MOUNT RAINIER
The Forest Communities of Mount Rainier National Park
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LITERATURE CITED

BLASING, T. J., and H. C. FRITTS, 1976. Reconstructing past climatic anomalies in the North Pacific and western North America from tree ring data. Quaternary Res. 10:563-579.

BROCKMAN, C. F. 1931, Forest and timber types of Mount Rainier National Park, M.F. Thesis. Univ. Washington, Seattle. 54 pp.

BROCKMAN, C. F. 1933, The forests of Mt. Rainier. Nat. Hist. 33:523-532.

BROCKMAN, C. F. 1947. Flora of Mount Rainier National Park. U.S. Dept. Inter., Washington, D.C. 170 pp.

BROCKMAN, C. F. 1949. Trees of Mount Rainier National Park. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle, 49 pp.

BROCKWAY, D. G., C. TOPIK, M. A. HEMSTROM, and W. H. EMMINGHAM, 1983, Plant association and management guide for the Pacific Silver Fir Zone Gifford Pinchot National Forest. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pac. Northwest Reg., Portland, Oregon. 122 p.

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COOLEY, W. W., and P. R. LOHNES. 1971, Multivariate data analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 364 pp.

CRANDELL. D. R. 1969. Surficial geology of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, U.S. Dept. Inter., Geological Survey Bull. 1288. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 41 pp.

CRANDELL, D. R. 1971. Postglacial lahars from Mount Rainier volcano, Washington. U.S. Dept. Inter., Geological Survey Prof. Pap. 677. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 75 pp.

CRANDELL. D. R, and R D MILLER, 1974. Quaternary stratigraphy and the extent of glaciation in the Mount Rainier National Park region, Washington. U.S. Dept. Inter., Geological Survey Prof. Pap. 847. U.S. Govt. Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 59 pp.

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DYRNESS, C. T., J. F. FRANKLIN, and W. H. MOIR. 1974. A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central portion of the western Cascades of Oregon. Conif. For. Biome Bull. 4. Univ. Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle. 123 pp.

EDWARDS, O. M. 1980. The alpine vegetation of Mount Rainier National Park: structure, development and constraints. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Washington, Seattle. 280 pp.

FISKE, R. S., C. HOPSON, and A. C. WATERS. 1963. Geology of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. U.S. Dept. Inter., Geological Survey Prof. Pap. 444. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 93 pp.

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FRANKLIN, J. F. 1966. Vegetation and soils in the subalpine forests of the southern Washington Cascade Range. Ph.D. Dissertation. Washington State Univ., Pullman. 132 pp.

FRANKLIN, J. F., and N. A. BISHOP. 1969. Notes on the natural history of Mount Rainier National Park. Mount Rainier Natural History Association, Longmire, Washington. 24 pp.

FRANKLIN, J. F., K. CROMACK, JR., W. DENISON, A. MCKEE, C. MASER, J. SEDELL, F. SWANSON, and G. JUDAY. 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-118. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon. 48 pp.

FRANKLIN, J. F., and C. T. DYRNESS, 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon. 417 pp.

FRANKLIN, J. F., C. T. DYRNESS, and W. H. MOIR. 1970. A reconnaissance method for forest site classification. Shinrin Richi 12(1):1-14.

FRANKLIN, J. F., and M. A. HEMSTROM, 1981. Aspects of succession in the coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Pages 219-229 in D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, eds., Succession—concepts and applications. Springer-Verlag, New York.

FRANKLIN, J. F., and R. G. MITCHELL. 1967. Successional status of subalpine fir in the Cascade Range. Res. Pap. PNW-46, U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon. 16 pp.

GAUCH, H. G., JR. 1982. Multivariate analysis in community ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 298 pp.

GREENE, S., and M. KLOPSCH. 1985. Soil and air temperatures for different habitats in Mount Rainier National Park. Res. Pap. PNW-342, U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon. 50 pp.

HAMANN, M. J. 1972. Vegetation of alpine and subalpine meadows of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. M.S. Thesis. Washington State Univ., Pullman. 120 pp.

HARMON, M. E., J. F. FRANKLIN, F. J. SWANSON, P. SOLLINS. S. V. GREGORY, J. D. LATTIN, N. H. ANDERSON, S. P. CLINE, N. G. AUMEN, J. R. SEDELL, G. W. LIENKAEMPER, K. CROMACK, JR., AND K. W. CUMMINS. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Pages 133-302 in A. MacFadyen and E. D. Ford, eds., Advances in ecological research. Academic Press, New York. Vol. 15.

HEMSTROM, M. A. 1979. A recent disturbance history of forest ecosystems at Mount Rainier National Park. Dissertation. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 66 pp.

HEMSTROM, M. A. 1982. Fire in the forest of Mount Rainier National Park. Pages 121-125 in E. E. Starkey, J. F. Franklin, and Jean W. Matthews. eds. Ecological research in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State Univ., For. Res. Lab, Corvallis.

HEMSTROM, M. A., W. H. EMMINGHAM, N. M. HALVERSON, S. E. LOGAN, and C. TOPIK, 1982. Plant association and management guide for the Pacific Silver Fir Zone, Mt. Hood and Willamette National Forest. R-6-Ecol 100-1982a. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pac. Northwest Reg., Portland, Oregon. 104 pp.

HEMSTROM, M. A., and J. F. FRANKLIN, 1982, Fire and other disturbances of the forests in Mount Rainier National Park. Quaternary Res. 18:32-51.

HENDERSON, J. A. 1973. Composition, distribution and succession of subalpine meadows in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 150 pp.

HENDERSON, J. A. 1978. Plant succession on the Alnus rubra/Rubus spectabilis habitat type in western Oregon. Northwest Sci. 52:156-167.

HENDERSON, J. A., and D. PETER. 1981. Preliminary plant associations and habitat types of the White River Ranger District. Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pac. Northwest Reg., Portland, Oregon. 60 pp.

HENDERSON, J. A., and D. PETER. 1985. Preliminary plant associations and habitat types of the Mt. Baker Ranger District. Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pac. Northwest Reg., Portland. Oregon. 60 pp.

HIGINBOTHAM, N., and B. W. HIGINBOTHAM. 1954, Quantitative relationships of terrestrial mosses with some coniferous forests at Mount Rainier National Park. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 11:149-168.

HOBSON, F. D. 1976. Classification system for the soils of Mount Rainier National Park. M.S. Thesis. Washington State Univ., Pullman. 79 pp.

KEEN. F. P. 1937. Climatic cycles in eastern Oregon as indicated by tree rings. Monthly Weather Review 65:175-188.

KELSEY, C. T., F. G. GOFF, and D. FIELDS. 1977. Theory and analysis of vegetation pattern. Publ. 922, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 167 pp.

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LAYSER, E. F., and G. H. SCHUBERT, 1979. Preliminary classification for the coniferous forest and woodland series of Arizona and New Mexico, Res. Pap. RM-208, U.S. Dept. Agric., For, Serv., Rocky Mountain For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado, 27 pp.

LONG, J. N. 1976. Forest vegetation dynamics within the Abies amabilis zone of a western Cascades watershed, Dissertation, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 175 pp.

LUCKMAN, B. H. 1978, .eomorphic work of snow avalanches in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, Arctic and Alpine Res. 10:261-276.

MOIR, W. H. 1986. The forests of Mount Rainier: a natural history. Pacific Northwest National Parks and Forests Association, Seattle, Washington. Unpublished manuscript.

MOIR, W. H., F. D. HOBSON, M. HEMSTROM, and J. F. FRANKLIN. 1979. Forest ecosystems of Mount Rainier National Park. Pages 201-207 in Proceedings, 1st conference on scientific research in the National Parks. U.S. Dept. Inter., National Park Serv., Washington, D.C.

MULLINEAUX, D. R. 1974. Pumice and other pyroclastic deposits in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. U.S. Dept. Inter., Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 83 pp.

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PLUMMER, F. G. 1900. Mount Rainier Forest Reserve, Washington. Pages 81-143 in 21st annual report, 1899-1900: Part 5. Forest reserves. U.S. Dept. Inter., Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

RICHARDSON, D. 1968, Glacial outburst floods in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Dept. Inter., Geological Survey Prof. Pap. 387-B. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20 pp.

SHIMWELL, D. W. 1972, The description and classification of vegetation. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle, 322 pp.

SIGAFOOS, R. S., and E. L. HENDRICKS, 1972. Recent activity of glaciers of Mount Rainier. U.S. Dept. Inter., Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20pp.

SINGER, M., and F. C. UGOLINI, 1984. Genetic history of two well-drained subalpine soils formed on complex parent materials. Can. J. For. Sci. 54:475-489.

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SWANSTON, D. N., and F. J. SWANSON. 1976. Timber harvesting, mass erosion and steepland forest geomorphology in the Pacific Northwest. Pages 199-221 in D. R. Coates, ed., Geomorphology and engineering. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

THORNBURGH, D. A. 1969, Dynamics of the true fir-hemlock forests of the west slope of the Washington Cascade Range. Dissertation. Univ. Washington, Seattle. 210 pp.

TOPIK, C., N. M. HALVORSON, and D. G. BROCKWAY. 1985. Interim plant association and management guide Western Hemlock Zone, Gifford Pinchot National Forest. U.S. Dept. Agric., For, Serv., Pac. Northwest Reg., Portland, Oregon. 80 pp.

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ZOBEL, D. B., A. MCKEE, G. M. HAWK, and C. T. DYRNESS. 1976. Relationships of environment to composition, structure, and diversity of forest communities of the central western Cascades of Oregon. Ecol. Monogr. 46(2): 135-156.



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Last Updated: 06-Mar-2007