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Contents Dedication xi Preface and Acknowledgments xiii Introduction (Edward F. Kelly) xvii Chapter 1: A View from the Mainstream: Contemporary Cognitive Neuroscience and the Consciousness Debates (Edward F. Kelly) 1 The History of Cognitive Psychology: A Thumbnail Sketch 2 From James B. Watson to the Cognitive Revolution 2 Problems in Classic Cognitivism 11 The Second Cognitive Revolution: Connectionism and Dynamic Systems 16 John Searle's Critique of Computational Theories of the Mind 22 Biological Naturalism: The Final Frontier 24 Problems with Biological Naturalism 26 Psi Phenomena 30 Extreme Psychophysical Influence 31 Informational Capacity, Precision, and Depth 33 Memory 35 Psychological Automatisms and Secondary Centers of Consciousness 36 The Unity of Conscious Experience 38 Genius-Level Creativity 41 Mystical Experience 42 The Heart of the Mind 43 Conclusion 46 Chapter 2: F. W. H. Myers and the Empirical Study of the Mind-Body Problem (Emily Williams Kelly) 49 The Historical Context 49 The Roots of Scientific Psychology: Dualism, Mechanistic Determinism, and the Continuity of Nature 50 Psychology as Science: A Fundamental Conflict 52 The Naturalization of Mind: Limiting Psychology 53 The Unresolved Dilemmas of Psychology 56 An Attempted Solution: Methodological Parallelism 58 F. W. H. Myers: Purposes and Principles 61 Tertium Quid 64 Continuity 65 Empiricism 66 Expanding Psychology 66 Psychophysiological Concomitance 68 The Study of Subliminal Phenomena 69 The New Physics 71 Mind and Matter 72 An Expanded Naturalism 72 Myers's Theory of Human Personality 74 The Unity-Multiplicity Problem: "Unitary" versus "Colonial" Views of Mind 76 An Expanded View of Consciousness 77 A Jacksonian Model of Mind 79 An Evolutionary View of Mind 81 The Subliminal Self: A "Tertium Quid" Theory of Consciousness 83 The Permeable Boundary: A Psychological Mechanism 86 Evolutive and Dissolutive Phenomena 87 Automatisms and the Expression of Subliminal Functioning 89 A Law of Mental Causality 92 Methods for Psychology 93 Empirical Phenomena for the Study of Mind: An Introduction to Human Personality 98 Chapters 2 and 3: Hysteria and Genius 100 Chapter 4: Sleep 103 Chapter 5: Hypnotism 106 Chapters 6 and 7: Hallucinations-Sensory Automatisms and Phantasms of the Dead 110 Chapters 8, 9, and the Epilogue: Motor Automatisms, Trance, Possession, and Ecstasy 114 Conclusion 116 Chapter 3: Psychophysiological Influence (Emily Williams Kelly) 119 Psychosomatic Medicine 121 Psychoneuroimmunology 124 Mind and Disease 125 Bereavement and Mortality 126 Sudden and "Voodoo" Death 126 Possible Mechanisms Behind Psychological Factors in Mortality 130 Mind and Health 131 Postponement of Death 132 Contents - v Religion and Health 132 Meditation and Healing 133 Faith Healing 135 Placebo and Nocebo 141 Specific Physiological Changes Appearing Spontaneously 150 Sudden Whitening of Hair or Skin 150 False Pregnancy 152 Stigmata 155 Phenomena Related to Stigmata 159 Specificity of the Wounds 162 Predisposing Characteristics 163 Hysteria 164 Multiple Personality and Dissociative Disorders 170 Specific Physiological Effects Induced Deliberately 177 Yogis 179 Specific Physiological Changes Induced by Hypnosis 182 Autonomic Effects 184 Sensory Effects 186 Hypnotic Analgesia 188 Skin Conditions: Healing 193 Allergies 193 Bleeding 194 Burns 195 Warts 196 Other Skin Diseases 199 Skin Conditions: Induction of Bleeding, Blisters, and Markings 202 Attempted Explanations of Hypnotic Skin Marking and Related Phenomena 212 Changes in Another Person's Body 221 Spontaneously Occurring Phenomena 223 Sympathetic Symptoms 223 Maternal Impressions 225 DMILS (Distant Mental Influence on Living Systems) 228 Community of Sensation 228 Suggestion at a Distance 230 Distant Intentionality Studies: Clinical 231 Distant Intentionality Studies: Experimental 233 Birthmarks and Birth Defects in Cases of the Reincarnation Type 236 Conclusion 240 Chapter 4: Memory (Alan Gauld) 245 Memory and the Brain 246 Trace Theories: General Issues 246 Modern Approaches: Cognitive 252 Modern Approaches: Neuroscientific 264 The Problem of Survival 287 Myers's Approach to the Problem of Survival 289 Problems of Personal Identity 292 Myers's "Broad Canvas" Revisited 299 Myers, Memory, and the Evidence for Survival 301 Conclusion 305 Chapter 5: Automatism and Secondary Centers of Consciousness (Adam Crabtree) 307 Historical Background 308 The Views of F. W. H. Myers 311 Related Views of Some Major Contemporaries 315 Pierre Janet 315 William James 318 Morton Prince 323 T. W. Mitchell 325 William McDougall 329 Sigmund Freud 333 Carl Jung 339 Psychological Automatism: More Recent Work 341 Ernest Hilgard 341 Stephen Braude 344 Unconscious Cerebration Revisited 347 Sociocognitive Theorists 348 The Cognitive Unconscious 352 Neurobiological Research 355 Automatism and Supernormal Phenomena 360 Automatism and Creativity 361 Sensory and Motor Automatisms and Mediumship 362 Automatism and Experimental Psi Research 369 Conclusion 370 Chapter 6: Unusual Experiences Near Death and Related Phenomena (Emily Williams Kelly, Bruce Greyson, and Edward F. Kelly) 373 Near-Death Experiences: An Introduction 375 Explanatory Models of Near-Death Experiences 380 Psychological and Cultural Theories 380 Expectation 380 Birth Models 383 Depersonalization 383 Personality Factors 383 Physiological Theories 384 Contents - vii Blood Gases 385 Neurochemical Theories 386 Neuroanatomical Models 387 "Transcendent" Aspects 391 Enhanced Mentation 392 Veridical Out-of-Body Perceptions 393 Visions of Deceased Acquaintances 397 Converging Lines of Evidence 398 The Larger Context 401 Out-of-Body Experiences 401 Autoscopy 410 Lucid Dreams 411 Apparitions 412 Veridical Apparitions 413 Collective Apparitions 414 Deathbed Visions 415 Mystical and Conversion Experiences 418 A Psychological Theory? 420 The Challenge of Near-Death Experiences 422 General Anesthesia 423 Cardiac Arrest 424 Conclusion 428 Chapter 7: Genius (Edward F. Kelly and Michael Grosso) 429 Myers's Theory of Genius: General Features and Scope 431 The Creative Process: A Descriptive Model 433 Myers's Psychology of Creative Inspiration 435 Continuity 436 Automatism 438 Calculating Prodigies 438 "Organic" Senses 440 Hallucinatory Syndromes 441 Automatisms in Genius 446 Genius in Automatists 454 Incommensurability 457 Non-Linguistic Symbolisms 458 Associationism and Its Limits 459 Coleridge and the Theory of Imagination 461 Psychoanalytic Theory: Primary and Secondary Process 464 The Crucial Role of Analogy and Metaphor 466 The Failure of Computational Theories of Analogy 467 Implications for Cognitive Theory 473 Summary 476 The Creative Personality 477 Genius and Mental Illness 477 Genius as Personality in Transformation 483 The Creative Nisus: A Drive Toward Wholeness 484 Art as Transformative 488 Transpersonal Roots of Genius 489 Creativity and Psi 490 Genius and Mysticism 492 Conclusion 499 Chapter 8: Mystical Experience (Edward F. Kelly and Michael Grosso) 501 Phenomenology of Mystical Experience: An Introduction 503 The Problem of the Universal Core 509 Steven Katz and the Contructivist Backlash 517 The Problem of Objective Significance 524 Stace's Philosophical Argument for Objective Significance 525 Empirical Arguments for Objective Significance 527 Mysticism and Genius 527 Mysticism and Supernormal Phenomena 532 Neurobiological Approaches to Mysticism 538 Mysticism and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 538 Gellhorn and Ergotropic/Trophotropic Systems 541 The Model of d'Aquili and Newberg 544 James Austin's Zen and the Brain (1999) 546 Mysticism and Psychedelics 548 Psychodynamic Approaches to Mysticism: Toward a Working Model 560 Freud and Jung 560 Myers and James 565 Opportunities for Further Research 570 General Considerations 570 Sources of Relevant Phenomena 572 Further Guidelines for Future Research and Theory 579 Conclusion 580 Chapter 9: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century (Edward F. Kelly) 583 Contemporary Reviews of Human Personality 583 A Re-assessment of Myers's Theory of Personality 587 Myers's Methodological Principles 588 Myers's Natural History of the Mind 590 Myers's General Theory of the Psyche: The Subliminal Self 591 Post-Mortem Survival 601 Myers's Generalized Concept of Evolution 606 Contents - ix Myers/James Filter Theory and Contemporary Science: Toward Reconciliation 609 Non-Cartesian Dualist-Interactionist Models 614 Neutral-Monist Models 637 Summary and Prospectus 646 Appendix: An Annotated Introductory Bibliography of Psychical Research 651 Introductory and General Scientific Literature 651 Spontaneous Case Studies 653 Philosophical Literature 654 Survival and Mediumship 655 Reincarnation 657 History of Psychical Research 658 Meta-Analyses, Reviews and Selected Journal Articles on Experimental Studies 659 DMILS (Distant Mental Influence on Living Systems) 659 Ganzfeld 659 Hypnosis and Psi 660 Statistics and Meta-analyses 660 The Psi Controversy 661 References 663 About the Authors 785 Index 789
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Psychology.