynes, R.J. 64
Heijnen, C.E. 138
Heinze Mutz, E.M. 22
Hendricks, A.J. 96
Hendricks, L.C. 5
Hendrix, P.F. 12, 42, 100
Hendrix, Paul F. 38
Hermans, M.C.C. 80
Hermens, J. 31, 146, 149
Hernandez, T. 109
Hindell, R.P. 123, 124
Hinssen, H. 27
Hirth, J.R. 155
Hodgen, M.J. 19
Hol, E.H. 147
Holmes, H. 101
Holmes, S.B. 25
Holmstrup, M. 28, 58, 110, 113
Hopkin, S.P. 57
Houot, S. 135
Hu, S. 12
Hughes, M.S. 150
Hunt, J.L. 80
Hyvarinen, H. 68, 107
Hyvonen, R. 63
Ikeda, T. 7, 72
Im, G.J. 33
Immerzeel, J. 34
Isensee, A.R. 33
Ivanova, E.S. 30
Jangawad, L.S. 35
Janssen, M.P.M. 148
Jay, A. 106
Jenni Eiermann, S. 98
Jewels, A.M. 131
Johns, P.M. 117
Jolly, J.M. 87
Jones, D.T. 57
Jones, H.D. 117
Josens, G. 37
Kalachnikova, G. 95
Kalia, S. 54
Kang, B.T. 13, 52
Kang, M.S. 121
Karrer, M. 22
Karsten, G.R. 23
Kaushal, B.R. 54, 114
Kendall, R.J. 147
Killian, H.S. 119
Kimura, M. 50
Kirkegaard, J.A. 133
Kirkman, J.H. 18
Klok, C. 115
Koivisto, I. 68, 107
Kumar, V.P.K. 35
Lambert, David. 36
Lappin Scott, H.M. 87
Larson, R.J. 67
Lembrechts, J.F.M.M. 148
Lewis, L.C. 61
Li, Y. 143
Liang, Q. 74
Linden, D.R. 53, 140
Loehr, R.C. 10
Logsdon, G. 156
Ma, W.C. 34, 96
Macgregor, A.N. 18
Malecki, M.R. 10
Marinissen, J.C.Y. 138
Marshall, V.G. 105
Masciandaro, G. 109
Masson, P. 108
Mather, J.G. 117
Mato, S. 151
Matsushima, O. 7, 72
Mba, C.C. 128
McKenzie, B.M. 123, 124, 155
McKey Fender, D. 105
Meek, B.D. 56
Meiling, J. 31, 149
Mele, P.M. 60
Meulen, H. van der. 14
Meyer, W.J. 137
Minakata, H. 7, 72
Mitchell, A.R. 56
Molina, J.A.E. 84
Moncrief, J.F. 43, 44
Moody, S.A. 132
Morand, S. 30
Mukhopadhyay, M.J. 1, 88
Munyankusi, E. 43, 44
Muyima, N.Y.O. 97
Nadeau, D. 1, 88
Narbonne, J.F. 108
Neilson, R. 32, 117
Neuhauser, E.F. 10
Nieber, J.L. 43
Nixon, W. 8
Nokes, S.E. 102
Nomoto, K. 7, 72
Olson, A. 16
Orchard, V.A. 80
Oumi, T. 7, 72
Palmer, L.F. 32
Panigua, R. 144
Pankakoski, E. 68, 107
Parkin, T.B. 103
Parkinson, D. 62
Parmelee, R.W. 24, 65
Pavel, J. 127
Persson, T. 63
Piearce, T.G. 132
Pizl, V. 37
Pleysier, J.L. 52
Poirier, G.G. 1, 88
Ponge, J.F. 76, 78
Potter, D.A. 126, 141
Povolny, D. 127
Powell, A.J. 141
Prento, P. 145
Quaglino, D. 95
Rapaport, R.A. 67
Reddy, M.V. 35
Reddy, V.R. 35
Redmond, C.E. 26
Redmond, C.T. 141
Reinecke, A.J. 59, 97
Reinecke, S.A. 59
Riggle, D. 101, 129, 159
Ritchie, J.D. 89
Roch, P. 108
Roos, A.M. de. 115
Royuela, M. 144
Ruiter Dijkman, E.M. de. 96
Ryder, M.H. 2, 66, 70, 85, 86
Sadeghi, A.M. 33
Sadowsky, M.J. 84
Salvioli, S. 95
Sampedro, L. 151
Scheu, S. 62, 120, 130
Schlatter, C. 98
Schmid, P. 98
Schmitt Wrede, H.P. 15, 17
Schulz, E. 130
Schumacher, T.W. 43
Seinen, W. 31, 146, 149
Serra Wittling, C. 135
Shapiro, D.I. 61
Sherman, R. 158
Shinozawa, T. 6
Shipitalo, M.J. 26
Sigua, G.C. 33
Sijm, D. 149
Silvapulle, M.J. 123, 124
Smith, S.E. 73
Sohn, Y.J. 121
Spain, A.V. 19
Speir, T.W. 80
Spencer, J.L. 125
Spicer, P.G. 141
Spurgeon, D.J. 57
Steed, G.R. 60
Stehouwer, R.C. 136
Stephens, P.M. 2, 66, 70, 83, 85, 86
Stewart, A.J. 92
Stinner, B.R. 65
Subler, S. 24, 102
Suzuki, M.M. 111
Tahka, K.M. 68
Terhivuo, J. 68, 107
Thompson, K. 131
Thomson, A.J. 74
Tian, G. 13
Tisdall, J.M. 123, 124, 155
Toft, S. 118
Tomlin, A.D. 142
Toyota, K. 50
Traina, S.J. 136
Trojan, M.D. 140
Tylka, G.L. 61
Ufer, A. 81
Ukena, K. 7, 72
Vaucher, C. 30
Venables, B.J. 20, 91
Verschaeve, L. 134
Verstraete, W. 90
Verweij, R.A. 112
Viel, G. 1
Viljoen Reinecke, S.A. 97
Ville, P. 108
Viswanathan, R. 21, 47, 139
Wallukait, M. 106
Walsh, P. 1, 88
Webster, K. 152
Wedzinga, S.A. 112
Weigand, S. 94
Werner, M. 153
Westh, P. 28, 58
Wicker, L.F. 92
Williams, P.H. 64
Willuhn, J. 15, 17
Wolters, V. 40
Woo, K.M. 121
Wood, H.B. 4
Woods, J.P. 93
Wunderlich, F. 15, 17
Yeates, G.W. 14, 80, 117
Yi, W. 121
Yule, D.F. 35
Zbinden, N. 98
Zeyer, J. 82
Zhang, Q.L. 42
Zweifel, U. 98
Subject Index
2,4-db- 73
acidovorax- 84
acinetobacter- 84
acremonium-coenophialum 126
actin- 27
adsorption- 140
adverse-effects 57, 73
aerobes- 23
aeromonas-hydrophila 108
aggregates- 4, 124
agonum-dorsale 118
agricultural-education 159
agricultural-land 32
agricultural-soils 24, 65, 94, 140
agriculture- 142
air-filled-burrows 155
air-pollution 112
air-temperature 40
algae- 67
alloenzymes- 55
allolobophora-chlorotica 113, 132
amino-acid-sequences 17, 27, 72
ammonium-nitrogen 26, 39, 62
anaerobes- 23
analytical-methods 24, 65
animal-behavior 29
animal-breeding 137
animal-burrows 26, 48, 155
animal-models 20
animal-parasitic-nematodes 30
animal- tissues 96, 106
aporrectodea- 2, 43, 70, 73, 80, 86, 103, 123, 124, 150, 155
aporrectodea-caliginosa 2, 10, 18, 39, 40, 42, 53, 66, 70, 73, 83, 84, 85, 113, 120, 123, 124, 133, 140,
150, 155
aporrectodea-longa 49, 73, 93, 132
aporrectodea-rosea 73, 123, 124, 150, 155
aporrectodea-tuberculata 43
application-rates 64, 102, 141
application-to-land 43, 44, 153
apporectodea-rosea 80
arable-land 45, 98
araneae- 81
arctiostrotus- 105
aromatic-hydrocarbons 1, 112, 149
arsenic- 80
arthropods- 116
atrazine- 33, 136
aurantiactinomyxon-ictaluri 119
australia- 60, 104, 152
avena-sativa 67
bacillus-thuringiensis 142
bacteria- 82
bacterial-conjugation 84
bacterial-count 23
bacterial-insecticides 142
bacterial-toxins 142
barley-straw 83
belgium- 37
beneficial-insects 5
beta-glucosidase- 109
biconcentration- 96
binding-site 27
bioassays- 67, 111, 134
bioavailability- 18, 49, 146
biochemical-techniques 82
bioconcentration- 15
biogeography- 100
biological-activity-in-soil 13, 14, 18, 39, 42, 45, 49, 52, 53, 65, 78, 80, 84, 89, 90, 93, 102, 103, 123, 135,
138, 140, 143
biological- control 70
biological-control-agents 61, 70, 118
biological-indicators 15, 92, 96
biological-production 123
biological-treatment 67
biomass- 12, 35, 39, 40, 54, 64, 83, 90, 93, 94
biomass-production 37, 45, 62, 92, 120, 139, 150
biosynthesis- 6
bioturbation- 53
body-fluids 91
body-wall 106
botanical-composition 131
brassica- 133
british-columbia 105
broadleaved-deciduous-forests 23
bulk-density 74, 123
burial-by-worm-casts 14
buried-seeds 131
burrowing- 25, 53
burrowing-patterns 53
buteo-buteo 98
cadmium- 10, 15, 17, 37, 57, 75
calcareous-soils 40, 70
california- 5
camponotus- 116
camponotus-compressus 116
canopy- 76
canopy-gaps 76
carabidae- 29
carbofuran- 21, 98, 139
carbohydrate-metabolism 23
carbohydrates- 12
carbon- 12, 40, 42, 83, 128, 130
carbon-cycle 42
carbon- dioxide 21
carbon-mineralization 135
carbon-nitrogen-ratio 13
cast-filled-burrows 155
cast-production 123
catalase- 94
cation-exchange-capacity 18
cations- 18, 99
cattle-dung 22, 122
cattle- manure 39, 43, 97, 109
cattle-slurry 45
cecum- 125
cell-mediated-immunity 108, 111
cell-membranes 95
cellobiose- 23
cells- 95, 111, 144, 145
cellulose- 128
cesium- 49, 148
change- 19
characterization- 7
chemical-composition 19, 52
chemicals- 20
chicks- 125
chiselling- 43
chloragosomes- 145
chlorinated-hydrocarbons 146
chlorobenzenes- 146
chromium- 80
chrysobalanaceae- 13
clay- 124
clay-soils 56
climatic-change 40
climatic-factors 117
climex-model 117
clones- 27
cocoon-production 57, 139
cocoons- 28, 57, 58, 97, 110, 113
coelom- 95
coelomomyces- 121
cold-injury 110
cold-resistance 28, 110
cold-stress 6
coleoptera- 22, 81
collembola- 81
colonization- 81, 125, 130
communities- 100
community-ecology 78
comparisons- 4, 23, 24, 27, 56, 111, 142, 155
complementary-dna 17, 27
composts- 109, 125
computer-software 117
computer-techniques 155
concentration- 2, 10, 15, 31, 34, 37, 96, 98, 107, 147, 148
conservation- 100
conservation-tillage 60, 104
contaminants- 34, 92
contamination- 80
continuous-cropping 26, 102
conventional-tillage 26
conventional-versus-conservation-tillage 60, 140
copper- 10, 37, 57, 75, 80, 91, 115
coverage- 76
cracks- 56
crocidura-russula 96
crop- 72, 98
crop-establishment 85
crop-residues 39, 53, 132, 140, 142
crop-yield 5
crude-protein 122
cuba- 153
cycling- 12, 65
cysteine- 17
cytotoxicity- 111
dactyladenia-barteri 13, 52
dairy-effluent 44
dazomet- 81
decay-fungi 132
decomposition- 13, 19, 42, 48, 135, 142
defense-mechanisms 20
degradation- 22, 34
dehydration-physiological 28, 58, 110, 113
dendrobaena- 25, 28, 62, 97, 113
dendrobaena-octaedra 25, 28, 113
denitrification- 103
density- 155
dero-digitata 119
deroceras-reticulatum 29
descriptions- 105
desorption- 140
detection- 134
determination- 24, 127, 155
developmental-stages 139
dicamba- 136
dieldrin- 59
diet- 31, 54
digestive-system 50
digestive-tract 87, 138
digoxigenin- 82
dimethoate- 73
diplodia- 13
diplopoda- 130
diptera- 22
direct-sowing 133
disease-control 119
disease-prevention 125
disease-resistance 125
disease-severity 70
dispersal- 50, 61, 66, 116
dispersion- 124
divalent-cations 99
dna- 1, 88, 134
dna-libraries 27
domestic-gardens 89
dosage-effects 15
drilling- 60
drosophila-melanogaster 118
drought-resistance 58
dry-matter-accumulation 93
dry- season 35
duplex-soils 60
duration- 21, 34, 62, 115
dyes- 145
earthworm-actin-modulators 27
earthworm-channels 43, 56, 61, 136, 155
Earthworm-culture 36, 46, 51
Earthworm-culture-Economic-aspects 46
earthworms- 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99,
100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 113, 114, 117, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 132, 133, 134, 140, 142, 144, 145,
150, 153, 155, 156
Earthworms-Anatomy 41
Earthworms-Australia 41
Earthworms-Australia-Geographical-distribution 41
Earthworms-Australia-Identification 41
Earthworms-Ecology-North-America 38
Earthworms-Marketing 36
Earthworms-North-America-Geographical-distribution 38
ecology- 105
ecosystems- 78
ecotoxicity- 115
educational-programs 9, 157
efficacy- 65
eichhornia-crassipes 122
eisenia- 21, 31, 74, 108, 139, 146, 149
eisenia-andrei 21
eisenia-fetida 7, 25, 55, 57, 67, 72, 88, 92, 95, 108, 125, 137, 144, 148, 154, 158
eisenia-hortensis 108
electrical-conductivity 83, 148
electrophoresis- 134
elementary-education 159
elymus-trachycaulus 62
embl 17
embryo-mortality 113
enchytraeidae- 63, 80
enchytraeus- 15, 17
endogeic-earthworms 42
endophytes- 126
endotoxins- 142
england- 117
enrichment- 90
entomophilic-nematodes 61
environmental-factors 29, 55, 97
environmental- impact 57, 79, 127, 142
enzyme-activity 20, 64, 80, 91, 94, 106, 109, 121, 135
enzyme-inhibitors 121
enzyme-polymorphism 55
epigeic-earthworms 42
erica- 78
establishment- 93
eudrilus-eugeniae 13
europe- 117
excretion- 31, 146
exposure- 21, 34, 62, 115
factories- 112
factory-fumes 112
fagus-sylvatica 40, 76, 120
fallow- 94, 133
farmyard-manure 35
feces- 116, 125
fecundity- 118, 137
feeding- preferences 118, 132
fenitrothion- 25
fertilizers- 44, 75
ferulic-acid 23
festuca-arundinacea 126
field-experimentation 65, 70, 93
finland- 107
fire-retardants 16
fish-diseases 119
fish-ponds 119
floodplains- 96
flow- 136
fluorescence-microscopy 95
fluorescent-dyes 82, 140
fluorescent-tracers 140
foliage- 2
foliar-diagnosis 66
foliar- nutrition 2
food- 53
food-chains 68
food-consumption 54
food-limitation 34
food-wastes 152, 158
forest-cycle 76
forest-damage 8
forest-ecosystems 78
forest-fires 16
forest-litter 8, 25, 112
forest-soils 4, 8, 14, 23, 40, 62, 78, 112, 120
forestry-practices 142
forests- 8, 62, 76
formulations- 141, 150
france- 76, 78
free-living-nematodes 63, 80, 120
freezing- 110
fuels- 3
fungal-diseases 70
fungal-spores 50, 116
fungi- 8
furnaces- 112
fusarium-oxysporum 50
gas-production 21
genbank 17, 27
gene-transfer 84
genes- 17
genetic-engineering 87
genetic-transformation 84
genetically-engineered-microorganisms 84, 138
genotoxicity- 1
geographical-distribution 117
geomorphology- 76
germany- 22, 81, 130
gills- 119
gizzard- 72, 106
gliricidia- 52
gliricidia-sepium 13, 52
glucose- 23
glycine-max 102
glyphosate- 73
gramineae- 120
grassland-soils 14, 80, 93, 114
grasslands- 131
growth- 2, 25, 52, 55, 57, 62, 66, 73, 92, 97, 115
growth-rate 122, 137, 139
habitats- 48, 74
half-life 148
halogenated-hydrocarbons 149
hapludalfs- 44
harvesting- 19
hatchlings- 139
healing- 108
heat-shock 6
heavy-metals 10, 57, 75, 96, 127
hemoglobin- 99
hemolysins- 108
hemolysis- 108
herbicide-residues 33
herbivorous-insects 126
heterozygosity- 55
hexabromobenzene- 31
hirudo- 6
horizons- 4
humic- acids 109
humid-tropics 13
humoral-immunity 108
humus-horizons 76, 112
humus-profiles 78
hungary- 30
hydraulic-conductivity 143
hydrological-factors 79
hydrophobicity- 149
hyperiodrilus-africanus 52
ictalurus-punctatus 119
imagery- 155
immobilization- 39, 42
immune-system 20, 91
immunoassay- 20
immunotoxicity- 20, 91
in-vitro 111
incorporation- 90, 93
india- 35, 114
induction- 15, 17
infestation- 119
infiltration- 60
inhibition- 121
inoculation-methods 85
inorganic-compounds 44
insect-pests 5
insecticides- 5
insects- 126
interactions- 42, 83, 86, 87, 90
intermediate-hosts 119
intestinal-microorganisms 23, 82
intestinal-motility 72
intestinal-uptake 149
intestines- 72, 106
introduced-species 79, 87, 138
invasion- 62
irrigated-soils 56
isocitrate-dehydrogenase 106
isoelectric-focusing 109
isolation- 7, 88
isopoda- 130
isotope-labeling 1, 88
ju0190- 27
kentucky- 126, 141
kidneys- 96
kinetics- 10
l31800- 27
labeling- 82
lactate-dehydrogenase 106
lactuca-sativa 67
lampito-mauritii 35
land-productivity 93
leaching- 33, 136
lead- 10, 37, 57, 68, 75, 107
leaves- 66
leucaena-leucocephala 13, 52
life-cycle 119
lignin- 13
lime- 93
liming- 63
lipids- 34, 96
liquid-manures 43
litter-plant 40, 42, 49, 152
liver- 96
loam-soils 104, 135
loci- 55
losses-from-soil 104
low-input-agriculture 102
lumbricidae- 14, 22, 58, 63, 68, 105, 107, 110, 130, 141
lumbricus- 143
lumbricus-rubellus 10, 18, 21, 23, 34, 42, 43, 80, 84, 96, 112, 115, 121, 138, 140, 145, 148, 154
lumbricus-terrestris 1, 3, 20, 21, 26, 27, 39, 43, 61, 82, 84, 90, 91, 99, 106, 108, 111, 116, 118, 132, 140,
145, 147
lysine- 121
lysozyme- 20, 91, 108
macrophages- 108
macropore-flow 26, 43, 53, 56, 60, 140, 143
macropores- 33, 43, 44, 53, 56, 140, 143
macroporosity- 43
magnesium- 37
maize-stover 13
mathematical-models 115
matric-potential 123, 124
maturation- 97
maturity- 137
measurement- 24, 155
mechanical-dispersion 124
medicago-sativa 56, 85
megascolecidae- 54, 93, 105, 114
membrane-potential 95
messenger-rna 15, 17
metabolic-activity 90
metabolic-detoxification 145
metabolism- 23, 47, 90, 147
metabolites- 147
methodology- 93, 155
metolachlor- 136
microarthropods- 12
microbial-activities 83, 90
microbial-biomass-nitrogen 39
microbial-degradation 67
microbial-ecology 90
microbial-grazing 132
microbial-respiration 83
microclimate- 52
microorganisms- 64
microscolex-dubius 85, 133, 150
microscolex-phosphoreus 133
microtermes- 116
mineral-soils 112
mineralization- 13, 24, 39, 40, 42, 47, 62, 102, 135
minimum-tillage 104, 133
minnesota- 43, 44, 140
mitochondria- 95
moder- 78
moisture- 97
moisture-content 97
moisture-perferences 97
molecular-sequence-data 17, 27, 72
monitoring- 92, 96, 107
monovalent-cations 99
mor- 63
morphology- 30, 144
mortality- 15, 25, 57, 91, 98, 147
mounds- 116
movement- 143
movement-in-soil 42, 140
mucus- 29
mulches- 19
mull- 78
municipal-sewage-sludge 75
muscles- 144
mutagens- 134
myxozoa- 119
natural-killer-cell-like-activity 111
nematoda- 6, 30
neoaplectana-feltiae 61
neoaplectana-glaseri 61
nests- 116
netherlands- 112
new-south-wales 133
new-species 30, 105
new-zealand 14, 64, 152
nickel- 10
nigeria- 3, 13
nitrate-nitrogen 26, 39, 62, 80, 143
nitrification- 90, 103
nitrogen- 12, 24, 39, 102, 103, 120, 128
nitrogen-content 66, 103, 130
nitrogen-cycle 39, 45, 102
nitrogen-fertilizers 39, 102
no-tillage- 26, 33, 35, 43, 104, 140
nodulation- 66, 85
nontarget-effects 57, 59, 81, 98, 141, 142, 147
nontarget-organisms 3, 21, 57, 59, 81, 98, 141, 142, 147
northern-ireland 45
npk-fertilizers 52
nucleotide- sequences 17, 27
nutrient-availability 39, 90, 120, 128
nutrient-leaching 120
nutrient-sources 24, 39, 103
nutrient-uptake 52
nutrients- 62
octachloronaphthalene- 31
octochaetona-phillotti 35
octolasian- 103
octolasion- 30
octolasion-cyaneum 87
octolasium-lacteum 23
octonochaeta-rosea 35
odontotermes- 116
ohio- 65, 102
old-field-soils 75
oligochaeta- 5, 8, 13, 16, 23, 59, 60, 65, 89, 103, 119, 133
oligonucleotide-probes 82
oniscus-asellus 112
ontario- 74
oral-administration 21
orchards- 5
organic-compounds 31, 47, 135
organic-fertilizers 153
organic-matter 90, 122, 135
organic-wastes 77
organochlorine-compounds 96
organomineral-complexes 78
orientation- 29
ornithine-decarboxylase 6
oryza-sativa 13
osmoregulation- 7
osmotic-pressure 6, 58
osmotically-active-water 28, 58
osmotically-inactive-water 58
oxygen-consumption 106
oxytocin- 7
pacific-northwest-states- of-usa 105
paper-mill-sludge 151
parasites-of-insect-pests 5
pasteurella- 84
pastures- 14, 64, 104
patterns- 53
pedoturbation- 53
pellioditis-pellio 120
peptides- 7, 72
permanent-grasslands 93
persistence- 83
pest-management 5
pesticides- 3, 140, 141
ph- 18, 121, 148
phagocytosis- 108
pharmacokinetics- 31
pheretima- 50, 72
pheretima-vittata 72
philoscia-muscorum 112
phosphate-phosphorus 62
phosphates- 62
phosphoric-monoester-hydrolases 109
phosphorus- 1, 52, 88, 120
phyllogonostrepus-nigrolabiatus 116
physicochemical-properties 52, 54, 121
picea-abies 78
pinus-coulteri 4
pir 27
planaria- 6, 32, 117
plant-competition 78
plant-composition 13
plant-disease-control 70
plant-growth-regulators 141
plant-pathogenic-fungi 50, 132
plant-residues 19, 122
plant-succession 130
plasmids- 84
pollutants- 20, 26, 31, 47, 107, 111, 115, 146, 148
polluted-soils 1, 10, 34, 47, 57, 68, 80, 96, 107, 112, 134
pollution- 15, 96, 107
polyamines- 6
polychlorinated-biphenyls 31, 108, 111, 146
polychlorinated-dibenzofurans 146
polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons 1
polycyclic-hydrocarbons 34, 112
polyols- 113
polyphenols- 13
population-change 65
population-density 2, 33, 37, 45, 48, 74, 80, 83, 104, 107, 120, 126, 133, 150
population-distribution 32
population-dynamics 60, 87, 114, 138
population-structure 115
populations- 24, 60, 65, 83, 90, 93
populus- 62
porcellio-scaber 112
pore-size 44
porosity- 43
potassium- 18
poults- 125
predation- 79
predator- prey-relationships 29, 118
predators- 32, 117
predators-of-insect-pests 118
predatory-arthropods 126
predatory-birds 98
predatory-insects 118
prediction- 117
preferential-flow 60, 136, 140
preferential-transport 53
preferential-water-flow-paths 56
prey- 118
prey-quality 118
profiles- 78
projects- 129, 152
propagules- 50, 116
proteinases- 108
proteins- 27
protozoa- 120
pruning-trash 13
prunus-dulcis 5
pseudomonas- 84
pseudomonas-cepacia 138
pseudomonas-corrugata 83
pseudomonas-fluorescens 84, 87, 138
pulp-and-paper-industry 151
purification- 121
quebec- 1
queensland- 19
quercus-dumosa 4
radionuclides- 49
rain- 33, 140
rain-intensity 140
rainy-season 35
rapid-methods 134
recolonization- 81
recombinant-dna 84
red-brown-earths 70, 133
red-soils 133
refuse-compost 135, 158
regeneration- 6, 78
regression-analysis 74
reproduction- 15, 25, 57, 92, 115, 139
research-needs 48
residues- 48, 96
respiration- 21, 39, 62, 80, 83, 90, 120
retention- 136
rhizobium-leguminosarum 66, 138
rhizobium-meliloti 83, 85
rhizoctonia-solani 70, 86
rhizosphere- 120
rhopalosiphum-padi 118, 126
ribosomal-rna 82
rice-straw 13, 35
ridge-tillage 102
ridging- 102
risk- 20, 138
risk-assessment 20
rna-probes 82
rock-phosphate 128
root-channels 56
root-nodules 66
root-rots 86
root-shoot- ratio 62
root-systems 56
roots- 2, 12, 62, 120
rotations- 45, 102
runoff- 104
salmonella-enteritidis 125
salmonella-typhimurium 125
sandy-loam-soils 2, 70
sarcophagidae- 127
saturated-hydraulic-conductivity 33
scarabaeidae- 22
scheloribates- 126
schizaphis-graminum 126
scotland- 32, 117
seasonal-variation 114
secondary-forests 130
seed-banks 131
seed-size 131
seedlings- 66, 86
seleastrum-capricornutum 67
selective-breeding 137
senna-siamea 52
sequence-alignment 27
serine-proteinases 121
sewage-sludge 75, 152
sex-differences 29
sheep-dung 66, 93
sheep-manure 109, 150
shoots- 62, 120
shrinkage- 56
silviculture- 142
simulation-models 143
single-rain-versus-multiple-rain-events 140
site-factors 74, 78
snails- 127
soil- 49, 87
soil-aggregation 4
soil-analysis 65
soil-arthropods 12, 48
soil-bacteria 83, 84
soil-biology 61
soil-bioturbation 14
soil-density 74, 130
soil-depth 44, 80, 85, 93, 130, 136, 150
soil-enzymes 135
soil-fauna 13, 126
soil-fertility 5, 89, 102, 126, 130
soil-flora 12, 39, 40, 42, 62, 67, 90, 94, 102, 120, 135
soil-formation 4
soil-fumigation 81
soil-fungi 12, 132
soil-insects 142
soil-invertebrates 130
soil-movement 14
soil-organic-matter 4, 5, 12, 25, 42, 103, 136, 150
soil-organic-matter-dynamics 12
soil-ph 93, 107
soil-pollution 37, 47, 80, 92, 112, 149
soil-pore-system 60
soil-properties 48, 94
soil-temperature 55
soil-texture 18
soil-types 18, 76
soil-types-cultural 12
soil- variability 78, 103
soil-water 55
soil-water-content 74
soil-water-movement 44
soil-water-regimes 55, 62
solubilization- 128
solutes- 140
sorex-araneus 68, 96
sorption- 52, 136
sorption-isotherms 136
sources- 53
south- australia 70, 93
south-west-england 131
spatial-distribution 44, 49, 53, 56, 61, 66, 74, 76, 85, 143, 150
spatial-variation 35
species- 86, 132, 149
species-abundance 81, 130
species-composition 130
species-differences 25, 58, 61, 93, 96, 103, 107, 123, 148
species-diversity 60, 76, 80, 81, 100, 130
species-richness 76
spenceriella- 93
spermatozoa- 59
spirostreptidae- 13
spodoptera-frugiperda 126
spread- 117
stability- 4, 56, 124
staphylinidae- 22
steinernema- 61
steinernema-carpocapsae 61
stereology- 155
stimulation- 72
storage- 145
straw-mulches 86
stress- 55
structure-activity-relationships 99
stubble-cultivation 133
sublethal-effects 25, 59, 91, 92, 115, 139
succinate-dehydrogenase 106
sugarcane- 19
sulfonylurea-herbicides 136
sulfur-proteins 17
sulfuric-ester-hydrolases 80
superphosphate- 64
suppressive-soils 70
surface-casting 14
surface-treatment 86, 93
surfactants- 67
survival- 15, 50, 57, 73, 85, 87, 92, 93, 115, 116, 138
susceptibility- 25
swelling- 56
switzerland- 98
symptoms- 119
synthetic-peptides 72
taxonomy- 30, 105
technical-training 157
temperature- 6, 91, 113, 148
temporal-variation 35, 130
terbufos- 147
terbuthylazine- 21, 139
tillage- 26, 33, 35, 45, 60, 69, 102, 104, 140
tilth- 71
topsoil- 14, 94
topsoil-mixing 14
toxicity- 1, 3, 15, 16, 20, 21, 25, 59, 67, 68, 91, 92, 108, 115, 147
toxicology- 20, 31
trace-elements 2
traits- 137
transformation- 78, 103
transgenic-plants 142
transport-processes 53, 56, 136, 138, 140, 143, 145
treculia-africana 52
tricladida- 79
trifolium-subterraneum 66
triticum- 70
triticum-aestivum 2, 86, 102, 133
triticum-turgidum 56
trophic-levels 68
tropical-soils 13
uk- 79
ultisols- 12
ultrastructure- 59, 144
uptake- 15, 31, 49, 107, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
uptake-efficiency 149
urban- areas 37
urea- 126
vaccinium-myrtillus 78
vasopressin- 7
vegetation- 78
vermicomposting- 9, 77, 97, 101, 109, 129, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159
vermiculture- 122, 135, 153
vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhizas 116
viability- 57, 116
vicia- 102
vicia-villosa 39
volume- 155
waste-paper 152
waste-utilization 77, 101, 122, 129, 151, 152, 156, 158
waste-water- treatment 67
water- 28
water-balance 58, 123
water-content 58, 123
water-erosion 104
water-flow 26, 143
water-stable-aggregates 4
waterlogging- 133
weight- 2, 139
wheat-straw 132
wild-birds 98
wind-erosion 104
wire- 14
wire-rings 14
wood-preservatives 80
woody-plants 52
worm-casts 4, 14, 45, 50, 52, 54, 87, 103, 109, 116, 123, 124, 128, 131, 136, 138, 143, 153, 155
x79344- 17
xanthomonas- 84
xenobiotics- 145
z32528- 27
zea-mays 13, 26, 52, 65, 102
zinc- 10, 37, 57, 75
Zoology,-Economic 69