Allina Health System d/b/a Abbott Northwestern
Hospital and
Allina Health System d/b/a
North Memorial Healthcare d/b/a
Healtheast d/b/a Healtheast Care System and
Allina Health System d/b/a
Allina Health System d/b/a United Hospital and
October 29, 2004
DECISION AND ORDER
By Chairman Battista and Members Liebman and Meisburg
On August 2, 2002, Administrative Law Judge William J. Pannier III issued the attached decision. The Respondents filed exceptions and a brief in support of those exceptions. The General Counsel filed a brief in opposition to the Respondents’ exceptions and cross-exceptions and a brief in support of those cross-exceptions. The Charging Party filed a brief in support of the judge’s decision. The Respondents filed a reply brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board
has considered the decision and the record in light of the exceptions and
briefs[1]
and has decided to affirm the judge’s rulings, findings, and conclusions, as
modified below, and to adopt the recommended Order as modified and set forth in
full below.[2]
I.
The Minnesota Nurses Association (the Union) has
represented nurses for decades at
Nurses in the
In preparation for the 2001 negotiations, all of the hospitals
abandoned the multiemployer bargaining group format. Instead, the hospitals formulated a
coordinated bargaining plan. Included in
the coordinated bargaining was
The members of the advisory committee agreed to help each
other withstand a strike, if one occurred.
As part of their common strategy, the advisory committee members agreed
that if the
The hospitals negotiated separately with the
Following the onset of the strike, the hospitals, including
Unity, contacted their temporary staffing agencies and instructed them not to
refer for temporary assignments any striking
The temporary agencies sent several striking nurses on
assignments during the strike who did not meet the 3-month criterion. The hospitals refused to allow the striking
nurses to work. The hospitals sent them
home and threatened to fire the temporary agencies that supplied them in
contravention of the hospitals’ policy.
At least one nurse applied directly to a hospital for work during the
strike. The hospital required, as a
condition of employment, that the nurse present proof that he had resigned from
II.
The complaint alleged that the Respondents violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by refusing to consider or hire for temporary employment nurses employed by Fairview because they were on strike and by informing nurses employed by Fairview that they would not hire them because they were on strike.
The judge found that the Respondents’ refusal to employ the striking nurses solely because they were on strike violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1). He rejected the Respondents’argument that their refusals to hire were lawful because they were not based on any antiunion animus, but rather were for the purpose of supporting their coordinated bargaining partner and advancing their own economic interests. The judge found that the Respondents were motivated by antiunion animus. The judge then made individual findings regarding each alleged act of discrimination.
The Respondents except, contending that because their policy of refusing to hire striking nurses constituted a legitimate economic weapon, the judge erred in finding it unlawful absent a finding of an unlawful intent. The Respondents argue that they were not motivated by antiunion animus. Instead, they contend that their only interest in adopting their refusal-to-hire policy was to engender a favorable economic outcome, akin to employers who lock out their employees. The Respondents also except to several of the judge’s specific 8(a)(3) findings. They assert that the judge erroneously failed to require that the General Counsel affirmatively prove that the alleged discriminatees would have accepted employment had it been offered.
For the following reasons, we affirm the judge’s finding
that the Respondents’ refusal to hire the striking applicants violated Section
8(a)(3) of the Act. Consequently, we
also affirm the judge’s finding that the Respondents violated Section 8(a)(1)
by informing the
III.
Section 8(a)(3) makes it an unfair labor practice for an
employer to engage in “discrimination with regard to hire or tenure of
employment . . . to encourage or discourage membership in any
labor organization.” As described, the
Respondents readily admit that they refused to consider for hire or hire the
The Respondents, however, have raised the defense that
their admitted discrimination against the
As the judge did, we consider the Respondents’ argument
under NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, Inc., 388
Here, the Respondents’ admitted refusal to consider for
hire or hire the
The Respondents, joined by our dissenting colleague, claim that they had a legitimate and substantial business justification for their conduct based on the possibility that, had the Respondents employed the striking Fairview nurses, the nurses might have been able to remain on strike for a longer period of time and thereby might have been able to negotiate higher wage rates at Fairview. The Respondents posit that, had this chain of events played out, it would have adversely affected their ability to retain or hire nurses at lower contract rates, particularly given the nursing shortage in the relevant labor market. Under these circumstances, the Respondents contend, they were justified in refusing to hire the Fairview strikers, analogizing their conduct to a lockout under American Ship Building v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300 (1965).
We reject this analogy and find that the Respondents’
asserted concerns do not constitute a legitimate and substantial business
justification for their discrimination against the
The only purpose of the Respondents’ refusal to hire the
striking
This point is highlighted in David Friedland Painting Co., 158 NLRB 571 (1966), enfd. 377 F.2d 983 (3d Cir. 1967). There, the Board adopted the judge’s decision finding that the respondent unlawfully laid-off union-represented employees because their sister local union had struck an association (of which the respondent was not a member) of the respondent’s competitors. In so doing, the Board rejected the respondent’s claim that its actions were justified because it could be affected economically by the outcome of the contract negotiations between the association and the sister local union:
Respondent was seeking to intrude in a labor dispute not its own, involving a union other than the one with which it was then in an untroubled relationship, for the reason that a settlement of the labor dispute favorable to that union could have an economic effect upon it. To allow this collateral or indirect interest in a labor dispute to be deemed a legitimate business interest sufficient to serve as justification for a lockout of Respondent’s own employees is to arrive at a far-reaching result never intended by the Supreme Court in American Ship Building. It would lead to a proliferation of the use of the lockout so as to render it lawful in any situation where the employer making use of it against members of a certain union could arguably be affected economically by the outcome of particular negotiations between that union and another employer. It would be an invitation to industrial chaos rather than to industrial stability which the Act is designed to foster (emphasis added).
David Friedland Painting, 158 NLRB at 578. If permitted, the Respondents’ use of
economic weapons to influence the dispute between
If the Respondent hospitals (other than nonunion Unity)
wanted to protect themselves from the consequences of what any other area
hospital might agree to, a mechanism existed (and, with the
We disagree with our dissenting colleague’s view that the
Union was responsible for expansion of the
In addition, we find the use of the refusal to hire, as an
economic weapon cannot be condoned as legitimate in the absence of negotiations
between the Respondents and the
The Respondents contend they are entitled to wield an
economic weapon even though not in support of any bargaining position taken by
them in negotiations with the
We emphasize the limited nature of our decision in this case. Today, we hold only that employers who, like the Respondents, are not involved in collective bargaining may not violate the Section 7 rights of individuals who are engaged in a strike against another employer who is engaged in collective bargaining, where the substantial and legitimate interest asserted is an interest in the terms and conditions agreed to by the other employer. To hold otherwise would endorse the expansion of labor disputes and the accompanying use of economic weapons in an unprecedented manner.[14]
Having found that the Respondents failed to prove a substantial and legitimate justification for their discriminatory refusal-to-hire or consider-for-hire striking Fairview nurses, there is no need to reach the issue whether this discriminatory policy was “inherently destructive” within the meaning of Great Dane. For the foregoing reasons, we agree with the judge that the policy violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act.
IV.
The Respondents, in the alternative, argue that even if
their categorical refusal to consider or hire the striking
We reverse the judge and dismiss the allegation that Respondent United unlawfully refused to consider or hire Christine Navratil. The record shows that Navratil only applied for positions through the Nursefinders temporary agency and that United did not use Nursefinders to place temporary nurses during the relevant time period. Similarly, we reverse the judge and dismiss the allegations that Respondents United, Mercy, and Unity unlawfully refused to consider or hire Gwen Friedlund because the record shows that Friedlund only applied for positions through the Firstat temporary agency and that United, Mercy, and Unity did not use Firstat during the relevant time period.
We also reverse the judge’s finding that Respondent North Memorial unlawfully refused to consider or hire Diane Fischer. The complaint does not allege this violation. We also reverse the judge and dismiss the allegation that North Memorial unlawfully refused to consider or hire Charlenea Bryant-Wolf. The record shows that shortly before Bryant-Wolf was scheduled to work a shift at North Memorial, the temporary agency that had secured the shift for her informed her that North Memorial had cancelled her shift. There is no evidence in the record that North Memorial cancelled Bryant-Wolf’s shift because she was a striker or that anyone at North Memorial even knew that the temporary agency had referred a striker. Moreover, when the temporary agency immediately offered Bryant-Wolf additional shifts at North Memorial, she refused them. At the hearing, Bryant-Wolf admitted that she was not particularly interested in working during the strike. Accordingly, the General Counsel failed to prove that North Memorial refused to hire Bryant-Wolf because she was a striker.[16]
ORDER
A. Respondent Allina Health System d/b/a
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Telling employees that it will not consider for temporary employment, and will not employ temporarily, employees because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
(b) Refusing to consider for temporary employment, refusing to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminating against Leslie Stoner, Gwen D. Friedlund, Allison Pennington Haddon, Lorrie LaForge, or any other employee because of participation in a strike in support of the bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other labor organization.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Make Leslie Stoner, Gwen D. Friedlund, Allison Pennington Haddon, and Lorrie L. LaForge whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimination against them, in the manner set forth in the remedy section of this decision.
(b) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, or such additional time as the Regional Director may allow for good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place designated by the Board or its agents all payroll records, social security payment records, timecards, personnel records and reports, and all other records, including an electronic copy of the records if stored in electronic form, necessary to analyze the amounts of backpay due under the terms of this Order.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from its files any reference to the refusals to consider for temporary employment and the refusals to hire for temporary employment Leslie Stoner, Gwen D. Friedlund, Allison Pennington Haddon, and Lorrie L. LaForge during June 2001, and within 3 days thereafter notify each of them in writing that this has been done and that those refusals to consider for temporary employment and temporarily hire will not be used against any of them in any way.
(d) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at its Minneapolis, Minnesota office and place of business, copies of the attached notice marked “Appendix A”[17] Copies of the notice on forms provided by the Regional Director for Region 18, after being signed by its duly authorized representative, shall be posted by Allina Health System d/b/a Abbott Northwestern Hospital and maintained for 60 consecutive days in conspicuous places including all places where notices to employees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be taken by it to ensure that the notices are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material. In the event that, during the pendency of these proceedings, it has gone out of business or closed its Minneapolis office and place of business, Allina Health System d/b/a Abbott Northwestern Hospital shall duplicate and mail, at its own expense, copies of the notice to all current employees and former employees employed by it at its Minneapolis office and place of business at any time since June 6, 2001.
(e) Sign and return to the Regional Director sufficient copies of the notice for posting by Maxim Healthcare Services, Intellistaff Healthcare, and Firstat Nursing Services, if willing, at all locations where notices to their employees are customarily posted.
(f) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps it has taken to comply.
It is further ordered that the consolidated complaint, as amended, in Case 18–CA–16051–1 be, and it hereby is, dismissed insofar as it alleges violations of the Act not found herein.
B. Respondent Allina Health System d/b/a
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Telling employees that it will not consider for temporary employment, and will not employ temporarily, employees because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
(b) Refusing to consider for temporary employment, refusing to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminating against Rebecca Wegner or any other employee because of participation in a strike in support of the bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other labor organization.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Make Rebecca Wegner whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimination against her, in the manner set forth in the remedy section of this decision.
(b) Preserve, and within 14 days of a request, or such additional time as the Regional Director may allow for good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place designated by the Board or its agents all payroll records, social security payment records, timecards, personnel records and reports, and all other records, including an electronic copy of the records if stored in electronic form, necessary to analyze the amounts of backpay due under the terms of this Order.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from its files any reference to the refusal to consider for temporary employment and the refusal to hire for temporary employment Rebecca Wegner, and within 3 days thereafter, notify Wegner in writing that this has been done and that the refusal to consider for temporary employment and temporarily hire will not be used against her in any way.
(d) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its
(e) Sign and return to the Regional Director sufficient copies of the notice for posting by Favorite Nurses-Favorite Temps and Nursefinders, if willing, at all locations where notices to their employees are customarily posted.
(f) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps it has taken to comply.
It is further ordered that the consolidated complaint, as amended, in Case 18–CA–16051–2 be, and it is, dismissed insofar as it alleges violations of the Act not found herein.
C. Respondent North Memorial Healthcare d/b/a
1. Cease and desist
(a) Telling employees that it will not consider for temporary employment, and will not employ temporarily employees because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
(b) Refusing to consider for temporary employment, refusing to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminating against Marie Madsen, Kathy Smedstad, Laura Schuerman, Leslie Stoner, Ed Moeller, Christine Navratil, Allison Pennington Haddon, or any other employee because of participation in a strike in support of the bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other labor organization.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Make Marie Madsen, Kathy Smedstad, Laura Scherman, Leslie Stoner, Ed Moeller, Christine Navratil, and Allison Pennington Haddon whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimination against them, in the manner set forth in the remedy section of this decision.
(b) Preserve, and within 14 days of a request, or such additional time as the Regional Director may allow for good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place designated by the Board or its agents all payroll records, social security payment records, timecards, personnel records and reports, and all other records, including an electronic copy of the records if stored in electronic form, necessary to analyze the amounts of backpay due under the terms of this Order.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from its files any reference to the refusals to consider for temporary employment and the refusals to hire for temporary employment Marie Madsen, Kathy Smedstad, Laura Schuerman, Leslie Stoner, Ed Moeller, Christine Navratil, and Allison Pennington Haddon, and within 3 days thereafter, notify each of them in writing that this has been done and that the refusals to consider for temporary employment and temporarily hire will not be used against any of them in any way.
(d) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its
(e) Sign
and return to the Regional Director sufficient copies of the notice for posting
by VitaSTAFF Nursing Services, Professional Resources Network, Nursefinders,
and Firstat Nursing Services, if willing, at all locations where notices to
their employees are customarily posted.
(f)
Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the Regional Director a
sworn certification of a responsible official on a form provided by the Region
attesting to the steps it has taken to comply.
It is further ordered that the consolidated complaint, as amended, in Case 18–CA–16051–9 be, and it is, dismissed insofar as it alleges violations of the Act not found herein.
D.
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Telling employees that it will not consider for temporary employment, and will not employ temporarily, employees because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
(b) Refusing to consider for temporary employment, refusing to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminating against William Weber, Teresa Weidenbacher, Kathy Holm, Laura Schuerman, Jill Moy, Mary Hanger, Ed Moeller, Leslie Stoner, Cheryl Grote, Allison Pennington Haddon, or any other employee because of participation in a strike in support of the bargaining proposals or positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other labor organization.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Make William Weber, Teresa Weidenbacher, Kathy Holm, Laura Schuerman, Jill Moy, Mary Hanger, Ed Moeller, Leslie Stoner, Cheryl Grote, and Allison Pennington Haddon whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimination against them, in the manner set forth in the remedy section of this decision.
(b) Preserve, and within 14 days of a request, or such additional time as the Regional Director may allow for good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place designated by the Board or its agents all payroll records, social security payment records, timecards, personnel records and reports, and all other records, including an electronic copy of the records if stored in electronic form, necessary to analyze the amounts of backpay due under the terms of this Order.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from its files any reference to the refusals to consider for temporary employment and the refusals to hire for temporary employment William Weber, Teresa Weidenbacher, Kathy Holm, Laura Schuerman, Jill Moy, Mary Hanger, Ed Moeller, Leslie Stoner, Cheryl Grote, and Allison Pennington Haddon, and within 3 days thereafter notify each of them in writing that this has been done and that the refusals to consider for temporary employment and temporarily hire will not be used against any of them in any way.
(d) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its
(e) Sign and return to the Regional Director sufficient copies of the notice for posting by Intrepid U.S.A. Inc. d/b/a/ New Horizons Home Care and Nursing Services, VitaSTAFF Nursing Services, Professional Resources Network, Nursefinders, and Firstat Nursing Services, if willing, at all locations where notices to their employees are customarily posted.
(f) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps it has taken to comply.
E. Respondent HealthEast d/b/a HealthEast Care System,
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Telling employees that it will not consider for temporary employment, and will not employ temporarily, employees because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
(b) Refusing to consider for temporary employment, refusing to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminating against Leslie Stoner, Allison Pennington Haddon, Stephanie Schaan, Cheryl Grote, or any other employee because of participation in a strike in support of the bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other labor organization.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Make Leslie Stoner, Allison Pennington Haddon, Stephanie Schaan, and Cheryl Grote whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimination against them, in the manner set forth in the remedy section of this decision.
(b) Preserve, and within 14 days of a request, or such additional time as the Regional Director may allow for good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place designated by the Board or its agents all payroll records, social security payment records, timecards, personnel records and reports, and all other records, including an electronic copy of the records if stored in electronic form, necessary to analyze the amounts of backpay due under the terms of this Order.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from its files any reference to the refusals to consider for temporary employment and the refusals to hire for temporary employment Leslie Stoner, Allison Pennington Haddon, Stephanie Schaan, and Cheryl Grote, and within 3 days thereafter notify each of them in writing that this has been done and that the refusals to consider for temporary employment and temporarily hire will not be used against any of them in any way.
(d) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its
(e) Sign
and return to the Regional Director sufficient copies of the notice for posting
by VitaSTAFF Nursing Services, Nursefinders, and Firstat Nursing Services, if
willing, at all locations where notices to their employees are customarily
posted.
(f)
Within 21 days after service
by the Region, file with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible
official on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps it has taken
to comply.
It is further
ordered that the
consolidated complaint, as amended, in Case 18–CA–16051–11 be, and it is,
dismissed insofar as it alleges violations of the Act not found herein.
F.
Respondent Allina Health System d/b/a
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Telling employees that it will not consider for temporary employment, and will not employ temporarily, employees because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
(b) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its
(b) Sign and return to the Regional Director sufficient copies of the notice for posting by Nursefinders, if willing, at all locations where notices to its employees are customarily posted.
(c) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps it has taken to comply.
It is further ordered that the consolidated complaint, as amended, in Case 18–CA–16051–12 be, and it is hereby, dismissed insofar as it alleges violations of the Act not found herein.
G. Respondent Allina Health System d/b/a
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Telling employees that it will not consider for temporary employment, and will not employ temporarily, employees because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
(b) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effectuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at
its
(b) Sign and return to the Regional Director sufficient copies of the notice for posting by Nursefinders and Firstat Nursing Services, if willing, at all locations where notices to their employees are customarily posted.
(c) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps it has taken to comply.
It is further ordered that the consolidated complaint, as amended, in Case 18–CA–16051–13 be, and it hereby is, dismissed insofar as it alleges violations of the Act not found herein.
Member Liebman, concurring.
Like Member Meisburg, I subscribe to the majority opinion,
finding that certain of the Respondents’ hospitals violated Section 8(a)(3) of
the Act when they refused to hire
In NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, Inc., 388 U.S. 26
(1967), the Supreme Court summarized its earlier opinions1 dealing with employer motivation in
8(a)(3) cases. The Court identified two
categories of cases: (1) cases where employer conduct has only a “comparatively
slight” impact on employee rights, such that, if the employer proves a
“legitimate and substantial business justification” for the conduct, then a
violation may be found only if the General Counsel establishes improper motive;
and (2) cases where employer conduct is “so ‘inherently destructive of employee
interests’ that it may be deemed proscribed without need for proof of an
underlying improper motive.”
For the purposes of its analysis, the majority opinion in
essence assumes that the impact of the Respondents’ conduct was “comparatively
slight” and then correctly finds that the Respondents did not establish a
legitimate business reason for their refusal to hire the striking
The Respondent blacklisted the nurses because they were
engaged in lawful strike activity. This conduct was inherently destructive of
the nurses’ right to strike—one of the most fundamental Section 7 rights and
one expressly protected by the statute.
See NLRB v. Erie Resistor Corp., supra 373
Member Meisburg, concurring in part.
For the reasons set forth in the majority opinion, I join Member Liebman in finding that certain of the Respondent hospitals violated the Act when they refused to hire another hospital’s nurses for available temporary jobs because the nurses were engaged in a strike against their employer. I write separately to emphasize my additional concern about the Respondents’ defense of their action.
For nearly 60 years it has been the statutory policy of
the
In my view, the Board should not recognize the legitimacy of the Respondents’ defense in this case, because to do so would broaden permissible economic pressure in a primary economic dispute in a way that would likely obscure, in future cases, the traditional boundaries between permissible primary conduct and impermissible secondary conduct. If the Board were to recognize the interest asserted by the Respondents here as justification for their refusal to hire employees engaged in concerted protected activity, it would risk significantly expanding the current limits of primary economic pressure, and thereby expose to economic injury employers, unions, and employees with no direct involvement in the primary bargaining dispute.
Essentially, what we hold here today is this: An employer (Employer A), who is not engaged in active collective bargaining with a union, may not violate the Section 7 rights of individuals who are engaged in a strike against another employer who is engaged in collective bargaining (Employer B), where the only justification asserted by Employer A is its interest in the terms and conditions agreed to by Employer B in bargaining. To hold otherwise would permit Employer A to make common cause with Employer B, outside the accepted structure of multiemployer bargaining, and thereby perhaps endorse the expansion of labor disputes in a way that is contrary to our national policy favoring the limitation of labor disputes to the primary parties.2
Chairman Battista, dissenting.
Contrary to my colleagues, I disagree with the judge’s
finding that the Respondents violated Section 8(a)(3) of the Act by refusing to
hire the striking
I.
With the exception of Unity, all of the Respondents were longtime members of a multiemployer bargaining group. By 1998, the multiemployer group had disbanded. During the 1998 negotiations, some employers reached higher wage agreements than others.
As the Respondents approached the 2001 negotiations, the
In order to ameliorate this situation, the Respondents
changed the structure of their bargaining for the 2001 round of
negotiations. They agreed on the need to
coordinate their bargaining strategy.
The higher wage rates of some employers had put great pressure on the
others during the term of the 1998 agreements.
The parties wanted to avoid replicating that situation. As a result, the parties created a
coordinated bargaining group. The
purpose of the group was to advance the members’ interest in achieving common
terms concerning economic and major noneconomic matters. Relatedly, another purpose of the group was
to develop a plan to assist any member in weathering a strike. The members were particularly concerned that
the
The Respondents maintained the goals of their coordinated
bargaining plan throughout the 2001 negotiations. Shortly before the 1998 contracts were to
expire, all the Respondents except
II.
I agree with my colleagues in the majority that the Supreme
Court’s decision in NLRB v. Great Dane Trailers, Inc., 388 U.S. 26 (1967),
provides the appropriate analytical starting point. As the majority states, the Supreme Court
held that the General Counsel need not adduce independent proof of antiunion
animus in 8(a)(3) cases in two circumstances: (1) where the employer’s conduct
is inherently destructive of employees’ rights and (2) where the employer’s
discriminatory conduct has only a comparatively slight impact on employees’
rights, but the employer fails to prove that it had a “legitimate and substantial
business justification” for such conduct.
No party disputes that the
Moreover, there is no dispute on the other key facts
underlying the Respondents’ justification for their refusal to hire the
striking nurses. Thus, the striking
Significantly, there is no contention that the arrangement
was unlawful. Accordingly, I fail to see
how the implementation of the arrangement was unlawful. The fact that the dispute and strike were
ultimately confined to one employer did not mean that the plan was no longer
operative. There was nothing in the plan to indicate that it was confined to a
situation where all employers remained in dispute with the
I recognize that the economic dispute for the Respondents
was over. However, that did not diminish
the concern set forth above. Nor did it
take away the prime reason for the arrangement as described above. Although the Respondents had made their deal
with the Union, there remained the danger that
My colleagues contend that all of the Respondent’s
economic interests were resolved in bargaining with the
The Respondents’ justification for their action therefore was clearly substantial. As the Board has held, “substantial,” in this context, means nonfrivolous. See Harter Equipment, 280 NLRB 597, 600 fn. 9 (1986), affd. sub nom. Operating Engineers Local 825 v. NLRB, 829 F.2d 458 (3d Cir. 1987). Given the shortage of nurses in the area and the competitive market for these scarce nurses, the Respondents’ interest easily met that standard. As to whether the interest is “legitimate,” it is clear to me that a hospital’s interest in retaining its skilled nurses is not an unlawful one.
My colleagues say that the Respondents could have protected themselves by retaining the multiemployer bargaining that once existed. That may be true, but it does not follow that this is the only way they could protect themselves. Great Dane requires only that there be a legitimate and substantial reason for the action. It does not require that this action be the only way that an employer can defend itself.
The majority contends that its decision will not compel
the Respondents to “help” the
The majority relies heavily on the Board’s decision in David
Friedland Painting Co., Inc., 158 NLRB 571 (1966). David Friedland, however, is
distinguishable. In that case, the
employer took the initiative by laying off its own employees because they were
members of a local that was a sister to a local with a labor dispute
elsewhere. 158 NLRB at 575–576. Here, the Respondents did not take any action
against their own employees, but rather refrained from aiding another employer’s
employees. Moreover, David Friedland
was also decided prior to the Board’s decision in Harter Equipment, in
which, as discussed above, the Board held that to be substantial, an employer’s
interest need only be nonfrivolous.
Thus, David Friedland does not address a critical determination
at issue in this case—whether the Respondents’ interest in the
The majority argues that to recognize the Respondents’ legitimate interest here would require the Board to permit discrimination against any striking job applicants. I disagree. My conclusion is limited to facts of the instant case. Here, the Respondents were coordinated bargaining partners with the struck employer. They formulated the plan to support each other in the case of a strike against any one of them. No one has alleged that the plan was unlawful. There was undisputedly a tight labor market. The Respondents here took action to protect their self interests. That does not mean that any and all employer responses to strikes at other institutions in different circumstances would be lawful.
Contrary to my colleagues in the majority, I do not agree
that the Respondent’s conduct was illegitimate because it attempted to
influence events at another employer’s workplace or that it “introduc[ed] a new
front of economic warfare.” The
Respondents’ conduct and motivation were wholly focused on their own primary
interests. They made decisions about
whom to hire at their own facilities in order to serve their own interest in retaining
their own employees and controlling their own costs. The Respondents did not put pressure on
Similarly, the Respondents did not reach out to enmesh
themselves in the
My colleagues say that the Board is not the arbiter of the use of an economic weapon. I agree. However, it is my colleagues, not I, who are condemning the employer’s “weapon” as unlawful.
Finally, each of my colleagues adds a rationale to the majority rationale. Neither of these rationales has majority support. In any event, neither rationale is valid. Member Meisburg would forbid an employer from protecting its own interest simply because that interest is related to the events in another employer’s unit. The argument has no merit. Under Great Dane, the employer’s interest need only be substantial and legitimate. There is nothing in Great Dane to suggest that the employer’s interest is illegitimate simply because it is tied to external events.2
Member Liebman asserts that she agrees with the majority that this case is properly analyzed under Great Dane as a case with a comparatively slight effect on employees’ Section 7 rights. She also, however, asserts in her concurrence that she would find that the Respondents’ conduct was inherently destructive of employees’ rights.
Initially, I note that the General Counsel did not allege
the “inherently destructive” theory of violation, and he did not litigate or
brief the case on that basis. Further,
the Respondents’ conduct did not unduly burden the striking
Therefore, I would reverse the judge and dismiss the complaint.
APPENDIX B
Notice to Employees
Posted by Order of the
National Labor Relations Board
An Agency of the
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on your behalf
Act together with other employees for your benefit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected activities.
We will not tell you that we will not consider employees for temporary employment, and will not hire employees temporarily, because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
We will not refuse to consider for temporary employment, refuse to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminate against Rebecca Wegner, or any other employee, because of participation in a strike in support of the bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other union.
We will not in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain or coerce you in the exercise of your rights protected by the Act.
We will make Rebecca Wegner whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits resulting from our unlawful refusals to consider her for temporary employment and from our unlawful refusals to hire her for temporary employment during June 2001, less any net earnings, plus interest.
We will remove from our files any reference to the unlawful refusals to consider for temporary employment and to the unlawful refusal to hire for temporary employment Rebecca Wegner and we will, within 3 days thereafter notify her in writing that this has been done, and that those unlawful refusals, to consider her for temporary employment and to hire her for temporary employment, will not be used against her in any way.
Allina Health System d/b/a
APPENDIX C
Notice to Employees
Posted by Order of the
National Labor Relations Board
An Agency of the
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on your behalf
Act together with other employees for your benefit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected activities.
We will not tell you that we will not consider employees for temporary employment, and will not hire employees temporarily, because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
We will not refuse to consider for temporary employment, refuse to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminate against Marie Madsen, Kathy Smedstad, Laura Schuerman, Leslie Stoner, Ed Moeller, Christine Navratil, Allison Pennington Haddon, or any other employee, because of participation in a strike in support of bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other union.
We will not in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of your rights protected by the Act.
We will make Marie Madsen, Kathy Smedstad, Laura Schuerman, Leslie Stoner, Ed Moeller, Christine Navratil, and Allison Pennington Haddon whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits resulting from our unlawful refusals to consider them for temporary employment and our unlawful refusals to hire them for temporary employment, less any net interim earnings, plus interest.
We will remove from our files any reference to the unlawful refusals to consider for temporary employment and to the unlawful refusals to hire for temporary employment Marie Madsen, Kathy Smedstad, Laura Schuerman, Leslie Stoner, Ed Moeller, Christine Navratil, and Allison Pennington Haddon, and we will within 3 days thereafter notify each of them in writing that this has been done, and that those unlawful refusals, to consider any of them for temporary employment and to hire any of them for temporary employment will not be used against any of them in any way.
North Memorial Healthcare d/b/a
APPENDIX E
Notice to Employees
Posted by Order of the
National Labor Relations Board
An Agency of the
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on your behalf
Act together with other employees for your benefit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected activities.
We will not tell you that we will not consider employees for temporary employment, and will not hire employees temporarily, because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
We will not refuse to consider for temporary employment, refuse to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminate against Leslie Stoner, Allison Pennington Haddon, Stephanie Schaan, Cheryl Grote, or any other employees, because of participation in a strike in support of bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other union.
We will not in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of your rights protected by the Act.
We will make Leslie Stoner, Allison Pennington Haddon, Stephanie Schaan, and Cheryl Grote whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits resulting from our unlawful refusals to consider them for temporary employment and our unlawful refusals to hire them for temporary employment, less any net interim earnings, plus interest.
We will remove from our files any reference to the unlawful refusals to consider for temporary employment and to the unlawful refusals to hire for temporary employment Leslie Stoner, Allison Pennington Haddon, Stephanie Schaan, and Cheryl Grote, and we will within 3 days thereafter notify each of them in writing that this has been done, and that those unlawful refusals, to consider any of them for temporary employment and to hire any of them for temporary employment, will not be used against any of them in any way.
HealthEast d/b/a HealthEast Care System
APPENDIX F
Notice to Employees
Posted by Order of the
National Labor Relations Board
An Agency of the
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on your behalf
Act together with other employees for your benefit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected activities.
We will not tell you that we will not consider employees for temporary employment, and will not hire employees temporarily, because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
We will not in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of your rights protected by the Act.
Allina Health System d/b/a
APPENDIX G
Notice to Employees
Posted by Order of the
National Labor Relations Board
An Agency of the
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey this notice.
FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on your behalf
Act together with other employees for your benefit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected activities.
We will not tell you that we will not consider employees for temporary employment, and will not hire employees temporarily, because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
We will not in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of your rights protected by the Act.
Allina Health System d/b/a United Hospital
Timothy B. Kohls and Nicole Burgess-Peel, for the General Counsel.
Paul J. Zech and Thomas R. Trachsel (Felhaber, Larson,
Fenlon & Vogt, P.A.), of
Phillip I. Finkelstein, of
DECISION
Statement of the Case
William J. Pannier
iii, Administrative Law Judge. I
heard this case in
Findings of Fact
i. the alleged unfair labor practices
A. Introduction
From the perspective of the General Counsel and the
Once the
Most of the facts are either admitted or, at least, uncontested. The shortage of RNs in the Twin Cities
metropolitan area obliged each of Respondents to augment their full-time complement
of RNs during June. During the strike at
Still, Respondents point to certain additional facts and contend that the refusals to consider for temporary employment, and to temporarily employ, striking Fairview RNs were allowed under the Act, as a means for achieving coordinated bargaining objectives, as enunciated most particularly in American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300 (1965), and in Evening News Assn., 166 NLRB 219 (1967), affd. sub nom. Newspaper Drivers & Handlers Local 372 v. NLRB, 404 F.2d 1159 (6th Cir. 1968), cert. denied 395 U.S. 923 (1969). Thus, in their amended answer, Respondents urge that they had been “privileged to refuse to hire striking Fairview RNs and to refuse to place striking Fairview RNs supplied by temporary staffing agencies, as a result of the coordinated nature of the bargaining between the hospitals.” From that premise, in connection with the above-mentioned allegations of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, Respondents contend affirmatively, “Because . . . Respondents were privileged to refuse to hire and place striking RNs . . . they were privileged to communicate any policy or practice to that effect to employees and applicants.” Respondents deny that their refusals to consider for temporary employment, and to temporarily employ, striking Fairview RNs during June had been motivated by any hostility toward those RNs for striking or, more broadly, toward exercise by employees of their statutory right to strike in support of their bargaining agent’s proposals and positions during contract negotiations.
I reject those defenses, as discussed more fully in
section II, infra. As shown by the undisputed testimony of employees,
described in subsections E through H below, employees were told no more than
that striking Fairview RNs would not be considered for temporary employment,
and would not be temporarily employed, by Respondents because they were on
strike at Fairview. Not once was any
explanation advanced to an employee concerning coordinated bargaining, or about
preserving an overall bargaining position agreed on by all Twin Cities
metropolitan area hospitals engaged in bargaining with the
With respect to the discriminatory motivation allegations,
as also discussed more fully in section II, infra, the instant case presents a very different situation than
the quite limited ones involved in American
Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, supra,
and in Evening News Assn., supra. Despite the coordinated goals which were
agreed upon by all hospitals, each hospital or hospital system bargained
separately with the
B. Respondents and Their Temporary Staffing Agencies
As is evident from the case caption, there are seven Respondents. Each is alleged and admitted to be a
Respondents further admit that, at all material times, each has been an employer engaged in commerce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act. Those ultimate admissions are based on admitted factual allegations, with respect to each, that, in the course and conduct of the above-described business operations during calendar year 2000, each of the seven Respondents received gross revenues from all sales or performance of services in excess of $500,000 and, in addition, purchased goods and services valued in excess of $50,000 which each received at its respective Minnesota facility or facilities directly from suppliers located outside the State of Minnesota.
As must also be evident from the case caption, four of Respondents
are owned and operated by Allina Health System (Allina): Respondents Abbott Northwestern,
Mercy, Unity, and United. Actually,
Respondent Abbott Northwestern and the Phillips Eye Institute are operated by
Allina as one organization structure, but at two separate locations in downtown
As mentioned in subsection A above, each of the seven Respondents,
as well as other Twin Cities metropolitan area hospitals, has its own staff of
full time—and, also, part time and casual—RNs.
But, as in most areas of the country, there is a shortage of RNs in that
metropolitan area. Thus, some full-time
RNs at one or another hospital also work part time or temporarily at hospitals
other than the ones at which they are regularly employed, obviously during
hours that do not conflict with their fulltime or regular job. Some obtain part-time or temporary employment
directly with one or more hospitals, for which those RNs are not regularly employed. For the most part, however, temporary
employment is secured through temporary staffing agencies. Even a cursory review of General Counsel’s
Exhibits 2–8 reveal that a relatively large number of those agencies
exists. Eight are involved in the
consolidated complaint’s allegations: Maxim Healthcare Services (Maxim),
VitaSTAFF Nursing Services (VitaStaff), InteliStaf Healthcare (InteliStaf),
Intrepid
There is an admitted allegation that all eight of those agencies supplied “employees, including registered nurses, to fill temporary and/or permanent vacancies” (underscoring supplied). However, officials of four agencies each testified that her agency supplies only temporary employees. Thus, Firstat Director of Nursing and Administrator Jane Hauan testified, “We are a temporary nursing agency. We supply hospitals, long term care facilities, assisted livings with temporary nurses, RN’s [sic], LPN’s [sic], CAN’s [sic] and health aides.” Similarly Wendy Crow, branch director of the St. Paul and Bloomington offices of Nursefinders, testified, “We send nurses, RN’s [sic] and LPN’s [sic] and nursing assistants, out to hospitals, nursing homes and clinics throughout the metro area on a temporary basis.” Likewise, “New Horizons Nursing Service is a temporary nursing agency,” testified Director-Branch Manager Barbara Heinz. And Staffing Coordinator Joanne R. Blizen of PRN testified, “We are a temporary staffing agency,” and, during cross-examination she reaffirmed—“Correct”—that “PRN only provides temporary RN’s [sic]” and—“Correct”—that it “doesn’t place permanent for permanent hire at any of the hospitals[.]”
Apparently, the temporary staffing agencies have contracts with the hospitals and health care providers, to supply temporary employees. It further seems that, in an ongoing effort to secure temporary help, particularly RNs, Respondents each resort to more than one of the temporary staffing agencies. For each Respondent, however, the complaint lists only a limited number of those agencies as joint employers and agents of the particular Respondent referred to in a given allegation. With some exceptions, set forth as follows, Respondents admit the alleged relationships, particularly the joint employer and agency relationships, for RNs referred by those agencies.
For example, the complaint alleges that “[a]t all material
times, and particularly during June, 2001, [the named one of Respondents] has
requested that [the named temporary staffing
agencies] . . . supply it with registered nurses on a
temporary basis.” Maxim, InteliStaf,
Nursefinders, and Firstat are alleged in connection with Respondent Abbott
Northwestern. Respondents admit the
allegations for Maxim, InteliStaf, and Firstat, but deny having “request[ed]
and/or need[ed] temporary RNs supplied by Nursefinders during the relevant time
period including the month of June 2001.”
Of course, that somewhat begs the question. The fact that no referrals were needed during
a particular month, of itself, does not mean that there was no contract for
referrals and that referrals were not made pursuant to such a contract during
other months. Even so, Nursefinders
Branch Director Wendy Crow, appearing as a witness for the General Counsel, did
not include Respondent Abbott Northwestern among her enumeration of hospitals
with which Nursefinders had a contract: “Methodist, Mercy, Unity, HealthEast
which includes St. Joe’s,
The complaint alleges that Respondent Mercy requested temporary RNs from Favorite Nurses, Nursefinders, and Firstat at all material times, particularly during June. Respondents admit that Respondent Mercy made such requests of Favorite Nurses and Nursefinders, but “denies that it requested and/or used temporary RNs [sic] supplied by Firstat during the relevant time period including the month of June 2001.” In fact, General Counsel’s Exhibit 3, invoices to Respondent Mercy from temporary staffing agencies for June, contains no Firstat invoices sent to Respondent Mercy for temporary RN work during June. Of course, that does not establish unequivocally that Respondent Mercy and Firstat were not parties to a contract for temporary RN referral, nor that RNs were not referred by Firstat to Respondent Mercy during other months. But, no evidence was presented to show either of those facts.
The complaint alleges that, at all material times, particularly during June, Respondent Unity requested temporary RNs from Nursefinders and Firstat. Respondents admit that such requests had been made of Nursefinders, but deny those “allegations as the relate to Firstat, since Firstat did not supply any temporary RNs during the relevant time frame.” In fact, General Counsel’s Exhibit 7, the June invoices from temporary staffing agencies for employees referred by it to Respondent Unity, do not contain any invoice from Firstat.
As to three of the other Respondents, the amended answer admits the consolidated complaint’s allegations regarding supplying RNs on a temporary basis. “At all material times and particularly during June,” Respondent North Memorial sought RNs for temporary employment through VitaStaff, PRN, Nursefinders, and Firstat; Respondent Methodist sought RNs for temporary employment through New Horizons, VitaStaff, PRN, Nursefinders, and Firstat; and, Respondent HealthEast sought RNs for temporary employment through VitaStaff, Nursefinders, and Firstat.
In addition to the above-described allegations concerning the referral relationships between each of those six Respondents and the named temporary staffing agencies, the complaint also alleges that, in each instance, each of those six Respondents “shared and codetermined matters governing essential terms and conditions of employment of the temporary registered nurses supplied by” the named agencies. Respondents admit those allegations, but only with respect to the agencies from which admittedly each sought temporary RN-referrals during June.
Based on those admitted allegations, Respondents also admit that they had been “joint employers of temporary registered nurses supplied to” each of them by the temporary staffing agencies which made such referrals during June. Thus, by way of illustration, Respondents admit that Respondent Abbott Northwestern had been a joint employer of temporary RNs referred to it by Maxim, InteliStaf, and Firstat, though obviously not Nursefinders. And Respondents further admit that, with respect to each of them, the respectively named temporary staffing agencies had been agents of that particular Respondent, within the meaning of Section 2(13) of the Act, based upon the relationship between them. Thus, by way of illustration, it is admitted that at all material times VitaStaff, PRN, Nursefinders, and Firstat had been agents of Respondent North Memorial in connection with temporary RNs referred to the latter by the former. Similarly, New Horizons, VitaStaff, PRN, Nursefinders, and Firstat had been agents of Respondent Methodist in connection with temporary RNs referred to it by those agencies. And VitaStaff, Nursefinders, and Firstat had been agents of Respondent HealthEast in connection with temporary RNs referred to the latter by the former.
Those admissions of joint employer and agency status are not unqualified, however. In a seeming effort to avoid responsibility for statements made by their joint employers and agents, Respondents deny liability “for any statements made by employees or agents of any temporary staffing agency and, further, den[y] that any statements made by employees or agents of any temporary staffing agency can be used to support an inference relating to . . . hiring or staffing policies” of Respondents Abbott Northwestern, Mercy, Unity, North Memorial, Methodist, or HealthEast. This effort to have it both ways is discussed in section II, infra.
As to Respondent United, Respondents deny in their entirety the like joint employer and agency allegations pertaining to it. That is, in contrast to the other six Respondents, Respondents deny the allegation that, “[a]t all material times, and particularly during June 2001, Respondent United has requested that Nursefinders and Firstat . . . supply it with registered nurses on a temporary basis,” deny the allegation that Respondent United “has shared and codetermined matters governing essential terms and conditions of employment of the temporary registered nurses supplied by those entities,” and deny the allegation that Nursefinders and Firstat have been joint employers with, and statutory agents of, Respondent United. No question that Respondent United, like the other six Respondents, has obtained temporary RNs from temporary staffing agencies, as shown by the June invoices collected in General Counsel’s Exhibit 8. On the other hand, no question that not among those invoices is any from either Nursefinders or Firstat.
One final point must be taken into account when considering the relationship between Respondents and temporary staffing agencies. There is no evidence that any of Respondents—or, for that matter, any other hospital—conducts any sort of independent qualification-assessment of temporary RNs referred to it by those agencies. Instead, it is the agencies which conduct such assessments of RNs whom they then refer to Respondents and the other hospitals, in response to requests for referral of temporary RNs.
For example, Branch Director Wendy Crow testified that RNs applying for employment with, and temporary referral by, Nursefinders submit applications, are interviewed concerning their specialties, and are tested “specific to their . . . job knowledge” and “to make sure that they . . . know the job.” Then, whenever a hospital calls with a request for a particular category of RN—medical-surgical, emergency room, intensive care—Nursefinders would refer the appropriate RN or RNs, based upon its own qualification-assessment. In like vein, Director of Nursing and Administrator Hauan testified that whenever RNs apply for employment with Firstat, their applications are reviewed for experience, references are contacted and licensing confirmed, and competency testing is administered. At the conclusion of that process, she further testified, “if they are qualified they are then placed on our employment” roster and “facilities call us and give us their needs for the times and we match them up with who we have available” in the particular specialty—“CU nurse” or “OB-GYN-OB nurse”—needed by the requesting institution.
Similar hiring and referral procedures were described by Branch Manager Brenda Rasmussen of InteliStaf (“we usually have a meeting to determine what availabilities there are from the hospital orders and then they are placed”), by Director-Branch Manager Heinz of New Horizons (“depending upon the need of that particular facility matching up with the skills of that employee”), and by PRN Staffing Coordinator Blizen (“I look for a position for them . . . or the hospital would call us looking for nurses and then I would find a nurse to match that need”). There is no evidence whatsoever of any occasion on which any one of Respondents had ever conducted its own separate assessment of qualifications for an RN referred temporarily by any one of the temporary staffing agencies. So far as the record discloses, determinations of qualification are left entirely to the agencies and Respondents accept without reservation RNs referred to them by those agencies for temporary employment. Of course, presumably were a particular RN to fail to perform satisfactorily, then the hospital would request that that RN not again be referred. But, there is no evidence of any such situation ever occurring.
C. Bargaining History
As pointed out already, to the extent pertinent here, RNs
referred by one or another temporary staffing agency are fulltime employees of
one or another Twin Cities hospital, such as
Of course, the seventh of Respondents, Respondent Unity,
employs RNs who have never been represented by the Union—a fact that tends to
detract somewhat from Respondents’ defense about having to bar from employment,
and consideration for employment, striking RNs, as a means of furthering the
goals of coordinated bargaining.
Respondent Unity never was involved in bargaining, coordinated or
otherwise, with the
With respect to
As pointed out above, the parties stipulated that “for decades”
the Union had represented RNs employed at Respondents Abbott Northwestern,
Mercy, United, North Memorial, Methodist and HealthEast, as well as those
employed at Fairview and at the two Children’s Hospitals. Historically, negotiations between the
According to Vogt, Respondent Methodist “withdrew from the association, the labor aspects of it, and also multiemployer bargaining . . . prior to the ‘95 negotiations.” After those negotiations were completed and contracts reached, he further testified, “the Allina and the hospitals that were part of the Allina system [Respondents Abbott Northwestern, Mercy, United and the Phillips Eye Institute] withdrew from the multi employer group.” Consequently, “going in to the 1998 negotiations the bargaining structure changed,” Vogt testified.
“Allina was bargaining separately. Methodist was bargaining separately,” he testified, while “the remaining members of MHHP would be bargaining separately although they would be represented in the bargaining by the association, MHHP,” and “their bargaining . . . would be coordinated and conducted by MHHP as the bargaining representative.” In the end, Allina agreed to collective-bargaining contracts, for its owned and operated facilities, that differed from the contracts reached by the other hospitals. Most specifically, Vogt testified, “Allina ended up with a higher pay scale,” and that “created concerns from a competitive standpoint,” eventually becoming “an issue in the 2001 negotiations because they were above the other hospitals.”
The duration of all of the 1998 collective-bargaining contracts were the same. That is, the parties stipulated that they “were all effective by their respective terms from 6/1/98 through 5/31/01.” In the late summer of 2000 the hospitals began to plan their negotiating strategy for successive collective-bargaining contracts.
D. The 2001 Negotiations
The labor relations aspect of MHHP is handled through its “sub corporation,” as Vogt put it, Labor Relations Board, Incorporated (LRB). For the 2001 hospital negotiations, LRB “act[ed] as the coordinator,” he testified, for all of the hospitals that would be negotiating, both the remaining MHHP members and those which were no longer members: Respondent Methodist and the Allina-system hospitals. Respondent North Memorial’s vice-president of human resources, James White, testified that LRB “was designed to set the overall strategy for the negotiations and it identify [sic] areas that we wanted to have common . . . understanding and maybe common results.” However, common results were not a given consequence of the intended negotiations.
None of Respondents and the other negotiating hospitals
was any longer negotiating on a multiemployer basis. Each would be bargaining separately for a contract
to succeed the 1998-2001 one to which it was a party with the
First, with regard to the substance of their negotiations,
the hospitals attempted to formulate “a coordinated bargaining plan,” Vogt
testified, “on wage issues and all of the cost issues,” as well as for major non-economic
issues. Thus, during separately
conducted negotiations they would be advancing “common demands and [take]
action to ensure common demands [were] achieved,” recognizing that each
hospital was free to work out its own separate agreements with the
Still, regardless of disparities in outcomes, the hospitals shared information with each other about the status of each’s negotiations, as the negotiations were progressing. They did that during regularly conducted meetings, commencing even before negotiations began, under the auspices of an advisory or steering committee, including both MHHP hospitals and non-MHHP hospitals, as well as through LRB for MHHP hospitals.
Underlying the above-described approach to 2001 negotiations was the undisputed and commonsense fact that agreements at one hospital would inherently affect employment terms at others. For example, Allina Vice President Strange testified “that whatever one [hospital] did from an economic standpoint very quickly whether or not there was a contract opening to do so . . . became the expectation of others,” and, in fact, Allina, itself, had sometimes re-opened collective-bargaining contracts during their terms “to make financial or other adjustments in order to remain competitive in the marketplace.” Similarly, Respondent North Memorial Vice President of Human Resources White testified, “I know how competitive this market is. We are always under pressure from the economics of trying to compete [with] each other for a shortage of nurses,” with the result that, “[a]nything that would drive the labor rate up in one institution the other institutions would be under extreme pressure to follow and so that’s a given. We’ve had to do that in job after job.” There is no evidence to the contrary.
The second significant area of the hospitals’ negotiating strategy pertained to reaction should a strike occur at one or more of the hospitals. In essence, the advisory or steering committee members were concerned that a strike might be called against one hospital—or, at least, less than all of them—and the striking RNs might then seek temporary employment at non-struck hospitals, either directly or through temporary staffing agencies. As a result, the committee-members felt, any such strike could be prolonged because striking RNs would continue to receive income, from ongoing temporary employment at nonstruck hospitals, and be able to continue striking. That could compel the struck hospital(s) to agree to terms exceeding goals set by the coordinated group, and, in turn, compel nonstruck hospitals to agree to those same terms exceeding coordinated goals, to remain competitive.
“Any strike of course involves economic pressures both ways and to the extent that you provide employment for someone that is on strike it may well lengthen the strike,” explained Vogt, by “eas[ing] the pressure . . . on the employees that are on strike,” and enabling them to remain on strike longer than might otherwise be the fact. In like vein, Respondent HealthEast’s vice president of human resources, Virginia Sullivan, testified, “We could in essence be funding the strike, allowing it to go longer, more extended strike.” Park Nicollett Health Services Director of Employment, Employee and Labor Relations Dee Spalla testified, “[O]ur interests were that nurses get back to the bargaining table if they are on strike because we felt it was imperative that settlements be reached that were similar in economic scope so that they didn’t disadvantage Methodist Hospital in recruitment and retention issues.” No one challenges the legitimacy with which Respondents harbored those concerns.
Against the background of those concerns, the advisory or steering committee agreed not to temporarily employ, and not to consider for temporary employment, RNs who were on strike at one or more of the other hospitals involved in the coordinated-bargaining group. That agreement extended both to striking RNs who applied directly to nonstruck hospitals for temporary employment and, in addition, to ones who were also employees of temporary staffing agencies that attempted to refer striking RNs to nonstruck hospitals. Moreover, as planning progressed, the committee members also agreed that neither would nonstruck hospitals accept striking RNs for permanent employment, unless those RNs or their struck employer-hospital supplied proof that those striking RNs were no longer employed by their former now-struck employer. “Yes. That was a policy that they adopted,” Vogt agreed, when asked whether committee members all agreed “that they wouldn’t hire striking nurses at any of the hospitals should a strike occur?”
Initially, Vogt expressed uncertainty about whether that
policy encompassed striking RNs referred by temporary staffing agencies: “I
can’t remember that that was specifically discussed but the principle would
have been exactly the same.” Later,
however he agreed—“That’s correct”—that the hospitals “would exclude [striking
RNs] from applicant pools including the temporary nurses that the hospitals got
through temporary employment agencies?”
Allina Vice President for Human Resources Strange agreed; “It’s a very
tight marketplace but we were not interested in people that were looking either
through a temporary agency or as an independent contractor on their own of
working temporarily for us.” More
specifically, Respondent HealthEast Vice President of Human Resources Sullivan
testified that it was “correct” that “we had a policy not
to . . . place temporary agency nurses that were striking
RN’s [sic] from
Furthermore, testified Strange, “[W]e talked about and agreed upon before we would hire someone on a permanent basis we wanted to see some kind of proof that their intent was indeed a genuine long term desire to work for our organization and the only way we felt we could achieve that was through a letter of resignation to Fairview.” Similarly, Allina Vice President Strange authored guidelines, dated June 7, stating in pertinent part, “If a nurse applicant lists [Fairview] as their current employer, ask for written evidence or verification that they have permanently resigned their position,” and “a resignation letter,” of itself, does not satisfy that requirement. There is no evidence that such a requirement had ever been imposed by any of Respondents prior to commencing the 2001 negotiations. In fact, Strange admitted explicitly that it never had been a requirement.
Negotiations proceeded separately until mid-May. By then, all of the hospitals and the
Nevertheless, Vogt pointed out, Respondent North Memorial continued to remain “part of the coordinated bargaining plan. They participated in the discussions that were taking place. They briefed every one on the settlement that had taken place there, their rationale, and continued to be a part of . . . the Labor Relations Board and the bargaining process.” The obvious reason for Respondent North Memorial’s continued interest, testified Vogt, was “the ultimate wage scale that North had was going to be determined on the basis of what someone else did in the other bargaining that was going on.”
The other hospitals continued to bargain separately. As May progressed to conclusion, each made a
final offer to the
Before the strike deadlines, agreements were reached on
terms for collective-bargaining contracts between the Union and all hospitals,
still negotiating separately, save for
That left
E. Allina Owned and Operated Respondents’ Alleged Unfair Labor Practices
There is virtually no dispute about what occurred in connection with some of the striking Fairview RNs’ efforts to obtain temporary employment during June. A few made direct overtures for temporary employment directly to one or another of Respondents. Most made efforts to obtain temporary employment through one or another of the temporary staffing agencies. Various statements were made to those striking Fairview RNs, as well as to other employees, concerning the reasons for not temporarily employing them, and for not considering them for temporary employment. Again, sometimes those statements were made directly by admitted agents of one or another Respondent. Most were made by personnel of temporary staffing agencies. They are attributed to Respondents by the complaint under the joint employer and agency allegations, admitted as to all Respondents except for Respondent United.
As stated in subsection B, above, Allina owns and operates
Respondents Abbott Northwestern, Mercy, Unity, and United. Allina Vice President Strange sent e-mails to
all Allina-owned and operated facilities, most particularly to Respondents Abbott
Northwestern, Mercy, Unity, and United.
Those e-mails are dated June 7, 4 days after the
Strange states in her e-mail that, with respect to striking Fairview RNs already regularly working and scheduled for work at an Allina-owned and–operated hospital, “We cannot refuse to schedule them at all,” but nothing requires “us to schedule them as much as they request to be scheduled.” So, with regard to those striking RNs, e-mail recipients are instructed to audit the number of “shifts per pay period or per month they tend to usually work for us,” and to, then, “Make every attempt NOT to schedule them for more shifts than their usual pattern.”
The e-mail next addresses RNs referred by temporary staffing agencies. “Ask each agency to NOT send us any nurses who are currently on strike,” and “require also that they only send nurses who have worked for a minimum of at least 3 months, as many of the striking nurses have only recently signed up as agency staff.” “If the agency refuses, avoid the use of that agency to the extent we can,” continues the e-mail, and, “If an agency nurse actually arrives to work a shift and it is learned that she currently is a striking nurse, contact the agency and ask for a replacement.” In sum, there can be no question that Allina was instructing Respondents Abbott Northwestern, Mercy, Unity, and United to “NOT” consider for temporary employment striking Fairview RNs recently employed by temporary staffing agencies and, further, to “NOT” consider employing previously-referred striking Fairview RNs beyond their past pattern of employment, even though those RNs might be available for extra work and even though one or more of those Respondents might have need for extra RNs.
In connection with the instructions for temporary RNs from temporary staffing agencies, quoted in the immediately preceding paragraph, Strange made mention of one of two defenses that were only lightly touched in the evidence. In the end, both amount to no more than strawmen—defenses that sound impressive, but which have not been shown to have actually motivated refusals to temporarily employ, or refusals to consider for temporary employment, striking Fairview RNs.
In her e-mail Strange states, “Having a nurse currently on strike working on one of our units side-by-side with our nurses who may or may not have wanted to go on strike themselves certainly provides an opportunity for the creation of disruptions or uncomfortableness for staff, patients, or families within our patient care environment.” Now, at no point did Vogt, White or Strange, herself, provide any testimony about potential “disruptions or uncomfortableness” having been even mentioned during discussions by the advisory or steering committee, nor during discussions by the LRB. So far as the particularized evidence shows, that had not been a concern in formulating the hospitals’ planned response to a strike at one or more of them. Moreover, while testifying, Strange never explained where she got the idea to express such a concern in her June 7 e-mail nor, more importantly, never gave any testimony that would supply the least legitimate basis for expressing such a “disruptions or uncomfortableness” concern. In short, so far as the evidence shows, that had not been a concern of the advisory or steering committee, nor of the LRB. So far as the record discloses, it had been no more than some sort of afterthought thrown into the June 7 e-mail by Strange to justify the instructions she was issuing to Allina-owned and–operated hospitals.
More is involved, in connection with Strange’s asserted “disruptions or uncomfortableness” concern, than solely the lack of any evidence to support legitimacy of her e-mail assertion about it and the absence of any evidence that it had been any concern of the advisory or steering committee, or of the LRB. Advancing it as a basis for barring striking employees from temporary employment, and from consideration for temporary employment, contravenes a basic statutory right, in addition to the statutory right to strike. In effect, Strange was advancing workplace discussion of statutorily protected activity as the very reason for barring strikers from consideration for temporary employment and from temporary employment, so long as they remained on strike. But, preventing workplace discussion among employees of statutorily protected activity is prohibited by a series of Supreme Court decisions.
The Court has viewed workplaces as locations “uniquely appropriate
for dissemination of views concerning the bargaining representative and the
various options open to the employees.” NLRB v. Magnavox Co. of Tennessee, 415
Of course, employers may impose legitimate restrictions
whenever exercise of the statutory right to exchange views disrupts production
of discipline. See NLRB v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., 351
Another component of Strange’s June 7 e-mail involved RNs who chose to apply directly to one of Allina’s hospitals for permanent employment. No such situation is included among the complaint’s allegations, all of which involve applications and referrals for temporary employment. Still, it is worth noting that Strange issued an instruction that, should a striking Fairview RN apply to an Allina hospital for employment, “Ask for written evidence or verification that they have permanently resigned their position” at Fairview and, “only proceed to hire the applicant if they have permanently resigned their position from Fairview and if they genuinely are the best candidate for the position.” The latter criterion was not novel. As pointed out near the end of subsection D, above, Strange admitted that the former criterion was novel. Nonetheless, she did advance a facially neutral defense to justify that particular instruction: “We also have no interest in going through the time, expense, and effort of orienting someone to hire them on a temporary basis, even as a casual, since they are likely to return to their former employer once the strike is over, given that they then maintain their seniority, benefit longevity, etc.” (Emphasis added.) Two points are important in connection with that instruction and explanation.
First, there really is no challenge to Respondents’ testimony
about extent of investment of time and money in orienting and training their
own, directly hired, new employees. It
is no more than common sense for an employer not to want to hire someone, train
them and, then, have them quit. The testimony
revealed a genuine concern about that happening, should striking
Second, as even a cursory review of the record reveals,
many RNs employed full time by Fairview, as well as at other Twin Cities
metropolitan area hospitals, augment their incomes with temporary part-time or
casual work at other Twin Cities health care facilities, including hospitals. Obviously, that part-time or casual work does
not interfere with their full-time jobs.
That is, they work full time for
As described at the end of subsection B, above, it is the temporary staffing agencies which evaluate and test the qualifications of RNs they hire and, then, refer. Once referred, there is no evidence that those RNs undergo any qualification assessments, repeated in full by health care institutions to which they are referred. Rather, those institutions accept the screening already performed by the temporary staffing agencies.
It does appear that at least some of Respondents do conduct some orientation and testing even for RNs referred by temporary staffing agencies. However, there is no evidence that whatever orientation is provided for referred RNs is anywhere as extensive as that provided for RNs actually hired by Respondents or other hospitals. To the contrary, the evidence shows that orientation for RNs referred by temporary staffing agencies is relatively brief in duration. For example, RN Lorri L. LaForge testified that Respondent “Abbott Northwestern also has a pretty extensive entry when you start there as a temporary nurse. They make you take a few little tests and you need to complete their compliances.” How “extensive”? “I mean you need to arrive an hour before your shift,” she explained, “to take a test for them,” and to “show all your credentials, Xerox copy everything, and then they have to make sure you pass everything before you go to your unit.”
Inherently, “an hour” hardly seems to involve “the time, expense, and effort” involved for an RN, or any other employee, being directly hired by Respondent Abbott Northwestern. If its orientation for temporary RNs is regarded as comparatively “pretty extensive”—an explanation never refuted by any other evidence—it follows that there is no basis for inferring that testing and orientation of temporarily-referred RNs at any of the other Respondents is an involved and prolonged process. Indeed, examination of the numbers of June referrals revealed by General Counsel’s Exhibits 2–8, alone, is a strong indication that testing and orientation of referrals by temporary staffing agencies could hardly be so extensive as to involve the “time, expense, and effort” on the part of Allina-owned and–operated hospitals, described by Strange for direct hires, nor on the part of any of the other Respondents.
1. Unlawful conduct attributed to Respondent Abbott Northwestern
For Respondent Abbott Northwestern, the complaint enumerates a series of allegedly unlawful statements, all attributable to temporary staffing agency personnel, as opposed to statutory supervisors or agents employed directly by Respondent Abbott Northwestern. The complaint further lists six striking Fairview RNs who were not considered for hire and were not hired on a temporary basis, for no reason other than that each had been a striking Fairview RN: Chris Navratil on June 6, Leslie Stoner on June 7, Allison Pennington on June 8, Diane Fischer and Lorrie L. LaForge on June 11, and Gwen Friedlund on an unknown June date. Of course, it follows from what has been said above about the instructions in Strange’s June 7 e-mail that, as striking Fairview RNs, none of those employees were regarded by Respondent Abbott Northwestern as eligible for consideration for temporary employment, or as temporarily employable, by it during June. That ineligibility-conclusion is but reinforced by review of the undisputed testimony concerning what had occurred during June in connection with Respondent Abbott Northwestern.
Also seeking employment through Nursefinders was psychiatric
RN Diane Fischer. Only Respondent Abbott
Northwestern and North Memorial, aside from
Having heard nothing further from Nursefinders, Fischer again made contact with it on Monday, June 11. She asked why she had not received any calls and, further, “which hospitals can I not work at?” Wendy Crow replied, “several,” but when Fischer “pressed the issue,” by asking for names of hospitals,” Crow “said that was private property” and all she would say was that Allina had communicated that it was “not accepting striking nurses.”
As with Navratil, Fischer was never referred to Respondent
Abbott Northwestern during the June 3 to 30
Absence of a referral-contract is not a problem in connection
with Maxim, InteliStaf, and Firstat, all of whom Respondents admit were joint
employers and agents of Respondent Abbott Northwestern, given the arrangements
between it and those agencies described in subsection B above. Emergency Department RN Leslie Stoner
testified that while taking her examination, as part of the employment
application process for Firstat, she heard about “certain hospitals that
weren’t accepting striking nurses.”
Afterward, she spoke about that subject with Day-Shift Staffing
Coordinator Carl Johnson, explaining to him that she was “currently on strike”
at
Critical Care RN Gwen D. Friedlund testified that on Sunday,
June 3, the day the
Friedlund further testified that she inquired if she could
be scheduled in the future at Respondent Abbott Northwestern. She testified that Rochelle Crow responded,
“Absolutely not. I could not work at any
contract hospital,” and explained that, “[T]he only reason I had gotten that
[June 4] shift was it had been scheduled on a Sunday evening and the scheduler . . . working
that evening didn’t know what was going on and that I shouldn’t have been
allowed to work there.” In fact,
Friedlund was not again referred to Respondent Abbott Northwestern during the
There is no allegation that heart center RN Ed Moeller had been unlawfully denied temporary employment by Respondent Abbott Northwestern. But, it is alleged, in essence, that he had been unlawfully told that he could not work at any hospital affiliated with Allina because he was on strike. In fact, during a telephone conversation around June 14 with an employee of Firstat regarding employment at Respondent North Memorial, as described more fully in subsection F below, Moeller testified that he had asked about employment at Respondent Abbott Northwestern, pointing out that it was “a contract hospital,” as was Respondent North Memorial. According to Moeller, the unidentified employee asked why he was “telling them you are a striking nurse”; Moeller replied “[T]hey asked me. I can’t lie.”
As to Maxim, Flying Squad Department RN Allison Pennington, by the hearing, Haddon testified that she had sought and obtained employment with Maxim on June 5. “They assigned me the 8th, 9th and 10th of June night shifts with Abbott in the intensive care unit,” she testified. She was instructed to be there at 10 p.m. for the 11 p.m. shift, “for an orientation,” Haddon testified. However, “around 9 p.m. on June 8 someone from Maxim called me,” she testified, “and said the staffing office at Abbott had called them and said they were canceling me for that night and the next two shifts . . . because they wouldn’t accept striking nurses from Fairview.” Maxim was unable to locate alternative employment for Haddon from June 8–10. And she was not again referred to Respondent Abbott Northwestern, even though Maxim did refer RN Renne Powell to it on June 11, 20, 21, and 25–27, as well as a second RN (Maula Goines) on June 21. Of course, as discussed above, in addition, other temporary staffing agencies were also referring RNs to Respondent Abbott Northwestern during June.
The sixth RN alleged to have been discriminated against by
Respondent Abbott Northwestern is Lorrie L. LaForge. It is alleged that she had been denied
temporary employment on about June 11.
In addition to
LaForge had been referred to Respondent Abbott Northwestern for a night shift on June 10. She actually worked that shift in the telemetry unit. As she was leaving, she testified, the charge nurse said “they would have availability that night and probably the rest of the week, and she wanted me to notify InteliStaf [sic] . . . to come back to her, to her unit.” That did not occur, however.
Seemingly on June 11, Rasmussen was telephoned by Linda
Arvidson, Respondent Abbott Northwestern’s float pool manager and an admitted
statutory supervisor and agent of Respondent Abbott Northwestern. According to Rasmussen’s uncontested
testimony, Arvidson “was upset because we had placed a striking nurse” or, at
least, an RN who might be one, given that LaForge’s CPR card revealed that the
course had been given at
Both Rasmussen and LaForge testified that, during an ensuing telephone conversation, the former told the latter that Respondent Abbott Northwestern did not want LaForge to return to work. LaForge testified that Rasmussen had said that Respondent Abbott Northwestern “was asking if I was a striking nurse or not,” and, when LaForge confirmed that she was, said “in light of that that they would not take me because I was a striking nurse and she said she could send me to a different hospital.” In addition, Rasmussen testified that she had told LaForge that InteliStaf “can’t condone that behavior” by Respondent Abbott Northwestern, and that she (Rasmussen) would be willing to continue referring LaForge there, if LaForge wanted to pursue that course. However, continued Rasmussen, “[T]he risk is if we send you there they have told us they will send you home which then you would call me up . . . and want another shift,” but “for me to do that there must be a time frame available to do that and if she is calling me at the last minute I may not be able to find her a shift.” Seemingly, LaForge was not willing to make cannon fodder of herself, by pursuing such a course and ending up with neither employment by Respondent Abbott Northwestern nor any other hospital on a particular day.
Rasmussen of InteliStaf was not the only temporary staffing
agency representative who described instructions from Respondent Abbott
Northwestern not to refer striking Fairview RNs. firstat’s director of nursing and
administration, Hauan, testified that, during a telephone conversation on June
15, Arvidson said that Respondent Abbott Northwestern “did not want Firstat to
send them any nurses who were on strike,” and “did not want Firstat to send any
nurses that had not been to Abbott before.”
Of course, that instruction would naturally cut off striking Fairview
RNs, such as Stoner, who became employed by Firstat, or by any other temporary
staffing agency, on or after June 3, when the strike at
Hauan further testified that when she asked about “nurses
who were on strike that had already been placed at” Respondent Abbott
Northwestern and had worked shifts there, Arvidson first said that none of them
were eligible to return. Then, testified
Hauan, Arvidson added “that no nurse who had not been placed by Firstat prior
to the strike could come back. Or could
be shifted there.” Hauan promptly wrote
a letter to Arvidson confirming those instructions: “Per our conversation, you
stated that it is the intent of
Barbara Heinz, director-branch manager for New Horizons, testified that, during a telephone conversation, Arvidson had said that it would be alright to refer a striking RN who had worked in the past on a regular basis for Respondent Abbott Northwestern, but only “as long as I kept within the same number of days that she had previously worked per week. Not to exceed that.” As set forth in the preamble to this subsection, such an instruction is consistent with one of the instructions issued by Strange. In addition, testified Heinz, “I do believe that she did make mention that if they had not worked at that hospital before that they probably wouldn’t be a good candidate.” In fact, they absolutely would not be a candidate, and would not be considered for employment, under the instructions in Strange’s June 7 e-mail.
2. Unlawful conduct attributed to Respondent United
As set forth in subsection B, above, Respondent United is owned and operated by Allina. It also is the one respondent which denies that it had a joint employer relationship with alleged temporary staffing agencies—Nursefinders and Firstat—as well as being the one respondent to deny any agency relationship with either of those two agencies. What is clear from the compilation of June invoices for temporary referrals to it (GC Exh. 8), however, is that Respondent United does obtain temporary referrals, including of RNs, from temporary staffing agencies: Favorite Nurses, New Horizons, and InteliStaf, among them. Yet, in contrast to Respondent Northwestern, no evidence was developed that Respondent United did not have referral-contracts with Nursefinders and Firstat. At no point did Respondents actually contend that no such contracts existed, as had been the fact with Respondent Northwestern.
As amended during the hearing, to delete the name of one alleged discriminatee, the complaint alleges that Respondent United refused to temporarily employ, and refused to consider for temporary employment, three of the RNs named in subsection E,1, above, in connection with Respondent Abbott Northwestern: Navratil, Fischer, and Friedlund. It also alleges unlawful statements attributable to Respondent United through representatives of temporary staffing agencies, though not through any supervisor or agent directly employed by Respondent United.
Described in subsection E,1, above is a June 6 telephone conversation between striking Fairview RN Navratil and Nursefinders Branch Director Wendy Crow. As described in greater detail there, Crow had named for Navratil a number of hospitals that would not accept Fairview RNs for temporary employment, so long as those RNs were on strike. Navratil testified that Respondent United had been one of the hospitals that Crow had named. As a result, as also pointed out in subsection E,1, above, Crow’s statements caused Navratil to abandon any further effort to obtain temporary employment through Nursefinders at the named hospitals.
Fischer was told by Wendy Crow that Allina hospitals were not accepting striking nurses, as set forth in greater detail in subsection E,1, above. So, to the extent that Respondent United is owned and operated by Allina, it would be encompassed by that statement by Crow. However, any allegation that Fischer had been discriminated against by Respondent United encounters a fundamental problem.
Fischer testified, “I’m a psychiatric nurse” and “not every hospital has a psychiatric unit so [her opportunity for referral for temporary employment is] limited from that standpoint.” In fact, she identified only Respondents Abbott Northwestern and North Memorial as operating psychiatric units. There is no evidence that one exists at Respondent United and, based upon Fischer’s testimony, it is a fair inference that a psychiatric unit does not exist there. Accordingly, there is no basis for concluding that Respondent United had unlawfully refused to temporarily employ her, nor unlawfully refused to consider her for temporary employment. There was no position in which Fischer was seeking to become temporarily employed by Respondent United.
As also described in section E,1, above, striking Fairview RN Friedlund sought June temporary employment through Firstat. During a June 4 telephone conversation, occurring while she was at Respondent Abbott Northwestern, she was told by Firstat Day Shift Staffing Coordinator Rochelle Crow that she (Friedlund) “could not work at any contract hospital,” because she was “a striking nurse”. Of course, Respondent United is a “contract hospital,” though there is no evidence that it had been named specifically during the telephone conversation between Friedlund and Rochelle Crow. Still, Respondent United was one of the Allina hospitals instructed by Strange not to accept striking Fairview RNs.
3. Unlawful conduct attributed to Respondent Mercy
Two of the three alleged discriminatees at Respondent Mercy—Diane Fischer and Gwen Friedlund—were striking Fairview RNs who, so far as the record discloses, did not actually seek temporary employment at Respondent Mercy. Beyond that, as discussed in subsections E,1 and 2, above, Fischer was seeking employment in a psychiatric unit. There is no evidence that Respondent Mercy operates such a unit and, to the contrary, it is a fair inference, from Fischer’s testimony, that it does not do so.
Nonetheless, Respondents admit that Respondent Mercy obtains
temporary RNs through, inter alia,
Nursefinders and, further, that the two are joint employers and that
Nursefinders is an agent of Respondent Mercy.
Fischer was told by Wendy Crow of Nursefinders on June 4 “that none of
the hospitals were hiring striking [
Friedlund was told by Firstat’s Rochelle Crow on June 4 that she “could not work at any contract hospital,” as discussed in subsections E,1 and 2, above, in the process of being told to finish up her shift at Respondent Abbott Northwestern “and get the heck out of there.” Friedlund had been seeking additional temporary employment during June.
Invoices for temporary RNs employed during that month by Respondent Mercy (GC Exh. 3) show that InteliStaf, Favorite Nurses, Nursefinders, and New Horizons had referred RNs to Respondent Mercy throughout that month. But, Wendy Crow of Nursefinders testified that Ruth Keizer of Respondent Mercy had “told us that Mercy would not be accepting any striking nurses.” Moreover, “A few days later Sharon Carlson called,” testified Wendy Crow, “want[ing] to make sure that I . . . was aware that they were not accepting . . . striking nurses.” Of course, those statements are perfectly accurate accounts of instructions received by Respondent Mercy and other Allina hospitals in Strange’s June 7 e-mails. Those instructions were reinforced by certain other remarks made by officials of Respondent Mercy, especially those made in connection with the third striking Fairview RN alleged to have been discriminated against by Respondent Mercy.
Vice President of Nursing Kathy Wilde and Float Pool Manager
Karen Strauman-Raymond is each an admitted statutory supervisor and agent of
Respondent Mercy. The amended answer
admits that on June 5 Wilde “left separate voice mail messages for between one
and three RNs employed by Respondent Mercy, in which she advised those RNs that
Respondent Mercy would not be using striking nurses that were working through
temporary agencies.” The parties
stipulated that the recipients of those messages were LouAnn Uhr and Rozann
Bridgeman, employees of Respondent Mercy and, also, elected tri-chairs of the
Those voice-mail messages had been one consequence of a
stipulated incident involving striking Fairview RN Rebecca Wagner. She had been referred to Respondent Mercy by
Favorite Nurses to work a shift on June 5.
But, before the shift began, she revealed that she was a striking
Fairview RN and she was sent home. More
specifically, according to the stipulation, “Wegner made a statement that
revealed that she was a striking
4. Unlawful conduct attributed to Respondent Unity
Two points bear repeating in connection with Respondent
Unity. First, as described in subsection
B, above, it and Respondent Mercy are considered one organization or business
unit within the Allina system. Second,
as mentioned in subsection C, above, Respondent Unity’s RNs are not, and never
have been, represented by the
In addition to certain allegedly unlawful statements, it is alleged that Respondent Unity unlawfully refused to hire for temporary employment, and refused to consider hiring for temporary employment, four striking Fairview RNs: Diane Fischer, Gwen Friedlund, Vicki Drake, and Marie Madsen.
Throughout June Respondent Unity temporarily employed an ongoing series of RNs, as is shown by the invoices collected in General Counsel’s Exhibit 7. It obtained those RNs from InteliStaf, Favorite Nurses, Nursefinders, New Horizons, and Med Staff, Inc. Thus, there can be no dispute about the fact that temporary work for RNs had been available during June at Respondent Unity.
As already covered in this subsection, Fischer had been
seeking temporary employment in a psychiatric unit. She never claimed that Respondent Unity
operated such a unit. To the contrary,
so far as the record shows, there was no such unit at Respondent Unity. In consequence, as with Respondents United
and Mercy, there is no evidence that Respondent Mercy had available the type of
work that Fischer had been seeking during the
On the other hand, as set forth in subsection E,1, above,
critical care RN Friedlund had been told on June 4, by Rochelle Crow of
Firstat, to “get the heck out of” Respondent Abbott Northwestern, for no reason
other than that she “was a striking nurse” and “could not work at any contract
hospital” which, of course, Respondent Unity is not. Even so, there is no dispute that Allina Division
Vice President Strange’s June 7 e-mail instructions had applied as much to
Respondent Unity’s operations, as to those of unionized Allina-owned and
–operated hospitals. Beyond that,
Respondents Mercy and Unity are treated as a single organization or business
unit within Allina. Nothing in the
record provides a basis for concluding other than that
As to alleged discriminatees Drake and Madsen, a different
situation is presented than with regard to alleged discriminatees who sought
temporary June employment through temporary staffing agencies. Both applied directly to Respondent Unity for
temporary June employment. Thus, Madsen
testified that she spoke with “[t]he individual who hires RN’s [sic] within
[Respondent Unity’s] facility,” whose name Madsen did not recall. According to Madsen, she said that she “was a
striking nurse” who worked at
Similarly, Drake testified that she had seen a Sunday,
June 10 newspaper advertisement, stating that Respondent Unity was offering “a
sign-on bonus” for applicants whom it hired.
Next day, she testified, she telephoned Respondent Unity and ended up
speaking with someone whose “name was Kelly I believe.” After saying that she as “looking for
employment,” and saying that she “was working at
One perhaps relatively minor problem with Drake’s account
is that there is no evidence that Respondent Unity employed anyone by the name
of Kelly during June. That point was
made specifically in the amended answer.
So, clearly the General Counsel and
On the other hand, Eggen also testified that Respondent Unity “didn’t have any temporary openings” during June. She further testified that Respondent Unity had not sought to hire any RNs for temporary positions during that month, regardless of whether an RN-applicant was or was not on strike. No evidence was presented to contradict any aspect of her testimony. That is, there is no evidence that Respondent Unity, itself, had directly hired an RN on a temporary or casual basis during June. There is no evidence that Respondent had “any temporary openings” during that month.
True, Drake had testified about “an ad in the Sunday paper June 10th,” in which Respondent Unity had sought applications. Yet, she conceded that she did not “recall” what kind of nurses Respondent Unity had been seeking through that advertisement. The advertisement appeared in a newspaper published only a few months before the hearing. Newspapers ordinarily maintain “morgues” of past editions. Yet, no advertisement was produced at the hearing. Given the absence of any evidence that applicants for temporary positions were sought by the June 10 advertisement, and given Eggen’s uncontradicted testimony that Respondent Unity had no openings for temporary RN-hires during June, and did not itself hire any temporary RNs during that particular month, a preponderance of the evidence fails to establish that there had been openings for which Madsen and Drake could have been hired, regardless of what had been said to each one by personnel of Respondent Unity.
F. Unlawful Conduct Attributed to
Respondent
North Memorial
Throughout June Respondent North Memorial obtained temporarily-employed RNs through temporary staffing agencies, as shown by review of the invoices collected in General Counsel’s Exhibit 4: from Medical Staffing Network, Nursefinders, Firstat, VitaStaff, Interim Supplemental Staffing, InteliStaf, Favorite Nurses, New Horizons, and PRN. With respect to those agencies, the complaint focuses on VitaStaff, PRN, Nursefinders, and Firstat, in connection with Respondent North Memorial. Moreover, as ultimately amended, it lists nine striking Fairview RNs as alleged discriminatees in connection with Respondent North Memorial: Laura Schuerman, Kathleen Smedstad, Leslie Stoner, Teresa Weidenbacher, Cissy Bryant-Wolf, Allison Pennington, Marie Madsen, Cris Navratil, and Ed Moeller. It also alleges a number of statements, some by officials of Respondent North Memorial and most by representatives of temporary staffing agencies, which allegedly violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
As to the statements by officials of Respondent North Memorial, the parties stipulated that, on or about May 25, a three-page memorandum from Chief Executive Officer Scott Anderson—an admitted statutory supervisor and agent of Respondent North Memorial—was distributed to “the majority of employees employed by North Memorial at is [sic] Robbinsdale, Minnesota acute care hospital.” In general, that memorandum explained the then-existing bargaining situation and the possibility of a “Metro-Wide Work Stoppage.” It then listed a series of questions, and answers to those questions, posed as a result of the bargaining situation and strike possibility. One of those questions was, “Will North Memorial hire RNs from striking hospitals?” The answer recited by the memorandum to that question is, “It is not our intent to hire nurses who are on strike at other hospitals, or to hire other employees who have been temporarily laid off from other facilities.”
In fact, Respondent North Memorial had already communicated
some aspects of its position to its six human resources representatives,
employees of Respondent North Memorial who recruit employees for it, and, possibly
also, to its two human resources coordinators, who provide administrative
support to those six representatives. A
memorandum, dated May 24, was distributed to each of the representatives and,
possibly also, to the two coordinators.
That memorandum had been written by Peggy Reimer, Respondent North
Memorial’s human resources manager and, the parties stipulated, a statutory
supervisor and agent of Respondent North Memorial. The memorandum’s subject was hiring
guidelines during a strike by the
It first instructs recipients to tell applicants who only want to work during the strike, “We are pursuing candidates that are looking for permanent employment first,” and invite applicants to apply for such positions. Should one or more of them apply for permanent employment, the memorandum continues, “Log these applicants on the attached log sheet,” but, “Slow the process down,” by telling them, “Things are in neutral,” or “Other things are going on,” or “with summer vacations we are scheduling less.” Of course, the allegations of discrimination do not extend to permanent applicants. The issue for each of the above-named discriminatees is whether Respondent North Memorial, as well as all other Respondents, refused to consider for temporary employment, and refused to temporarily employ, striking Fairview RNs, because they were engaging in a strike in support of the their bargaining agent’s contract position at Fairview.
As to that, PRN Staffing Coordinator Blizen testified
that, during May, “Linda and it may be
Turning to what had been said to Nursefinders, the one instance where there is some indication of possible impropriety by a striking Fairview RN at a nonstruck hospital involved a Nursefinders-referred RN. Wendy Crow of Nursefinders testified that, “during the strike,” she had been contacted by “somebody from staffing” at Respondent North Memorial, “but I don’t have a name.” Nursefinders had sent a striking Fairview RN to Respondent North Memorial for temporary employment. Seemingly, that RN had been allowed to start working there. The person who contacted Crow, she testified, complained that that RN “was discussing the strike with North Memorial’s employees and upsetting them,” specifically by saying such things as, “We are going to get more than you guys because you settled early,” testified Crow. As a result, she further testified, she was told that Respondent North Memorial “did not want that particular nurse back and that they would from then on not be taking any striking nurses.”
That was not Respondent North Memorial’s last word to Nursefinders on the subject. “A few days later,” testified Wendy Crow, “the same person” from Respondent North Memorial called and “said just to let you know we are not accepting anyone from your agency unless they have been with you for three months.”
No firsthand evidence was presented concerning whatever comments had actually been made by the RN about whom Respondent North Memorial complained to Wendy Crow. Facially, comments about getting a better contract, by not settling too early, hardly seem to rise to the level of misconduct that would strip an employee of the statutory protection for discussion of union-related subjects at the workplace, as described in the beginning of subsection E above. Even assuming that that one RN’s comments did rise to the level of misconduct in the course of engaging in statutorily-protected activity, without more, that hardly serves as a basis for depriving other striking employees of their statutory rights to be hired and to engage in discussion of union-related subjects at the workplace.
Even “acts of violence on the part of individual strikers are not chargeable to other union members in the absence of proof that identifies them as participating in such violence” (footnote omitted), Coronet Casuals, Inc., 207 NLRB 304, 305 (1973). See discussion, Altorfer Machinery Co., 332 NLRB 130, 141 (2000), and cases cited therein. There is no evidence here that any other striking Fairview RN ever taunted any nonstriking RN from another hospital. There is no evidence of a plan by striking Fairview RNs to engage in any misconduct. Most significantly, Wendy Crow identified the RN, about whom Respondent North Memorial had complained, as Anna Selnick. She is not alleged as a discriminatee.
In sum, there is no firsthand evidence of strike misconduct or statutorily-improper comments by Selnick. There is no evidence that any other striking Fairview RN made even similar remarks to a nonstriking RN. There is no evidence of any plan by striking Fairview RNs to engage in improper or disruptive conduct. Selnick is not alleged as a discriminatee. The very best that can be said, from Respondent North Memorial’s perspective, is that whatever occurred had been an isolated incident. It is not sufficient to give rise to a cognizable justification for barring other striking Fairview RNs from being temporarily employed during June because they were on strike.
Striking Fairview operating room RN Marie Madsen testified that she had telephoned Respondent North Memorial during the first week of the strike—on June 4, 5, or 6—and had asked to speak to whoever was in charge of hiring. She was transferred to someone whose name she did not recall. Madsen testified that she told that person that “I was a striking nurse and . . . was inquiring if they were hiring during the strike.” She further testified that she had been “told that they would not be hiring striking nurses.”
She also testified that it might have been that unidentified individual from Respondent North Memorial who further said “because they were a contract hospital,” that “it has been decided that they would not be hiring striking nurses during the strike.” In fact, it seems likely that those remarks had been made to Madsen during her telephone conversation with Respondent North Memorial’s hiring official. The only other possibility for someone having made such a remark, she testified, had been during her subsequent telephone conversation with a representative of Respondent Unity, as described in subsection E,4, above. However, Respondent Unity is not a “contract hospital,” and so, none of its representatives were likely to claim that “they were a contract hospital”.
As described above, PRN Staffing Coordinator Blizen testified
that she had been told by Linda, whose last name Blizen did not recall, but
believed to be Ferguson, “not to place striking nurses at their hospital,” and,
later, that Respondent North Memorial “would accept striking nurses if they had
worked [at Respondent North Memorial] in the past.” Striking
On June 7 striking
Similarly, striking
Described in subsection E,1, above is a conversation that occurred between striking Fairview emergency department RN Leslie Stoner and Firstat day shift Staffing Coordinator Carl Johnson. During it, Johnson gave Stoner a list of hospitals at which Stoner “wouldn’t work” because she was on strike. One of the hospitals Johnson listed was Respondent North Memorial.
In like vein, striking Fairview heart center RN Ed Moeller testified that when Firstat suggested that he be referred to a shift at Respondent North Memorial, he “asked them if they would call North Memorial first before” he went there and was sent home, as had by then already happened to him at Respondent Methodist, as described in subsection G, below. Moeller testified that he explained to the person at Firstat, who is left unidentified, that Respondent North Memorial is “a contract hospital and I didn’t relish going all over to those places and then not being able to work,” and the Firstat person said, “I will get back to you and he did.” When he did, testified Moeller, he said, “[Y]ou are right, they will not hire you,” after which he suggested Respondent Abbott Northwestern, as described in subsection E,1, above.4
Efforts of Christine Navratil and Diane Fischer to obtain temporary employment through Nursefinders have been discussed, in part, in subsection E, above. Navratil was considering employment by Nursefinders, so that she could obtain temporary employment during the strike. But, after she told Nursefinders’ branch director, Wendy Crow, that she (Navratil) was a striking nurse, Crow said that “a lot of hospitals were not hiring striking nurses at that time.” Crow “named a bunch of hospitals,” testified Navratil, one of which was Respondent North Memorial. As a result, she further testified, Navratil felt it would be futile to apply for employment with Nursefinders: “I just truthfully remember hanging up the phone and thinking we are screwed. I mean we have no job.”
Fischer, it should be remembered, is a psychiatric RN who
was seeking temporary work in a psychiatric unit. Such a unit is operated by Respondent North Memorial,
as mentioned in section E,1, above. As
also set forth there, she had spoken both with Nursefinders’ branch director,
Wendy Crow, and its staff manager, Hanson, on June 4 about referral for
temporary employment to the psychiatric units of Respondents Abbott
Northwestern and North Memorial. Crow
had said then “that none of the hospitals were hiring striking [Union] nurses,”
testified Fischer. Fischer pursued the
issue on June 15. She testified that she
went to Nursefinders and asked Crow, “What did you find out” about temporary
employment in a psychiatric unit.
According to Fischer, Crow responded “that North Memorial is not taking
any
Left for consideration, are two striking Fairview RNs who sought temporary employment at Respondent North Memorial through VitaStaff: Allison Pennington Haddon and Charlenea Bryant-Wolf. Both of them spoke about that with Brad McClintock, the owner of VitaStaff. Pennington testified that McClintock had told her “that there would be possibilities at North Memorial,” but later indicated that he had contacted Respondent North Memorial and “that they were also not taking striking nurses.”
Bryant-Wolf testified that McClintock had hired her, as a VitaStaff RN, “probably the second week in June,” and “told me that he wouldn’t have a problem placing me.” She further testified that “a couple days later” McClintock called and “asked me if I was interested in working a 3 to 11 shift at North Memorial and I told him that I was.” However, “about 1 o’clock in the afternoon,” testified Bryant-Wolf, she received another call from McClintock who said “that I was not needed for the 3 to 11 and he asked me if I was interested in working . . . 7 p [m] to 7 a [m] or 11 to 7 the same day and I told him no.”
A subsequent conversation, testified Bryant-Wolf, began with McClintock telling her that he had placed a striking Fairview RN at Respondent HealthEast, but someone from there had called “that morning because this nurse had divulged that she was a striking nurse and that they would no longer accept her.” According to Bryant-Wolf, McClintock complained “that if we continued to tell people that we were striking nurses that he would not be able to place us and he would lose his contract with those hospitals.” He offered, she further testified, to “place me at North Memorial and . . . at Healtheast but . . . I had to keep my mouth shut about being a striking nurse.” In fact, Bryant-Wolf testified, McClintock “asked me if I would fill out a new application” for VitaStaff so that “if the hospital came back to him . . . he could say it doesn’t say that on her application.” To her credit, apparently Bryant-Wolf declined that offer to, in effect, falsify her application to pull VitaStaff’s chestnuts out of the fire.
Now, there is no direct evidence that Bryant-Wolf’s second week of June scheduled referral to Respondent North Memorial had been canceled because she was then a striking Fairview RN. Yet, Respondent North Memorial never presented any evidence concerning its motivation for that cancellation. And any inference, supplied for Respondent North Memorial, that it had no need for an RN runs into a significant obstacle. As pointed out above, invoices for temporary June referrals to Respondent North Memorial are collected in General Counsel’s Exhibit 4. The second week of June extends from Sunday, June 10 through Saturday, June 16. During that week, according to the invoices, Respondent North Memorial temporarily employed three temporary RNs (Jennifer Aanenson, Pam Graft and Darla McGrath) referred by VitaStaff on a total of 6 days. On a total of 5 days it employed three RNs (Anna Selnick, Shirl Lachapelle, and Candace Crook) referred temporarily by Nursefinders. On 7 days it temporarily employed RNs temporarily referred by Interim Supplemental Staffing. On 9 days it employed RNs temporarily referred to it by InteliStaf. On 17 occasions during that week it temporarily employed RNs referred by Favorite Nurses. On 21 occasions it temporarily employed RNs referred to it during that week by New Horizons. A total of 16 RNs were temporarily referred to Respondent North Memorial during that week by PRN. Similar figures are revealed from a review of the invoices for the following week. Collectively, they remove any possible argument that Respondent North Memorial had no need for Bryant-Wolf as a temporary RN during the second week of June. The totality of all those invoices also remove any basis for a contention that Respondent North Memorial had no need for temporary RNs during June.
G. Unlawful Conduct Attributed to Respondent Methodist
The parties stipulated that on May 29 Respondent Methodist
sent copies of a letter to New Horizons, VitaStaff, PRN, Nursefinders, and
Firstat. To the extent pertinent, that
letter informed those temporary staffing agencies that, “All RNs that you provide
must not be a [Union] nurse from another [
The letter was signed by Scheduling Coordinator Bobbi J.
Hoebelheinrich, whom the parties stipulated is neither a statutory supervisor
nor agent of Respondent Methodist.
However, the letter was sent by her at the direction of Susan Henderson,
nurse manager-float pool, who is an admitted statutory supervisor and agent of
Respondent Methodist.
By June 3, of course, all of Respondents had reached final
agreement with the
Wendy Crow of Nursefinders testified that she had been
called by Hoebelheinrich during late May and that Hoebelheinrich had said “that
Methodist would not be accepting—as of June 1st Methodist would not be accepting
any [
There is testimony that Director of Nursing Bev Levens had reported by e-mail “that all the staffing agencies had been contacted regarding the three month requirement,” discussed below. However, that testimony was provided by Park Nicollett Health Services Director Dee Spalla, not by Levens. And Spalla conceded that she was “not” exactly aware of who Levens had actually called or, even, when she would have called any temporary staffing agencies. The record is left, therefore, with Wendy Crow’s testimony, uncontested with particularity, that Nursefinders had been left to operate through June under instructions communicated by Respondent Methodist’s May letter: “All RNs that you provide must not be a [Union] nurse from another [Union] represented hospital.”
Indeed, as late as June 5 or 6 Respondent Methodist appears
to have been continuing to struggle to refine its policy toward striking
Fairview RNs. Arthur R. LaPoint is its
vice president of human resources. On
June 5 he sent an e-mail, concerning “RN hiring-important,” to various
officials, including Spalla. In pertinent
part, that e-mail states, “I want to reiterate that we should be very careful
not to hire nurses that are participating in the work interruption at
Spalla testified that she “manage[s] human resource representatives,
employment assistants, the manager of employee relations and the manager of
work force development,” which includes Respondent Methodist’s “nine
recruiters.” As to them, Spalla
testified that, “The two that primarily do the recruiting at
In reaction to LaPoint’s June 5 e-mail, Spalla testified
that she issued her own e-mail, on June 7, that “superseded his e-mail of June
5th.” The e-mail instructs recipients to
“note the following regarding any Fairview RNs who may be looking for either a
regularly scheduled job or a casual job while on strike.” (Emphasis added.) In point 1 that follows, Spalla directs that,
“We will not hire any nurses who work for FV [
According to her, “there were not” any temporary RN positions available for direct hire by Respondent Methodist during the strike. She buttressed that testimony by explaining that “the orientation process and the hiring process is very, very costly and minimally even an experienced nurse is going to take a full month of full time orientation” to become proficient at Respondent Methodist. Yet, the first underscored portion of her June 7 e-mail, quoted in the immediately preceding paragraph, refers to “casual” positions; that seems a needless remark if there truly had been no temporary positions for which Respondent Methodist would be planning to hire applicants during June. Beyond that, Spalla acknowledged that Respondent Methodist “did use temporary staffing” during the strike.
It should be remembered that Twin Cities RNs not uncommonly worked full time at one hospital and part time or temporarily at another during the same overall period. Thus, continuing to work full time at, for example, Fairview would not necessarily bar an RN from continuing to work temporarily at, for example, Respondent Methodist. In short, the orientation and hiring process was not inherently wasted, when considering striking Fairview RNs for direct temporary employment.
Furthermore, point three of Spalla’s e-mail raises some further
doubt about the genuineness of her claim that Respondent Methodist was not
directly hiring casual or temporary RNs for no reason other than orientation and
hiring costs and duration. Point 3
pertains to casual nurses from
In sum, in contrast to the situation at Respondent Unity discussed in section E,4, above, there is considerable objective basis for doubting the reliability of any testimony that Respondent Methodist had not been directly hiring part-time, casual or temporary RNs during June.
Point 2 of Spalla’s e-mail directs, “If the nurse states
that he/she has resigned from FV, the resignation and effective date must be
verified with the FV HR department. We
will not hire any RNs who resign from regular positions at FV but remain on
call.” Spalla claimed that she had been
“a poor communicator” with regard to that direction. She testified that her “intention” had been
“simply to say that we would consider hiring any
The final point in Spalla’s e-mail instructs, “When using
staffing agencies, the agencies should be advised that we will not accept any
RN who has not worked for the agency for at least 3 months.” Inherently, that instruction bars, from consideration
for temporary employment at Respondent Methodist, any striking Fairview RN who
became employed by a temporary staffing agency in anticipation of, or during,
the strike at
The question of whether or not Respondent Methodist had
truly been unwilling to hire temporary or casual employees, altogether, during
June arises because of the experiences of some striking Fairview RNs, each of
whom applied directly to Respondent Methodist for employment. For example, striking
When he told her that he “worked at Fairview Riverside she
asked me if I was on strike,” Weber testified.
He continued by testifying that he responded in the affirmative and Bohl
replied, “That she wouldn’t hire me, that I’d have to terminate at
A somewhat more involved situation arose for striking
That came about, testified Weidenbacher, after she had sought “a lot more hours full time” from PRN. According to her, she was ultimately scheduled by Staffing Coordinator Blizen to work a shift in Respondent Methodist’s newborn intensive care unit on Friday, June 15. Before that date arrived, however, Weidenbacher directly contacted Respondent Methodist for possible earlier employment. “I called and talked to a nurse called Chris,” she testified, to “let her know that I would be available . . . and to keep me in mind if they were short staffed.”
She missed an opportunity to do so on June 10, when she arrived home too late to respond timely to a message to take a 3 p.m. shift that day at Respondent Methodist. However, Weidenbacher testified, “on the 11th they called again just an hour before the shift began . . . because they had an emergency, an ill call, and were down staffed.” In essence Respondent Methodist had directly contacted an RN about temporary employment.
Still, Weidenbacher told the charge nurse who called to clear the referral through PRN. Blizen approved it. After she arrived at Respondent Methodist, and had picked up her security badge, Weidenbacher testified that she overheard a staff nurse asking evening Charge Nurse Michelle Gransey why Weidenbacher was being allowed to work. According to Weidenbacher, she also overheard Gransey respond to the nurse that there was “an ill call one hour before the shift,” and that “they were short shift for that night.”
According to Weidenbacher, Gransey asked whether Weidenbacher “was too tired to work a double shift,” and the latter promised to “get back to [Gransey] when the shift progressed a little.” That request gave Weidenbacher an idea. “Then I happened to remember a fellow nurse . . . who also worked for PRN and that she would probably like to get some extra hours because of the strike,” she testified. “That was Kathy Holm.” Not only did Weidenbacher inform Gransey about Holm’s possible availability, but Weidenbacher called Holm, making her aware of the need that night at Respondent Methodist for neonatal intensive care nurses.
Holm had worked temporarily, through PRN, at Respondent Methodist, without complaint, since 1999. After Weidenbacher’s call, Holm telephoned PRN and spoke with “whoever [was] answering the phones that night,” she testified, mentioning the neonatal RN-shortage that night at Respondent Methodist. However, testified Holm, the person to whom she spoke replied, “Well I have a memo saying we are not supposed to send Methodist any striking nurses.” When Holm said “my co-worker is there right now,” she testified that the unidentified person said, “I don’t know what to say. I’m kind of caught in the middle. All I know is Joanne [Blizen] has left a note saying we cannot send any striking nurses to Methodist.” Thus, Holm was never referred to Respondent Methodist.
At some point thereafter that same evening, Weidenbacher
testified that she was informed by Gransey that Holm “had been refused because
she was a
The above-described situation had repercussions beyond only Holm being denied temporary employment at Respondent Methodist. Weidenbacher testified that Gransey “did say that just recently one of the staff nurses on the unit had gotten reamed out for letting a Fairview nurse slip by and work,” and that employment of striking RNs “would not be allowed and I would not be allowed to return.” “I mean I asked if I would be able to come back” testified Weidenbacher, and, “She said no.”
Weidenbacher finished her June 11 shift. Next morning, she testified, she was telephoned by Blizen. Blizen said, according to Weidenbacher, “I am very sorry you got through. I know you weren’t supposed to be working there. It just slipped my mind when you called,” adding, “You won’t be able to go back there and I’m going to have to cancel you for this coming Friday because Methodist is not hiring any striking nurses,” even ones “who have been previously with them.” Blizen also said, “[I]f one of us slipped through again that Methodist was refusing to pay [PRN] for us,” Weidenbacher testified. June 11 was the last date on which Weidenbacher worked for Respondent Methodist, though the invoices in General Counsel’s Exhibit 5 show that a number of other RNs worked temporarily for it after that date.
Also seeking work through PRN was striking
Another striking Fairview RN who was able to obtain a
day’s work at Respondent Methodist, during the
New Horizons Director-Branch Manager Heinz, Klecker’s
supervisor, testified that “one of our nurses did work at” Respondent Methodist
and, in turn, that she (Heinz) had received a telephone call from Nurse Manager
Henderson of Respondent Methodist.
According to Heinz,
Of course, Moy had worked on a Monday, not a weekend day. Yet, it cannot be said, at least on this record, that Respondent Methodist’s referral-request had not been placed over the weekend for the Monday work to which Moy was referred. Significantly, Heinz’ description of Henderson’s warning—”not be liable for payment of that person’s work”—is consistent with what Klecker then told Moy: “Methodist will not pay . . . New Horizons for my time.” Furthermore, the above-described June 11 remark by Gransey to Weidenbacher—”just recently one of the staff nurses on the unit had gotten reamed out for letting a Fairview nurse slip by and work”—may well have pertained to Moy’s June 4 temporary employment at Respondent Methodist.
Significantly, the incident involving Moy had occurred before Spalla issued her above-described June 7 e-mail. Point #3 of that e-mail allows previously-referred striking RNs to continue working for Respondent Methodist, albeit “limited to what they would normally work,” and “not be[ing] given any additional hours.” But, there is no evidence that Respondent Methodist had earlier informed its personnel that striking Fairview RNs who had worked previously at Respondent Methodist, such as Moy, would be allowed to continue temporary employment there, albeit with limitation.
Striking
For her part, Bachinski testified that, “some time in June,” she had spoken with a staffing coordinator at Respondent Methodist name Nicole, with whom Bachinski had spoken before. When she asked about referring an RN there, testified Bachinski, Nicole “asked me if that employee was a striking nurse.” Bachinski testified that she answered that she did not know and was told by Nicole, “[I]f I could not reassure her that that employees was not a striking nurse that she would not staff that person.”
It is alleged that two striking Fairview RNs were denied
temporary employment, and consideration for temporary employment, when Firstat
sought to refer them to Respondent Methodist.
Striking
As had Moy’s above-described referral by New Horizons,
Firstat’s referral of Moeller drew a reprimand of the temporary staffing agency
by Nurse Manager Henderson. Firstat
Staffing Coordinator Johnson testified that
The other alleged discriminatee from Firstat is striking
That had been, “I believe it was the 20th of June,” Stoner testified. However, she further testified, when she arrived in “the emergency department one of the other nurses who happened to be from Fairview Southdale,” whose union sympathies were not explored during the hearing, eventually told Stoner and “also another nurse, Rebecca Davidson . . . that we could not do any nursing until certain people decided whether or not it was acceptable for us to be there.” “After about an hour,” according to Stoner, “we were allowed to work the shift,” but, “I was never called back for work.” No evidence was presented that would show that Stoner had engaged in any impropriety during that shift. Obviously, she was capable of performing the RN-work for Respondent Methodist.
The final two alleged discriminatees, in connection with Respondent
Methodist, are striking
Grote had applied for employment with Nursefinders in anticipation of the strike. She was hired by it for temporary referral. But, when the strike began, and she called Nursefinders to report “I had lots of hours available,” Grote testified that Bloomington Staffing Manager Sarah Nietfeld said that Grote would not be able to go to Respondent Methodist “because I was a striking nurse.”
Without prolonging this decision further, the temporary employment situation at Respondent Methodist can be summed up by simply saying that it employed numerous RNs, referred for temporary employment during June, as review of General Counsel’s Exhibit 5 discloses.
H. Unlawful Conduct Attributed to Respondent HealthEast
Respondent HealthEast, it should be remembered, operates
three hospitals—St. John’s Hospital, St. Joseph’s Hospital, and Bethesda
Rehabilitation Hospital—which are encompassed by its collective-bargaining relationship
with the Union for RNs. During June, all
three of those hospitals temporarily employed RNs referred by temporary
staffing agencies, as shown by the invoices compiled in General Counsel’s
Exhibit 6. But, it is alleged, three
striking Fairview RNs—Allison Pennington Haddon, Stephanie Schaan, and Charlenea
Bryant-Wolf—were not among them, because those three RNs had been on strike
during June. They sought temporary
employment through VitaStaff. It is
further alleged that, through Firstat, Respondent HealthEast unlawfully refused
to consider for temporary employment, and unlawfully refused to temporarily
employ, striking
As described in subsection E,1, above, on June 7, after
she had finished the application process at Firstat, Stoner had spoken to
Day-Shift Staffing Coordinator Johnson.
She told him that she was “currently on strike” at
Allison Pennington Haddon testified that, “after the 8th,
9th, and 10th” of June, she had contacted owner McClintock of VitaStaff and he
said “that there would be possibilities [for referral] at . . .
McClintock called her later that same evening and offered
Pennington a night shift at
Striking Fairview intensive care unit RN Stephanie Schaan testified that, on Monday, June 18, McClintock “called to confirm my availability that evening” for a shift at St. John’s Hospital and, later on that same day, told her “that he was going to contact St. John’s and he would call me back when he . . . got their answer.” Approximately 10 minutes later, she continued, he again called “and said the first thing they asked him is if I was a striking nurse.” According to Schaan, McClintock told her that he had answered in the affirmative, adding that she “was willing to work ICU and telemetry,” but was told “they would have to check on it and get back to him.” Once more, testified Schaan, she was called by McClintock, “between 9 and 9:30,” and he “said that he was told that they would not take me for the night shift.” She further testified that the reason given to her by McClintock had been that, “I was on strike. That they wouldn’t accept striking nurses.”
Charlenea Cissy Bryant-Wolf’s situation was discussed to
an extent in subsection F, above, in connection with Respondent North
Memorial. She had been scheduled to work
there by McClintock, but had been canceled, as “not needed,” before she could
report there for work. In a later
conversation, McClintock complained about not being able to place RNs who
“continued to tell people that [they] were on strike,” and appealed for her to
“fill out a new application,” omitting any reference to her employment at
During that later conversation, testified Bryant-Wolf, McClintock said that “he could place [her] at . . . Health East but . . . I had to keep my mouth shut about being a striking nurse,” inasmuch as “he had had a call from Health East that morning because [another Fairview] nurse had divulged that she was a striking nurse and that [Respondent HealthEast] would no longer accept her.” Bryant-Wolf declined to fill out an, in effect, falsified application. And she was never referred to Respondent HealthEast hospital during June.
The final striking Fairview RN, alleged to have been discriminated against by Respondent HealthEast, is heart center RN Cheryl Grote. She sought referral through Nursefinders. Its Branch Director Wendy Crow testified about a “last week in May” conversation between “my staffing manager” and Barb Whalen. Crow did not “know [Whalen’s] specific title but she is normally the one that we negotiate the [temporary staffing] contracts with.” New Horizons Director-Branch Manager Heinz testified that Whalen’s “position is that of a contact if you will with the agencies that Health East works with throughout the metro” Twin Cities area. Obviously, insofar as referrals were concerned, Whalen spoke for Respondent HealthEast.
As to the substance of Whalen’s statements to Nursefinders’ staffing manager, Wendy Crow testified that Whalen had said “that she trusted that we would not be sending any striking nurses to any of the Health East facilities.” That instruction remained in force throughout the strike, testified Crow. Thus, it is not surprising that when Grote called Nursefinders about referrals, she was told by Bloomington Staffing Manager Sarah Nietfeld that, “I would not be able to go to St. Joe’s . . . because I was a striking nurse.”
To be sure, the “staffing manager,” to whom Wendy Crow referred, was never called as a witness to give firsthand testimony about what Whalen had said, though there was neither evidence nor representation that that staffing manager was not available as a witness. Still, Wendy Crow’s description of what Whalen had said is consistent with what Respondent had been telling the temporary staffing agencies during June about referrals of striking Fairview RNs, as described throughout this Section. Moreover, Crow’s account, of what the staffing manager had reported Whalen having said, is consistent with Heinz’ testimony about what she, personally, had been told by Whalen: that “it wouldn’t be appropriate to send people from other striking hospitals” to Respondent HealthEast.
ii. discussion
Among others, Section 7 of the Act guarantees employees the rights to assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choice, and to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining. By this stage in the law’s evolution, no one can argue with any persuasion that those general statutory rights do not encompass the more specific right of employees to engage in strikes as a means of supporting and advancing the collective-bargaining proposals and positions of their designated collective-bargaining representatives.
The right to strike is not solely one that Congress has conferred
in the interest of employees who choose to engage in strikes. It is a right which also promotes “the
practice and procedure of collective bargaining,” a statutory objective set
forth in Section 1 of the Act, as a means for eliminating obstructions to the
free flow of commerce. “Collective
bargaining, with the right to strike at its core, is the essence of the federal
scheme.” Motor Coach Employees v.
To be sure, like other rights guaranteed by Section 7 of
the Act, the right to strike is not without limitation. Most significantly in the context of the
instant case, “there is nothing in the statute which would imply that the right
to strike ‘carries with it’ the right exclusively to determine the timing and
duration of all work stoppages.” American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, supra, 380
Against the background of those underlying general principles,
there simply is no room under the Act for allowing statutory employers to
discriminate against employees for no reason other than that those employees
are on strike. Especially is that so
whenever striking employees are applying to be hired. Section 8(a)(3) of the Act prohibits
specifically “discrimination in regard to hire,” and “[d]iscrimination against
union labor in the hiring of” employees, when aimed at interfering with, impeding,
or diminishing the effectiveness of their strikes against other employers,
“undermines the principle which . . . is recognized as
basic to the attainment of industrial peace.”
Phelps Dodge Corp. v. NLRB,
313
Nevertheless, Respondents contend that the Act allowed them to refuse to hire the striking Fairview RNs, under the principles enunciated in American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, supra, and in Evening News Assn., supra. Whatever the merit of that contention under Section 8(a)(3) of the Act, as discussed below, the fact remains that the statements made to employees by some of Respondents and, for the most part, by representatives of temporary staffing agencies, as described throughout section I,E, through G, supra, independently violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
As to that, Respondents contend, as set forth in section I,A, supra, that “they were privileged to communicate any policy or practice to that effect [that the refusals to consider for hire and to hire arose from coordinated bargaining] to employees and applicants.” The problem with that argument is that there was no such communication to any employee of such a “policy or practice,” in any of the numerous statements described in Section I,E through H, supra. In essence, employees were told merely that striking RNs would not, and were not, being hired because they were on strike or because they were strikers. But, in not one of those conversations was anything said to any of those employees about coordinated bargaining or, specifically, the relationship between not considering for temporary hire, or temporarily hiring, striking RNs and the coordinated bargaining objectives or plans of Respondents. The omission is significant.
As set forth above, the Act protects the right of employees to strike, both in the direct interest of statutory employees and, also, in the direct interest of furthering the collective-bargaining process. To tell an employee-applicant that she/he is being excluded from consideration for hire, and from being hired, for no reason other than that the employee is on strike or is a striker, is to say something that has a natural tendency to interfere with, restrain, and coerce employee-applicants in the continued exercise of the statutory right to engage in a strike in support of her/his bargaining agent’s proposals and positions during collective bargaining. Lin R. Rogers Electrical Contractors, 328 NLRB 1165, 1166–1167 (1999); NLRB v. Lucy Ellen Candy, 517 F.2d 551, 552 (7th Cir. 1975).
After all, nothing in the Act withdraws its protection from striking employees simply because they seek employment elsewhere during their strike. To the contrary, Section 8(a)(3) of the Act prohibits specifically “discrimination in regard to hire,” and “any individual whose work has ceased as a consequence of, or in connection with, any current labor dispute” is included expressly in the definition of “employee” set forth in Section 2(3) of the Act. There is simply no room for an argument that strikers seeking employment during their strike are somehow regarded differently under the Act—are relegated to second-class status—than are other employees who happen not to be striking when they file employment applications with employers. It violates Section 8(a)(1) for an employer to tell an employee-applicant that she/he will not be considered for employment and will not be hired for no reason other than that she/he has engaged, or is engaging, in a strike elsewhere.
To be sure, assuming arguendo that Respondents’ refusal to hire striking Fairview RNs had been lawful, the outcome might be different had Respondents chosen to explain more fully why they would not hire, and consider for hire, striking Fairview RNs—had chosen to explain the coordinated bargaining situation to employee-applicants, instead of saying simply that they would not be hired because they were strikers or were on strike. Then, the refusals would have been placed for employees in the overall context in which Respondents contend justifies those refusals and the statements to employees about the refusals to consider for hire and to hire. That did not occur.
One might argue that so prolonged an explanation to employees has no precedent under the Act. That would be an incorrect argument. For example, it is unlawful for an employer to tell employees that scheduled wage or benefit increases are being withheld or, even, postponed for no reason other than a pending representation election or, more broadly, an organizing campaign that is in progress. See, e.g., Gossen Co. v. NLRB, 719 F.2d 1354, 1356-1357 (7th Cir. 1983); Plasticrafts, Inc. v. NLRB, 586 F.2d 185, 188–189 (10th Cir. 1978); Free-Flow Packaging Corp. v. NLRB, 566 F.2d 1124, 1129 (9th Cir. 1978). For, it has long been held, “the vice involved in . . . the unlawful refusal to increase situation is that the employer has changed the existing conditions of employment. It is this change which is prohibited and which forms the basis of the unfair labor practice charge.” NLRB v. Dothan Eagle, Inc., 434 F.2d 93, 98 (5th Cir. 1970).
A contrary result occurs, however, whenever the employer
accompanies its announcement to employees, that it is withholding scheduled
wage or benefit increases because of a scheduled representation election, with
the explanation that it is merely attempting to avoid the appearance of
improperly influencing the outcome of that election and, regardless of its outcome,
the scheduled increases will be implemented following the election. See, e.g.,
In like vein, it violates the Act to interrogate employees about their union activity. However, if that is done to verify a union’s claim of majority status or to prepare defenses for litigation, and so long as that purpose is explained to employees, they are told that they do not need to participate in an interview, and they are assured that reprisals will not be visited upon them for nonparticipation or for answers given, then the explanation nullifies the unlawfulness that might otherwise flow from the interrogation. See, e.g., Complas Industries, Inc., 255 NLRB 1416 (1981).
Similarly, accepting for purposes of 8(a)(1) analysis the legitimacy of Respondents’ motivation for the alleged violations of Section 8(a)(3) of the Act, there were no explanations to any employee of the relationship between strikers and coordinated bargaining goals and implementing actions by Respondents. Employees were told only that strikers would not be considered for temporary employment, nor hired for temporary employment, because they were strikers or were on strike. As discussed above, such statements, shorn of any further explanation, violate Section 8(a)(1) of the Act, because they naturally tend to interfere with, restrain, and coerce exercise by employees of the statutorily-protected right to engage in a strike in support of their bargaining agent’s collective-bargaining proposals and positions. It matters not under Section 8(a)(1) of the Act that there had been no actual intention to accomplish those purposes by statements made to employees. “The Board and the courts have long held that the test of unlawful interference, restraint, or coercion does not turn on the employer’s motive, or on actual effect.” Lee Lumber & Building Material, 306 NLRB 408, 409 (1992). However, Respondents advance still one additional defense in connection with the unlawful statements that striking employees would not be considered for temporary employment, and would not be temporarily employed, because they were strikers or were on strike.
Even cursory review of the events described in section I,E, through H, supra, show that, for the most part, those statements had been made by representatives of temporary staffing agencies, rather than by supervisors and agents of Respondents. In the Amended Answer, to the extent pertinent, Respondents deny “liability for any statements made by employees or agents of any temporary staffing agency, and further den[y] that any statements made by employees or agents of any temporary staffing agency can be used to support an inference relating to [Respondents’] hiring or staffing policies.” In other words, Respondents argue, the temporary staffing agencies were on their own, in connection with any statements their employees or agents made about not considering for hire, and about not hiring, striking Fairview RNs, insofar as positions at Respondents were involved. Yet, that is hardly a plausible defense in the circumstances presented here.
In the first place, there were instances where statutory agents and supervisors of one or another of Respondents actually made such remarks directly to employees. For example, as described in section I,E,3, supra, Respondent Mercy’s vice president, Wilde left voice mail messages for between one and three RNs, employees of Respondent Mercy and members of the Union’s committee, saying “that Respondent Mercy would not be using striking nurses that were working through temporary agencies.” Described in that same section is Float Pool Manager Strauman-Raymond’s statement to striking Fairview RN Wegner that “striking RNs working for temporary agencies would not be placed at Allina hospitals.” Chief Executive Officer Anderson notified Respondent North Memorial’s employees that, “It is not our intent to hire nurses who are on strike at other hospitals,” as described in section F, supra.
Secondly, Respondents each obtained temporary RNs through temporary staffing agencies. And with regard to particular staffing agencies named for each of them, Respondents admit, for the most part, that those named temporary staffing agencies are statutory agents of the particular Respondents to which those admissions extend. Of course, that admitted agency extends specifically to the agencies obtaining, screening and referring temporary employees, particularly RNs, to the Respondents with which that agency relationship admittedly exists. Now, “a statement by a party’s agent . . . concerning a matter within the scope of the agency . . . made during the existence of the relationship,” is “not hearsay” under Fed.R.Evid. Rule 801(d)(2)(D). Instead, it constitutes an admission by the party whose agent made that statement. Therefore, to the extent that Respondents admit the allegations that named temporary staffing agencies were one or another’s agents, statements by representatives of those agencies, concerning hiring of temporary RNs, are statements that are attributable to those Respondents.
Beyond that, thirdly, Respondents can hardly deny that, as part of their coordinated bargaining plan, they decided not to accept for employment, both directly and through temporary staffing agencies, any RNs from members of the coordinated group where a strike was in progress, as described in section I,D, supra. That decision was communicated to the temporary staffing agencies, as described throughout section I,E through H, supra. Those agencies served as gatekeepers for RN-referrals to Respondents, including Respondent United, as shown by General Counsel’s Exhibit 8. Therefore, viewing the matter from the perspective of RNs employed by temporary staffing agencies, those agencies spoke with apparent authority when making statements about qualifications and acceptability of types of RNs who could and could not be referred to Respondents with whom those agencies had referral contracts.
Indeed, all of the statements made by temporary staffing
agency personnel to RNs, immediately before and during the
In sum, temporary staffing agencies screened and referred RNs for temporary employment with Respondents. Respondents made the appropriate agencies, with which they did business, aware that striking RNs would not be considered or accepted for temporary employment. It had to be perfectly foreseeable to Respondents that such statements would be communicated by the agencies to striking RNs, whenever the latter were told that they could not be referred to one or another of Respondents.
In fact, it is difficult to accept that Respondents did
not want the agencies to communicate that message to striking Fairview
RNs. After all, Respondents wanted the
RNs to understand that they had only limited opportunity to support themselves
during a strike and would be best advised to return to the bargaining table and
reach agreement with
Turning, finally, to the alleged violations of Section 8(a)(3) of the Act, as set forth above that subsection of the Act forbids expressly “discrimination in regard to hire . . . to . . . discourage membership in any labor organization.” Denial of employment, and of consideration for employment, for no reason other than that employee-applicants are striking in support of their bargaining agent’s bargaining proposals and positions, tend naturally to deter those employees’ statutory right to strike in support of their bargaining agent’s contract proposals and positions. In turn, that discourages those employees’ support for their bargaining agent. As a result, such denial of employment, and of consideration for employment, inherently undermine the policies and purposes of the Act, as described at the beginning of this section.
Even so, pointing especially to the decisions in American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, supra, and Evening News Assn., supra, Respondents argue that the Act allowed them to discriminate in hiring against the striking Fairview RNs, because Respondents sought to accomplish no more than to preserve objectives laid down as part of the coordinated bargaining plan, described in section I,D, supra, and to aid Fairview in resisting demands that, if agreed upon, might exceed the coordinated bargaining goals.
A careful reading of those two cases, as well as of others
following them, reveals some language that, taken in isolation, seems to
support Respondents’ argument. “Thus, we
cannot see that the employer’s use of a lockout solely in support of a
legitimate bargaining position is in any way inconsistent with the right to
bargain collectively or with the right to strike,” American Ship Building, 390 U.S. at 310, given that “there is
nothing in the Act which gives employees the right to insist on their contract
demands, free from the sort of economic disadvantage which frequently attends
bargaining disputes” (id. at 313), and the further fact that “there is nothing
in the statute which would imply that the right to strike ‘carries with it’ the
right exclusively to determine the timing and duration of all work stoppages.”
(
Both the Supreme Court in American Ship Building and the Board in Evening News were quite explicit in pointing out that those
decisions were limited. “What we are
here concerned with is the use of a temporary layoff of employees solely as a
means to bring economic pressure to bear in support of the employer’s bargaining
position, after an impasse has been reached.
This is the only issue before us and all that we decide.” American
Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, supra,
380
First and foremost is the fact that the instant case does
not present a lockout situation. None of
Respondents locked out the permanent and temporary, part-time or casual RNs
whom they directly employed. Instead,
they selectively excluded certain employee-applicants of another, separate
employer—striking Fairview RNs—from temporary employment, and from
consideration for temporary employment, so long as their strike continued,
during a month when each of Respondents was accepting referrals of other
employee-applicants for temporary employment.
Yet, in American Ship Building,
the Court quite plainly equated an employer’s lockout with its layoff of its
own employees: “Whether an employer commits an unfair labor practice
. . . when he temporarily lays off or ‘locks out’ his employees
during a labor dispute to bring economic pressure in support of his bargaining
position.” (380
No one could plausibly argue that the Act allows employers
to selectively lay off and lock out only employees who advocate a strike in
support of bargaining proposals made, and positions taken, by their bargaining
agent during negotiations with their employer.
Such selectivity, based on activity protected by Section 7 of the Act,
would clearly interfere with . . . impede [and] diminish . . . the
right to strike,” contrary to Section 13 of the Act. In turn, such a selective layoff and lockout
would frustrate, if not destroy, “the process of collective bargaining,” American Ship Building, 380 U.S. at 309,
by allowing employers to selectively layoff and lockout employees on the basis
of their sympathies for supporting their collective-bargaining agent during
bargaining. In fact, the Supreme Court
specifically exempted from its holding in American
Ship Building situations where “the employer locked out only union members,
or locked out any employee simply because he was a union member.” (
Here, Respondents pursued the same sort of selectivity,
only through their hiring processes.
Throughout the
Secondly, layoff-lockout was not the only equation drawn
by the Court and the Board in those cases, and ones that follow them. “The correlative use of the terms ‘strike’
and ‘lockout’ in” certain sections of the Act was pointed out in American Ship Building, 380
RNs employed by Respondent Unity, of course, were not
represented. At no point had it been
confronted with the least possibility that its RNs might go on strike. It had no bargaining relationship with the
Third, as of June 3 there was no bargaining impasse,
surely at Respondent Unity, but also at the other six Respondents. Yet, as quoted above, the Supreme Court
specifically spoke of allowing lockouts in bargaining situations “[a]fter an
impasse has been reached.” (
Finally, for the most part, as of June 3 none of Respondent
can be said to have possessed any “real, direct, and immediate bargaining,” Evening News Assn., supra, 166 NLRB at 222, interest in
the
The simple fact is that, during June, Respondents were engaging
in a form of secondary activity. They
chose to involve themselves in a labor dispute between the Union and
Whatever may be said about the other Respondents, they
point to the me-too agreement between the
In the final analysis, Respondent North Memorial purchased
labor peace for itself—exemption from being subjected to a strike—by making a
deal that led to a final agreement. That
allowed it to continue operating free from any type of work stoppage.
The deal was partially based upon a contingency: salary outcomes at
other hospitals then engaged in negotiations.
Respondent North Memorial did not have to agree to such a provision. Having done so, it ceased to be a player and
relegated itself to the sidelines as a spectator. Having done that, it was no longer allowed
under the Act to continue being a participant, as a secondary in a labor
dispute in which it was not involved.
Any direct and immediate interest it had in that dispute was no more
than the consequence of an agreement which it had voluntarily made, as part of
a collective-bargaining contract that Respondent North Memorial had
negotiated. As a consequence, its role became
passive, rather than active.
In sum, the direct
holdings of American Ship Building Co.
and Evening News, and their progeny,
do not apply to the situation presented here.
That leaves for consideration the issue of whether they should be
extended to a situation presenting coordinated bargaining until all members of
the coordinated group have reached final agreement. Had Respondents locked out their RNs in
support of
In contrast, there is
specific language in Section 8(a)(3) that prohibits employers from
discriminating against employees through refusals to hire. Moreover, as discussed at the beginning of this
section, striking is an integral component of the Federal scheme of collective
bargaining. Thus, to allow Respondents
to discriminate against the striking Fairview RNs, by refusing to temporarily
employ them and to consider them for temporary employment, would be contrary to
an express statutory prohibition and, in the process, would place a heavy
burden on the statutory right to strike—interfering with, impeding and
diminishing the role of that statutory right in the overall statutory scheme of
collective bargaining.
In addition, to license
the challenged hiring actions of Respondents under the Act would be to allow
employers to make private arrangements, among themselves, without consent by
the affected employees and their bargaining agents. After all, multiemployer bargaining requires
consent by the bargaining agent to bargaining on such a basis. “The test to be applied in assessing the
status of . . . a multiemployer unit . . . is
whether the members of the group have indicated from the outset an unequivocal
intention to be bound in collective bargaining by group rather than individual
action, and whether the union . . . has been notified of the
formation of the group . . . and has assented and entered upon
negotiations with the group representative.” (Footnote omitted.) Weyerhaeuser
Co., 166 NLRB 299 (1967). While such
consent is not necessarily required for coordinated bargaining, it should not
escape notice that not only did the Twin Cities hospitals not bargain through a
group representative, but each hospital or hospital-system engaged in
individual bargaining and was free to reach whatever agreement it wished, even
one which ignored the group goals of the coordinated group.
More importantly, once
each reached agreement with the
Still, Respondents have
one more string to their bow of defenses.
In
No question that animus
must be shown to establish a violation of Section 8(a)(3) of the Act: “to set
forth a violation under Section 8(a)(3), the General Counsel is required to
show by a preponderance of the evidence that animus against protected conduct
was a motivating factor in the employer’s conduct.” Naomi
Knitting Plant, 328 NLRB 1279, 1281 (1999).
And no question that, historically, there has been a tendency to confine
the definition of animus to hostility or maliciousness. Indeed, it usually is the situation that
respondents found to violate Section 8(a)(3) of the Act did harbor hostility or
maliciousness toward statutorily protected activities and employees who engaged
in it. However, the fact is that
so-confined a definition no longer comports with the Supreme Court’s
more-recent definition of animus.
“We do not think that
the ‘animus’ requirement can be met only by maliciously motivated, as opposed
to assertedly benign (though objectively invidious) discrimination.” Bray v.
Alexandria Women’s Health Clinic, 506
Here, Respondents had
an overall objective which is allowable under the Act and can only be relegated
to the category of benign: they sought to coordinate their bargaining so that
common goals could be achieved to the extent possible, through individual bargaining. Nothing in the Act prohibits
parties—employers or unions bargaining simultaneously for employees of more
than one employer in an industry—from using that approach to bargaining. Rather than attempting to accomplish that
through such allowable action as lockout, however, Respondents agreed to single
out strikers and refuse to hire, and to consider them for hire, so long as they
remained on strike against one or more of the coordinated group. Had there been a whipsaw strike or had none
of Respondents reached agreement with the Union, refusals to hire and to
consider for hire might have been allowable, although it is important to keep
in mind the narrowness of the Supreme Court’s and Board’s holding, as quoted
above. Those are situations that need
not be resolved, for the situation here is entirely different.
Respondent Unity had no
bargaining relationship. All other
Respondents had reached agreement with the
In the context
presented by the instant case, there is no statutorily countenanced
collective-bargaining policy that would justify disregarding that express
statutory prohibition. Inherently, Respondent’s
actions frustrated, and had the potential to destroy, “the process of
collective bargaining.” American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, supra, 380
That conclusion is not
without exception concerning some of the alleged discriminatees. As set forth in section I,E,1, supra, Nursefinders had no contract
to refer temporary RNs to Respondent Abbott Northwestern. So far as the evidence shows, Nursefinders
did not intend to refer anyone to Respondent Abbott Northwestern without such a
contract. Christine Navratil and Diane
Fischer contacted only Nursefinders for employment at Respondent Abbott
Northwestern. Thus, there is no basis
for concluding that Respondent Abbott Northwestern refused to consider for
temporary employment, or to temporarily employ, either Navratil or
Fischer. In addition, Fischer sought
temporary employment as a psychiatric nurse.
But, Respondents United, Mercy and Unity did not operate psychiatric
units. So, there is no basis for
concluding that any one of them refused temporary employment to Fischer for the
position in which she was seeking to be temporarily employed during the
Conclusions of Law
1. Allina Health System
d/b/a Abbott Northwestern Hospital has committed unfair labor practices
affecting commerce by refusing to consider for temporary employment and by
refusing to temporarily employ, during June 2001, Leslie Stoner, Gwen D.
Friedlund, Allison Pennington Haddon, and Lorrie L. LaForge because each of
them was on strike against another employer, in violation of Section 8(a)(3)
and (1) of the Act, and by telling employees that strikers would not be
considered for temporary employment, and would not be temporarily employed,
because they were participating in a strike against another employer, in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
However, it has not been shown to have violated the Act by
discriminating against Christine Navratil or Diane Fischer.
2. Allina Health System
d/b/a Mercy Hospital has committed unfair labor practices affecting commerce by
refusing to consider for temporary employment and by refusing to temporarily employ,
during June 2001, Gwen D. Friedlund and Rebecca Wegner because each of them was
on strike against another employer, in violation of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of
the Act, and by telling employees that strikers would not be considered for
temporary employment, and would not be temporarily employed, because they were
participating in a strike against another employer, in violation of Section
8(a)(1) of the Act. However, it has not
been shown to have violated the Act by discriminating against Diane Fischer.
3. North Memorial
Healthcare d/b/a North Memorial Medial Center has committed unfair labor
practices affecting commerce by refusing to consider for temporary employment
and by refusing to temporarily employ, during June 2001, Marie Madsen, Kathy
Smedstad, Laura Schuerman, Leslie Stoner, Ed Moeller, Christine Navratil, Diane
Fischer, Allison Pennington Haddon, and Charlenea Bryant-Wolf because each of
them was on strike against another employer, in violation of Section 8(a)(3)
and (1) of the Act, and by telling employees that strikers would not be
considered for temporary employment, and would not be temporarily employed,
because they were participating in a strike against another employer, in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
However, it has not been shown to have violated the Act by
discriminating against Teresa Weidenbacher.
4. Methodist Hospital,
Park Nicollett Health Services has committed unfair labor practices affecting
commerce by refusing to consider for temporary employment and by refusing to
temporarily employ, during June 2001, William Weber, Teresa Weidenbacher, Kathy
Holm, Laura Schuerman, Jill Moy, Mary Hanger, Ed Moeller, Leslie Stoner, Cheryl
Grote, and Allison Pennington Haddon because each of them was on strike against
another employer, in violation of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act, and by
telling employees that strikers would not be considered for temporary employment,
and would not be temporarily employed, because they were participating in a
strike against another employer, in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
5. HealthEast d/b/a
HealthEast Care System has committed unfair labor practices affecting commerce
by refusing to consider for temporary employment and by refusing to temporarily
employ, during June 2001, Leslie Stoner, Allison Pennington Haddon, Stephanie
Schaan, and Charlenea Bryant-Wolf because each of them was on strike against
another employer in violation of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act, and by
telling employees that strikers would not be considered for temporary
employment, and would not be temporarily employed, because they were participating
in a strike against another employer, in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the
Act.
6. Allina Health System
d/b/a Unity Hospital has committed unfair labor practices affecting commerce by
refusing to consider for temporary employment and by refusing to temporarily employ,
during June 2001, Gwen D. Friedlund because she was on strike against another employer,
in violation of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act, and by telling employees
that strikers would not be considered for temporary employment, and would not
be temporarily employed, because they were participating in a strike against
another employer, in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. However, it has not been shown to have
violated the Act by discriminating against Diane Fischer, Vicki Drake, or Marie
Madsen.
7. Allina Health System
d/b/a United Hospital has committed unfair labor practices affecting commerce
by refusing to consider for temporary employment and by refusing to temporarily
employ, during June 2001, Christine Navratil and Gwen D. Friedlund because each
of them was on strike against another employer, in violation of Section 8(a)(3)
and (1) of the Act, and by telling employees that strikers would not be
considered for temporary employment, and would not be temporarily employed,
because they were participating in a strike against another employer, in
violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
However, it has not been shown to have violated the Act by
discriminating against Diane Fischer.
Remedy
Having concluded that each of Respondents has engaged in unfair labor practices, I shall recommend that each one be ordered to cease and desist therefrom and, further be ordered to take certain affirmative action to effectuate the policies of the Act. With respect to the latter, each of Respondents shall be ordered to make whole the employees named for it in the Conclusions of Law above for any loss of earnings and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimination against her or him, with backpay to be computed on a quarterly basis, making deductions for interim earnings, F. W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950), and with interest to be paid on amounts owing, as computed in New Horizons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987). Each of Respondents also shall, within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from its files any reference to the unlawful refusals to consider for temporary employment and the unlawful refusals to temporarily employ each of the employees named for it in the Conclusions of Law above and, within 3 days thereafter, notify that employee or those employees in writing that this has been done and that those refusals will not be used against her/him in any way. Finally, because almost all of the unlawful discrimination involved temporary staffing agencies, each of Respondents shall sign and return to the Regional Director for Region 18 sufficient copies of the notice, which each of Respondents is posting, for posting by the temporary staffing agencies, they being willing, involved in its refusal to consider for temporary employment and to temporarily employ striking RNs, as described with specificity in the Order.
[Recommended Order
omitted from publication, except appendices A and D.]
APPENDIX A
Notice
To Employees
Posted
by Order of the
National
Labor Relations Board
An Agency of the
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we
violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey this notice.
FEDERAL
LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to
bargain with us on your behalf
Act together with other
employees for your benefit and protection
Choose not to engage in any
of these protected activities.
We will not tell you that we will not consider employees for temporary employment, and will not hire employees temporarily, because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
We will not refused to consider for temporary employment, refuse to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminate against Leslie Stoner, Gwen D. Friedlund, Allison Pennington Haddon, Lorrie L. LaForge, or any other employee, because of participation in a strike in support of bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other union.
We will not in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of your rights protected by the National Labor Relations Act.
We will make Leslie Stoner, Gwen D. Friedlund, Allison Pennington Haddon, and Lorrie L. LaForge whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits resulting from our unlawful refusals to consider them for temporary employment and from our unlawful refusals to hire them for temporary employment during June 2001, less any net interim earnings, plus interest.
We will remove from our files any reference to the unlawful refusals to consider for temporary employment and to the unlawful refusals to hire for temporary employment Leslie Stoner, Gwen D. Friedlund, Allison Pennington Haddon, and Lorrie L. LaForge, and we will, within 3 days thereafter, notify each of them in writing that this has been done, and that those unlawful refusals, to consider any of them for temporary employment and to hire any of them for temporary employment, will not be used against any of them in any way.
Allina Health System d/b/a Abbott Northwestern
Hospital
APPENDIX D
Notice
To Employees
Posted
by Order of the
National
Labor Relations Board
An Agency of the
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we
violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey this notice.
FEDERAL
LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO
Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to
bargain with us on your behalf
Act together with other
employees for your benefit and protection
Choose not to engage in any
of these protected activities.
We will not tell you that we will not consider employees for temporary employment, and will not hire employees temporarily, because they are strikers or are on strike against another employer.
We will not refuse to consider for temporary employment, refuse to hire for temporary employment, or otherwise discriminate against William Weber, Teresa Weidenbacher, Kathy Holm, Laura Schuerman, Jill Moy, Mary Hanger, Ed Moeller, Leslie Stoner, Cheryl Grote, Allison Pennington Haddon, or any other employee, because of participation in a strike in support of bargaining proposals and positions of Minnesota Nurses Association, or any other union.
We will not in any like or related manner interfere with, restrain or coerce you in the exercise of your rights protected by the National Labor Relations Act.
We will make William Weber, Teresa Weidenbacher, Kathy Holm, Laura Schuerman, Jill Moy, Mary Hanger, Ed Moeller, Leslie Stoner, Cheryl Grote, and Allison Pennington Haddon whole for any loss of earnings and other benefits resulting from our unlawful refusals to consider them for temporary employment and our unlawful refusals to hire them for temporary employment during June 2001, less any net interim earnings, plus interest.
We will remove from our files any reference to the unlawful refusals to consider for temporary employment and to the unlawful refusals to hire for temporary employment William Weber, Teresa Weidenbacher, Kathy Holm, Laura Schuerman, Jill Moy, Mary Hanger, Ed Moeller, Leslie Stoner, Cheryl Grote, and Allison Pennington Haddon, and we will within 3 days thereafter notify each of them in writing that this has been done, and that those unlawful refusals, to consider any of them for temporary employment and to hire any of them for temporary employment, will not be used against any of them in any way.
[1] The Respondents have requested oral argument. The request is denied as the record, exceptions, and briefs adequately present the issues and the positions of the parties.
[2] We shall modify the judge’s recommended Order in accordance with Ferguson Electric, 335 NLRB 142 (2001), and to conform to the violations found. We shall also substitute Apps. B, C, E, F, and G to conform to our Order.
[3] Unity, along with Abbott Northwestern, Mercy, and United, are Allina hospitals.
[4] There is no allegation that this common strategy was unlawful.
[5] If a striking nurse worked at a given hospital on a regular basis during the past 3 months, the nurse could continue to work for the hospital on that basis.
[6]
Respondent Unity did not have a relationship with the
[7]
Cf. Longshoremen ILA (Lykes Bros. Steamship Co.), 181 NLRB 590 (1971),
enfd. 443 F.2d 218 (1971), where the Board found several union respondents
violated Sec. 8(b)(3), after they reached agreement for multiemployer bargaining
units of longshoremen, by continuing to strike and refusing to sign the new
contract until the employers reached agreement on a contract for a separate
unit of clerks and checkers. The refusal
to hire by the Respondent hospitals in this case represents a comparable effort
to extend their bargaining power and influence beyond the bounds of the
established bargaining units.
8 Contrary to our dissenting colleague’s suggestion,
the Respondents would not have been “helping” the
[9]
See David Friedland Painting Co., supra.
We disagree with our colleague that the cited case is not controlling
because it was decided before the Board’s decision in Harter Equipment,
where the Board held that the employer lawfully locked out and temporarily replaced
its employees in support of the employer’s position in a bargaining dispute
with the union representative of those employees. The Board applied principles articulated by
the Supreme Court in American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300
(1965); NLRB v. Brown, 380 U.S. 278 (1965); and NLRB v. Erie Resistor
Corp., 373 U.S. 221 (1963). Each of
those cases involved Board consideration of an asserted legitimate employer
interest in defense of an action that had a discriminatory impact on the exercise
of protected concerted activity. See
also NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449 (
[10] Our dissenting colleague asserts that under Harter Equipment, 280 NLRB 597, 600 fn. 9 (1986), affd. sub nom. Operating Engineers Local 825 v. NLRB, 829 F.2d 458 (3d Cir. 1987), the Respondents must only establish that their justification was nonfrivolous. However, Harter Equipment only applied its nonfrivolous standard to the “substantial” aspect of the Great Dane test. Thus, an asserted justification may be substantial but still not cognizable as “legitimate.” Here, as discussed above, the Respondents’ justification contravenes statutory policy by threatening disruption of labor relations stability and the collective-bargaining process and, thereby, is not legitimate.
[11] American
Ship Building v. NLRB, 380
[12] Daily
News of Los Angeles v. NLRB, 73 F.3d 406, 414 (D.C. Cir. 1996), quoting
from NLRB v. Katz, 369
[13] Cf. Standard Oil Co., 137 NLRB 690 (1962), enfd. 322 F.2d 40 (6th Cir. 1963), where the Board held that respondent unions in coordinated bargaining with Standard Oil violated Sec. 8(b)(3) by refusing to sign negotiated agreements at plants in Cleveland and Lima, Ohio, until the employer and one of the unions reached final agreement at a Toledo plant. The Board found that the unions had imported an extraneous issue (the Toledo bargaining) into the previously concluded bargaining situations at the Cleveland and Lima plants, much like the Respondent hospitals in this case have done by making the Fairview negotiations an issue after concluding their own negotiations with the Union. We note that the Sixth Circuit, in agreeing with the Board in Standard Oil, rejected the unions’ reliance on Insurance Agents with the following observation: “In that case it was claimed that the union sponsored concerted on-the-job activities by its members of a harassing nature to interfere with the employer’s business for the purpose of putting economic pressure on the employer to accede to the union’s demands. The court held that economic pressure of this nature was not inconsistent with good-faith bargaining between the employer and the union. These harassing activities were going on during bargaining between the employer and the union. They involved the parties to the negotiations and not parties negotiating on a separate contract.” 322 F.2d at 45 (emphasis added).
Our dissenting colleague argues that the Respondents’
agreement not to hire strikers was lawful at its inception and, therefore, its
implementation must be lawful. The
lawfulness of the agreement at its inception, when all members of the
coordinated bargaining group were beginning negotiations and faced the possibility
of selective strike actions by the Union, is not at issue here. We address only the legality of the Respondents’
refusal to hire after they completed their own separate negotiations and
entered into contracts containing no-strike provisions with the
[14] Because of the facts of this case, and the arguments made by the General Counsel and the Respondent, we need not address here whether an employer, in a situation like the Respondents’ could articulate an interest which, although aligned with the interest of the struck employer, was not inextricably intertwined with the terms and conditions to be agreed to in collective bargaining by the struck employer. Here, the Respondents’ avowed reason for its discriminatory conduct was so inextricably intertwined.
[15] We also find merit in the General Counsel’s exception to the judge’s apparently inadvertent failure to find unlawful Respondent HealthEast’s refusal to consider or hire Cheryl Grote.
[16] Bryant-Wolf’s testimony that she was not really interested in working during the strike also requires that we reverse the judge and dismiss the allegation that Respondent HealthEast unlawfully refused to hire Bryant-Wolf.
[17]
If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a
[18] See fn. 17, infra.
[19] See fn. 17, infra.
[20] See fn. 17, infra.
[21] See fn. 17, infra.
[22] See fn. 17, infra.
[23] See fn. 17, infra.
1 American
Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, 380
2 The Supreme Court and the Board have always been vigilant in safeguarding the right to strike. See, e.g., Phelps Dodge Corp. v. NLRB, 313 U.S. 177 (1941) (employer unlawfully refused to consider for hire former strikers); Handy Andy, Inc., 313 NLRB 616 (1993), enfd. in pertinent part, sub nom. Southwest Merchandising Corp. v. NLRB, 53 F.3d 1334 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (same); Grand Rapids Press of Booth Newspapers, 327 NLRB 393 (1998), enfd. mem. 215 F.3d 1327 (6th Cir. 2000) (employer unlawfully refused to employ substitute pressmen because they were on strike against another employer); Grand Rapids Press, 325 NLRB 915 (1998), enfd. mem. 208 F.3d 214 (6th Cir. 2000) (same).
1 NLRB v.
Denver Building & Construction Trades Council, 341
2 The dissent states that I would “forbid an employer from protecting its own interest simply because that interest is related to the events in another employer’s unit.” (Emphasis added.) Putting aside whether I would forbid an employer to do that, the Respondent’s actions here are not simply “related to the events” in another employer’s unit. Rather, the Respondent—in refusing to consider or hire the striking nurses—admittedly intended to assist the struck employer in resisting the nurse’s bargaining demands. The fact that the Respondent thought it would benefit as a result does not validate its conduct.
1 The majority questions the relevance and legality of the arrangement after the dispute with others had been resolved. The relevance is that the legitimate and substantial interest that rendered the arrangement lawful at its inception remained unchanged throughout the relevant time period. It is true that, at the arrangement’s inception, each of the Respondents had an interest in securing the support of its coordinated bargaining partners in case it became a strike target. However, that was not the Respondents’ only interest at the arrangement’s inception. Because of the severe nursing shortage, from the outset, the Respondents were vulnerable to wage pressure from high wage settlement at any of the hospitals, regardless of the status of the Respondents’ own negotiations. Since such an interest was lawful at the outset and that interest continued, the majority does not adequately explain how the arrangement became unlawful.
2 The distinction between primary and secondary activity is based on Sec. 8(b)(4)(B), a provision obviously not involved herein. In any event, as shown, the Respondents here had a primary interest in retaining nurses.
1 Unless stated otherwise, all dates occurred during 2001.
2 Against Allina Health System d/b/a Abbott Northwestern Hospital (Respondent Abbott Northwestern) in Case 18–CA–16051–1; against Allina Health System d/b/a Mercy Hospital (Respondent Mercy) in Case 18–CA–16051–2; against North Memorial Healthcare d/b/a North Memorial Medical Center (Respondent North Memorial) in Case 18–CA–16051–9; against Methodist Hospital, corrected during hearing to Methodist Hospital, Park Nicollett Health Services, (Respondent Methodist) in Case 18–CA–16051–10; against HealthEast d/b/a HealthEast Care System (Respondent HealthEast) in Case 18–CA–16051–11; against Allina Health System d/b/a Unity Hospital (Respondent Unity) in Case 18–CA–16051–12; and, against Allina Health System d/b/a United Hospital (Respondent United) in Case 18–CA–16051–13. Collectively they are referred to as Respondents.
3 The joint motion to amend transcript and the joint motion to further amend transcript are granted.
4 In his prehearing affidavit, Moeller had stated that the above-quoted conversation had pertained to Respondent Abbott Northwestern. He testified credibly, however, that he had confused the two hospitals and that the above-quoted conversation had actually pertained to Respondent North Memorial.