%images;]>LCRBMRP-T1506The third annual report of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour of the United States : with an appendix.: a machine-readable transcription.Collection: African-American Pamphlets from the Daniel A. P. Murray Collection, 1820-1920; American Memory, Library of Congress.Selected and converted.American Memory, Library of Congress.

Washington, 1994.

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91-898201Daniel Murray Pamphlet Collection, 1860-1920, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress.Copyright status not determined.
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THETHIRD ANNUAL REPORTOF THEAMERICAN SOCIETYFOR COLONIZING THEFREE PEOPLE OF COLOUROF THEUNITED STATES.WITH AN APPENDIX.

WASHINGTON:PRINTED BY DAVIS AND FORCE, PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.1820.

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THIRD REPORT.

The third annual meeting of the American Society, for colonizing the free people of colour of the United States, was held at Dr. Lauries' Church in this City, on Saturday Jan. 8th, 1820.

The meeting was opened by the following address from the Hon. Bushrod Washington, President of the Society:--

I meet you, gentlemen, at this third anniversary of the Colonization Society, penetrated with gratitude to a gracious Providence for the success with which he has been pleased, thus far, to crown our efforts, to realize the humane views of its founders.

If much yet remains to be done, we may nevertheless look back with satisfaction upon the work which has been accomplished; and may, I trust, without presumption, indulge the hope that the time is not far distant when by means of those for whose happiness we are abouring, Africa will participate in the inestimable blessings which result from civilization; a knowledge of the arts; and, above all, of the pure doctrines of the christian religion.

It was not to be expected that any decisive measures could be taken for giving effect to the great designs, which were contemplated, until such necessary information had been obtained, as would enable the Society to mature its plans with wisdom, and to execute them with effect.

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It was to be discovered whether a suitable district, for the establishment of the proposed colony, could be obtained in that country to which all eyes are directed. The sentiments and wishes of those who were the objects of our solicitude were to be ascertained; the public mind was to be enlightened; and the co-operation of our fellow citizens secured, by satisfying them, that the plan of the Society was both wise and practicable;--and the power, the aid, and the patronage of the National Government was to be sought for and obtained.

The report made to the last meeting of this Society, by the surviving Agent, who had been commissioned to visit Africa for the purpose first mentioned, must have satisfied every impartial mind, that a territory upon the west coast, sufficient in extent, and unexceptionable as to the fertility of its soil, the healthiness of its climate, and the abundance of its present products to supply the first wants of the colonizists, may be obtained upon the most reasonable terms.

The Report of the Board of Managers made to the same meeting, confirmed, as it now is, by particular and extensive inquiries since prosecuted by the respectable Agents employed for that purpose, and by information received from other authentic sources, afford the most satisfactory assurances, that men of improved minds, and estimable for their moral and religious principles, may be selected from the free people of colour in the United States, who are not only willing but 00045anxious to become the founders of the proposed colony. The difficulty will not be to obtain emigrants, but to make, from amongst the applicants, a judicious choice of persons worthy of becoming the first settlers, and the best fitted to conciliate the friendship of the natives, and to make the necessary preparations for the reception of their future fellow citizens.

The solemn declarations of the Legislatures of four respectable states of the Union, that it would be expedient for the general Government to procure a territory on the coast of Africa for the establishment of such a colony--the numerous Auxiliary Societies already planted throughout the different States--the warm expressions of approbation of the plan and of the views of the Society, addressed to it by the heads of the Churches of different denominations; as well as the sentiments of many of the best of our fellow citizens which have at different times been communicated, indicate a common feeling, favourable to the scheme, and honourable to the views of the Society, and afford a pleasing earnest of the willing co-operation of our fellow citizens whenever the same may become necessary.

To the judicious measures which have been adopted and pursued by the Board of Managers, and to the zealous exertions of some respectable members of the Society, is to be attributed, under Providence, much of the success which has hitherto attended us. These gentlemen have justly entitled themselves to the thanks of the Society, 00056and to the gratitude of those for whose happiness they have generally devoted their talents, and no inconsiderable portion of their time.

All that now remains to be accomplished is to obtain the countenance and the aid of the National Government, in such a manner, and to such extent, as Congress in its wisdom may think expedient. Independent of the unanswerable reasons urged by the Committee of the House of Representatives in their report of the 18th of April, 1818, in favour of colonization, it may well be questioned, whether the humane policy of the government to suppress the slave trade, and particularly, whether the act of the 3d of March, 1819, authorizing the President to send beyond the limits of the United States, all captured negroes, and to appoint agents, residing on the coast of Africa, to receive them, can be executed in the spirit of the Legislature, without establishing a settlement on some part of the African coast, to which captives may be sent, and where they may be received, supported and instructed in the arts of civilized life. To land them on the coast, and to leave them exposed to a repetition of those outrages which had originally destined them to a life of slavery, would seem to accomplish very imperfectly, if at all, the humane and enlarged views of the government.

I submit it therefore, to the consideration of the Society, whether it may not be proper to appoint a Committee to bring this subject to the view of the present Congress, and to advocate the claims, which the unfortunate class of men in whose cause we are engaged, have upon the justice, 00067the humanity, and the magnanimity of the National Government.

The present moment is auspicious to our hopes. Public expectation is directed towards it. The sentiments of our fellow citizens throughout the United States, favour our views-and the prayers of the pious are offered to the throne of the Most High, for a blessing upon our endeavours. Let us then press forward to the great object for which we are associated; and if the exalted work of benevolence in which we are engaged, should unexpectedly fail in its accomplishment; let us exonerate ourselves from the imputation of a defect of zeal in our exertions to procure it.

The annual report of the Board of Managers was read.

The following resolutions were the submitted and adopted.

On motion by Mr. Francis S. Key:

Resolved, That a Committee be appointed to prepare and present to the Congress of the United States, a memorial requesting that they will take such further steps, as to their wisdom may seen proper,to ensure the entire abolition of the African slave trade.

The following gentlemen were appointed the committee:Gen. John Mason,Dr. James Laurie,Francis S. Key,E. B. Cadwell.Walter Jones, jr.

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On motion by the Hon. Hugh Nelson, of Virginia:

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be presented to the President and Board of Managers for the zeal, intelligence, and ability which they have evinced in the management of the concerns of the Society the past year and that the President and Board of Managers be requested to furnish a copy of the address and report for publication.

On motion by Hon. Mr. Cuthbert, of Georgia:

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be presented to the Rev Clergy throughout the United States, for their active benevolence in advancing the views of the Society, and to those religious bodies and associations who have expressed their approbation of the plans and objects of the Society.

On motion by Dr. William Thornton:

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be presented to the Auxiliary Societies for their aid and support.

On motion by Mr. Caldwell:

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be presented to the Rev. William Meade for the prudence, zeal, and intelligence with which he has attended to the duties of Agent of the Board Of Managers.

On motion of the Hon. Hugh Nelson:

Resolved, That Mr. Walter Jones be requested to reduce to writing the very able address made by him to the Society, on this occasion, and furnish a copy of the same for publication.

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The Society then proceeded to the choice of Officers for the ensuing year, when the following persons were duly elected.The Hon. Bushrod, Washington, President.Vice-Presidents.Hon. Wm H Crawford, of Georgia,Hon. Henry Clay, of Kentucky.Hon. Wm. Philips of Massachusetts.Col. Henry Rutgers, of New York.Hon. John E Howard, of Maryland.Hon. John C Herbert, of Maryland.Issac M-Kim. Esq of Maryland.John Taylor, of Caroline, Esq of Virginia.General John Hartwell Cocke, of Virginia.Gen. Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.Robert Ralston, Esq. of Philadelphia.Right Rev. Bishop White, of Philadelphia.Gen. John Mason, District of ColumbiaSamuel Bayard, Esq. of New-Jersey.William H. Fitzhugh. Esq of Virginia.Managers.Francis S. Key, Esq.Rev. Wm. Henry,Walter Jones, Esq.Rev. Henry Foxall,Rev Dr. James LaurieJacob Hoffman, Esq.Rev. Dr. S.B. Balch,Wm. Thornton, Esq.Rev. Obadiah B. Brown,Thomas Dougherty, Esq.Rev. Wm. Wilmer,Col. Henry Ashton.Elias B. Caldwell. Esq Secretary.John Underwood. Esq Recording Secretary.Richard Smith Esq. Treasurer.000910The following Report was then read:--

The efforts of the President and Board of Managers, since their last annual report, have been directed to the multiplication of Auxiliary Societies; the enlargement of their common fund; the diffusion of correct information, throughout the United States, in relation to the views of the Society; and to such preparatory steps, as are required, to plant without further delay, a colony on the coast of Africa.

Precluded, by their domestic and professional avocations, from yielding their exclusive attention to these indispensable and multifarious objects, the members of the Board, on whom its active duties had hitherto devolved, early determined to confide a part of them to the zeal of a competent agent. In the absence of any gentleman, who could be induced to enter permanently on such a trust, the Rev. William Meade of Virginia, was prevailed upon, to lend his personal services, to the society: and an interesting occasion soon after called for the exercise of all his activity.

On the 13th day of April last, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Society * communicated to the Managers, an advertisement from a newspaper printed at Milledgeville, the capital of Georgia, which announced that there would be offered for 001011public sale, in that city, on the 3d day of May, next ensuing, thirty-four natives of Africa, who had been captured and brought into a port of that state, under the act of Congress of the 2d of March, 1807, and were to be sold under the act of Congress of the 2d of March, 1807, and were to be sold under the act of Georgia of the 19th, of December 1817. (A.)

*The Hon. Wm. H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury.

As the 3d section of the last act recognised the existence and purpose of the American Colonization Society, and authorized their interposition for the relief of these unfortunate sufferers, Mr. Meade was instructed by the Managers, to repair to Milledgeville, with the utmost alacrity, in order to claim them of the governor of Georgia, and to provide for their restoration to the country from which they had been torn. He arrived in time, to arrest the sale, and to find, in the joy, which this unexpected relief carried to the bosoms of these injured people, an ample reward for the labour of his journey: a reward, in which the Managers, and the Society cannot but feelingly participate.

While, on this subject, the Managers congratulate the Society on the passage of the act of Congress of the 3d of March 1819, by which the authority is revoked, they trust, for ever, under which, the above sale was advertised; and a foundation laid for the future restoration of those unfortunate persons, whom the African Slave trade may cast on the American shore, to their native country, at the expense of the National Government. (B.)

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This act, by supplying the defects of pre-existing laws, and imposing new restraints upon a cruel and disgraceful traffick, shed a ray of light dear to humanity, on the expiring moments of the 15th Congress, and elevated the American character in the estimation of the world.

From a late message of the President of the United States, to Congress it will be seen, that a construction has been given to this act, which, while it comports with the obvious intention of its framers, is calculated to ensure its prompt and vigorous execution. (C.) The agents, who are about to repair to the coast of Africa, will not only provide for the safe return of the released captives; but, it is to be hoped, that they will carry with them, instructions to report to the proper authority of the United States, from time to time, the names of such American vessels with their officers and crews, as frequent the western coast of Africa, in order to prosecute this illicit trade. The facts contained in the Appendix to the second annual report, show their number to have been great; and the enhanced price of the victims of their cupidity, together with their own past impunity, furnish too much reason to fear, that this number has been, since, greatly augmented.(D.)

The Managers do not hesitate to pronounce on the utter impracticability of terminating this national dishonor, by any efforts confined to the territory and shores of the United States. The 001213latter are not only too extensive, but indented, by too many inlets for smuggling, to be successfully watched by a few revenue cutters. And humilitating as must be the confession, there are, in our own bosom, individuals, who are ever ready to afford an asylum to the vicious agents, and to withdraw from the protection of the laws, the abused subjects of this detestable commerce.

The appendix of the last annual report must have removed any possible doubt, which may have before existed, in relation to this mortifying topic of national reflection.

The Society must be gratified to learn from a late report of the Secretary of the navy, that, in pursuance of the act of the last Congress, a respectable squadron is preparing for the western coast of Africa, which will shortly unfurl, in the cause of humanity, a banner already illustrated by the triumphs of valour.

Although, no connexion subsists between the proceedings of the American Society, and these acts of the Executive Government, yet, in the very intimate bearing which their operation must necessarily have, upon the purposes of the Society, the Managers trust, that an apology will be found, for the place which they occupy in this report. No truth is more susceptible of demonstration, than that the African slave trade can be exterminated only where it originates; and, while it exists to its present extent, all hope 001314is vain, of the future melioration of the condition of that continent, or the prosperity of any colony which may be planted on its hitherto desolated shores.

The condition in which the interposition of the Managers has placed the thirty-four Africans, who were advertised for sale, in Georgia, will require the society, on the termination of the suit instituted for their recovery by certain Spanish claimants, to indemnify the State for the expenses hither incurred in their maintenance; and to provide for their removal to Africa.

In assuming a responsibility for both these charges, the Managers yielded to the urgent appeal, which the situation of those unfortunate captives made to their feelings, with an entire reliance on the support which they would derive from a corresponding sentiment throughout the Society. They, also, looked with equal confidence to the justice of the American Government, to replace such part of these expenses, as would have devolved on the United States, had the act of the 3d of March last been of earlier date.

That law is, of itself, a solemn recognition of the moral obligations which prompted its enaction; and the equity, as well as the magnanimity of Congress, forbids that the nation should draw from the scanty funds of a private society, the means of defraying the necessary cost of public justice.

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In addition to those native Africans, already claimed by the Managers, there are others in Georgia, amounting in number, to several hundred who have been brought into that state under like circumstances. Of these, about sixty have been actually sold, and are irrecoverably lost. The residue, to whom the pretended agents of certain Spanish houses have laid claim, have been delivered to citizens of Georgia, on stipulations requiring that the holders shall deliver them to the court before whom those claims are now depending.

As, from the posthumous message of the late governor of Georgia to the legislature of that state, there remains but little doubt, that, in all these cases, decrees will be pronounced against the claimants, provision should be made, in conformity with the laws of Georgia and of the United States, for their protection, after their enlargement, and their restitution to their native country. Some of them, it is feared, have been put out, under securities in competent to ensure their future delivery to the court; the rest will be hereafter consigned to hereditary slavery, unless the justice of Congress shall interpose for their relief, or the funds of the American Society shall be so enlarged, as to enable the Managers to claim them, under the provisions of the Georgia laws.

The President of the United States, to whom the situation of these unhappy people, has been 001516fully disclosed, will, it is hoped, represent their condition to Congress; and will doubtless obtain, if he does not already possess, the power to place them in the same situation, with those captives who may have been brought into the United States, since the third day of March, 1819.

From the state of Alabama, intelligence has been recently received, by the Managers, of like import, in many respects, with that, from Georgia; and calling, in like manner, for the interposition of the Federal Government.

From this ungrateful theme, the Managers turn with pleasure to a communication, during the last spring, from one of the Vice Presidents, General John H. Cocke of Virginia, to a member of the Society, which contains the intelligence, that General Kosciusko, bequeathed a fund, exceeding twenty thousand dollars, in the hands of Mr. Jefferson, (late President of the United States,) to be laid out in the purchase of young female slaves who are to be educated and emancipated. General Cocke has, at the request of Mr. Jefferson, undertaken the administration of this trust, in the hope, in which Mr. J. concurs, th at the difficulties opposed to the wishes of the testator, under the existing laws of Virginia, may be obviated, in accordance with the terms of his will, by incorporating the bequest with the funds of the American Society, under the sanction and control of a court of equity.

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The benefit resulting from the mission of Mr. Meade, to Georgia, was not restricted to the immediate object which prompted it. Both, in his journey to Milledgeville, and in his return to Washington, he assisted in organizing Auxiliary Societies in some of the principal cities and towns through which he passed; and where he was not equally successful, he obtained the promise of future co-operation.

The American Society, it will be seen, from the annexed list of those Auxiliary Institutions, now, comprehend among their members, some of the most distinguished citizens of those states, which have been most unjustly reproached with indifference to the degradation and misery of that class of American population, for the improvement and happiness of which, it is the leading purpose of the Society to provide.

The appeals which have been made to the public liberality in the past year, by individual members of the Society, in the states adjacent to this district, and the remote journeys of Mr. Meade, as far as Portland in Maine, and of Mr. Caldwell, the Secretary of the Society, to Philadelphia and New-York, yet further attest the rapid growth of a sentiment in the United States, in favour of colonizing Africa, in the mode proposed by the American Society, which no discouragement in the present necessities of the country has been able to repress; no misrepresentations, 001718however artfully invented, or boldly propagated have been capable of perverting; and, which the President and Board of Managers fervently hope, will, under the favour of Heaven, ultimately lead to the accomplishment of all that they desire.

From England, renewed assurances have been received, in the past year, of continued good will towards the Society; (E.) and among the recent donations contained in the appendix, will be seen one from his Excellency Mr. Hyde de Neuville, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, residing this city. Nor can it be doubted, but that every where abroad, the purposes of the American Society will be applauded and seconded, as soon, as they are publicly known. The success, therefore, cannot be questioned, of any effort which may be made by the Government of the United States, to obtain from the maritime powers of Europe, a recognition of the independence, and perpetual neutrality of the proposed colony. Its security from the licentious slave traders, who frequent the African coast, will be effectually guarded by its own strength, and the occasional presence of the American and British naval force cruising in its vicinity. The Colony will more than return this benefit to the United States, by affording an asylum to such of the released captive negroes, as cannot be forwarded to their former homes; and to the vessels of every nation 001819who may unfurl its flag in vindication of the rights of humanity on the African coast, by affording to them a harbour from tempests, and a place of refreshment.

The native tribes in the country, chosen for the seat of the contemplated colony, are impatient to receive it, within their bosom.* More mild, amiable, and docile; less warlike than the aborigines of America, that gentleness, forbearance, and moderation, which secured to the followers of William Penn, an uninterrupted peace of more than seventy years duration, with the latter, will not fail to unite the infant Colony, in habits of commercial and friendly intercourse with the former.

*See the journal of the missionaries, Mills and Burgess, in the second annual report.

It ought not to be expected; it does not accord with the course of an inscrutable providence, that a purpose of such enlarged benevolence as that which actuates the American Society, however prudently pursued, shall be accomplished without difficulty and labour.

The friends of humanity, in every age, have encountered opposition from those, even, whom they most intended to serve. The sneers of malignity, and the scoffs of insolence and pride assailed the immaculate Author of Christianity, at the awful and affecting moment in which he expiated, by a cruel and ignominious death, the sins of his enemies. Let not his remote and humble followers expect to find a path of duty without 001920an obstacle to be surmounted, or a single impediment to be removed. Even the temporal rewards of virtue are not attainable without patience and self-denial. Those hopes which are elevated to a higher prize, should be fortified against corresponding trials. To despair of ultimate success in a cause, which patriotism, benevolence and piety recommend, is to distrust the justice or the omnipotence of Heaven.

The Managers are led to these reflections, by some of the obstructions which they have met in the past year. They have been encountered where they were least to have been expected, and have been maintained with a pertinacity worthy of a better cause.

That the accomplishment of all that they hope, should be regarded as doubtful, or even impracticable, has excited neither indignation nor surprise. Of the success of any plan for the melioration of the condition of society, men will think as differently as they will feel, in relation to its purpose. And the charge of enthusiasm may be expected, and should be meekly borne, by all who promise to themselves, or to the world, any great and substantial good, out of the ordinary course of human experience. But those who intend will, deserve, at least, to have their motives candidly appreciated; and they have especially, a right to expect that their acts and declarations, if not charitably interpreted, will be truly reported.

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Not only have authorities, with respect to the climate, (1) health, (2) soil, (3) and population (4) of Africa, the seat of the contemplated colony, been cited against the spirit and earnest recommendations of the very authors, themselves, from whom they have been borrowed; (F.) but a single sentence from a speech of one of the members of the American Society, has been quoted, in order to fix the charge of selfishness upon the institution, against the whole tenor of the speech of the member himself, of the accompanying address of the President, and report of the Managers, and the direct and abvious tendency of every act of the Society. (G.)

The Managers assert no claim for themselves, or their constituents, to superior humanity. They neither ask, nor desire for the object of their institution, or the particular means, which may be devised for its attainment, exemption from public criticism. They exult, with the nation at large, in that spirit of free and rational inquiry, which constitutes the best security for the liberty and happiness of any people. In this spirit, they beg leave, before they close their report, to notice some of the objections which have been made to the colonization of Africa in the mode contemplated by the American Society.

It is believed, that a comprehensive answer to most, if not all of them, would be furnished by simply repeating what it is, that the Society propose to do.

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They propose, then, in the language of the Virginia resolution, to procure a suitable territory on the coast of Africa, for such of the free people of colour, as may choose to avail themselves of this asylum; and for such slaves, as their proprietors may please to emancipate; and they purpose, moreover, to furnish the means of transporting the emigrants to Africa; or to enlarge the means which they may, themselves, provide.

They do not, therefore, intend, and they have not the inclination, if they possessed the power, to constrain the departure of any freeman of colour, from America, or to coerce any proprietor to emancipate his slaves.

So far is this scheme from being impracticable, that one, resembling it in all respects, was accomplished by a private society in England, more than thirty years ago. In despite of every representation to the contrary, the colony of Sierra Leone boasts, at this moment, a greater degree of prosperity than distinguished any one of the British Colonies, now the United States of America, at the same period, after its first plantation. (H.) The population of Sierra Leone; its commerce and navigation; its churches, school and charitable institutions; its towns and hamlets; its edifices public and private, surpass those of any one of these states, at any time, within twenty-five years, from its first settlement. In a few months, most certainly, within the present year, the practicability of founding a similar colony 002223with much better and more abundant materials, will be tested by actual experiment. The free persons of colour of New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, Petersburgh, and Charleston, who are preparing to remove to Africa, will yield, in moral character, to no population of the same complection, which they may leave behind. Had the Society competent funds, there are similar materials already offered to the Managers for a much larger colony.

In this early success of the object of the Society, there is an unanswerable reply to the argument founded on the supposed unwillingness of the free people of colour to quit America.

Some of the authors of this objection have first persuaded them, not to emigrate, and then pronounced that they will not. Their prediction and their argument have both failed. And how could it be otherwise! Does not America, every day, present the spectacle of Europeans, who have for ever abandoned the natal soil of themselves, and their progenitors? Such are their numbers, that humanity has interposed to prevent their crowding, to fatal excess, the ships which transport them. And can it believed that the descendants of Africa will not return to the home of their fathers, when it shall have been prepared for their reception, and they are assured of its enjoyment in peace, freedom, and happiness? Do not the most intelligent of their friends recommend to them colonization, some where, as essential 002324to their moral and intellectual improvement; and, if any where, what country, so fit, as Africa? Is there, on the habitable globe, a soil more fertile, productious either richer, or more varied, a climate better adapted to the constitution the black man, than that which God hath given him? (L.) The fierce sun which scorches the complexion and withers the strength of the white man, preserves to the children of Africa the inheritance of their fathers. That such is the current of their own opinions, when their natural feelings have not been warped by misrepresentations of the climate, soil, and population of that devoted country, let the following facts attest.

Of the whole number of free blacks in Nova Scotia, amounting to very near twelve hundred, to whom the humane Clarkson addressed himself in 1792, but four or five individuals refused to embark with him for Sierra Leone. Almost all those in London yielded, about the same period, to this natural bias.

It is but a few years since Capt. Paul Cuffee carried thirty-eight from Boston to Sierra Leone, chiefly at his own expense; and in a letter, written after this voyage, he declares, that he could have obtained the consent, of the greater part of the free people of colour in that city and its vicinity, to remove to Africa. And let it not be forgotten, that, of those, whom he actually carried, there was notl one disposed to return with him, to America. 002425Nor should it cease to be remembered, that this generous and enlightened African, in the last moments, as through the last years of his useful and meritorious life, recommended colonization in Africa to his degraded countrymen here. (K.) To this authority, should be added many others, but especially that of Kizell, the guide and friend of the missionaries, Mills and Burgess, who like Capt. Cuffee, knew America, as well as, and Africa much better, than any of the opponents of the plan of colonization. (L.)

Some of the free blacks in America who have been consulted on this subject, have, it is true, not consented to the choice of country, made for them, by the Society; but in the various cities on the coast, they have agitated for many years some scheme of emigration. A few have removed to St. Domingo; and such was the desire of a number of those in the town of Providence in Rhode Island, some years since, to change their abode, that they subscribed a sum of money and deputed one of their own body, to visit the coast of Africa, in search of a territory suited to their purpose. Their wishes were defeated by the dishonesty of their agent.

The free people of colour on the banks of the Wabash, who have already encountered the hardships of settling and clearing a wilderness have repeatedly expressed a similar desire. (M.)

And if this disposition to exchange America, for Africa, exists in those states, wherein there 002526are very few, if any slaves, what should it be, where emancipation is often a curse, rather than a blessing? Where, the more reflecting among the people of colour, themselves, and the white inhabitants in their neighbourhood, however afflicted by the spectacle of hereditary slavery, acknowledge that they are every day, more and more convinced that it is impossible to advance the happiness of the slave, by emancipation? How unhappy is that condition, which midway, between emancipation? How unhappy is that condition, which midway, between servitude and freedom, knows neither the restraints of vice, nor the incentives of virtue! And can those who regard themselves, as the peculiar friends of the free people of colour, in America, wish them to remain in this degraded, this abject state? No! even they, begin to look our for a country, in which this unfortunate race may rise in the scale of existence to the level of the white man, and they think that they have found it in the late French colony of St. Domingo.

Very far, indeed, are the Managers of this Society from dissuading any of the free people of colour, to accept the asylum generously offered to them , by the emperor of Hayti. But independent of any reference whatever to the future conversion and civilization of Africa, is not the impediment of a foreign language, which the colonists must acquire, before they can understand their new laws; of a religion to which they 002627are strangers; or a government which savours, at least, of military despotism, sufficient to turn the scale in favour of Africa, to which, the colonists would, in time, impart their own manners, religion, laws, and language? However disposed to cherish good will and respect for all other nations, an American, whether bond or free, would probably prefer an American, to a French foundation, for his civil and political institutions.

The general sentiment, then, of the free people of colour, in the United States, will probably settle down in favour of Africa, as the seat of their contemplated colony. The American Society have made this choice for them, after much inquiry and reflection; it is not probable that any objection will hereafter be made to this selection, if the colony, about to be planted, shall thrive in its infancy. On this subject, however, expectations, too sanguine, should not be indulged; nor temporary delays and disappointments produce despair. The beginnings of all nations, not lost in fable, have been inconsiderable, and their first progress tardy, and laborious. The success of that, which the American Society hope to found, will be secured from misfortune and accident, as far, as human precaution can provide. Its prosperity will rest, at last, on that overruling providence which guides the destiny of man.

It has been urged, and this objection seems to comprise the very pith and marrow of all the arguments 002728against the colonization of Africa, on the principles of the American Society, that the colony will not be able to receive and subsist, nor the Society to transport thither, all the free people of colour of the United States.

The authors of this objection have not denied that a flourishing colony may be established on the African coast; and some of them have asserted that the present population of the United States have sprung from a comparatively very small number of emigrants. And if an empire, resembling in extent and prosperity, these United States, can be founded on the western coast of Africa, with means so inconsiderable, and, therefore, so attainable, who would have the inhumanity to refuse his co-operation in a work so glorious!

It must be perceived, therefore, that this objection applies to the earnest hopes, rather than to the express purpose of the American Society. But, as it is believed, that the objection, itself, is susceptible of complete refutation, it is proper to examine the basis on which it rests.

It will be readily conceded that no colony, nor any number of colonies can afford to receive, in any one year, a greater number of emigrants, than the annual surplus product of their soil, aided by importation, will sustain; and consequently, that, unless a number of free people of colour, exceeding in amount, the annual increase of that description of persons in America, can be annually provided for in Africa, the whole of that population cannot be there accommodated.

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The same principle and deduction apply with the same force to any plan of colonizing all the people of colour, bond and free. Their application shall be considered in both respects. For, although, it is believed, and is, indeed, too obvious to require proof, that the colonization of the free people of colour, alone, would not only tend to civilize Africa; to abolish the slave-trade; and greatly to advance their own happiness; but to promote that, also, of the other classes of society, the proprietors and their slaves, yet the hope of the gradual and utter abolition of slavery, in a manner consistent with the rights, interests, and happiness of society, ought never to be abandoned.

The calculations upon this subject, have proceeded on an estimate of the annual increase of the free people of colour of the United States, at five thousand souls; and of the slaves, at little more than thirty-five thousand; making a total of forty thousand.

Now, so far as this estimate relates to the free people of colour, it must afford an ample refutation of the conclusion deduced from it, to refer to the fact, that there has been scarcely a state admitted into the American Union, the population of which has not been annually augmented for several years prior to its admission, and has not subsequently continued to be augmented, annually, by a greater emigration than of five thousand persons.

The state of Ohio, which boasts, at present, a 002930militia more numerous than that of the ancient and populous state of Massachusetts, and probably contains, therefore, a population, little, if at all short of six hundred thousand souls, comprehended, in the year 1790, along with the whole north and south western territories of the United States, less than 37,000; ten years afterwards, when its census was blended with that of Michigan and Illinois, little more than 45,000; and by the enumeration of 1810,230,760. Allowing the territories of Illinois and Michigan, which contained in 1810, 17000, to have doubled their population, in ten years next preceding, Ohio possessed in 1800, 36, 500 souls; and supposing that number to have been doubted, by their natural increase alone, in the last twenty-years, and the population of that state to be now 600,000, as computed above; she has, then, been indebted, in twenty years, to emigration and its natural increase, for 527,000 of her present numbers; so that the annual augmentation of the population of Ohio for that period, exclusive of the natural increase of her original stock in 1800, has not fallen short of twenty-six thousand; all of whom have been sustained by the annual surplus produce of the labour of that state, assisted but little, if at all, by importations from the neighbouring states and territories, and reduced considerably, of late years, by exportation.*

*It is certain, also, that for the last three-years, Ohio has furnished many emigrants to Indiana IIlinios, Michigan, and Missouri.

003031Two such colonies, therefore, planted on a soil and beneath a climate resembling that of Ohio, would provide not only for the natural augmentation of their first stock, after it had reached twenty-three thousand souls, but for an annual addition of 53,000 to their number; thus exceeding in the aggregate more than twelve thousand persons, the total annual increase of the coloured population of the United States.

But on the soil and under the sun of Africa, which bring to maturity two crops of corn or rice in the same year, where no winter devours the autumnal harvest, but genial warmth and perpetual verdure gladden the whole year, the same labour would yield a double product, and more than a triple surplus.

It is, too, for the first year only, that this surplus would be required by the new mouths. The new hands would, in every succeeding season, not only provide for themselves, but swell the annual surplus destined for other colonists, or for exportation.

And if, for the first year, there were no surplus, the mere food for five, or for forty thousand people would be--what? Less than the surplus produce of a neighbouring county of Maryland, or Virginia.

Bread, it is true, although sufficient for human sustenance, does not comprise, in itself, a supply of all human wants. For the rest, however, for clothes and shelter, no comparison can be made 003132between their necessary cost in a climate in which the thermometer ever ranges within twenty-five degrees below the greatest summer heat of America, and one wherein for many months of the year, it rarely rises so high above the freezing point, and for half that period it is generally sunk below it.

Tropical Africa is known, at present, chiefly from its western coast, depopulated and wasted by the slave-trade. The imperfect accounts of its interior promise to the civilization, which shall hereafter, explore it, a milder climate and increased fertility. (N.)

It remains to be determined whether the Colonization Society can provide for such a number, or they can provide for themselves the means of transportation.

And here, as on that branch of this inquiry which has been just disposed of, it should ever be borne in mind, as an antidote to every effort to impair the hopes of the philanthropist, that short of complete success, there is much substantial good to be attained.

He cannot stand acquitted at the bar of his own conscience, who pleads, as an excuse for total inaction, that he could have accomplished but a part of what he desired.

If the seeds of civilization shall be strewed along the coast of Africa, and protected from the blighting influence of the slave-trade; if the chief impediment to gradual emancipation in America shall 003233be removed; if where slavery may continue to exist, the fidelity of the slave and the affection of the master shall be both augmented; if the free people of colour shall be permitted to enter on the career of moral and intellectual improvement in the land of their fathers under the guarantee of political independence; if all, or any considerable part of these blessings can be attained, by opening the door of Africa to the return of her liberated children, it will be no reproach to the Colonization Society that they have not civilized an entire continent, or disenthralled a nation.

It is, indeed, most probable, that the American Society, unssaisted by the resources of the individual states, or of the Union, may be incapable of rendering such aid to the emigration of the people of colour, as would provide for colonizing their annual increase. But that the resources of the United States would prove incompetent to that purpose, is utterly denied, and can be most easily disproved. For what would be the expense of transporting 5,000 persons, the supposed annual increase of the free people of colour alone; or, 40,000, the estimated increase of both BOND and FREE? Computing the present population of the United States at ten millions, and allowing fifty dollars for the transportation of each colonist, there would be required for the latter, a pole tax of but two and a half cents, and for both, one of twenty-five cents on all the people of these States.

003334

The amount of duties collected on foreign distilled spirits, during each of the first six years of Mr. Jefferson's administration, would defray the sum total of this expense, and furnish half a million of dollars, annually, to extinguish the principal, the entire stock, of the heaviest calamity that oppresses this nation. A renewal of the internal taxes of 1815, would not only provide the means of exporting the annual increase of the whole coloured population of the United States, but leave an equal sum to purchase coloured population of the United States, but leave an equal sum to purchase that part of this number, to the exportation of which, the consent of the proprietor could not be obtained.

And were the same duties charged in the United States, as in Great Britain, on the consumption of this fatal poison of human happiness, their nett proceeds would, in less than a century, purchase and colonize in Africa, every person of colour within the United States.

This period is, indeed, remote; but eternity admits not of distribution into time--In the existence of nations a century is but a day.

The preceding calculations are founded on the improbable supposition, that no colonist would contribute any thing, whatever, to defray the expense of his own removal. Let those who indulge the most unfavourable anticipations of the expense of colonizing, in Africa, the free people of colour of the United States, beheld the condition and number of those emigrants who are daily poured upon the American continent from every part of 003435Europe; whom poverty and wretchedness drive from the home of their fathers; and whom no friendly counsel cheers, no friendly hand assists at their port of embarkation, in their uncomfortable voyage across the Atlantic, or their toilsome journey to a remote settlement in a strange land. Who heard before they embarked, every possible misrepresentation of the country which they sought to reach; and encountered, in the government which they were about to leave, every discouragement, which oppression can oppose to the love of freedom and the desire of happiness.-- And yet, whose lot in Europe was preferable to that of the slave, in America; and, in many respects, to that of the contemned, and therefore debased free negro. Count the number of those emigrants who entered the ports of North America in the past year only. Upwards of twelve thousand are said to have landed at the single port of Quebec, and the total number who have reached Canada, Nova Scotia and the United States, cannot fall far short, if at all, of forty thousand. Many of them, in order to pay their passage, entered into obligations of service to be performed after their arrival in America; and thus sold their freedom, for a few years, in order to perpetuate it to themselves and to their posterity.

They have come, it is true, in commercial ships, and some of them have paid less for their passage, than the cost, at which it is ascertained that any number of free people of color can 003536be carried to Africa, in ships fitted for passage only.* But will not the time arrive when Africa will have her commerce too? Has not the single port of Sierra Leone exported, in one year, since the abolition of the slave-trade by England, a greater value than all western Africa, a coast of several thousand miles, yielded, exclusive of its people, for a like period anterior to that event? When this abominable traffick shall have been utterly exterminated; when the African labourer can toil to secure from the treachery of his neighbour, and the violence of the man-stealer; that continent will freight, for legitimate trade, those ships which now carry thither chains, fetters, and scourges, to return home with the bones, the sinews, the blood and the tears of her children. Her gold, her ivory, her beautiful dies, her fragrant and precious gums, her healing plants and drugs, the varied produce of her now forsaken fields and lonely forests, will be brought by a joyous and grateful people, to the nations who, once their plunderers and persecutors, will have at length become their protectors, friends, and allies.

*Two or three guineas have been frequently accepted for a passage from Great Britain to America, where the emigrant has found his own stores.

New forms of government, modelled after those which constitute the pride and boast of America, will attest the extent of their obligations to their former masters; and myriads of freemen, while they course the margin of the Gambia, the Senegal, the 003637Congo, and the Niger, will sing, in the language which records the constitution, laws and history of America, hymns of praise to the common parent of man.

A revolution so beneficent, so extended, and so glorious, required to effect it, the concert and the resources of a nation. The people of America have the power to secure its success against the uncertainty of accident. They are summoned to the performance of this duty by the most urgent incentives of interest, the most awful appeals of justice, and the tenderest claims of humanity. Its final accomplishment will be a triumph over superstition, ignorance, and vice, worthy of a people destined, it may be fondly hoped, to surpass all other nations in the arts of civilized life.

The Colonization society is about to lay the corner stone of this edifice. Whether it shall rise to strength and grandeur, it is for the government and people of America, under the overruling providence of heaven, to decide.

0037

APPENDIX.(A.)An act in addition to an act to prohibit the introduction of slaves, passed March 2, 1807.Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the United States of America in congress assembled, That from and after the passing of this act it shall not be lawful to import or bring, in any manner whatsoever, into the United States, or territories thereof, from any foreign kingdom, place, or country, any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, with intent to hold, sell, or dispose of, any such negro, mulatto, or person of colour, as a slave, or to be held to service or labour; and any ship, vessel, or other water craft, employed in any importation as aforesaid, shall be liable to seizure, prosecution, and forfeiture, in any district in which it may be found; one half thereof to the United States, and the other half to the use of him or them who shall prosecute the same to effect.

Sect 2. And be it further enacted, That no citizen or citizens of the United States, or any other person or persons, shall, after the passing of this act, as aforesaid for himself, themselves, or any other person or persons whatsoever, either as master, factor, or owner, build, fir equip, load, or otherwise prepare, any ship or vessel, in any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States, nor cause any such ship or vessel to sail from any port or place whatsoever, within the jurisdiction of the same, for the purpose of procuring any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, from any foreign kingdom, place, or country, to be transported to any port or place whatsoever, to be held, sold, or otherwise disposed of, as slaves, or to be held to service or labour; and if any ship or vessel shall be so built, fitted out, 003839equipped, laden, or otherwise prepared, for the purpose aforesaid, every such ship or vessel, her tackle, apparel, furniture, and lading, shall be forfeited, one moiety to the use of the United States, and the other to the use of the person or persons who shall sue for said forfeiture, and prosecute the same to effect; and such ship or vessel shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned, in any court of the United States having competent jurisdiction.

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That ever person or persons so building, fitting out, equipping, loading, or otherwise preparing, or sending away, or causing any of the acts aforesaid to be done, with intent to employ such ship or vessel in such trade or business, after the passing of this act, contrary to the true intent and meaning thereof, or who shall in any wise be aiding or abetting therein, shall severally, on conviction thereof, by due course of law, forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding five thousand dollars, nor less than one thousand dollars, one moiety to the use of the United States, and the other to the use of the person or persons who shall sue for such forfeiture and prosecute the same to effect, and shall moreover be imprisoned for a term not exceeding seven years, nor less than three years.

Sect. 4. Be it further enacted, That if any citizen or citizens of the United States, or other person or persons resident within the jurisdiction of the same, shall, from and after the passing of this act, take on board, receive, or transport from any of the coasts or kingdoms of Africa, or from any other foreign Kingdom, place, or country, or from sea, any negro, mullatto, or person of colour, not being an inhabitant nor held to service by the laws of either of the states or territories of the United States, in any ship, vessel, boat, or other water craft, for the purpose of holding, selling, or otherwise disposing of such person as a slave, or to be held to service or labour, or be aiding or abetting therein, every such person or persons so offending shall, on conviction by due course of law, severally forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding five thousand nor less than one thousand dollars, one moiety to the use of the United States and the other to the use of the person or persons who shall sue for such forfeiture and prosecute the same to effect 003940and moreover, shall suffer imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years, nor less than three years; and every ship or vessel, boat or other water craft, on which such negro, mulatto, or person of colour shall have been taken on board, received, or transported, as aforesaid, her tackle, apparrel, and furniture, and the goods and effects which shall be found on board the same, or shall have been imported therein in the same voyage shall be forfeited, one moiety to the use of the United States, and the other to the use of the person or persons who shall sue for and prosecute the same to effect: and every such ship or vessel shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned, in any court of the United States having competent jurisdiction,

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That neither the importer or nor any person or persons claiming from or under him or them, shall hold any right, interest, or title whatsoever, in or to any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, nor the service or labour thereof, who may be imported or brought into the United States or the territories thereof, in violation of the provisions of this act, but the same shall remain to any regulations, not contravening said provisions, which the legislatures of the several states or territories may at any time heretofore have made, or hereafter may make, for disposing of any such negro, mulatto, or person of colour.

Sec. 6. And be further enacted, That if any person or persons whatsoever shall, from and after the passing of this act, bring within the jurisdiction of the United States, in any manner whatsoever, any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, from any foreign kingdom, place, or country, or from sea, or shall hold, sell, or otherwise dispose of, any such negro, mulatto, or person of colour, so brought in, as a slave, or to be held to service or labour, or be in any wise aiding or abetting therein, every person so offending shall, on conviction thereof by due course of law, forfeit and pay for every such offence, a sum not exceeding ten thousand nor less than one thousand dollars, one moiety to the use of the United States, and the other to the use of the person or persons who shall sue for such forfeiture, and prosecute the same to effect; and moreover, shall suffer 004041imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years nor less than three years.

Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That if any person or persons whatsoever shall hold purchase, sell or otherwise dispose of any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, for a slave, or to be held to service of labour, who shall have been imported or brought, in any way, from any foreign kingdom, place, or country, or from the dominions of any foreign state immediately adjoining to the United States, in any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States, from and after the passing of this act, every person so offending, and every person aiding or abetting therein, shall severally forfeit and pay, for every negro, mulatto, or person of colour, so held, purchased, sold, or disposed of, one thousand dollars, one moiety to bthe use of the United States, and the other to the use of the person or persons who may sue for such forfeiture, and prosecute the same to effect, and to stand committed until the said forfeiture be paid: Provided, That the aforesaid forfeiture shall not extend to the seller or purchaser of any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, who may be sold or disposed of in virtue of any regulations which have been heretofore, or shall hereafter be, lawfully made by any legislature of any state or territory in pursuance of this act and the constitution of the United States.

Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That in all prosecutions under this act, the defendant or defendants shall be holden to prove that the negro, mulatto, or person of colour, which he or they shall be charged with having brought into the United States, or with purchasing, holding, selling, or otherwise disposing of, and which, according to the evidence in such case, the said defendant or defendants shall have brought in aforesaid, or otherwise disposed of, was brought into the United States at least five years previous to the commencement of such prosecution, or was not brought in, holden, purchased, or otherwise disposed of, contrary to the provisions of this act; and in failure thereof, the said defendant or defendants shall be adjudged guilty of the offence of which he or they may stand accused.

Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That any prosecution, information, or action, may be sustained, for any 004142offence under this act, at any time within five years after such offence shall have been committed, any law to the contrary notwithstanding.

Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That the first six sections of the act to which this is in addition, shall be and the same are hereby; repealed: Provided, That all offences committed under the said sections of the act aforesaid, before the passing of this act, shall be prosecuted and punished, and any forfeitures which have been incurred under the same shall be recovered and distributed, as if this act had been passed.Approved, April 20, 1818.

An act of the Legislature of Georgia, for disposing of any such negro, mulatto, or person of colour, who has been, or may hereafter be imported, or brought into this state, in violation of an act of the United States, entitled, "an act to prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States, from and after tnhe first day of January, 1808."

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Georgia, in General Assembly met, and it is enacted by the authority of the same, That it shall be lawful for his excellency the governor, and he is hereby authorized, to appoint some fit and proper person, to proceed to all such ports and places within this state, as have, or may have, hereafter hold, any negroes, mulattoes, or persons of colour, as may have been, or hereafter may be seized or commended under the above recited act of Congress, and who may be subject to the control of this state; and the person so appointed shall have full power and authority to ask, demand, and recover and receive all such negroes, mulattoes, or persons of colour, and to convey the same to Milledgeville, and place them under the immediate control of the executive of this state.

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That his excellency the governor is hereby empowered to cause the said negroes, mulattoes, or persons of colour, to be sold, after giving sixty days notice in a public gazette, in such manner as he may think best calculated for the interest of this state.

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Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That if, previous to any sale of any such persons of colour, the Society for Colonization of free persons of colour within the United States, will undertake to transport them to Africa, or any other foreign place, which they may procure as a colony for free persons of colour, at the sole expense of said Society, and shall likewise pay to his excellency the governor, all expenses incurred by the State, since they have been captured and condemned, his excellency the governor is authorized and requested to aid in promoting the benevolent views of said Society, in such manner as he may deem expedient.

Assented to, 18th December, 1817.(B.)An act in addition to the acts prohibiting the slave trade, Passed March 3d, 1819.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized, whenever he shall deem it expedient, to cause any of the armed vessels of the United States to be employed to cruise on any of the coasts of the United States or territories thereof, or of the coasts of Africa, or elsewhere, where he may judge attempts may be made to carry on the slave trade by citizens or residents of the United States, in contravention of the acts of Congress prohibiting the same; and to instruct and direct the commanders of all armed vessels of the United States to seize, take, and bring into any port of the United States, all ships or vessels of the United States wheresoever found, which may have taken on board, or which may be intended for the purpose of taking on board, or transporting, or may have transported any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, in violation of any of the provisions of the act entitled "An act in addition to an act to prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of 004344the United States from and after the first day of January, in the year of Lord one thousand eight hundred and eight, and to repeal certain parts of the same," or of any other act or acts prohibiting the traffick in slaves, to be proceeded against according to law. And the proceeds of all ships and vessels, their tackle, apparel, and furniture, and the goods and effects on board of them which shall be so seized, prosecuted, and condemned, shall be divided equally between the United States and the officers and men who shall seize, take, or bring the same into port for condemnation, whether such seizure be made by an armed vessel of the United States or revenue cutter thereof. And the same shall be distributed in like manner as is provided by the law for the distribution of prizes taken from an enemy. Provided, That the officers and men to be entitled to one half of the proceeds aforesaid shall safe keep every negro, mulatto, or person of colour, found on board any ship or vessel so seized, taken, or brought into port for condemnation, and shall deliver every such negro, mulatto, or person of colour, to the marshal of the district in which they are brought, if into a port of the United States, or, if elsewhere, to such person or persons as shall be lawfully appointed by the President of the United States in the manner hereinafter directed, transmitting to the President of the United States, as soon as may be after such delivery, a descriptive list of such negroes, mulattoes, or persons of colour, that he may give directions for the disposal of them. And provided further That the commanders of such commissioned vessels do cause to be apprehended and taken into custody, every person found on board of such vessel so seized and taken, being of the officers or crew thereof, and him or them convey, as soon as conveniently may be, to the civil authority of the United States, to be proceeded against in due course of law in some of the districts thereof.

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized to make such regulations and arrangements as he may deem expedient for the safekeeping, support, and removal beyond the limits of the United States, of all such negroes, mulattoes, or persons of colour, as may be so delivered 004445and brought within their jurisdiction; and to appoint a proper person or persons, residing upon the coast of Africa, as agent or agents for receiving the negroes, mulattoes, or persons of colour delivered from on board vessels seized in the prosecution of the slave trade by commanders of the United States' armed vessels.

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That a bounty of twenty-five dollars be paid to the officers and crews of the commissioned vessels of the United States, or revenue cutters, for each and every negro, mulatto, or person of colour, who shall have been as herein before provided, delivered to the marshal or agent duly appointed to received them. And the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and required to pay, or cause to be paid, to such officers and crews or their agent, the aforesaid bounty, for each person delivered as aforesaid.

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That when any citizen or other person shall lodge information with the attorney for the district of any state or territory, as the case may be, that any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, has been imported therein, contrary to the provisions of the acts in such case made and provided, it shall be the duty of the said attorney forthwith to commence a prosecution by information, and process shall issue against the person charged with holding such negro, negroes, mulatto, mulattoes, person or persons of colour, so alleged to be imported contrary to the provisions of the acts aforesaid. And if, upon the return of the process executed, it shall be ascertained, by the verdict of a jury, that such negro, negroes, mulatto, mulattoes, person or persons of colour, have been brought in contrary to the true intent and meaning of the acts in such cases made and provided, then the court shall direct the marshal of the said district to take the said negroes and mulattoes or persons of colour into his custody for safekeeping, subject to the orders of the President of the United States; and the informer or informers who shall have lodged the information, shall be entitled to receive, over and above the portion of the penalties accruing to him or them by the provisions of the acts in such case made and provided, a bounty of fifty dollars for each and every negro, mulatto, or person of colour, who shall have been delivered into the custody of the marshal: and the Secretary 004546of the Treasury is hereby authorized and required to pay, or cause to be paid, the aforesaid bounty, upon the certificate of the clerk of the court for the district where the prosecution may have been had, with the seal of office thereto annexed, stating the number of negroes, mulattoes, or persons of colour so delivered.

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That it shall be a duty of the commander of any armed vessel of the United States, whenever he shall make any capture under the provisions of this act, to bring the vessel and her cargo for adjudication into some of the ports of the state or territory to which such vessel so captured shall belong, if he can ascertain the same, if not, then to be sent into any convenient port of the United States.

Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That all such acts or parts of acts as may be repugnant to the provisions of this act, shall be and the same are hereby repealed.

Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That a sum not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby appropriated, to carry this law into effect.(C.)Message to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.Some doubt being entertained respecting the true intent and meaning of the act of the last session, entitled "An act in addition to the acts prohibiting the slave trade," as to the duties of the agents, to be appointed on the coast of Africa, I think it proper to state the interpretation which has been given of the act, and the measures adopted to carry it into effect, that Congress may, should it be deemed adviseable, amend the same, before further proceeding is had under it.

The obligation to instruct the commanders of all our armed vessels to seize and bring into port all ships or vessels of the United States, wheresoever found, having on board any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, in violation of former acts for the suppression of the slave trade 004647being imperative, was executed without delay. No soizures have yet been made, but, as they were contemplated by the law, and might be presumed, it seemed proper to make the necessary regulations applicable to such seizures for carrying the several provisions of the act into effect.

It is enjoined on the executive to cause all negroes, mulattoes, or persons of colour, who may be taken under the act, to be removed to Africa. It is the obvious import of the law, that none of the persons thus taken should remain within the United States; and no place other than the coast of Africa being designated, their removal, or delivery, whether carried from the United States or landed immediately from the vessels in which they were taken, was supposed to be confined to that coast. No settlement or station being specified, the whole coast was thought to be left open for the selection of a proper place, at which the persons, thus taken, should be delivered. The executive is authorized to appoint one or more agents, residing there, to receive such persons; and one hundred thousand dollars are appropriated for the general purposes of the law.

On due consideration of the several sections of the act, and of its humane policy, it was supposed to be the intention of Congress, that all the persons above described, who might be taken under it, and landed in Africa, should be aided in their return to their former homes, or in their establishment at, or near, the place where landed. Some shelter or food would be necessary for them there, as soon as landed, let their subsequent disposition be what it might. Should they be landed without such provision having been previously made, they might perish. It was supposed, by the the authority given to the executive, to appoint agents residing on that coast, that they should provide such shelter and food, and perform the other beneficent and charitable offices contemplated by the act. The coast of Africa having been little explored, and no persons residing there, who possessed the requisite qualifications to entitle them to the trust, being known to the executive, to none such could it be committed. It was believed that citizens only, who would go hence, well instructed in the views of their government, and zealous to give them effect, would be competent to these duties 004748and that it was not the intention of the law to preclude their appointment. It was obvious that the longer these persons should be detained in the United States in the hands of the marshals, the greater would be the expense, and that for the same term would the main purpose of the law be suspended. It seemed, therefore, to be incumbent on me to make the necessary arrangements for carrying his act into effect in Africa, in time to meet the delivery of any persons who might be taken by the public vessels, and landed there under it.

On this view of the policy and sanctions of the law, it has been decided, to send a public ship to the coast of Africa, with two such agents, who will take with them tools, and other implements, necessary for the purposes above mentioned. To each of these agents a small salary has been allowed--fifteen hundred dollars to the principal, and twelve hundred to the other. All our public agents on the coast of Africa receive salaries for their services, and it was understood that none of our citizens, possessing the necessary qualifications, would accept these trusts, by which they would be confined to parts the least frequented and civilized, without a reasonable compensation. Such allowance, therefore, seemed to be indispensable to the execution of the act. It is intended, also, to subject a portion of the sum appropriated, to the order of the principal agent, for the special objects above stated, amounting, in the whole, including the salaries of the agents for one year, to rather less than one third of the appropriation. Special instructions will be given to these agents, defining, in precise terms, their duties, in regard to the persons thus delivered to them; the disbursement of the money by the principal agent; and his accountability for the same. They will also have power to select the most suitable place, on the coast of Africa, at which all persons who may be taken under this act shall be delivered to them, with an express injunction to exercise no power founded on the principle of colonization, or other power than that of performing the benevolent offices above recited, by the permission and sanction of the existing government under which they may establish themselves. Orders will be given to the commander of the public ship in which they will sail, to 004849cruise along the coast, to give the more complete effect to the principal object of the act.JAMES MONROE.Washington, December 17th, 1819

(D.)Navy Department,January 6th, 1820.Sir--In obedience to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the 31st December last, requiring the Secretary of the Navy of furnish copies of such communications as he may have received since 1816, and such information as he may posses in relation to the introduction of slaves into the United States, with a statement of the measures adopted to prevent the same; I have the honour to transmit sundry extracts of letters, numbered 1 to 4, inclusively, comprising all the information communicated to this department since 1816, in relation to the introduction of slaves into the United States.

I have the honour to refer the House of Representatives to my report of the 9th of January, 1819, on this subject; and I transmit, herewith, paper marked A, which contains that part of the instructions from this Department to the commanding naval officers in relation to slave vessels.

The public vessels now cruising, have not yet reported their operations, nor is it known that any seizures have been made by them.

I have the honour to be, with the highest respect, Sir, your most obedient servant,SMITH THOMPSON.The Honorable the Speaker,Of the House of Representatives.

004950

No. 1.Extract of a letter from Captain Charles Morris to the Secretary of the Navy, dated U.S. Frigate Congress, of the Balize, 10th June, 1817.

"Most of the goods carried to Galveston, are introduced into the United States; the more bulky and least valuable, regularly through the custom house; the more valuable, and the slaves, are smuggled in through the numerous inlets to the westward, where the people are but too much disposed to render them every possible assistance. Several hundred slaves are now at Galveston, and persons have gone from New-Orleans to purchase them. Every exertion will be made to intercept them, but I have little hopes of success."

No. 2.Extract of a letter from Lieutenaut Commandant John Porter, to the Secretary of the Navy, dated U.S. Brig Boxer, off the Balize June 28th, 1817.

"I shall leave this on Monday to cruise off the Sabine river; it is reported that attempts will be made to smuggle slaves into Louisiana, from Galveston, and the natural presumption is, that they will attempt the Sabine or the Atchafalya rivers; the depth of the water off those rivers is very inaccurately represented on the charts, and it will not be in my power to approach nearer the shore than within ten miles of the Sabine, and not nearer than thirty off the Atchafalya. Whatever can be done to prevent their being brought clandestinely into the country, will have to be performed by the boats, which, sir, shall be actively employed the moment we arrive on the ground."

NO. 3.Extract of a letter from Captain John D. Henley to the Secretary of the Navy, dated U.S. Ship John Adams, Amelia Sound, January 24th, 1818.

"I yesterday detained the English brig Neptune, of London, for a violation of the slave act: by her papers 005051it appears that she cleared from Jamaica for this port, with a small quantity of rum, and eight convict slaves, sentenced to transportation for various offences. It is evident that their object was to smuggle them into the State of Georgia, thus making a Botany Bay of the United States. I shall send her to Savannah for trial."

No. 4.Extract of a letter from Captain John D. Henley, to the Secretary of the Navy, dated U.S. Ship John Adams, Cumberland Sound March 17th, 1818.

"It would be gratifying to me to know how far the commissions granted by Aury or McGregor, to vessels evidently commanded and manned by the citizens of the United States, are to be respected. I have not the smallest doubt, from the situation those pirates have fixed upon for their rendezvous, that the goods found in their prizes will be disposed of principally in the United States, and that the part which may consist of slaves will be smuggled into Georgia, as many of the inhabitants are too much inclined to afford every facility to this species of illicit trade."

A.Extract from the instructions of the Navy Department to the Commanders of all United States vessels cruising in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, &c.

"You have also enclosed such parts of several acts of Congress, prohibiting the importation of slaves into any ports or places within the jurisdiction of the United States, as are necessary to point out to you your duty and authority under these laws; and it is expected and required of you by the President, that a strict and vigilant attention be paid to the direction therein contained that, if possible, this inhuman and disgraceful traflick may be suppressed.

"By the act of the 20th of April, 1818, you will perceive, that it is made unlawful to import or bring in any manner whatsoever, into the United States or Territories thereof, from any foreign kingdom, place or country, any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, with intent to 005152hold, sell, or dispose of such person as a slave, or to beheld to service.

"By this act it is also made unlawful, for any citizen of the United States, or other person, to build, equip, load, fit, or otherwise prepare, any ship or vessel, in any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States, or to cause any such ship or vessel to sail from any port or place whatsoever, within the jurisdiction of the United States, for the purpose of procuring, and transporting any such slaves to any port or place whatever. And any ship or vessel employed in such importation of slaves, or so built, fitted out, or prepared, is liable to be seized and forfeited. And by the act of the 3d of March, 1819, the President is authorized to employ any of the armed vessels of the United States, to cruise in such places as he may think proper, where he may judge attempts may be made to carry on the slave trade by citizens, or residents of the United States, in contravention of the acts of Congress prohibiting the same; and to instruct such armed vessels to seize, take, and bring into any port of the United States, to be proceeded against according to law, all ships or vessels of the United States, wheresoever found, which may have taken on board, or which may be intended for the purpose of taking on board, or of transporting, or may have transported, any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, in violation of any of the provisions of the act of the 20th April, 1818, above referred to, or in violation of any other act or acts prohibiting the traffick in slaves.

"You will perceive from the generality of the provisions in these laws, you are authorized to take and bring in all ships or vessels of the United States, which may have been in any manner employed, or intended to be employed, in the slave trade; or any other vessel offending against the provisions of any of the laws you have enclosed. You will, particularly, notice the two provisos to the first section of the act of 1819; the first of which, directs in what manner you are to keep and dispose of the slaves which may be found on board of any ship or vessel seized by you. If brought within the United States, they are to be delivered to the marshal of the district where brought in, and transmit the evidence of such delivery to this department. Upon the capture 005253therefore, of any vessel having slaves on board, you will immediately proceed to the Island of Sherbro, on the coast of Africa, and deliver such slaves to the agent appointed by the President to receive them pursuant to the provisions of the act, or to any other agent so appointed, at any other place on the coast of Africa. The second proviso relates to the disposition of the officers and crews of such vessels so captured by you. Great vigilance will be expected from you, in the safekeeping of all such officers and crews, until they shall be handed over to the civil authority to be proceeded against according to law.

"P.S. No provision having as yet been made for the reception of slaves upon the coast of Africa, you will for the present, and until ordered otherwise, consider the foregoing orders relative to the disposition of such slaves as you may capture, so far modified, that you will deliver them on Smith's Island, at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, to such agent as may be appointed by the President to receive them there."

Extract of a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury to the Secretaries of the War and of the Navy, July 16th, 1819.

The disposition which has been manifested by the vessels of Spain engaged in the African slave trade, to introduce, illicitly, into that section* of the Union the persons who, in the prosecution of their traffick, have been subjected to their control, seems to require the presence of a force sufficient to enforce the due execution of the laws against the introduction of slaves into the United States.

*Southern part of Georgia.

To guard against the unlawful introduction of slaves, and to repress any attempt that may be made by the foreign belligerant force, collected in that neighbourhood, to excite domestic insurrection among the blacks, it appears to me to be absolutely necessary that a land and naval force be stationed at St. Mary's.

As the portion of East Florida immediately bordering on the United States, is but sparely, if at all, inhabited, 005354the entrance of vessels into the river St. Mary's, freighted with slaves, can have no other object that the violation of our laws by, covertly, introducing a population which is prohibited.

Extract of a letter from the Deputy Collector of Nova Iberia, to the Secretary of the Treasury, dated July 9th, 1818.

By Mr. Dick's advice, last summer, I got out state warrants, and had negroes seized to the number of eighteen, which were a part of those stolen out of the custody of the coroner, and the balance condemned by the district judge of the state; and the informers received their part of the net proceeds from the state treasury. Five negroes, that were seized about the same time, were tried at Opelousas, in May last, by the same judge: he decided that some Spaniards (that were supposed to have set up a sham claim, stating that the negroes had been stolen from them on the high seas) should have the negroes, and that the persons that seized them should pay one half the costs, and the state of Louisiana the other. This decision had such an effect as to render it almost impossible for me to obtain any assistance in that part of the country.

Collector's Office, District of Brunswick, Georgia.Port of Darien, July 5th, 1818.Sir--On the 14th March, I did myself the honour to address you on the subject of slaves illicitly introduced into the United States. Not being favoured with a reply, it may be proper for me to state, that, a demand being subsequently made, by the executive of this state, for all such Africans in my possession, in compliance therewith I delivered over to his agent ninety-one negroes.I have the honour to be, &c.[Signed]W.I. McINTOSH,Collector.The Hon. William H. Crawford,Secretary of the Treasury.

005455

Extract of a letter from the Collector of New-Orleans, to the Secretary of the Treasury, dated April 17th, 1818.

No efforts of the officers of the customs alone, can be effectual in preventing the introduction of Africans from the westward; to put a stop to that traffick a naval force suitable to those waters, is indispensable, and vessels captured with slaves ought not to be brought to this port, but but sent to some other in the United States, for adjudication. Enclosed you will also find an act passed by the legislature of this state, respecting slaves imported in violation of the laws of Congress, of the 2d March, 1807. The object and policy of this law requires no comment from me. Vast numbers of slaves will be introduced to an alarming extent, unless prompt and effectual measures are adopted by the general government.

The master of an American schooner from Havana reports, that he was offered a full freight of Africans for this river, which he refused.

Collector's Office district of Brunswick, Georgia.Port of Darien, March 14, 1818.

SIR--I had the honour to address you per last mail, and to enclose you papers respecting forty-seven African negroes, taken by the surveyor of Darien, from one Jared E. Groce, on their way to the Alabama territory, through the Indian nation, and forty-one others at the Creek agency, from the negro houses of the agent for Indian affairs. It is a painful duty, sir, to express to you that I am in possession of undoubted information, that African and West India negroes are almost daily illicitly introduced into Georgia, for sale or settlement, or passing through it to the territories of the United States for similar purposes; these facts are notorious; and it is not unusual to see such negroes in the streets of St. Mary's and such too, recently captured by our vessels of war, and ordered to Savannah, were illegally bartered by hundreds in that city, for this bartering or bonding (as it is called, but in reality selling.) actually took place before any decision had passed by the court respecting them. I cannot but again express to you, sir, that these irregularities 005556and mocking of the laws, by men who understand them, and who, it is presumed, would have respected them, are such, that it requires the immediate interposition of Congress to effect as uppression of this traflick; for, as things are, should a faithful officer of government apprehend such negroes, to avoid the penalties imposed by the laws, the proprietors disclaim them, and some agent of the executive demands a delivery of the same to him, who may employ them as he pleases, or effect a sale by way of a bond, for the restoration of the negroes when legally called on so to do; which bond, it is understood, is to be forfeited, as the amount of the bond is so much less than the value of the property. And again, sir, an officer disposed to perform his trust with fidelity, is placed at the mercy of the state; for, to carry the intention of the federal laws into execution, great expenses may be incurred, and for which, the state seems not to have made any provision; but has, by its own law of the last session of the legislature, invested the executive with the power of becoming a speculator on the exertions and integrity of such federal officers as feel the weight of their responsibility, and who are willing perform their duty. For instance, sir, after much fatigue, peril, and expense, eighty-eight Africans were seized and brought by the surveyor to Darien; they were demanded immediately by the governor's agents, notwithstanding the knowledge which his excellency had, that these very Africans were for some weeks within sixty miles of his excellency's residence ( the seat of government,) there was no effort, no stir made by him, his agents, or subordinate state officers, to carry the laws into execution; but no sooner than it was understood that a seizure had been effected by an officer of the United States, a demand is made for them and it is not difficult to perceive, by a compliance, that the very aggressors may, by a forfeiture of the mock bond, be again placed in possession of smuggled property, at but little additional expense to him, but at the entire ruin of the officers who had executed, with fidelity, the laws they felt bound to observe. There are many negroes, (independent of those mentioned, as having been bartered in Savannah, &c. before any decision had passed respecting them,) recently introduced into this state and the Alabama territory, and which can be apprehended. 005657The undertaking would be great; but to be sensible that we shall possess your approbation, and that we are carrying the views and wishes of the government into execution, is all we wish, and it shall be done independent of every personal consideration.I have, &c.WM. I M'INTOSH, Collector.The Hon. Wm. H. Crawford,Secretary of the Treasury.Collector's Office, Savannah, 25th November, 1817Sir--I have the honor of informing you, I that the schooner Tentativa, reported to be under Spanish colours, with one hundred and twenty-eight slaves on board, was brought into this port on the 19th inst. by a part of the crew of the United States' vessel, the Saranac, John H. Elton, commander, having been captured by said vessel at the time abandoned by her crew: the Tentativa has been libelled by the proctor for the captors; and the slaves, by order of the court, delivered over to the proctor for the captors and the collector of this port, to be taken care of by them until demanded by the competent authority: this order was procured by the proctor for the captors, with a view of preserving the lives of the slaves, they being destitute of provisions and clothing, and must have perished had they been longer at sea. Four of them have already died, but the remaining part of them have been so disposed of, as to insure comfort to them for the present. Under the order of court, and the influence of humanity, it appears to be my duty to interest myself for the sufferers, and having an estate near the city, I inquired of my agent, how many of these people he could accommodate with house-room, and upon his statement I have taken possession of forty in number, all of whom I have clothed and shall continue otherwise to succor, until demanded by the competent authority, I have, &c.[Signed] A.S. Bullock, Collector.The Honorable William H. Crawford,Secretary of the Treasury.

005758

Extract of a letter from the Deputy Collector of Nova Iberia, to the Secretary of the Treasury, date September 27th, 1818."On the 8th day of July last, captain Amelung, with eighteen of his company, agreed to go with me to the Bayou Nementou, to suppress smuggling. On the day and succeeding night after our arrival there, we took thirteen prisoners that came armed to support smugglers, &c. The next day we took one of their vessels; set some hands to work in repairing her, and captain Amelung returned to Nova Iberia for the balance of his company; returned with them, and we proceeded on with twenty-five men to the Bayou Cureuseau. On our arrival there we made more prisoners; seized three African negroes, two vessels, and part of their cargoes. Runners had been sent ahead of us, and five or six vessels run out of the Bayou a few days prior to our arrival there. A large number of African negroes had been on that Bayou, eighty of which left there a short time before our arrival, and about twenty passed us the night before we arrived. If there was one small cutter on this coast she would be of great service."Collector's Office, Savannah, 22d May, 1817.Sir--I have just received information from a source on which I can implicitly rely, that it has already become the practice to introduce into the state of Georgia, across the St. Mary's River, from Amelia Island, East Florida, Africans, who have been carried into the port of Fernandina, subsequent to the capture of it by the patriot army now in possession of it.

As this species of traflick may be carried on for an indefinite period of time, without the interposition of government, I have deemed it my duty to give you the earliest advice of it.

Immediately after the receipt of your letter of the 19th March last, I instructed captain Smith to cruise with the cutter to the southward as far as St. Mary's bar, with a view of preventing the landing of such people on the sea board; but it is not in his power to 005859guard the St. Mary's, which is the route for the introduction of them. It becomes more necessary for a guard to be organized by government, as this state has never legislated on the subject of the important of slaves; were the legislature to pass an act giving compensation in some manner to informers, it would have a tendency, in a great degree, to prevent the practice; as the thing now is, no citizen will take the trouble of searching for and detecting the slaves. I further understand, that the evil will not be continued altogether to Africans, but will be extended to the worst class of West India slaves.I am, &c.Signed]A.S. BULLOCK, Collector.The Hon. Wm. H. Crawford,Secretary of the Treasury.

Collector's Office, Post of Mobile, October 7th, 1818.Sir--It is understood that judge Webb, one of judges of this territory, has resigned. Permit me, Sir, to suggest the importance of an early appointment to the vacancy, in order that the person appointed might be present at the next session of the General Court, on the first Monday of January next. There are now pending before that court a number of cases of very great importance to the public interest, particularly those of the three vessels, their cargoes, and upwards of one hundred slaves.

I hope the attorney of the United States has informed the Treasury Department of the proceedings of the court in these cases; not having seen him since, I have not attempted a statement of proceedings, to me, so very strange. This however appears certain, that the vessels and cargoes and the slaves have been delivered on bonds, the former to the owners, and the slaves to three other persons. The grand jury found true bills against the owners of the vessels, masters, and a supercargo-- all of whom are discharged; why or wherefore I cannot say, except that it could not be for want of proof against them.

005960

It is certainly a matter of great importance that these cases be stamped with the full force of the law, to prevent future importations. Two of the vessels were cleared at Havanna, for New-Orleans, and one for this port; and all American registered vessels, the former at New-Orleans, the latter at this port.

Perhaps the magnitude and importance of these cases would render it expedient to employ additional counsel, in aid of the United States' attorney, as he will be opposed by able lawyers from New-Orleans. Should you deem this proper, be pleased, Sir, to direct the sum which may be allowed.

I have, &c.[Signed]ADDEN LEWIS, Collector.The Hon. Wm. H. Crawford,Secretary of the Treasury.

Extract of a letter, from a gentleman in Alabama, to the agent of the Colonization Society.During the occupancy of Pensacola, by a part of the troops under general Jackson's command, and while the laws of the United States were in partial operation, and administered there by officers appointed by the general, a vessel arrived there from the coast of Africa, with a considerable number of slaves on board, upwards of one hundred and thirty, as I have been informed.--These were seized by general Jackson's officers, and sent up to St. Stephens, on Tombigby for adjucation; but the court presiding there for this purpose did not decide upon the case. The unfortunate Africans were then placed by the court in the hands of two or three different persons; and twenty-eight of them I am told are already dead. The writer adds that there appears to be no immediate prospect of any decision taking place.

(E.)London, June 21, 1819--51 Baker-Street.Sir--The American Society established at Washington, for colonizing the free people of colour of the 006061United States, knowing the humane and lively interetst which your royal highness takes in every thing that aims at meliorating the condition of the African race, and feeling sensibly the kind sentiments which your royal highness was pleased on a late occasion, to express of the objects of their institution, beg leave to request that you will do them the honour to accept a copy of their Second Annual Report.

It is with the greatest pleasure that I become the medium of executing the wishes of the Society by transmitting herewith a small volume containing the Report in question.

I have the honour to be, with the most distinguished consideration, your royal highness' obedient servant.RICHARD RUSH. His royal highness, the duke of Gloucester,Patron and President of the African Institution, London.

London, June 23d, 1819.Dear Sir--Your favour of the 23d of April, by Mr. Bagot reached me a fortnight ago, accompanied by the copies of the Second Annual Report of the Colonization Society, which he was also so good us to bring. There were eleven bound, and four in the pamphlet form.

Five of the former, I have distributed as they were addressed; viz. one to his royal highness the duke of Gloucester, one to lord Gambier, one to Mr. Wilberforce, one to Mr. Clarkson, and one to Miss Hannah More. Four more, using the discretion which the Society was pleased to give me, I have disposed of as follows, viz. one to lord Castlereagh, one to lord Bathurst, one to Mr. Canning, and one to lord Lansdowne; the three former being of the cabinet, and the latter known a distinguished member of the house of peers, zealous in the cause of Africa. To the emperor of Russia, pursuing an intimation from the Society. I have also transmitted a copy through the medium of count Lieven, the Russian ambassador at this court. I had spoken beforehand to the count, who left me no reason to doubt, that such a mark of attention from the Society would be acceptable to the emperor. 006162The remaining copies, (reserving one to be sent by the first private hand to Paris for Mr. Gailatin, and one other for myself which the Society been so kind as to intend for me,) I have taken the liberty to give away to eminent individuals of our own country now here, by whom the objects of the Society are justly estimated, and in whose possession they may prove useful.

It has afforded me particular pleasure to have been, upon the occasion, the instrument of fulfilling the wishes of the Society, and I learn, with a solid gratification, through your letter, and through the interesting Report, of the increasing success of the great plan of Colonization. Whenever it may occur to the Society that I can be at all useful towards any of its views while I continue to reside at this court, I hope that my services will be freely, and in all things, commanded. I am happy to subjoin, that, as far as the opportunities of my official and personal intercourse can warrant the opinion, its enlarged and benevolent plans are, I think, becoming more and more attended to throughout this country, and, in the same proportion, approved.

With sincere wishes for their full accomplishment, I beg you to believe me, dear Sir, with the most respectful consideration and esteem, your faithful and obedient servant.RICHARD RUSH.Francis S. Key, one of the Managers of the American Society for colonizing the free people of colour of the United States.

Note from Mrs. More, to Mr. Rush, dated Barley Wood, August 10th 1819."It is no small gratification to me to receive the truly interesting Report of the Society for colonizing the free people of colour. The object itself is most important and dear to the best feelings of human nature; and I am not a little grateful that the Society should think me not unworthy to receive it from themselves. Have the goodness to return my most respectful thanks for this obliging mark of their attention."

006263

Gloucester House, June 25th 1819.Sir--I have many thanks to return to you, for the letter I have had the pleasure of receiving from you, and I have to request of you to be so good as to convey to the gentlemen of the American Society, established at Washington, for colonizing the free people of colour of the United States, my best acknowledgements for the copy of their Second Annual Report that they have had the goodness to send me, with an assurance of my perfect sense of their attention. It is, I trust, unnecessary for me to express the satisfaction I shall feel in perusing an account of the proceedings of an institution founded for such a benevolent object, and which is likely to be attended with such useful consequences; and I hope I may be allowed to add my anxious wish that the meritorious exertions of the gentleman of this excellent Society may be crowned with success.

It is very gatifying to me to have this opportunity of expressing to you the great personal respect and high esteem with which I must desire you to believe me Sir, very sincerely yours.WILLIAM FREDERICK.Richard Rush, esq. &c. &c. &c.

Note from lord Gambier.Lord Gambier presents his compliments to the Committee of the American Society for colonizing the free people of colour, of the United States, and returns them his best thanks for the honour they have conferred upon him, in presenting him with their Second Annual Report of the Society, through the favor of Mr. Rush. The Society has lord Gambier's cordial wishes for its success, and the advancement of the benevolent cause in which it is engaged; he will be happy to avail himself of any occasion that may offer to promote the great objects of the institution. Iver Grove, 5th July 1819.

006364

(F.)Climate of Africa-Extracts from various author.Meredith on the Gold Coast, p.2."It will be found that on the equator, and about-five or six degrees, on either side of it, are the most temperate parts of tropical Africa. The sun has less power here, than in more northernly, or southernly situations, because he is obscured throughout the year. In the month of December, when the sun is at his greatest distance from the tropic of cancer, the heat, at Senegal, was found to be 90 deg. and at Sierra Leone, 98 deg. in the shade, measured by Fahrenheit's thermometer; and Senegal is laid down in about 16 deg. and Sierra Leone in about 8 deg. of north latitude. At Cape Coast Castle, which is situated about 5 deg. of north latitude, the thermometer has been known, at one period, as high as 93 deg; but the usual degree of heat observed in the hottest months, were from 85 to 90 deg. and Cape Coast Castle is considered the hottest situation on the Gold Coast. At Tantumquarry, Winnebah, and Accra, countries situated eastward of Cape Coast, the heat has been very seldom known to exceed 97 an.; and the quicksilver, in Fahrenheit's thermometer, has been observed as low as 74 deg. at Winnebah, in June, July, August, and the greater part of September; and not higher than 78 deg. Hence the latitude of a place is by no means a true criterion to go by, as to the heat of its climate." Sherbro is in latitude between six and seven degrees north.

Page 4. "The climate of the Gold Coast will be found as temperate and salubrious as the West Indies; and if it were cultivate, it would probably surpass the West Indies in point of salubrity.

"The seasons here are as regular and as congenial to cultivation as they are in the West Indies; there is as much moisture throughout the year; the sea and land breezes are as regular; and it can boast of one most decided advantage; it is not visited with those tremendous storms called hurricanes, which sometimes destroy the prosperity and check the industry of the planter; it is true we have tornadoes, but they are mild breezes compared to a West India hurricane.

006465

Wadstrom on Colonization, part 2d, page 132.--"The result of lieut. Beaver's daily observations, at noon, between the 20th of July, 1792, and the 20th of April, 1793, was that the medium temperature of Bulama, was 85 deg. of Fahrenheit, and the range of the mercury from 74 to 96 deg. except that it once rose to 100 deg. in a calm, which intervened on the 19th of February, 1793, between the decline of the morning and rise of the evening breeze.

The rains set in about the end of May, or the beginning of June, and continue till October, or November. They do not fall every day, for there are intervals of clear weather. In the first and last months, the showers are neither very frequent, nor very violent; but sometimes, on the other hand, they resemble torrents, especially, about the middle of the season. In the beginning and close after the rainy season, the air is frequently purified by strong gales, called tornadoes, which seldom last above an hour, and are easily foreseen. But hurricane, which are sometimes, so destructive, in the West Indies, are unknown in this climate.

Meredith on the Gold Coast, p. 3d, of the introduction."Those who are acquainted with the soil and climate of the Gold Coast, and who have an equal knowledge of the West Indies, will, doubtless, agree in this opinion, that the Gold Coast has the advantage of the West Indies, not only in soil and climate, but in seasons."

The missionaries, Mills and Burgess, who left the Sherbro at the end of the dry season, the winter of tropical Africa, represent the whole country, as then covered with verdure.

In the daily journal of the deceased missionary, printed in the appendix of the second annual report of the Society, he remarks, "the heat is oppressive only a few hours in the day. The air is cooled by the sea breeze. The thermometer is lower than, often on a summer day, in the United States. The atmosphere is hazy or cloudy much of the time." Page 44.

In another part of the same journal some time afterwards he adds," We are hoping to finish our journey, and leave this part of the coast, late in May, or early in June, before the rains are set in. The weather, since our arrival in Africa, has hitherto been quite pleasant 006566except the heat, occasionally rather oppressive. The tornado this evening, (April 21st.) was severe; the wind blew hard, half an hour, and some rain fell.HEALTH OF AFRICA.Meredith, on the Gold Coast, p.40.--Dr. Lind in his treatise on diseases incident to Europeans in hot climates, is of opinion, that if the land in this country was cleared, it would be as healthy as the island of Barbadoes, the most salubrious of the West India islands. The Doctor says "I think it would not admit of doubt, that if a tract of land in Guinea was as well improved as the island of Barbadoes, and as perfectly free from trees, underwood, and marshes, &c. the air would be rendered equally healthful there, as in that pleasant West India island.

Wadstrom on Colonization, p. 9th, part second.--"The climate of Sierra Leone is much the same, in point of heat, as that of the West Indies; but there is a very cool breeze on the higher grounds: and in the mountainous parts, it is believed, that the air is very temperate." The information Mr. Falconbridge confirms the opinion of lieut. Matthews, in his late publications, as well as that of geographers. "I believe" says lieut. M. "that Sierra Leone, if properly cleared and cultivated, would be equal in salubrity, and superior in cultivation, to any of the islands of the West Indies."

It would not be difficult to extend these authorities, much beyond the limits of note fitted for this appendix; but, in addition to what has been quoted above, it will be sufficient to state that the causes of the ill health of the first colonists of Sierra Leone and of Bulama, have been entirely misapprehended. Take what lieut. Beaver, the governor of the latter, has said on the subject. Wadstrom on Colonization, page 141. Of the morality which cut off a part of them, it is reported by the trustees of the institution, thar not one death can be attributed to the climate of Bulama. In a letter written by lieut. Beaver after the sickly season of 1792, he says "the climate, I really think, a good one, and I impute the diseases among the colonists to excessive fatigue while exposed to the weather. In another part of this correspondence he adds, "that he is more and more convinced, that if the colony be at all supported it will succeed." He afterwards points at the causes of all his misfortunes 006667in expressing his wants. "We want a reinforcement of men, and we should have them soon; but not such as the last. They should be carpenters, blacksmiths, and bricklayers; men accustomed to labour: not such as we brought out, habituated to drunkenness, idleness, and all the vices of the capital, (London.) Most of them came here in dread of punishment, for crimes committed against their country's laws. With such labourers, and such subscribers as we brought out, the finest country, with the greatest advantages would never flourish."

In another letter of the 16th of March, 1793, he further tells" the good people of England not to be afraid of coming out; they will find a fort ready to protect them. They need not be much afraid of the climate: I think it a healthy one. They need not work as we are obliged to do for covering our defence, either when it rains or in the heat of the sun; for I will shelter them. They need not be frighten, for I will insure their safety. They need not be exposed to any of the inconveniencies which we have experienced; and, therefore, I think it fair to suppose, that few of them will die."

In a subsequent address to the Bulama association, written in London, and dated June 24th, 1794, he assigns three causes for the failure of the Bulama expedition.

1. "The carrying out men of the most infamous character and the most vicious habits. The major part of our people," he says, "were drunken, lazy, dishonest, impatient cowards."

2. "The arriving on the coast of Africa at the most improper season of the year.* We arrived on the 5th of June, and had, consequently, the whole rain before us."

* The fatal consequences of a stranger's visiting Norfolk, Charleston, or New-Orleans, at a certain season of the year, are known not to be inconsistent with the most perfect health among their inhabitants, or the entire security of those who, having earlier in the year removed to either of these cities, continue afterwards to reside there.

3. "The omitting to carry out the frame and materials of a house, or houses, sufficient to receive the whole of the colony, immediately on their arrival, from the rains and from the sun."

Of the ill health of the first colonists who contemplated a settlement at Sierra Leone, the ablest writer on the 006768subject of Africa, Wadstrom, gives the following account, (part 2d, page 8.) "In 1736 the humanity of some gentleman was excited towards the distressed blacks, who then swarmed in London.* Above 400 of them, along with 60 whites, mostly women of bad character and ill health, were accordingly sent out, at the charge of government, to Sierra Leone. From the disorders they brought on board with them, aggravated by debauchery and confinement, these people became very sickly, during their long detention in the British channel, as well as during their passage and after their arrival. They were landed in the wet season, unprovided with proper shelter, without order and without industry. From these cause, fifty died before they left Plymouth. and thirty-four at sea; fifteen ran away, and eighty-six died on the coast in the first four months after their arrival. After the first year, however there was no great morality. It was even said by one Green, who was in England in 1791, and who always lived with them, that in the two succeeding years he did not think above five or six died, out of two hundred living in the town."

*Wadstrom, p. 220. During the American war, many negroes entered on board the British ships of war, or repaired to the British standard. At the peace of 1783, part of them, as well as of the white royalists, were conveyed to the Bahama Islands, part to Nova Scotia, and others to Great Britain, chiefly to London. These last having been indigent, unemployed, despised, and forlorn, soon added to the vices of the common soldiers and sailors, those of the numerous beggars who disgrace the police of this capital. Such, together with a few whites, chiefly strumpets, were the first colonists of Sierra Leone. It was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to infest the streets of London.

Wadstrom, page 221. "The rum furnished for their comfort proved their greatest bane. Many were daily intoxicated, by drinking their whole day's allowance at once, an irregularity which, with salt provisions, and a situation rather crowded, increased the sickness so much that above 50 had died before they reached Plymouth. The rum also caused mutinous behaviour, for which 24 were discharged and 32 ran away. The survivors arrived at Sierra Leone on the 9th of May.

Idom. page 221. "It is a remarkable fact that the Nautilus (ship of war which convoyed the Sierra Leone colonist to Africa,) surrounded as she was by the ravages of death, for above four months, lost only one man, and the rest of the ship's company enjoying perfect health, though conformed entirely to salt provisions, and on a station where a slave ship would most probably have lost the greater part of her crew. This circumstance must surely be admitted as a proof, not only of captain Thompson's prudent care, but that the mortality on shore was not so much owing to the climate, as to want of shelter, and to intemperance when had debilitated many of the poor wretches before they saw Sierra Leone.

006869

With regard to the ill health of the Nova Scotia colonists the same author affords an explanation alike satisfactory.

In March, 1792, sixteen vessels arrived at Sierra Leone from Nova Scotia, with 1131 blacks, many of them laboring under the effects of a fever, contracted in Halifax, of which 65 had died on the passage. Mr. Clarkson, whose humanity had led him to embark on board the hospital ship, had also narrowly escaped with his life, from a violent attack of the same disorder."

Wadstrom, p. 30.--The precautions of the directors (of the Sierra Leone Company) and the early and liberal supplies which they sent out did not prevent a considerable mortality in the first rains. They began in the third week of May; many houses, including the store house, were unfinished, the company's servants, especially the lower ones, and the soldiers were accommodated ill; and the English colonists were least of all prepared for the rainy season.

Wadstrom, p. 33.--The sickness was the most severe at the beginning of the rains. About 800 blacks were laid up at one time and very few passed through the season without indisposition. The disorder was the fever common to hot climates. It effected in different degrees, the whites and blacks, almost indiscriminatly; but proved much the most fatal to the former, especially to those on shore, whose mortality was once such as might have excited fears about the practicability of the whole undertaking in person unacquainted with the circumstances.

Without anticipating the subject of health, it may be observed here, that almost half the whites living on shore and nearly one tenth of the Nova Scotia blacks, were carried off, in this dreadful season.

Wadstrom, p. 42.- The despatches (dated December 26th, 1793,) brought very good accounts of the colony, especially respecting health up to the end of the second rains. In the period corresponding to that of the preceding years, in which one tencth of the blacks and nearly half the whites had died, no great mortality happened: and yet the rains in the last season were unusually heavy, and the mortality in the neighbouring factories uncommonly great. Contrary, also, to the first 006970years experience, the residents on shore were healthier than those on ship board."

Wadstrom p. 50.--The causes of the mortality at Sierra Leone have been already mentioned. The following are some of the particulars respecting it. The company's upper servants, who went out the first year, were 26, including 8 counsellors, a chaplain, several medical men, a secretary, accountant, and others, all well accommodated. Of this class only four have died, and the deaths of only two can be properly charged to the climate.

Of lower servants, such as clerks, overseers, artificers, &c. there went out 59, including their families. Many of them were often exposed to the rains: several were intemperate; they were in general ill lodged; and from the sickness of the surgeons they could have but little medical attendance: hence no less than 29 have died. Of settlers, (whites) including their families, there went out 18, and no fever than 13 died.--Some of them were very intemperate, and their situation was, in all respects, worse than the last class.

Of soldiers, 15 went out, almost all intemperate; and circumstanced as they were in other respects, it is not surprising that 11 should have died. In all 119 persons (whites from London) went out, the first year, of whom 57 died. The soldiers and white colonists, with their families having either died of returned home, the whites in the second year, were reduced to about 40, of whom only 4 to 5 have died (March 1794.)

The Nova Scotians who arrived at Sierra Leone in 1792, were 1131, many of them lingering under the remains of a fever which had carried off a few of their original number in Nova Scotia, and 65 more on their passage. Of 1131 landed, 40 died in a few weeks after, from the same fever. The rest then became very healthy, and so continued till the almost universal sickness of the first rains, when 98 of them died. In the three most unhealthful months of the second rainy season, for the account extends not to the whole year, their deaths did not exceed five. The company's physician states, in his report of the 14th of October, 1793, that though the sickness and mortality of this year 007071have been comparatively small; yet that the rainy months have been, as usual, more sickly than all preceding; that the Nova Scotians have experienced, in the rains, considerable indisposition, but generally with trifling complaints: that they now seem so accustomed to the climate, that there is little reason to fear any mortality among them: that there are not many whose health is precarious: that few villages in England, can show more fine children: that in this period, fevers have been pretty frequent among the whites: but that the sick list is on the decrease, and it is hoped they will all recover: and that the want of flour has this year been seriously felt by the healthy, much more by the sick. The despatches of the 26th of December, give a much more favourable bill of health, and state the mortality to be as before mentioned.

Wadstrom p. 53, part 2d.--The directors (of the Sierra Leone Company,) having thus endeavoured to give an impartial account of the health of the colony, leave its character, in this respect, to rest on the simple evidence of the above facts. They know of no reason why the climate of Sierra Leone should prove eventually worse, than those of other tropical climates, of which the healthfulness is now undisputed; for some of of these were more fatal to the first colonists, than Sierra Leone has proved. It seems, therefore, very probable, that as cultivation and accommodation improve, the health of the colony, will gradually amend, as has been always experienced in similar cases.

Wadstrom, p. 342, part 2d.--Of these observations of the directors all the modern European colonies afford examples, more or less apposite; and every establishment of the kind, made or attempted in the West Indies, gives the strongest evidence of their truth.--The climate of Barbadoes, in particular, now justly reckoned (that of Bridgetown excepted) one of the most healthful tropical climates in the world was extremely fatal to its early inhabitants. When I come to the mortality experienced at Bulama, I intend if adequate materials can be procured, to show by a comparative view, of the infant and mature states of different colonies, that neither that Island nor Sierra Leone have been peculiarly fatal to human life; and as the directors intimate, their climates may be confidently expected 007172to improve, in the same proportion as the soil is cleared and cultivated."

The report of the directors and the commentary of the able writer quoted, have been both confirmed by the subsequent history of Sierra Leone.

SOIL OF AFRICA.Meredith, p.6. "The Gold Coast and all tropical Africa is capable of affording incalculable advantages, if the inhabitants can be incited to industry. It is enriched beyond the credibility of those unacquainted with it. Its hills are stored with various metals and minerals, and its valleys are blessed with a fertility scarcely to be exceeded by any country under the same latitude."

Page 3. "It is very remarkable that tropical Africa will be found on examination, to possess the richest soil of the whole continent."

Wadstrom, page 27, chap. iv. part i. "The soil all along the coast is very unequal. From Cape Blanco to the river Gambia, it is in general very sandy with a very large admixture of broken shells, and is covered in many places with a rich black mould. Even the most barren and unpromising tracts of this part of the country, except just on the sea shore, are covered with bushes and grass of a great growth: and where the black mould is found, the vegetation is luxuriant to a degree unknown in the most fertile parts of Europe, and the trees are of various dimensions.

M. Adanson, a celebrated naturalist, who was sent to Africa in 1793, at the request of the French Academy of Sciences, observes that the soil from Cape Blanco to the Gambia, though by no means bad upon the whole, is not to be compared, in fertility, with that of the country from that river to Rio Nunez, which is equalled by few soils, and surpassed by none, on the face of the globe. His observations apply not only to the coast, but but to very extensive tracts of the inland countries. The evidence given before the privy council, abundantly confirms the observations of M. Adanson, my fellow travellers, and myself, &c.

Journey of Kizell to the Sherbro country.--After I saw there was plenty of coffee in the country, I thought there must be more things to be seen. I saw the women bad some nuts, which they said were to rub their skin, 007273as the nuts had a sweet smell. They look like nutmegs, as you know the nature of nutmegs, I have sent five to you in the shell to examine.

"The land here is very good. I have examined it, and find it good land. There is here a great deal of land on which no people live. There are in my opinion millions of acres that were never cultivated."

"Their land is so fertile in some places, that it would surprize any man to see what a quantity of rice they will raise in a small spot. As for fish, their rivers aboard with them. Their sheep and goats are very fine and fat. They have plenty of fowls; also wild hogs, wild ducks and geese. They do not work hard except when they prepare their rice plantations which is during about two months in the spring. In the Sherbro there is plenty of fish and oysters. The Bullon land is in general good.

"If a man has four acres of land in the country, he can well maintain his family, supposing he has six in family, and have rice to spare."

"The Boom is a good country, it is more like a garden than any I have seen: the land is good, very good. Of this country I cannot speak too well."

"The Bagroo land is good for rice and timber."

"The land is rich and good; and if it was not for the cursed slave trade, I think they would be the happiest people of the world. At Deng or Matarrow the land is good; and the timber as good as in any other part of the country."

Lieutenant Beavers, leaving the island of Bulama calls it a little paradise. The soil he says is surprizingly fertile. So it was described by the Abbe Damanet who resided some time on the opposite coast. Wadstrom on colonization.

The journal of the deceased missionary the Rev. Mr.. Mills printed from his daily notes in the appendix of the last Annual Report of the Colonizing Society, establishes beyond question, the fact, that there are extensive tracts of fertile land in Africa unoccupied by any persons whatever and unclaimed by any European nation. There are, indeed, but a few miles of the coast of Africa, here and there claimed by any European power; while the coast of the tropical region of 007374that vast continent, lengthened out its peculiar shape, affords a line of several thousand miles on almost any part of which, a colony might be advantageously planted.

Character and dispositions of the Africans.Wadstrom, chap. 2, p. 9. --Civil and religious government is allowed to be the principal cause which affects (and even forms) the characters of nations. Climate, diet, occupation, and a variety of other less considerable causes contribute their share to the general effect. it is not, however, by abstract reasonings alone, on the separate of combined influence of those causes that the character of a nation can be ascertained; but actual observations on their genius and conduct must also be attended to. Such observations cannot be too numerous; nor can general conclusions be too cautiously drawn from them.

That this important moral balance may be struck with perfect impartiality, the observer ought to dismiss every prejudice, and to leave his mind open to a full and fair impression of all the circumstances. Every well-disposed man will allow the necessity of such procedure, who knows how grossly the very people of whom we are treating, have been misrepresented by those who first made merchandise of their persons, and then endeavoured, by calumny, to justify their own conduct towards them. The accounts of African governors and other slave merchants, have been but too implicity followed by authors of no small note, who never were in Africa, and who did not suspect that the writers they quoted were interested in misleading them. Hence it is to be feared, that many will meaning persons have been led to believe that the Africans are so insensible as not to feel their ill treatment, or so wicked as not to deserve better; and have therefore, without further examination, left them to what they think a merited fate.

The author, aware of the difficulty of this part of his subject, has all along laboured to observe as minutely and extensively, and to judge as impartially, as he could. But, after all his diligence, he is only able to offer some short and imperfect sketches. Imperfect, however, as they are, he is conscious they are faithfully copied from the original.

007475

He believes every man, who has made it his business to compare the conduct of civilized and uncivilized nations, will admit that the former are governed by reason, and the latter by their will and affections, or what are commonly called their passions--or at least that, upon the whole, reason influences mankind in proportion as they are civilized.

This observation may be applied very appositely to the Africans. Their understandings have not been nearly so much cultivated as those of the Europeans; but their passions, both defensive and social, are much stronger. No people are more sensible of disrespect, contempt, or injury, or more prompt and violent in resenting them. They are also apt to retain a sense of injury, till they obtain satisfaction, or gratify revenge. In this they resemble other imperfectly civilized tribes, and even the more refined Europeans, in whom that benevolent religion, which teaches forgiveness of enemies, has not yet produced its full effect. For was not satisfaction to offended honour--that is, was not a certain mode of revenge a distinguishing part of the system of chivalry? And do not our modern duelists, the polite successors of the ancient knights, still cherish a principle which sober people cannot find a better name? Revenge causes wars in Africa: and are there no symptoms of its producing wars in Europe? But African wars are never protracted, with cool-blooded perseverance, to the length of the seige of Troy; nor is peace ever negotiated with a view to future wars. The Africans have no particular tortures in reserve for their prisoners, like the North American Indians; nor do they ever devour them, like the natives of New Zealand.

But if they be charged with hatred to their enemies, kindness to their friends ought, in candour, to be stated to their credit; and their hospitality to unprotected strangers is liberal, disinterested, and free from ostentation; as I myself and many others have experienced. Their kindness, and respectful attention to white persons, with whose characters they are satisfied, arise to a degree of partiality which, all things considered, is perfectly surprising. Persons of this description may, 007576and often do, reside among them in perfect security, receiving the best possible proofs of their good will, namely the most pressing solicitations to settle among them. This partiality to well disposed Europeans extends also to their dress, manners, and commodities; in short, to every thing that is European--a disposition which might long ago have been improved to the betst purposes.

On those parts of the coast and country, where the slave-trade prevails, the inhabitants are shy and reserved, as well they may! and on all occasions go armed, lest they should be way-laid and carried off.

In maternal, filial, and fraternal affection, I scruple not to pronounce them superior to any Europeans I ever was among; but, as they practice polygamy, their paternal and conjugal affections may be supposed less ardent.

As many of them have not sufficient employment either for their heads or their hands, they are apt to relieve listlessness by intoxication, when they can procure the means. So very successful, indeed, have the European slave dealers been, in exciting in them a thirst for spirits, that is now become one of the principal pillars of their trade; for the chiefs, intoxicated by the liquor with which they are purposely bribed by the whites, often make bargains and give orders fatal to their subjects, and which, when sober, they would gladly retract. A desire for spirituous liquors, however, is the failing of all uncivilized people. In particular, it has greatly thinned some American tribes, and almost annihilated others.

Their notions and practices respecting property are not more inaccurate or irregular than those of other men in the same stage of society; as is evident from the general conduct of such of them as are unconnected with this destructive commerce. But those who are, may be expected to be tainted with its concomitant vices. As the whites practise every fraud upon them, in the quantity and quality of the goods delivered, and in trepanning their persons, the blacks cannot carry on this trade, on equal terms, without resorting to similar practices. As to the injustice, cruelty and rapine which, at the instigation of the whites, they practise on one 007677another, they are not more disgraceful than the well known trades of crimps, and kidnappers, and press-gangs, carried on, without foreign instigation, in several European countries, and even protected, or connived at, by their governments. At the worst, these practices are not so disgraceful to uncivilized men as to their civilized, European instigators. Menzel gives a horrid detail of the operations of the Zeelverkoopers, (soul-mongers) of Holland, whose infamous trade it is to trepan men for their East Indian settlements. By such means, the author affirms, that the population of the pestiferous city of Batavia is kept from total extinction.

Of the infamous arts of the Europeans, and the consequent intoxication and violence of one of the African chiefs, I have had occular proof. In order to promote the slave-trade, the French governors at Goree send yearly presents to the black kings, who returns a gift of slaves. In 1787, I attended an embassy of this kind to the king of Barbesin at Joal, on the coast between Goree and Gambia. That chief having been unwilling to pillage, was kept constantly intoxicated, by the French and mulattoes, till they prevailed on him to issue a dreadful mandate. When sober, he expressed extreme reluctance to harass his people. He complained that the traders of Goree, after making him trifling presents, came upon him with long accounts, and endless pretensions; that the governor listened too readily to their tales, thought too little of the sufferings of the negroes, and must have been imposed upon, when he allowed his name to be used on such occasions--An allegation which most probably was true; for the Chevalier de Boufflers then governor, I really believe, was ignorant of these knavish proceedings; but, like many other great men, was the dupe of his courtiers. I heard the king more than once hold this language, had it interpreted on the spot, and inserted it in my journal: and yet he soon after ordered the pillage to be executed.

On this occasion it happened that only one captive was taken. This was a handsome young negress, who, notwithstanding her tears, was forthwith carried on board a ship then lying off Joal. As she belonged, 007778however, to one of those families who, by the laws of the country, are exempted from slavery, this action shocked the people so much that a commotion ensued. The king having, by this time, come to his senses, and seeing the danger, entreated the purchaser to return the girl. The Frenchman, though surrounded by a great multitude of negroes, and though our party, including Dr. Sparrman, captain Arrhenius, and myself, consisted but of five white men, was so madly obstinate as to refuse his request. I say madly, for in all the conjunctures of my life, I never was so alarmed for the safety of it. After much entreaty, however, he restored the young woman to her disconsolate relations the king promising him two slaves in exchange, whom he expected to seize on a future expedition.

The opposers of the colonization of Africa would have it believed, that the natives are incurably stupid and indolent; but I have in my possession the means of proving the contrary; for, in a question put to me in a committee of the British House of Commons, I offered to produce specimens of their manufactures in iron, gold, fillagree work, leather, cotton, matting and basket-work, some of which equal any articles of the kind fabricated in Europe, and evince that, with proper encouragement, they make excellent workmen. All men are idle till incited to industry, by their natural or artificial wants. The soil easily supplies their natural necessities, and the whites have never tried to excite in them any innocent artificial wants; nor indeed any other wants than those of brandy, baubles, trade-guns, powder and ball, to intoxicate or amuse their chiefs, and afford them the means of laying waste their country.

Even the least improved tribes make their own fishing-tackle, canoes, and implements of agriculture. I forgot to mention salt and soap, and dying, amongst the manufactures of those I visited, and who are by no means exempted from the evils of the slave-trade. If, even while that traffic disturbs their peace and endangers their persons, they have made such a progress, what may we not expect if that grievous obstacle were removed, and their ingenuity directed into a proper channel?

007879

The slave-trade disturbs their agriculture still more than their manufactures; for men will not be fond of planting who have not a moral certainty of reaping. Yet, even without enjoying that certainty, they raise grain, fruits, and roots, not only sufficient for their own consumption, but even to supply the demands of the European shipping, often to a considerable extent. In some islands and parts of the coast, where there is no slave-trade, they have made great progress in agriculture. At the island of Fernando Po, in particular, they have such quantities of provisions, as to spare a sufficiency for all the shipping at Calabar, Del Rey, and Camerones. In some places, they bring their produce to the coast on their heads, and return home loaded with European goods. Others go in armed bodies, even a month's journey inland, with articles for trade. In some places they wood and water the ships, and hire themselves to the Europeans, to work for low wages, both in boats and on shore. In short, their industry is in general proportioned to their comparative civilization, to their own wants, to the demand for their labour, to their desire for European goods, and above all, to their total or partial exemption from the slave-trade,

Refined nations form systems, and rise to generals; unpolished tribes dwell on detail, and trifle in particulars. The Africans are unacquainted with the dexterity and dispatch arising from the division of labour, and with the numerous advantages of combined exertions systematically conducted. Except in works which, without united efforts, cannot be performed at all, they do every thing in a solitary, desultory manner. Each individual or family, like the peasants in some parts of Europe, spins, weaves, sews, hunts, fishes, and makes baskets, fishing-tackle, and implements of agriculture; so that, considering the number of trades they exercise, their imperfect tools, and their still more imperfect knowledge of machinery, the neatness of some of their work is really surprising.

Of their labour in concert, I shall give one example, of which I have been a spectator.--The trees on the coast I visited, being generally bent their growth by the seabreeze, and wanting solidity, are unfit for canoes. A tree of the proper dimensions is therefore chosen, perhaps 007980fourteen or fifteen miles up the country, which being cut into the requisite length, but not hollowed, lest it should be rent by accident, or by the heat of the sun, the people of the nearest village draw it to the next, and thus successively from village to village, till it reach the coast, where it is formed into a canoe. For this severe labour the villagers look for no other reward than a feast and merry-making, which they enjoy in the true style of rural simplicity.

The same happy mixture of united labour and festivity takes place at building their houses; also at cultivating, planting, or sowing their fields, belonging to the same village, and in reaping their crop, which is considered the common property of the inhabitants. Such a practice in Europe would generate endless disputes; but among these simple people, is the best bond of good neighborhood. Such indeed is the amiable simplicity of manners which reigns in the villages remote from the slave-trade, that European visitors are ready to imagine themselves carried into a new world, governed by the purest maxims of patriarchal innocence.

But though few of them unite their strength, except on these and a few similar occasions, and most of them turn their hands to different occupations, we are not thence to conclude unfavourably of their intellects, any more than of the intellects of those European peasants, (in Sweden, Norway, Scotland, &c.) whose practices are similar. On the contrary, lord Kaimes has observed, I think with much truth, that such peasants are generally more intelligent than artincers, to whom the division of labour, in manufacturing countries, has assigned one simple operation. A peasant who makes and repairs his ploughs, harrows, and harness, his household furniture, and even his clothes, has an ampler scope for his understanding, and really becomes a more intelligent being, than he who spends his whole life in forging horse-shoes, making nails, or burnishing buttons. Such a being, confined for life to a few simple motions, may be said, in some degree, to lose the use of all his powers, but that of the muscles which perform those motions. His intellect lies dormant; for its use is superseded by a mere animal habit. He becomes, in short, a kind of live machine, in the hands of some moneyed man, to contribute to the pride 008081and luxury of drones, who possess no other talent than that of turning to their own account the activity of their poor brethren of mankind.

I am unwilling to refine too much; but as the situation of the African approaches much nearer to that of intelligent peasants than that of stupid mechanics, I am inclined to think that their intellects may have been improved by being so variously exercised; for the natural way of improving the human intellect, is to afford it an ample field of action; and the sure way to cramp and contract it, is to keep it incessantly plodding in one dull pursuit. Certain it is, that though, on the whole, passion is more predominant in the African character than reason; yet their intellects are so far from being of an inferior order, that one finds it difficult to account for their acuteness, which so far transcends their apparent means of improvement.

The journal of the deceased missionary, and that of Kizell, which accompanies it, afford abundant evidence that the character of the natives of that part of the African coast selected by the American Society as the seat of their intended colony, does not fall below the moral standard of Mr. Wadstrom. The latter has been derived, as Mr. W. assures his readers, from an examination of every writer on Africa, who had preceded him. He has enumerated more than ninety authors as the basis of his treatise on colonization. Yet the artless narratives of Mills and Kizell, furnish perhaps the best picture of African manners extant. For those who may not have the second edition of the last report at hand, the following extracts are made from it, to illustrate the character of the inhabitants of Sherbro.

"I will now describe how the natives live in this country. They are all alike, the great and the poor; you cannot tell the master from the servant at first. The servant has as much to say as his master in any common discourse, but not in a palaver,* for that belongs only to the master. Of all people I have ever seen, I think they are the kindest. They will let none of their people want for victuals: they will lend, and not look for it again; they will even lend clothes to each other, if they want to go any where; if strangers come to them, they will give 008182them victuals for nothing; they will go out of their beds that the strangers may sleep in them. The women are particularly kind. The men are very fond of palm wine; they will spend a whole day in looking for palm wine. They love dancing; they will dance all night. They have but little, yet they are happy while that little lasts. At times they are greatly troubled with slave-trade, by some of them being caught under different pretenses. A man owes money; or some one of his family owes it; or he has been guilty of adultery. In these cases, if unable to seize the party themselves, they give him up to some one who is able, and who goes and takes them by force of arms. On one occasion, when I lived in the Sherbro, a number of armed men came to seize five persons living under me, who, they said, had been thus given to them. We had a great quarrel: I would not give them up: we had five days' palaver: there were three chiefs against me. I told them if they did sell the people whom they had caught at my place, I would complain to the governor. After five days' talk, I recovered them.

*This word signifies both a political discussion and a suit at law.

"Sometimes I am astonished to see how contented they are with so little; I consider that their happiness does not consist in plenty of goods.

"They do not salt their meat, but dry it over the fire. They do not work hard except when they prepare their rice plantations, which is during about two months in the spring; after which the men go and make canoes, or cut camwood, or carry the salt which the women have made, to sell for cloth or slaves. This is usually done in the rainy season (from June to September.) They are not afraid of being wet; they will work in the rain. When they come home from work, the women give them warm water to wash their bodies, and oil to anoint themselves with. The women will not do any thing in the morning before they have washed their bodies. They have the hardest lot; they do all the drudgery; they beat the rice, fetch wood, make salt, plaster the houses, go a fishing with hand nets, make oil from the palm nuts which the men bring home. Their rice ripens in three months from the time it is sown. When the rice is cut, they put it under water, where it keeps sound and good. When they wish to use it, they go into the water and take as much thence as they want. During the rainy 008283season the low lands are overflowed. When the water goes away, it leaves the land moist, which is then planted, and will bring any thing to the greatest perfection. They have very good clay: the women make pots with it, which they sell for rice, cassava, and plantains. The cotton tree grows here in great abundance: I think the cotton would do for hats as well as fur. The men make straw hats. It is the men who sew the European cloth they get into garments: of the women, not one out of twenty knows how to sew.

"All the male children are circumcised.

"The king is poorer than any of his subjects, I have many a time gone into the houses of their kings. Sometimes I have seen one box, and a bed made of sticks on the ground, and a mat, or two country cloths, on the bed. He is obliged to work himself if he has no wives and children. He has only the name of king, without the power: he cannot do as he pleases. When there is a palaver, he must have it settled before the rest of the old men, who are looked upon as much as the king; and the people will give ear to them as soon as they will to the king.

"The women, as I before observed, make salt; the men put it up in small baskets, and carry it to the interior of the country, and buy country cloth with it, (for they make no cloth themselves:) this they give to their wives, and use for themselves.

"Their town has no regular streets in it; the houses are built close together. They are made with strong rods of bamboo fixed in the ground, which are tied together at the top with a string: they use no nails; they tie all with strings, and then wattle it and cover it with grass, which the women plaster over with mud. Their doors consist of mats hung at the opening which is left; sometimes they are made of small bamboos tied together. There are no locks on their doors. They will not steal from each other. They are fond of presents from strangers; the king gets but little of any present that is made to him; if he is old, they will sometimes tell him he has long eaten of the country, and it is time for the young people to eat as he has done. If the present consists of rum, they all must have a taste of it, if there is not more than a table spoonful for each; if tobacco, and there is not enough to give to every one a leaf, it must be cut so that all may have a piece; if it is a jug of rum the king gets one bottle full.

008384

"The young women are not allowed to have whom they please for a husband; the choice rests with the parents. If the man wishes to marry the daughter, he must bring to the value of twenty or thirty bars to the father and mother; if they like the man, and the brother likes him, then they will call their family together, and tell them: 'We have a man in the house who wishes to have our daughter; it is that which makes us call the family together, that they may know it.' Then the friends inquire what he has brought with him; the man tells them. They then tell him to go and bring a quantity of palm wine. When he returns, they again call the family together; they all place themselves on the ground, and drink the wine, and then give him his wife. In this case, all the children he has by her are his; but, if he gives nothing for his wife, then the children will all be taken from him, and will belong to the woman's family; he will have nothing to do with them.

"If the people of this country had the same learning as Europeans, the best lawyer could not excel them in words and speeches. They are a sensible people to talk to in their palavers. They will sometimes talk a palaver so well, that you would be both pleased and astonished with them. If you were to hear two of them speaking, and how ably they open a cause before they begin to enter into an argument about it, you would be surprised. In their palavers (councils or courts) they use a great deal of ceremony at first; presenting mats, kala, or palm wine, to the old men. They then relate their story; the old men and the women sitting down to listen. A man stands by him who speaks, and repeats what he says as loud as he can; indeed, both speak very loud. When he has finished his speech he sits down. His adversary then gets up, and begins, as before, with much ceremony, thanking the man who spoke against him for what he said. Having told his story, all the old men get up and say, they must retire and consider the matter before they give an answer. If the party losing the cause is willing to give it up, then the other will ask him, if he will go before the king to talk the palaver? If he says, yes, then they must go before the king with their people.

008485

"The old men are much respected; the king, with their approbation, appoints a time to hear the palaver; but before it begins, both parties must deposit a like sum (twenty, thirty, or forty bars,) to await the king's sentence. Then the two men are called on, and all the old men and women sit as before while the accuser relates his complaint; another man repeating all he says after him. Every thing he says looks like truth, and very clear. But when he has done, the other party will get up and deny every thing that has been said, and give to things a different appearance. They have no jury, as we have; their old men settle all. Having heard all the pleading, the old men go out in what is called the devil's bush*, and determine who is in the right.

*A kind of consecrated grove.

"Sometimes, when they see that the party who is in the wrong is the strongest, they will not give justice, being afraid of the consequences: this I have seen, and have reprimanded them for.

"I have said that the king has the name of king, but not the power; yet, in general, they do nothing without his knowledge. The king cannot make use of the services of any young man without asking the leave of his father or mother. If he happen to have no people of his own and he wishes to go to a distance he must beg his people to convey him. The people do not contribute to his support; if he has no slaves or children of his own, he must work himself; if he has children, they will do all his work for him. All the land is said to belong to the king; but if a man chooses to clear a spot, and erect a town, he may: the land is free for any of the people. If a stranger, indeed, that is, an European, should wish to settle among them, he must make a present of goods to the king. These goods being received, all the people are called together, men, women, and children, and are told, that he has given the stranger a piece of land. This is done, as they have no writing, that they, and their children after them, may know what has taken place. The goods are then divided, and although the land is called the king's yet he will get no more for his share than any of the other old men. After this ceremony, the stranger may live on the land as long 008586as he pleases; but he cannot sell it again. His children's children may live on it as long as any of them remain. He must take care, however, to conduct himself peaceably and respectfully till he becomes powerful; then he may do as he pleases. All the disputes they do not carry to the king, they will bring to him; especially in cases in which one man charges another with owing him money. In such cases, if the debt is proved, it is usual for the referee to buy the debtor of the injured party as a slave; and having thus settled the palaver, the purchaser will soon have him in a chain, on which the creditor receives the price agreed upon. Sometimes on this ground all the people and family of the debtor are seized and sold. Such is the abominable custom of this country. It is the slave-traders who have made it so; they have done it to get their own ends served in getting slaves. I have seen whole families sold in this way.

"They have a bad way in making their kings. They will not suffer the sons of the old kings to succeed him as king. They will say, 'that family has had the kingdom a long time; we must give it to another family, that all may be equal.' It certainly is no great object; it is only the name without the power.

"Their towns are built all alike. The houses are covered with grass or leaves, and wattled, and either plastered with mud, or covered with mats mats will admit the air. I said before, that he who has the greatest number of people can do as he pleases. This is, perhaps, the reason why there are no large towns here. They live in families: you will see in some towns no other persons but such as belong to a particular family. The kings have thus little or no power to punish him who does wrong; as all his own people stand up for him, and will not suffer him to be punished.

The men are very idle. "In the dry season they will often sit all day playing with a bone or a nut, which they twirl about: this is a species of amusement they are very fond of-some will go for palm wine. I say they might live happy, if it was not for the slave-trade; their wants are few, and they are content with what they have.

Journal of the Rev. Mr. Mills, p. 57. --On our return we stopped at Mano. The head-woman had boiled for 008687us a dish of rice, and dressed some fowls. We gave her a small present, as we had before done to the headman. Superwill, the headman, gave us a lamb. All the people in this river appeared most friendly and kind.--They expressed great satisfaction at our words, and eager to see our people come, if they would be kind, and bring God's book. We said that persons must be sent with our people to establish schools for the children, and to instruct the people. They said they should be glad. One man, whose hair and beard were white with age, said, he wished it could be now; it was much wanted in the country--he wished to hear more about God's book before he died. It is certainly surprising that there should be such a desire among the people to hear the book of God, and to have their children instructed to read. There is just reason to hope that the principles of our holy religion would be embraced by many in this country, if they were instructed in them.

Page 61. The natives believe in the existence of a supreme God, who is great and good, but indifferent to the concerns of men. It is their concern to secure the favour and avert the displeasure of certain inferior malignant spirits, whom they imagine to be continually attendant on their persons, and to be the authors of all their evils. They place great confidence in their gregrees or amulets. They have scared groves, trees, and huts. They occasionally strew fruits about their towns, or spread mats by the public paths, as offerings to the invisible spirits. They sometimes make prayers on the graves of their fathers, or under their sacred trees.--Though they sometimes pay a kind of homage to the Supreme God, yet their ideas of him are very indistinct. The true light has never shone upon them.--One who was present the other day, at our social worship, afterwards said to a friend "that he never knew before that white men prayed."

Page 63. Soon after our arrival at Bandasuma, we had an interview with Pa Poosoo, who expressed great satisfaction with our designs. As some of his men whom he wished to consult were out of town, he sent for them, and waited for their return. It rained very hard late in the afternoon, and was cloudy until night.

008788

After sun set, having consulted with his principal men, Pa Poosoo made known to us that he was ready to give us an answer. We assembled at the king's house. A wax candle was burning in the wall. The king's brother said, (in reference to myself and Mr. B. who was unable to come with us.) "May God bless you, and as you came in health to this country, may you return in health to your own. We are glad to hear what you say; we like it well. The old people among us wish you had come before. They are now afraid they will die too soon. They want to see the time when the people will come to this country to teach the children to read and write, and to know the true God. The king says I must tell you he likes your object much: and if the other kings call him to say what is in his heart, he shall say--give the people land. We know you come with a good mind, because Mr. K. brings you, and he is a friend to our country. The old people will die fools, but if these people come from America, the children will turn and know more than their fathers. But they were afraid the people would not come, and it would never be as they said. There was much good land where no people live." I inquired what part of the country would be best for the people, when they should come to settle. They replied, when a man was looking for a wife, he would not like to have another to select for him. They asked in return, what part of the country pleased us most? I replied that we wished to see more of it, before we fixed on any part. They afterwards said, if they were to choose the place, they would say--bring the people to our town. Pa Poosoo is nearly seventy years old, of a pleasant countenance, and good character. We staid over night. More rain fell.

P. 84. We arrived at the mouth of the Boom, at seven in the evening. As it was dark, the wind fresh, and the bay wide we stopped at the little village of Rents, and the headman of whom we hired our canoe, hospitably furnished us with his house. The room and bedstead was hung around with curtains of mats, curiously wrought. We slept comfortably. We called at this village as we went up yesterday morning. It is romantic little spot. Twelve or fifteen houses stand close together; a narrow avenue to the bay gives access to the sea-breeze: palm, 008889orange, cocoa-nut, banana, and plantain trees overshadow the houses. Sugar-cane, cotton-shrubs, and cassava plants grow on each side the path which leads to a few rice fields just behind; then the whole is closely encircled with forest trees and wild vines of the richest foliage. Were it the abode of innocence, it might be esteemed a garden of Eden. The chief man is gaining wealth, and lives comfortably. He will probably be considered a king in the country in a few years.

There are several little establishments for boiling salt, not far off. There is too, a small village, formerly owned by Mr. J. a colonist from Sierra Leone, who died here a few years ago. Such colonist who have settled abroad, among the natives, though they have gained property and influence, seem not, in the end, to have succeeded well. Perhaps they have too readily adopted the indolent habits and vicious customs of the people around them.

At day-light, we put our company in motion, and crossed the bay in safety, to our schooner, off Yonie. We went on shore, to take leave of Kong Couber. King Sherbro, and the second prince, Teng-Bang, were out of town; the one at his salt-works, and the other at his rice plantation. Kong Couber inquired with apparent solicitude, when we should return. We told him it was doubtful whether either of us would ever return, our country was far off. He said we must return; the people all knew us, and there was a good understanding between us and the headmen; if we came back to-morrow, in the manner we proposed, the headmen would meet, and the business be settled. We told him, it was probable that some people from our country would visit Shervro in one year; and if we were alive in our country, we would send letters and presents, which would convince Kong Couber that we remembered his kindness. He gave us a goat for our men, and two mats for our fathers in America. He walked along the shore with us, and giving us ehis hand, said in English, "May God bless you, and give you a good voyage to your country." While we gave sail to our little schooner, he sat down by the shore, under an orange tree, apparently pensive and melancholy, The prince is conscious of the depressed condition of his people, and the barbarous state of his country. He sighs for their 008990improvement. He has, in times past, complained to Mr. K., that his father did not send him to England for an education; and has almost wished he had been sold as a slave in America, like Mr. K. if he could only have acquired learning, and lived to return back to Africa. He has told his people, that if we come back to live there, he should drink wine only, and no more rum, because rum turned the head, and made men fools. I am not certain but missionaries of prudence, self-denial, and christian zeal, might spend their lives usefully here. There would be no want of children to instruct. Couber, and perhaps other headmen may be confided in. Serious obstacles must be anticipated. Slave-traders have made even savages more vicious. The people are generally idle, superstitions, self-indulgent, and fond of ardent spirits. Polygamy is nearly universal.

At 11 a.m. we anchored off Bendou, and sent our compliments to Somano. We rested a few minutes under the shade of a large orange tree, loaded with oranges of a full size. A lime tree stood near, whose branches were literally beat down with fruit. Somano, Safab, and their people were assembled in the palaver-house.-- Their headwoman or queen had been recently accused of witchcraft. She had drank the red-water, and escaped without injury. This proved her innocence. Within a few days, they had killed an elephant. This is considered a lucky omen, and a testimony of the favour of the gods. Hence she brought forward a charge of false accusation for witchcraft, and a demand for reparation. This was the subject of palaver. All the people were sitting around, to witness the progress of the debate, and anxious about the result. The men who had distinguished themselves in killing the elephant, with their wives, occupied prominent seats. They were dressed and ornamented with more richness and elegance, than any I ever saw in Africa.

P. 46.--On our arrival we gave to Mr. T. half a dozen knives and forks, and some tobacco. He gives us a house to occupy, and killed a sheep for our dinner, and ordered his table to be spread. It was furnished with rice, bread, mutton, cassadas, some vegetables, and pure water from the spring. We might have forgotten where we were if the head wife had not been obliged to come 009091forward to eat the first spoonful, to assure her suspicious lord that she had infused no poisono in the dish. Shame! Indignity! The same custom is universal, when one presents to another bamboo, palm, or other wine. The giver drinks the first glass.

We sat most of the evening, on mats, without the door, engaged in various palavers. Mr. T. engaged to use his influence in favour of our plan. He said he should like it much, and would give us land on the Boom, if that river was navigable, and suited us; it would belong to the kings to decide whether we should have lands for colonies. When we suggested some of the advantages of our settlements to the country--such as the facility of obtaining goods in exchange for lands, and in honourable trade, he said, "then we shall not need to catch the people, and sell them, as we have done." Mr. K. has often told the headmen, that slave ships could not come here much longer. One of the people asked Mr. T. "how it could be true, that the Americans would let any of the people of colour come back to Africa, when they were so eager to buy slaves?" They appear to consider the slave-vessels, which are now at the Gallinas, American, and they undoubtedly know. We have said very little on the subject of the slave-trade, partly to ascertain their views more perfectly.

When the people returned from their plantations, just at sun-set, laden with baskets and hoes, cassadas, fruits, and wood, they came, one after another, to make their respects to the strangers. Water was warmed for us to bathe, before we retired to sleep. There is truly much of the simplicity of patriarchal times among the native Africans.

P. 54.--A canoe with twelve persons, from Bendou to the Plantain Islands, stopped along side. Two women appeared to be the principal personages. Some of the women have very amiable and intelligent faces. The Africans generally appear cheerful and happy. Some of the canoes will carry forty persons, and sail about this bay at all seasons of the year, with entire safety. Sometimes they spread a mat for a sail. Some use oars, but they generally use paddles. This land was once more populous. It is doubtful whether the population is now increasing, 009192though the proportion of small children is very large.--I think I never saw so great a proportion of healthy active children in any country. Great numbers of the youth, and the middle aged are in foreign lands, while the relies of old age, the headmen, and throngs of young children are left behind.

Fara pretends to be waiting for his principal men.--He is making inquiries of our interpreters respecting our objects. We may well confide in their representations: they are faithful men, and deeply interested in our success.

Fara mentioned to Mr. K. a surprising phenomenon, of which he desired an explanation. A large tree, by a public path, well known to have lain on the ground some years, has lately risen up, stands firm and erect, and grows green and luxuriant. Mr. K. after some consideration, said he thought he could explain it. He said, "king Fara, his people, and his country, had long been prostrated and lain in the dust. They are now beginning to rise, and if they encourage these people to come from America, we hope they will help to give them wisdom and strength." Fara looked grave at the explanation, and thought it might be so.

We had an interview with Fara, and made a brief statement of our objects and wishes, which he well understood. Rango, the chief speaker, replied in a very appropriate manner, "We hear you; we like your words; may God bless you, give you health and long life; may he bless Kizell, Martin, and the Caulkers too, because they were good in coming to introduce you. We shall not say much now: Fara, you see, is young, a boy; he will stand behind Sherbro, and will speak the same word as his father. We have not talked with Sherbro--you have; you have seen Caulker, Tucker, Soyarrah, Sc.--they have offered you lands:--which do you fancy most? When a man wants a wife, and goes to a father who has many daughters, he tells the father which he like best," &c. We told him that we had not seen all parts of the country yet, and were not prepared to make a selection; nor could we let the kings know our choice until we should return to our country. He said, "we were at liberty to go any where; the country was large, many parts where no people lived were very 009293good land--the banks of the Yaltucker were fertile, and had a few people; the Bagroo country was wide and vacant." He thanked us for our present, and Mr. K. for bringing us to Sherbro. He said he knew we should write all his words in our books, so we must hear true and write straight, (laying his palaver brush flat and straight on the ground.) They said "it was a custom of their country, when strangers came, to pour a little wine on the graves of their fathers, and say 'good strangers have come to us, O, bless good strangers,' &c. and they wanted a little wine to pour at the root of the tree, once fallen, now standing erect."

The Managers forbear to swell this note by other extracts from the same journal: but cannot conclude it without referring to the concurrent opinion of all the African authorities which they have consulted in favour of the practicability of civilizing, as well as colonizing Africa from the first specific plan of Dr. Smeathman down to the present day. The Managers will close this note with the following extract from that plan.

Pages 89, 90.-"Africa lies in climates, which, in the other continents produce the richest materials of commerce, and its productions are actually similar.--The principal are gold, ivory, dying wood, gums, honey, wax, ambergris, &c."

"I have, by observations made in a four years residence, a moral certainty that on a proper plan, a most lucrative, safe, and honourable traffic may be carried on to that quarter from Europe. The grain coast from its fertility in rice, would, if a proper vent was opened, in a few years produce of that commodity alone, and the finest in the world, an immense quantity. And nothing is wanted but encouragement to procure great quantities of cotton, as fine as the East Indian, and tobacco as the Brazilian; also, sugar and a species of indigo infinitely superior to that of the west, and various drugs, peculiar to Africa, others the usual result of industry in those climates."

"My plan would tend to emancipate and to civilize every year several thousands of slaves, to dry up one great source of that diabolical commerce; and, if not to produce liberty to the slaves in the West Indies, at least to meliorate their condition.

009394

"I conceived this project in Africa, where an industrious cultivation of the soil, with various excursions, made me well acquainted with the genius, agriculture, trade, and arts of the natives.

"It is then very obvious, that by a regular code of laws, a well-concerted plan of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, and with little more money than would buy a cargo of slaves, a free commonwealth might be founded, which would be a sanctuary for the oppressed people of colour, and gradually abolish the trade in the human species. In short, if a community of two or three hundred persons were to be associated on such principles as constitute the prosperity of civilized nations, such are the fertility of the soil, the value of its products, and the advantages of such an establishment, that it must, with the blessing of the Almighty, increase with a rapidity beyond all example.

"As rice is the finest and most nourishing of all grain, and cotton comes into universal demand, we shall have two solid objects of commerce on which to exercise our industry.

"Such are the mildness and fertility of the climate and country, that a man possessed of a change of clothing, an axe, a hoe, and a pocket knife, may soon place himself in an easy situation. All the clothing wanted is what decency requires; and the earth turned up of two or three inches, with a slight hoe, produces any kind of grain. These favourable circumstances combined with the peaceable temper of the natives, promise the numerous advantages resulting from the quiet cultivation of the earth, and the exportation of its productions, which may be very advantageously exchanged for European manufactures.

"An opportunity so advantageous may never be offered to them (people of colour) again; for they and their posterity may enjoy perfect freedom, settled in a country congenial to their constitutions, and having the means, by moderate labour, of the most comfortable livelihood, they will find a certain retreat from their former sufferings."

009495

The Speech of Mr. Clay which will be found in the First Annual Report of the Managers, closes with these remarks:

Further, several of the slave-holding states already had, and perhaps all of them would, prohibit entirely, emancipation, without some such outlet was created. A sense of their own safety required the painful prohibition. Experience proved that persons turned loose, who were neither freemen nor slaves, constituted a great moral evil threatening to contaminate all parts of society. Let the colony once be successfully planted, and legislative bodies, who have been grieved at the necessity of passing those prohibitory laws, which, at a distance, might appear to stain our codes, will hasten to remove the impediments to the exercise of benevolence and humanity. They will annex the condition that the emancipated shall leave the country; and he has placed a false estimate upon liberty, who believes that there are many who would refuse the boon, when coupled even with such a condition.

Mr. Clay had, before, submitted to the Society the following motion:

On motion of Mr. Clay, a letter of Thomas Jefferson, late President of the United States, was read, which he understood was in the hands of some one present, and would show that the importance of such an institution had been long since duly appreciated, and had received the approbation of that illustrious individual.

Copy of a letter from Thomas Jefferson, late President of the United States, to John Lynd.MONTICELLO, JAN, 21, 1811.

SIR--You have asked my opinion on the proposition of Ann Mitilin, to take measures for procuring, on the coast of Africa, an establishment to which the people of colour of these States might, from time to time, be colonized, under the auspices of different governments. Having long ago made up my mind on this subject, I have no hesitation in saying, that I have ever thought that the most desirable measure which could be adopted for gradually drawing off this part of our population. Most advantageous for themselves as well as for us; going from a country possessing all the useful arts, they might be the means of transplanting them among the inhabitants of Africa; and would thus carry back to the country of their 009596origin the seeds of civilization, which might render their sojournment here a blessing, in the end, to that country.

I received in the first year of my entering into the administration of the general government, a letter from the governor of Virginia, * consulting me, at the request of the legislature of the state, on the means of procuring some such asylum to which these people might be occasionally sent. I proposed to him the establishment of Sierra Leone, in which a private company in England had already colonized a number of negroes, and particularly the fugitives from these States during the revolutionary war: and at the same time suggested, if that could not be obtained, some of the Portuguese possessions in South America as most desirable.

*Mr. Monroe, now President of the United States.

The subsequent legislature approving these ideas, I wrote the ensuing year (1802) to Mr. King, our minister in London, to endeavour to negotiate with the Sierra Leone company, and induce them to receive such of these people as might be colonized thither. He opened a correspondence with Mr. W---and Mr. Thornton, secretary of the company, on the subject; and, in 1803, I received, through Mr. King, the result, which was, that the colony was going on in but a languishing condition; that the funds of the company were likely to fail, as they received no return of profit to keep them up; that they were then in treaty with the government to take the establishment off their hands; but that in no event should they be willing to receive more of these people from the United States, as it was that portion of the settlers who had gone from the United States, who, by their idleness and turbulence, had kept the settlement in constant danger of dissolution, which could not have been prevented, but for the aid of the Maroon negroes, from the West Indies, who were more industrious and orderly than the others, and supported the authority of the government and its laws.

I think I learned, afterwards, that the British government had taken the colony into their own hands, and, I believe, it still exists.

The effort which I made with Portugal to obtain an establishment from them, within their colonies in South America, proved also abortive.

You inquired further whether I would use my endeavours to procure such an establishment secure against 009697violence from others powers, and particularly the French. Certainly, I shall be willing to do any thing to give it effect and safety.

But I am but a private individual, and could only use endeavours with individuals. Whereas the national government can address themselves at once to those of Europe to obtain the desired security, and will, unquestionably, be ready to exert its influence with those nations to effect an object so benevolent in itself, and so important to a great a portion of its constituents. Indeed, nothing is more to be wished than that the United States would, themselves, undertake to make such an establishment on the coast of Africa.

Exclusive of motives of humanity, the commercial advantages to be derived from it might defray all its expenses; but for this, the national mind is not prepared. It may, perhaps, be doubted, whether many of these people would voluntarily consent to such an exchange of situation, and but few of those who are advanced to a certain age in habits of slavery, would be capable of governing themselves: this should not, however, discourage the experiment, nor the early trial of it. And propositions should be made with all the prudent caution and attention requisite to reconcile it to the interest, the safety, and prejudice of all parties.

Accept the assurance of my respects and esteem.

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

Mr. Mercer, another member of the Society, followed this motion, with these remarks among others:- "Many thousand individuals in our native state, you well know, Mr. President, are restrained, said Mr. M. from manumitting their slaves, as you and I are, by the melancholy conviction, that they cannot yield to the suggestions of humanity, without manifest injury to their country."

The address of the President of the Society at the opening of the meeting contained the following clauses:- "An effort has been unfortunately made to prejudice the minds of the free people of colour against this institution, which had its origin, it is believed, in an honest desire to promote their happiness. A suggestion has been made to them, which this society disclaims by the terms of its 009798constitution, that they are to be constrained to migrate to the country which may be selected for the seat of our colony. No suspicion can be more unfounded. It is sanctioned by no declarations or acts of this Society, from which, alone, our intentions can be candidly inferred.

"As little can be apprehended by the proprietor, who will not voluntary avail himself of the opportunity, which this settlement will afford him of emancipating his slaves, without injury to his country. The effect of this institution, if its prosperity shall equal our wishes, will be alike propitious to every interest of our domestic society; and should it lead, as we may fairly hope it will, to the slow, but gradual abolition of slavery, it will wipe from our political institutions, the only blot which stains them; and in the palliation of which, we shall not be at liberty to plead the excuse of moral necessity, until we shall have honestly exerted all the means which we possess for its extinction."

To these let there be added, the following extracts from a letter of one of the Vice-Presidents, major general Robert Goodloe Harper, addressed to the Secretary of the Society, printed as part of the first annual report, and circulated with it.

"Great, however, as the benefits are, which we may thus promise ourselves, from the colonization of the free people of colour, by its tendency to prevent the discontent and corruption of our slaves, and to secure to them a better treatment, by rendering them more worthy of it, there is another advantage infinitely greater, in every point of view, to which it may lead the way. It tends, and may powerfully tend, to rid us gradually and entirely, in the United States, of slaves and slavery: a great moral and political evil, of increasing virulence and extent, from which much mischief is now felt, and very great calamity in future is justly apprehended. It is in this point of view, I confess, that your scheme of colonization most strongly recommends itself, in my opinion, to attention and support.

"It is, therefore, obvious, that a vast benefit would be conferred on the country, and especially on the slave-holding districts, if all the slave labourers could be gradually and imperceptibly withdrawn from civilization, and their place supplied by free white labourers. I say 009899gradually and imperceptibly, because, if it were possible to withdraw suddenly and at once, so great a portion of the effective labour of the community, as is now supplied by slaves, it would be productive of the most disastrous consequences. It would create an immense void, which could not be filled. It would impoverish a great part of the community, unhinge the whole frame of society in a large portion of the country, and probably end in the most destructive convulsions. But it is clearly impossible; and therefore we need not enlarge on the evils which it would produce.

"But to accomplish this great and beneficial change, gradually and imperceptibly, to substitute a free white class of cultivators for the slaves, with the consent of the owners, by a slow but steady and certain operation; I hold to be as practicable as it would be beneficial; and I regard this scheme of colonization as the first step, in that great enterprize.

"This great end is to be attained in no other way, than by a plan of universal colonization, founded on the consent of the slave-holders, and of the colonists themselves. For such a plan that of the present Colonization Society opens and prepares the way, by exploring the ground, selecting a proper situation, and planting a colony, which may serve as a receptacle, a nursery, and a school for those that are to follow. It is in this point of view that I consider its benefits as the most extensive and important, though not the most immediate."

From the preceding extracts from the first annual report of the American Colonization Society, the public may decide whether the charge be as true, as it has been gravely affirmed that, "in the constitution and proceedings of the the American Colonization Society, or in the avowed sentiments of its members, there can be discerned nothing friendly to the abolition of slavery in the United States."

It would go far towards extinguishing the prejudices existing in the northern sections of the Union, if the fact were generally known, that in the two slave-holding states of Maryland and Virginia, where so many motives of policy conspire to retard, or to prevent emancipation, there were sixty-three thousand free people of colour at the census of 1810: that within a few years past more 0099100than five hundred slaves have been emancipated in Virginia, by three individuals only; one of whom was formerly the private secretary of President Madison.

When it is recollected that all the free people of colour south of Pennsylvania, owe their liberation to the VOLUNTARY ACTS of their former masters, it will not be deemed an extravagant deduction, to infer from these facts that, when, by colonizing the free people of colour, every political restraint upon emancipation shall have been removed, there will be found no sordid impediment to the colonization of Africa, in the propensities of the southern proprietor.

To be successfully prosecuted, this labour of humanity must be prudently begun, and temperately pursued. The free people of colour who have been long emancipated, will always furnish the best description of colonists. Before this stock is exhausted, by emigration, voluntary emancipation will furnish, annually, as many colonists as it would be prudent to withdraw within the year, from the labour of America, or to plant in Africa.

Such, indeed, for the last thirty or forty years has been the disposition of many individuals in the southern states, to emancipate their slaves, and so many have actually been emancipated, that the different legislatures, consulting for the general good, and deeming it highly injurious to the community thaMt such numbers of degraded beings without education and without property, should be thrown upon society, have entirely prohibited the right of emancipation to individuals, except on the condition of sending their slaves into some other state. The states of Pennsylvania and Ohio are the nearest asylums which will receive such; and accordingly the five hundred mentioned above, have been directed to these states. But we would ask, what is the probability of their ever acquiring property or becoming respectable. A letter from a gentleman in the interior of Pennsylvania informs us, that he met about sixty of these poor wanderers in the public road, going they knew not where, in search of a home, and with very little probability of finding employment at a time like the present, and in a country already overrun with foreigners, who are soliciting labour at the most reduced prices.

The remaining portion of the five hundred were sent to Ohio, where lands were purchased for them, and on 0100101which they are settled; but it is much to be feared from the publications which have appeared in the papers in that state, that they will not even be permitted to remain there; at any rate it is highly probable the gentlemen of Virginia and Maryland will not long be permitted to avail themselves of such an asylum, nor is it reasonable to expect it.

And can we not find some spot on this large globe which will receive them kindly, and where they may escape those prejudices which, in this country, must ever keep them inferior and degraded members of society?

The American Colonization Society hopes to prove that Africa is large enough, and Africans willing enough to receive them. It hopes to hold out much stronger temptations to emancipation in future, than has been done in the past, by providing a country which shall be a country of real freedom to them.

If emancipation is still going on, notwithstanding all the restrictions, and by evasions of the laws, and while the condition of the free men of colour affords so little inducement to the master to discard from his care those who depend upon him for protection, what may not be expected if Africa should prove to be to them what America is to us--a land of plenty and of freedom.

The Managers of the Society from the repeated assurances which have been given by respectable individuals, as well as by what has actually occurred, are firmly persuaded that this effect will be produced, and that many will, so soon as the Society shall deem it proper to permit such a step, place under its direction those whom they no longer wish to retain in servitude.

It may not be improper here to mention by way of showing the desirableness of such a colony, that a very short time since a gentleman in England, who fell heir to a large number of slaves in one of our southern states, and had vainly tried to have them emancipated in that state, on hearing of the American Colonization Society, wrote to inquire concerning it, with the full determination of obeying the impulses of his heart, and through the medium of that institution, giving freedom to his slaves; but unfortunately for the cause of humanity, the information which was received, represented the Society as one which would never proceed farther than its first formation, and induced him, in despair of being able to 0101102accomplish his wishes, to do what he had for years endeavoured to avoid, direct them to be sold. We are thus particular in these statements, in order to justify the Society from the charge of mere selfish design to dismiss from our country those already free, in order that the remainder may be held in a more secure and rigorous servitude. We are firmly persuaded that nothing is wanting but a suitable country and proper facilities to induce hundreds and thousands of southern proprietors to offer to hundreds and thousands of their slaves the choice between bondage in America, or freedom in Africa.

(H.)Last account of Sierra Leone.In the Report are many interesting particulars respecting Western Africa. The continued prosperity of the establishment at Sierra Leone holds out to our American Colonization Society greater encouragement than all the arguments and speculations in the world.

When we consider this little kingdom, which now contains more than ten thousand inhabitants, formed within a few years, as it were, out of chaos, and contemplate its rapid improvement, its regular government, its churches, its schools, its Bible and Missionary Societies, its printing establishment with a weekly Gazette, and even its native Missionaries already going forth to preach the gospel to their benighted brethren, we are filled with pleasing anticipations that the time is near at hand when the light of Truth shall penetrate and dispel even that Egyptian darkness in which Africa is enveloped.

With this example before us, and the said that is promised from above, we have a positive assurance of success in the benevolent enterprize which has been undertaken by the American Colonization Society.

Climate of Western Africa.

On the subject of climate, however, the committee beg to state that much misapprehension prevails: partly, from the exaggerations which have appeared; and partly from the fatal effects of a want of strict and watchful attention, on the part of new comers, to the requisite rules and cautions. The colony, it is said, is not subject to the usual proportion of deaths occurring in the West Indies, while it has greatly the advantage of those Islands in its freedom from hurricanes and contagious diseases.

Population, Schools, and improvements in Sierra Leone.

The official returns of population, amount to 10,014 persons, and the schools contain 2104 scholars. The national System has been introduced into all the schools.

0102103

Of the improvements in the Colony, the report thus speaks:--The roads and public and private buildings are in a state of rapid increase and improvement. In a survey of these improvements which has appeared in the Sierra Leone Gazette, it is said, in speaking of those which were carrying on in the country Parishes--

"They have been achieved by the labour of liberated negroes alone, under the direction of their respective ministers and superintendents. The royal munificence and the national liberality have pursued, with great cost and perseverance, the generous object of the deliverance and civilization of the once devoted victims of barbarism and bondage; and we can anticipate, with delight, the sublime gratification which the friends and supporters of this great cause will derive from seeing, so soon, such excellent practical confirmations of their hopes and reasonings--such benign fruits of their zeal and exertions. We trust, that as Providence has blessed most of the illustrious leaders of that great cause with length of days to behold this heavenly harvest of their toil and devotion, they all--and if we might name any one in particular, Mr. Wilberforce especially--may be long preserved to enjoy the permanent and constantly increasing glory, which must result from so ample and solid a commencement of social and religious good as these liberated negroes exhibit in the bosom of Africa--in the favoured seat of that vast engine of African degradation and desolation, the slave trade."

The committee enter into these details respecting the state and progress of the colony of Sierra Leone, because that renumeration which this country owes to Western Africa for its wrongs, and in the payment of which the Society is labouring to take a share, is most intimately dependent on the growth and the moral energy of this colony.

Anniversary of the Sierra Leone Bible Society.

At the annual meeting of the Auxiliary Bible Society for the colony and its dependencies, held at the court house, on the 6th of January, his excellency the governor in the chair, his excellency stated that he was 0103104fully convinced, that very great and essential benefits had already been derived to the colony from the Society: and was confident that it would extend more and more, and unite men of all religious and denominations in brotherly love and christian charity.

It appeared from the Report, that the committee had visited, according to the suggestion of the late lamented secretary of the Society, the Rev. William Garnon from house to house, in Freetown, to ascertain the want of the Scriptures and the ability to read them: of 240 christian families which had been visited, scarcely one was found without some one who could read, and above 400 bibles and testaments were ascertained to be in use among them: this visitation had nearly doubled the number of subscribers: the most respectful attention was shown to the objects of the Institution; and the committee, to use their own words, "in witnessing the domestic comforts and good habits of the people, rejoiced to behold the beneficial influence of the divine book, affording the strongest inducements to all classes to aid its more ample diffusion." In little more than two years considerably more than 300 pounds had been contributed.

Sierra Leone Church Missionary Society.

The committee have much pleasure in reporting the formation of a Missionary Society in Sierra Leone, in aid of the Parent Society. At a meeting of the Missionaries, held in October, this measure was resolved on, when it was determined that each missionary should endeavour, so far as he might deem it prudent, to collect contributions at his station. The sum of 68l. 4s. 11d. has been paid to the Society, as the first contributions of its labours and their negroes. It is a most grateful return for the Society's anxieties and exertions, to find the objects of its successful care now eager to assist, according to their means, in sending that gospel to their countrymen which has proved a blessing to themselves.

Excursions among the Natives.

The governor has expressed his wish that the colony should become "a focus of Christianity," for the benefit of the neighbouring tribes. The committee rejoice 0104105to see that it is beginning to answer to this character. It is, indeed, highly desirable, as the late Mr. Garnon urged, that "there should be not only a sufficient number of labourers for the different towns in the colony, but two or three supernumeraries, in case of sickness or death; and to enable one another, by turns, to push forth, in the dry season, among the natives, to preach the gospel to them."

Two excursions had been taken, with a view to examine the state of the districts bordering on the colony.

In the first, Mr. Johnson and Mr. Cates, accompanied by William Tamba, one of the communicants at Regent's Town, and other natives, walked about 140 miles. William Tamba several times addressed his countrymen, with much effect, in their native tongues.

Mr. Johnson and Mr. Cates were so satisfied of the advantages likely to result from the natives' being addressed by their countrymen, in the manner in which William Tamba had addressed them, that both he and William Davis were taken by the missionaries, into the service of the Society. Mr. Wm. Randle, an Englishman, who gave the most satisfactory evidence of right principles and character, was engaged as a schoolmaster.

A second journey was in contemplation. It was intended that Mr. Cates, accompanied by William Tamba, William Davis, and others, should travel down the coast as far as the Bassa country, about 400 miles from the colony. William Tamba speaks all the tongues used in the greater part of this route, and William Davis is himself a native of the Bassa country.

The Society will, doubtless, highly approve these journeys. It is by the constant repetition of such excursions, that the surrounding tribes must be brought gradually acquainted with that best blessing of man which it will be the glory of Sierra Leone to be the medium of communicating to them.

And let it be considered for a moment how remarkably the Providence of God seems to be preparing instruments for this service, by over-ruling that wicked traffick in human beings to subserve the purpose of his own glory. "We have converts." Mr. Johnson writes respecting his christian negroes at Regent's Town "of 0105106almost all of the nations about us; even from the banks of the famous and unexplored river Niger-some from various countries beyond Tombuctoo." The slave trade may endanger the safety of natives in these journeys, unless accompanied by Europeans; nor would it be prudent, for the present that natives should travel without Europeans, till they have acquired experience: but the time is not far distant, as your committee hope, when the country will be open to the labours of well-instructed and able native teachers. In the mean time there is no difficulty in these journeys of investigation. "I am fully persuaded." Mr. Johnson writes, "that an European, accustomed to the climate, may go through any part of Africa, if he go as a beggar, and give no presents-an evil that has been too much countenanced."

Christian Institution, at Leicester Mountain.Twenty-five of the most promising boys have been selected from the Christian Institution at Leicester Mountain, for the purpose of receiving a superior education.

Some idea may be formed of the extent to which these labours may, in time, be carried, by considering the fact, that, in Regent's Town alone, there are natives of twenty different nations, all varying from one another in language, but now holding intercourse among themselves and with their christian teachers, by means of that common tongue which they have imperfectly acquired in that state of freedom to which they have arrived. At present, indeed, their knowledge of English is too limited to render them competent instructors of their own languages. For the accurate acquisition of these tongues, particularly in the pronunciation, it will be necessary to travel frequently, or to reside some time among the natives where the respective languages are best understood and spoken. As the native tongues shall, by these means, become well understood, and shall be reduced to writing on fixed principles, and able teachers of them provided, then will the Christian Institution come into most important action, in the preparation and printing elementary books and the Scriptures and the supply of competent teachers to the different tribes.

0106107

The cultivation of the Arabic language will be another important branch of labour in the Institution. Natives well prepared in that tongue will be received with respect in all parts of the county, and will have a medium of communication with Mahomedans wherever found, on the coast or in the interior; and, being previously masters of the questions between Christians and Mahomedans, will be the means, doubtless, of both preserving and rescuing many from the delusions of the impostor.

Regent's Town.

The Report gives the following details respecting the schools:

The scholars, both adults and children, which were stated in the last Report to amount to 409, were increased, at midsummer, to 499, and that number given in the official return of January last. This number consisted of 127 boys and 108 girls; with 184 men and boys, and 80 women, in evening schools.

With a view to qualify them to become teachers of their countrymen, several of the communicants receive extra instruction. Will Tamba, David Noah, and William Davis, are very diligent and make good progress.

Mr. Johnson writes-

"You will see how much I stand in need of assistance. I have now the boys and girls under my continual care. We have built two school houses; one seventy by thirty feet; and the other sixty-four by thirty."

On the fourth of January an examination of the schools took place, before the governor, and many of the principal persons of the colony. His excellency addressed them with his accustomed benevolence, and expressed the highest gratification at their progress; urging the adults, in particular, to assist, with zeal and alacrity, in teaching those of their countrymen who had not such opportunities as themselves. The men, women, and children present, owed to Great Britain, under the blessing of God, everything that could dignify man: they were emancipated from slavery; and, above all other benefits, they were educated in the principles of Christianity. "Henceforth then." said his excellency, 0107108"worship God, as Christians; and serve, as Britons, the country and the king."

Of the rapid advance of the people in civilization, the Report thus speaks:--

The improvement in the external condition of the people is very rapid, and demonstrates the energy and happy influence of those principles which begin to prevail among them.

Mr. Johnson writes--

"I have cleared, with the boys, about twenty acres of land, which are planted with cassadas, yams, cocoa, plantains, bananas and coffee. I hope we shall soon be able to support, in good part at least, the boys and girls, with our own produce."

The committee cannot withhold the following honourable testimony, added in the same Report:

"Let it be considered, that no more than three or four years have passed, since the greater number of Mr. Johnson's population were taken out of the holds of slave ships: and who can compare their present condition with that from which they were rescued, without seeing manifest cause to exclaim--"The hand of Heaven is in this!" Who can contrast the simple and sincere Christian worship which precedes and follows their daily labours, with the groveling and malignant superstitions of their original state, their greegrees, their redwater, their witchcraft and their devils' houses, without feeling and acknowledging a miracle of good, which the immediate interposition of the Almighty alone could have wrought? And what greater blessing could man or nation desire or enjoy, than to have been made the instruments of conferring such sublime benefits on the most object of the human race?

"If any other circumstance could be required to prove the immediate interposition of the Almighty, we have only to look at the plain men and simple means employed in bringing about the miraculous conversion that we have recorded. Does it not recall to mind the first diffusion of the Gospel by the Apostles themselves? These thoughts will occur to strangers, at remote distance, when they hear these things; and must they not occur much more forcibly to us who have these things constantly before our eyes?"

0108109

In a former note a vindication will be found of the soil, climate, and salubrity of tropical Africa: the following extracts from the second report of the African institution, and from other respectable authorities, are designed to illustrate the variety and value of the productions of that region.

Report of a Committee of the African Institution.

"The Committee think that it may be of use to enumerate in this place, for the information of the subscribers, what other articles there are, which Africa may be expected to furnish as a return to the British merchant for the goods he may send thither.

"The first they will specify is gold. This precious metal is found in many parts of Africa, sometimes in small lumps, in a pure state; but for the most part it is procured by merely washing, with care, the sand taken from the bed of the river. The quantity obtained in this way, indeed, will barely pay for the labour required to free it from the sand. It nevertheless proves the existence of gold mines in that country, which, it is presumed, may be found and opened, should the advancing civilization of Africa admit of that free intercourse which would give an opportunity to European mineralogists of exploring this source of wealth.

"Ivory has hitherto formed, next to slaves, the largest branch of African commerce, and its quantity will, of course, not be lessened by the new circumstances in which Africa is placed.

"Bees wax may be obtained in every part of Africa; and in some places, particularly the rivers Gambia and Gaboon, it forms a considerable part of the present exports. It might, of course, be greatly increased by encouraging the rearing of bees.

"Dye-woods, of various kinds, including camwood, barwood, and fustick, are now exported, the two first in considerable quantities, from Africa. Requiring no previous cultivation, but only to be cut down in order to be brought to market, and thus affording a present temptation to exertion, the commerce in articles of this description has not been equally affected by the slave-trade, as 0109110the commerce in those articles which require previous culture, and the profits of which are remotely prospective. Without doubt, however, when the intercourse with the interior of Africa shall become more open and secure, not only may the trade in the dye-woods already specified be increased, but other valuable dye-woods, will probably be discovered.

"Many kinds of timber are likewise produced in Africa, which are supposed to be well adapted for the use of cabinet makers, inlayers, and shipwrights. The importation of these is discouraged by the high duties payable on unrated woods, amounting at present to about 27l. per cent ad valorom.

"Potash might also be procured from Africa: the clearing of the forest would, of course, supply materials for the manufacturer of this useful article.

"Gum senega and gum copal are now imported into this country from Africa, in a quantity nearly equal to the demand. Besides these, there are many other gums in Africa, which, if properly examined, might prove useful, both to our manufacturers and chemists. Gums, as was observed in the case of dye-woods, require no cultivation, and hardly any labour to prepare them for market.

"Palm oil, which is useful in the manufacture of soap, may be obtained in considerable quantities.

"Indigo grows wild in almost every part of the African coast, and might, therefore, easily be brought into cultivation. Almost all the indigo which is now consumed in Europe, is imported from the East Indies, under the disadvantages of a voyage more than thrice as long as that from Africa. Besides the indigo, there is another plant which the natives use as a blue dye, which appears to impart a more indelible colour, and which, should it stand the test of experiment, might also be cultivated.

"Rice forms the principal food of the Africans, and might doubtless become an article of export, for the supply of the West Indies and Europe.

"Several varieties of coffee, one of a kind not inferior, it is supposed, to the Mocha, are found growing wild in the mountains of Sierra Leone. The cultivation of this article has been begun at that colony, and promises to succeed. It may thence be extended to every part of the continent.

0110111

"Sugar cane of an excellent quality grows with hardly any culture, in many parts of Africa. The committee do not recommend this, at the present moment, as an article to be cultivated with a view to exportation. Still its existence and luxuriant growth, serve to show what are the capabilities of that country.

"Malaguetta pepper, an article in considerable demand, grows wild in great abundance on the windward coast.

"A variety of other spices, including the cayene, ginger, cubebs, cardamums, species of nutmeg, and cinnamon, are found in Africa, and might be cultivated with advantage.

"Castor oil, musk, and various other drugs, might also be brought thence, together with the Indian arrow root, tapioca, and sago.

"Tobacco is cultivated on a small scale, in various parts of Africa, and might, if it were desirable, be cultivated still more extensively.

"A few hides are now imported from the river Gambia: the number will doubtless increase, as cattle can be more securely reared.

"Sponge may also be procured thence.

"But besides the articles thus enumerated, as already existing in Africa, there are others of a very valuable kind, such as opium, which might easily be transported thither. The cochineal and the silk worm might also be reared there. In short, it may be said that there are no articles, produced between the tropics, which may not be naturalized in that part of western Africa, which has hitherto been the theatre of the slave-trade.

"It is hardly necessary to add, that all the different fruits, esculent roots, and grain, which grow in other tropical countries, are raised there; such as cocoa nuts, limes, lemons, oranges, plantains, bananas, papaws, guavas, melons, pine apples, cashew nuts, tamarinds, pumpkins, yams, cassada, eddoes, Indian corn, millet, &c. Few of the fruits which have been mentioned, however, could be made to form any part of a return cargo, on account of the length of the voyage, except in the shape of pickles or preserves.

"The committee have omitted to mentionseveral articles, which, though they may afford advantageous 0111112modes of employing the labour of Africa, yet will not furnish an export to Europe; such as salt, which is now manufactured to a small extent on the sea coast,(for the purpose of supplying the interior, where it is in high demand,) and the quantity of which might be much enlarge; and the fruit of the cola tree, so famed for its tonic qualities, as to be carried by the satees, or travelling merchants, from the neighbourhood of Sierra Leone, to every part of the continent, even to Egypt and Abyssinia.

"Notwithstanding the encouraging detail which has now been given, it may perhaps be objected, that the hope of creating any considerable trade in the productions of Africa is proved to be delusive by past experience. `If the capabilities of that quarter of the globe,' it may be said, `are such as they have been represented to be, what has prevented the development of them during the long period which has elapsed since the commencement of our intercourse with it; and particularly, as of late the efforts of the Sierra Leone Company have been directed to that object. The grand most unquestionably, has been-the trade in slaves. It is this, which, by destroying the security both of person and property in every part of Africa, beyond the narrow limits of the colony of Sierra Leone; by polluting the sources of justice; by not only exciting wars between nations, but raising the arm of every man against his neighbour; has paralyzed every effort of prospective industry, and repressed even the desires of cultivating more than was wanted for immediate subsistence. The truth of this statement is very strikingly exemplified in a letter received during the last year from governor Ludlam, in which that gentleman gives an account of the baneful effects of the slave-trade, witnessed by himself, in the country on the banks of the river Sherbro, about one hundred miles to the southward of Sierra Leone.

"`Thus,' he says, `has this fertile country been rendered a desert, and its trade, which, when you knew it, was so extensive, been almost annihilated. What its population was at that time, I have no means of judging; but it must have been considerable. I speak, however, within compass, when I say, that some thousands of square miles are now without an inhabitant. In this 0112113extent is included some of the richest land on the windward coast. I have never heard a place pointed out which equalled Boom in fertility. Mr. Taylor told me, that he never saw finer sugar cane in the West Indies, than grows wild in Bagroo. And as for the interior country behind the Sherbro, it must also be rich from the quantity of rice and cotton cloth they bring down."*

*The slave-trade having been completely abolished in Sherbro, that fine region is now open to colonization, free from the scourge which once afflicted and desolated it.

I. Young's account of Bulama in Wadstrom's notes, p. 309.--"From the aspect of the garden which we made, wherein all the esculent vegetables of the European gardens, as well as sugar canes, plantains, bananas, pine apples, the lime, the orange, the guava, the olive, and the vine of several species, which the Hankey brought from Teneriffe, throve with a luxuriance that seemed marvellous to Englishmen who were unacquainted with the combined effects of heat and moisture upon rich and new land.

Smeathman's Letters in Wadstrom, 2d part, p. 197.210. "Africa lies in climates which, in the other continents produce the richest materials of commerce, and its productions are actually similar.--The principal are gold, ivory, dying wood, gums, honey, wax ambergris, &c.

"I have, by observations made in a four years' residence, a moral certainty that on a proper plan, a most lucrative, safe, and honourable traffick may be carried on to that quarter from Europe. The grain coast from its fertility in rice, would, if a proper vent was opened, in a few years produce of that commodity alone, and the finest in the world, an immense quantity. And nothing is wanted but encouragement to procure great quantities of cotton, as fine as the East Indian, and tobacco as the Brazillian; also, sugar and a species of indigo infinitely superior to that of the west, and various drugs, peculiar to Africa, others the usual result of industry in those climates.

Meredith's Gold Coast, p. 25.--The vegetable productions of the coast consist of maize, millet, rice, yams, cassada, potatoes, plantains, bananas, guavas, chilies, of all kinds, and other tropical fruits.

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The sugar cane grown spontaneously, and to a tolerable size, and the black pepper has been discovered inland. The indigo plant is common in many parts of the coast, and the cotton shrub may be seen in a wild uncultivated state.

Tuckey's Narrative, p. 208.--Here I learn that they have two crops of Indian corn a year.

Golberry's Travels, vol. ii. p. 242.--Indigo and cotton grew at their feet without culture. The women collect a quantity of cotton sufficient for each family.

Proceedings of the African Association, vol. ii. p. 408. The sugar-cane grows very abundantly--it is equally fine with what is produced in the West Indies.

Idem. p. 411.--Their food is chop, made of yam cut in slices, Cayenne pepper, palm oil, and fowl, fish, goat, or wild hog.

Wadstrom, p. 24, if part 2d.--It had been ascertained, beyond a doubt, that the climate and soil of Africa were admirably suited to the growth of sugar, spices, coffee, cotton, indigo, rice, and every other species of tropical produce.

Wadstrom, p. 27.--It would be tedious, as well as difficult, to enumerate the African plants and woods proper for the purposes of cabinet work, dying, and ship-building.

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(K.)

The following extract from the discourse of Mr. Peter Williams a coloured man of New-York, while it exhibits the genius and piety of the author, and the uncommon excellence of the man whom he eulogizes, shows also the sentiments of the coloured people of the cities of New-York and Philadelphia, towards African colonization.

In each of those places, societies of the most intelligent among them, were formed for the purpose of supplying Sierra Leone with colonists according to the recommendation of capt. Paul Cuffee. It is true that some of them have since protested against the American Colonization Society, but it has been from an apprehension that unseen mischief lurked, in its design, which apprehension, nothing perhaps but time and the progress of our plans will be able, entirely, to remove.

Extract form the discourse of Peter Williams, on the death of capt. Paul Cuffee.Under this impression, he turned his thoughts to the British settlement at Sierra Leone; and, in 1811, finding his property sufficient to warrant the undertaking, and believing it to be his duty to appropriate part of what God had given him to the benefit of his and our unhappy race, he embarked on board of his own brig, manned entirely by persons of colour, and sailed to the land of his forefathers, in the hope of benefiting its natives and descendants.

Arrived at the colony, he made himself acquainted with its condition, and held a number of conversations with the governor and principal inhabitants; in which he suggested a number of important improvements.--Among other things, he recommended the formation of a society for the purposes of promoting the interests of 0115116its members and of the colonists in general; which measure was immediately adopted, and the society named "The Friendly Society of Sierra Leone." From thence he sailed to England, where, meeting with every mark of attention and respect, he was favoured with an opportunity of opening his views to the board of managers of the African Institution; who, cordially acquiescing in all his plans, gave him authority to carry over from the United States a few coloured persons of good character, to instruct the colonists in agriculture and the mechanical arts. After this he returned to Sierra Leone, carrying with him some goods as a consignment to the Friendly Society, to encourage them in the way of trade; which having safely delivered, and given them some salutary instructions, he set sail and returned again to his native land.

Thus terminated his first mission to Africa--a mission fraught with the most happy consequences; undertaken from the purest motives of benevolence, and solely at his own expense and risk.

Returned to the bosom of his family and friends, where every comfort awaited his command, he could not think of enjoying repose while he reflected that he might, in any degree, administer to the relief of the multitudes of his brethren, who were groaning under the yoke of bondage, or groping in the dark and horrible night of heathenish superstition and ignorance.--Scarcely had the first transports of rejoicing at his return, time to subside, before he commenced his preparations for a second voyage; not discouraged by the labours and dangers he had past, and unmindful of the ease which the decline of life requires, and to which his long-continued and earnest exertions gave him a peculiar claim. In the hope of finding persons of the description given by the African Institution, he visited most of the large cities in the Union, held frequent conferences with the most reputable men of colour, and also with those among the whites who had distinguished themselves as the friends of the Africans; and recommended to the coloured people to form associations for the furtherance of the benevolent work in which he was engaged. The results were, the formation of two 0116117societies, one in Philadelphia, and the other in New York, and the discovery of a number of proper persons, who were willing to go with him and settle in Africa.--But, unfortunately; before he found himself in readiness for his voyage, the war commenced between this country and Great Britain. This put a bar in the way of his operations, which he was so anxious to remove, that he travelled from his home at Westport, to the city of Washington, to solicit the government to favour his views, and to let him depart and carry with him those persons and their effects whom he had engaged to go and settle in Sierra Leone. He was, however, unsuccessful in the attempt. His general plan was highly and universally approbated, but the policy of the government would not admit of such an intercourse with an enemy's colony.

He had now no alternative but to stay at home and wait the event of the war. But the delay, thus occasioned, instead of being suffered to damp his ardour, was improved by him to the maturing of his plans, and extending his correspondence, which already embraced some of the first characters in Great Britain and America. After the termination of the war, he with all convenient speed prepared for his departure, and in Dec. 1815, he took on board his brig 38 persons of the dispersed race of Africa; and after a voyage of 55 days, landed them safely on the soil of their progenitors.

It is proper to remark that capt. C. in his zeal for the welfare of his brethren, had exceeded the instructions of the institution at London. They had advised him not to carry over, in the first instance, more than 6 or 8 persons; consequently, he had no claim on them for the passage and other expenses attending the removal of any over that number. But this he had previously considered, and generously resolved to bear the burden of the expense himself, rather than any of those whom he had engaged should be deprived of an opportunity of going where they might be so usefully employed. He moreover foresaw, that when these persons were landed at Sierra Leona, it would be necessary to make such provision for the destitute as would support them until they were enabled to provide for themselves.

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For this also he had to apply to his own resources, so that in this voyage he expended out of his own private funds between three and four thousand dollars, for the benefit of the colony.

Whether this sum will ever be made up to his heirs, is not for me to determine, but whether it is so or not, this act of his deserves to be placed on record, and handed down to posterity as a proof of the warmth of his benevolence, and of the purity and disinterestedness of his attachment to the African race.

On the arrival of capt. Cuffee at Sierra Leone, he presented his passengers to the governor, who gave each family a lot of ground in the town, besides from 30 to 50 acres of land (according to their number) on a spot about two miles distant from it. Afterwards, in a letter which he wrote to England, (in answer to one which he had received, requiring him to say what should be done for the advantage of the new comers,) he prudently advised, that a house should be built for the accommodation of their families on each of their farms.

His stay at the colony, at this time, was about two months, and when he took his departure, particularly from those whom he brought over with him, it was like a father taking leave of his children, receiving the tokens of their overflowing affection, and with pious admonitions, commending them to the protection of God.

Oh! never, never to be forgotten scene. When the doleful tidings shall be there announced, that he is numbered with the dead, what tears will flow at the recollection of its every circumstance.

The exclusion of American vessels from the trade of the British colonies, by the late treaty, rendered capt. C. (in order that he might prosecute his designs) very solicitous to obtain a licence for his vessel to trade to Sierra Leone. He had, indeed, been urged to connect himself with the institution of London, and to sail as supercargo in British bottoms and to British ports; but with this he was unwilling to comply, though he knew the business would be very lucrative. Considering himself (to use his own phraseology) as a member of the whole African family he was unwilling to leave that part of it which was in America, in its present state.-- 0118119"My wish," said he, "is for the good of this people universally." His last voyage had beoen undertaken at the risk of having his vessel and cargo seized and condemned; and, though he escaped, he could not think it adviseable to run the same hazard again. He, therefore, wrote to his friends in England, to try to obtain a licence for his vessel, and to make some other arrangements which he deemed necessary for another voyage. Whether these arrangements were ever made, I cannot say, but if they were, it was not until after he was seized with that complaint which terminated his labours and his life. He was taken ill sometime in February, and expired on the 7th day of September, in the 39th year of his age.

During his illness, the subject of meliorating the condition of his brethren, continued deeply impressed on his mind, and occupied his decaving powers in an extensive correspondence with their friends; and, though he was unable to serve them as he had done, he was gratified at finding his views adopted by a number of the most benevolent and influential men in the American Union.

Such was the public character. Such was the warmth of his benevolence, the activity of his zeal, and the extent of his labours, in behalf of the African race. Indeed his whole life may be said to have been spent in their service. To their benefit he devoted the acquisitions of his youth, the time of his later years, and even the thoughts of his dying pillow.

As a private man, he was just and upright in all his dealings, an affectionate husband, a kind father, a good neighbour, and a faithful friend. Pious without ostentation, and warmly attached to the principle of quakerism; he manifested, in all his deportment, that he was a true disciple of Jesus; and cherished a charitable disposition to professors of every denomination, who walked according to the leading principles of the gospel.--Regardless of the honours and the pleasures of the world, in humble imitation of his divine master, he went from place to place doing good, looking not for his reward among men, but in the favour of his heavenly father.--Thus walking in the ways of piety and usefulness, in the smiles of an approving conscience, and the favour 0119120of God; he enjoyed through life, an unusual serenity and satisfaction of mind, and when the fatal messenger arrived to cut the bonds of mortality, it found him in peace, ready and willing to depart. In that solemnly interesting period, when nature with him was struggling in the pangs of dissolution, such a calmness and serenity overspread his soul, and manifested itself in his countenance and actions, that the heart of the greatest reprobate, at beholding him, would have responded the wish, "let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his."

A short time previous to his exit, feeling sensible that it was near, he called his family together to bid them adieu. It was an affecting scene. A scene of inexpressible solemnity--of tears and bitter anguish, on the one hand, and christian firmness and resignation on the other. His wife and children, and several other relatives, being all assembled around him, the good old man reached forth his enfeebled hand, and after shaking hand with each, and given them some pious advice, he commended them to the tender mercies of Jehovah, and bade them all a final farewell. After this his mind seemed almost entirely occupied with the eternal world. "Not many days hence," said he to one of his neighbours who came to visit him, "not many days hence, and ye shall see the glory of God; I know that my works are all gone to judgment before me;" but he subjoined, "it is well" "it is all well." I could add many particulars, but it is unnecessary. He is gone. He lived the life, and died the death, of a christian. He is gone whence he shall never return, and where he shall contend no more with raging billows, and with howling storms. His voyages are all over, he has made his last--and it was to the haven of eternal repose.

(L.)Sierra Leone, 21st May, 1318.Dear Friends and Brethren,"A people scattered and pealed."-"a nation meted out and trodden under foot."--We who now write unto 0120121you are your brethren, who have once laboured under the same trouble as a great many of you now do; but thanks be to God, through Jesus Christ our Lord, he has delivered us from all that trouble. We must know, brethren, all that has befallen us is of God for our good, that we may bring the gospel into our country. We were not left in darkness as our countrymen were. Brethren, you know the land of Canaan was given to Abraham and his seed; so Africa was given to our forefathers and to their children. Brethren, you know that Joseph was sold into a strange land wrongly by his brethren; and, dear friends, you know many of you were sold wrongfully into a strange land:--and you have increased in the land where you are. Word was sent by God unto the children of Israel for them to return into the land of Canaan, and you have the same word sent unto you to return into your own land. The hand of God is in this business. The children of Israel brought the ark of God into their land, and you will bring the gospel into your land. The Levites were set apart among them, and you will have young men set apart among you. Now let us follow the word of God. The prophet says, "ye have sold yourselves for naught, and ye shall be redeemed without money." Again, in another place, "I will give this people favour in the sight of them, and they will let you go," It is God who has put it into the hearts of these good men to assist you back to your country. Look back, and see if ever such a thing was done as you now see. Be ye thankful to them in America, and be not fearful to come to Africa, which is your country by right. If any of you think it proper not to come, and say it is well with you, you must remember your brethren who are yet in slavery. They must be set free as yourselves. How shall they be made free, if not by your good behaviour and by coming to get a place ready to receive them? Though you are free, that is not your country. Africa, not America, is your country and your home. Africa is a good country. You will have no trouble to raise your children when all things are plenty: you will have no want of warm clothing: you will have no need of fire-wood, for we have it in abundance; and here you will be looked upon like the blessed creatures of the Almighty God, and that bad opinion and contempt which 0121122our white brethren harbour, will be quite done away, and the whole of us will become a large and wonderful nation. We will forget all our former troubles when we return to the land from which our forefathers came. The whole of you will have your own lands and houses, when you cultivate the land, (in which a few horses would be an assistance,) you will be supplied with yams, cassada, plantains, fowls, wild-hogs, deer, ducks, goats, sheep, cattle, fish in abundance, and many other articles, good running water, large oysters. In truth, the whole country would be happy if they had only the gospel in it, to improve the minds of the people. We have travelled up into the country, and have found it to be a very good land, and the inhabitants of it to be very kind sort of people to strangers. We hope, dear brethren, that you all will bring the gospel into this land in its purity and spirit, that the Lord may bless our prosperity. Brethren, the men-stealers are all driven out of the country,* so we have nothing to fear from the quarter. Brethren, we recommend to your approbation, Samuel J. Mills, and Ebenezer Burgess, two worthy ministers whom the good people of America have sent out to seek a place for you. They are men worthy of the station they hold, full of christian love and purity. We are eye-witnesses of their labour for the people. You will therefore please to believe their assertions concerning this great work which the Lord has begun, and we hope, will finish with speed. Now, brethren, we recommend you to the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God the Father. Amen.

(Signed)JOHN KIZELL,PETER MITCHELL,WM. MARTIN,PERRY LOCKE,GEO. DAVIS,THOS. WILLIAMSGEO. LEWIS,JOHN KIZELL, JR.R. ROBERTSON,POMPEY RUTLEDGE.SAMUEL WILSON,

*The neighbourhood of Sierra Leone.

0122123(M.)Letters and documents, affording proof of the willingness and anxiety of the free people of colour to go to Africa.LETTER FROM THE WABASH.To Elias B. Caldwell, Esq.Secretary of the American Colonization Society.SIR--Being desirous to know the success of the agents returned from Africa, and the proceedings of the honourable Society of which you are secretary, I request of you to send me a few copies of the second annual report. In applying for this information I am influenced by the motives which actuated me when I presumed to address the philanthropic and enlightened president; and the pleasure I feel in complying with the wishes of a number of the free people of colour, for whose benefit I recommend the correspondence. Some of them are impatient, and if means of migration to the proposed colony, for coloured people from the western country, were provided, they would embrace the earliest opportunity to leave this section of the United States, to go where they are convinced they would, under the auspices of the general government, enjoy all those natural and political rights to which their talents and industry entitle them, but which are prohibited to them in our free states. The wealthiest among them have recently disposed of their land, and moveable property that they might be ready to depart; and with grievous sensibility informed me, that they might escape the danger of being carried away into slave states, as a number of their colour have been, notwithstanding the exertions of a few friends among the citizens, who in some cases prevented it, and in several instituted suits for the recovery of the unfortunate kidnapped, which have not yet been determined.

I am, &c.WM. M'INTOSH.Grand Rapids, near Palmyra,State of Illinois, 14th May, 1819.

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The following is an extract of a letter from one of the free negroes mentioned in the letter of Mr. M'Intosh.Lamott, Illinois Territory, July 13th, 1818."I am a free man of colour, have a family and a large connection of free people of colour residing on the Wabash, who are all willing to leave America whenever the way shall be opened. We love this country and its liberties, if we could share an equal right in them; but our freedom is partial, and we have no hope that it ever will be otherwise here; therefore we had rather be gone, though we should suffer hunger and nakedness for years. Your honour may be assured that nothing shall be lacking on our part in complying with whatever provision shall be made by the United States, whether it be to go to Africa or some other place; we shall hold ourselves in readiness, praying that God (who made man free in the beginning, and who by his kind providence has broken the yoke from every white American,) would inspire the heart of every true son of liberty with zeal and pity, to open the door of freedom for us also.

I am, &c.ABRAHAM CAMP.Elias B. Caldwell, Esq.Secretary of the Colonization Society of the United States:Letter from the Petersburg African Missionary Society. Petersburg, Va. 30th April, 1819.Dear Sir,Having been authorized by the Petersburg African Missionary Society of persons of colour, to address you in their behalf on the subject of the intended colony in Sherbro, permit me, honoured sir, to tell you, that this 0124125society has been in existence only seven months, and their object is to send forth missionaries to the benighted land of Africa; numbers would be willing to go if they could get correct information from you respecting the country, and the means of conveyance from this place. It is the general opinion among us, that if we could only obtain the information from the board of your Society, that would give us proper ideas of the site and mode of government, and how we should be protected, that we would embrace the opportunity, and prepare to leave our adopted, for our colonial, asylum.

Please answer this as soon as you conveniently can, as the people are anxious to hear from you.

With considerations of the highest esteem and respect,

I remain, dear sir, yours truly humble servant,JOHN T. RAYMOND,Corresp. Sec. Af. Miss. Soc.To Elias B. Caldwell, Esq.Washington City, Dis. Columbia.Letter from A. Waugh, Esq. to the Hon. C. F. Mercer. Centreville, 2d, June, 1818.Dear Sir,There is a coloured man in our country, who wishes to go to Africa among the first that go. To secure a conveyance as early as possible, he is urging me to present him to the notice of the Society. Having no acquaintance with the officers of the Society at Washington, I have taken the liberty of referring him to you, and it is probable you will see him at London court. He is of good character, and will be useful in the colony, I have no doubt. He is without education, but is an intelligent man, of a strong mind, and good understanding, and has considerable influence among his acquaintance of colour. He thinks he can prevail on nearly one hundred to accompany him, among whom are several slaves whose masters have promised him to let go. You will be so 0125126good as to write him a few lines (directed to me) directing him how to proceed, and informing him whether he may take any person with him who may choose to go-when it is likely they will be sent, &c. &c.

I am, with much esteem, yours, &c.ALEX. WAUGH.P. S. His name is George Bowing, has ten or twelve in family.

A letter from a clergyman of high standing in Charleston, South Carolina, informs us that a number of free coloured persons of that place are anxious to go; among whom are some of the best intelligence who are to be found in that class of persons and who will go as missionaries to Africa.

Extract of a letter from a gentleman of the first respectability, in Richmond, Virginia, to his friend in Washington, dated December 27th, 1319."I am happy to inform you that from this city, you will have some volunteers. I know of four families whose aggregate number will be from twelve to fifteen persons. The heads of these families, are respectable, industrious, and pious men. And better materials for settling a village in your colony, you could not wish for.

"If these men shall hereafter make a good report of their situation, numbers will cheerfully follow them.

"The men from this city are not poor. They will go with the means of providing their families with many comforts."

To these let it be added that every week brings with it fresh letters, or evidences of an increasing desire on their part to remove to Africa. There are now many hundreds in New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, Petersburg and Norfolk, and in the interior of the several states, who would gladly have joined the first expedition to Africa.

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Copy of a letter from a respectable gentleman in Vincennes, in the state of Indiana, to the Hon. Bushrod Washington, President of the Society for the Colonization of Blacks.SIR--Having been informed, through the medium of the newspapers, of the formation of the Society to which you do honour as President but either not being informed of, or having forgotten the name of the Society, I take the liberty to address this letter to you, requesting you to send it to the secretary or other proper officer, whose business it is to receive communications.

I feel a deep interest in your Society, and highly approve the patriotic and benevolent motives which have induced its formation; and, with every American citizen, feel a pride in seeing the name of Washington at its head.

To aid its views, I am prompted to send the following information. There are, in this vicinity, between fifty and a hundred free people of colour, who have by my means heard of your Society, and are desirous of going to Africa, to help in forming a settlement or colony, should one be attempted. They live on the Wabash, on both sides; some in the Illinois territory, and some in Indiana. They are in general industrious and moral. Some of them have landed property and are good farmers; and some can read and write. They are sensible of the existing degraded condition in which they are placed by our laws, respecting the right of suffrage, and other disabilities.

If your Society has formed a constitution, they wish to see it, as well as the consequent regulations, and they wish to be informed how soon any settlement or colony will be commenced.

Be pleased, sir, to forward the constitution and other information to me, and I will communicate it to them. I will also aid the Society in removing the people of color from this, to the place of embarkation, and in any other manner in my power.

With best wishes for your success in your patriotic and humane labours, I have the honour to be, sir,

Your devoted and obedient humble servant.Vincennes, 16th Oct. 1817.

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Soil and productions of the interior of Africa.Meredith on the Gold Coast, p. 36.--Every country we hear in the interior produces gold; whereas on the coast there is but little to be obtained in comparison. All the ivory exported from the coast is produced inland, and what an extensive and fertile country must it be to afford liberty and pasture to such numerous herds of elephants, which, doubtless, might be trained for the same uses and purposes they are applied to in the east! We have yet reason to expect that the domestic animals inland, are larger than on the coast, sheep particularly. The writer has seen and eaten part of a sheep brought from the kingdom of Eyis, which weighed, upon the authority of a Dutch gentleman, one hundred and thirty-two pounds, cleaned from the offal. He has likewise seen, with the king of Ashantee's army, sheep of a large size: this proves that the pasture inland, is more rich than on the sea coast.

Idem. p.3.--There is a variety of soil to be observed along the coast, from a light sandy and gravelly kind, to a fine black mould and loamy clay; as we advance a little into the country, the soil assumes a more uniform, and in general, a more favourable appearance: and if we continue to advance, it will be found rich in the extreme, and in general fit for every purpose. About the distance of six or eight miles from the sea, the soil partakes of such happy variety, that it is capable of every sort of cultivation.

Winterbottom's Sierra Leone, p. 54, vol. i.--Cattle are, indeed, met with on some parts of this coast, but not in such numbers as in the Foulha country. Mr. Winterbottom, my brother, in his journal, speaks of "charming meadows with cattle grazing in them," and several times mentions herds consisting of an hundred head in good condition. These cattle are in size, between the largest and smallest English breed.

Park's Travels, chap. 23, vol. i.--It cannot admit of a doubt, that all the rich and valuable productions both of the East and West Indies, might be naturalized and 0128129brought to the utmost perfection in the tropical parts of this immense continent. Nothing is wanting to this end but example to enlighten the minds of the natives, and instruction to enable them to direct their industry to proper objects. It was not possible for me to behold the wonderful fertility of the soil, the vast herds of cattle, and a variety of other circumstances favourable to colonization and agriculture, and reflect, withal, on the means which presented themselves, of a vast inland navigation, without lamenting that a country so abundantly gifted and favoured by nature, should remain in its present savage and neglected state." As no authority with respect to Africa, is entitled to higher respect than that of Mungo Park, so none is more explicit as to the capacity of Africa for every species of improvement in the mode proposed by the American Society.Resolutions and addresses from different religious associations. Extract from the minutes of the presbytery of Fayetteville, N. C. Thirteenth session of the presbytery of Fayetteville,Tirza church, Monday, 4th October, 1319.Resolved, That this presbytery do heartily approve of the object proposed by the American Society for colonizing the free people of colour of the United States; and that they do sincerely wish and fervently pray, that the said Society may meet with the most abundant and speedy success.

Ordered, That an attested copy of the above resolution, be transmitted to the President of the said Society.

Truly extracted from the 151st page of the minutes of the presbytery.COLIN McIVER, Stated Clerk.

Westhampton, Sept. 9th, 1819.Elias B. Caldwell, Esq. Secretary, &c.Sir--At the meeting of the general Association of Massachusetts Proper, at Pittsfield, June 22d. 1819.

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The Association voted, That this Association entertain sentiments of high respect for the Society organized for the colonization of free blacks; that they most earnestly wish success to its noble and interesting objects; that they assure the directors of their co-operation, and beg them to persevere in the good work so favourably commenced.

Voted, That a copy of this vote be transmitted to the secretary of the society."

Certified and transmitted with sentiments of respect, by, Sir, your's. &c.

EOCH HALE, Secretary, Gen. Ass. Mass. Proper.

Dear Sir--At a meeting of the Synod of Virginia, is Winchester, on the 23d October, 1819, the following resolution was unanimously adopted, and an order passed that a copy should be transmitted to you as President of the American Colonization Society,

"Whereas the Synod of Virginia are informed of the existence, in our country, of an association of intelligent and patriotic citizens under the title of the American Colonization Society, the object of which is to send out to Africa such free persons of colour as may be willing to go; and whereas there is reason to hope that this enterprize, if conducted with proper discretion, will produce the happiest effects, particularly in aiding to communicate the glad tidings of the Gospel, to an interesting quarter of the globe; and to meliorate the condition of a degraded portion of our population; while it promises the means of alleviating evils which our own country has reason to deplore.

Resolved, unanimously, that the Synod of Virginia recommend, and the y do hereby cordially recommend to all the members of the churches and congregations under their care, to aid the design of the said Society according to opportunity and ability, by their countenance, 0130131their contributions, and their prayers to Almighty God for its success." [Signed] BENJ. H. RICE, Moderator,A true copy,Mathew Syle, stated clerk.

Greensboro, Guilford County, N. C. November 18th, 1819.Respected Friend--The society of friends at their yearly meeting held in Guilford, N. C. taking into consideration the situation of the people of colour of the United States, after mature deliberation and conference thereon, did conclude to present the American Colonization Society with a sum of money to be applied in colonizing the free people of colour of the United States, on the western coast of Africa, five hundred dollars of which is now raised; the object of this letter is to obtain information respecting the views, progress, and success of the Society as far as it has proceeded; and how far the general government has, or will, be likely to co-operate with you in the work, and what way will be best for us to convey the money to you, whether it may be deposited in the branch bank of the United States in Fayetteville, or in some bank at Raleigh, subject to a draft from you--and as we have but a very imperfect information respecting the views and proceedings of the society we believe it will be of great service to the work if we could have an official communication of the whole proceedings, as it would be likely to remove prejudice and make more favourable impressions on the public mind.GEORGE SWAIN.Acting on behalf of a committeeappointed by the meeting aforesaid. Elias B. Caldwell.Resolution of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. Session of the Assembly, May 31st, 1819.The objects and plans of the American Society for colonizing the free people of colour of the United States 0131132having been stated to the general assembly, and the same having been considered and discussed, the assembly resolved, that in their opinion the plans of the Society is benevolent in its design, and if properly supported and judiciously and vigorously prosecuted, calculated to be extensively useful to this country and to Africa. The situation of the people of colour has frequently attracted the attention of this assembly. In the distinctive and indelible marks of their colour and the prejudices of the people, an insurmountable obstacle has been placed to the execution of any plan for elevating their character and placing them on a footing with their brethren of the same common family. In restoring them to the land of their fathers, the assembly hope the way may be opened, not only for the accomplishment of that object, but for introducing civilization and the gospel to the benighted nations of Africa. From the information and statements received, the assembly believe that the proposed colony in Africa may be made a powerful auxiliary in the efforts which are making to abolish the iniquitous traffick in slaves, carried on in Africa, and happily calculated to lay the foundation for a gradual emancipation of slaves in this country, in a legal and constitutional manner, and without violating the rights or injuring the feelings of our southern brethren.

With these views the assembly feel it a duty earnestly to recommend the American Society for colonizing the free people of colour of the United States, to the patronage and attention of the churches, under their care, and to benevolent individuals throughout the Union.

A true extract from the minutes of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church.

Attest,JOHN E. LATTA,Permanent Clerk.

0132133

Lists of Members and Subscribers to the several Societies. Members of the Maryland Auxiliary Society for Colonizing the free people of colour, with their own consent, established in the City of Baltimore.Col. John Eager Howard, President,Gen. Robert Goodloe Harper,}Gen. William H. Winder,} Vice Presidents. Hon. Ch. Justice Brice,}Luke Tiernan, Treasurer.Edward J. Coale, Secretary.MANAGERS.Rev. James Inglis, D.D.Col. John S. Smith.Philip E. Thomas.Peter Hoffman.John B. Morris.Isaac M'Kim.Maxwell M'Dowell, M.D.MEMBERS FOR LIFE.Dolls.Dolls.Dolls. Isaac M'Kim,250John E. Howard,200Robert Gilmor, 200Thomas Ellicott,100James Campbell, }William Tyson,50Alex. M'Donald,100J. Ritchie,} 100Andrew Ellicott, 50John N. D'Arey, }100John Oldfield, }James Ellicott, 50Henry Didier,}A.A. Williams100Hugh Thompson,50C. Carrol, of Car.100Rosewell L. Colt,80John M'Henry,50Thomas Tenant,100Nat. F. Williams,50Philip E. Thomas 50Peter Hoffman,100Mr. Von Capf,50Evan Thomas,50John Hoffman,100J.I. Cohen, jr.50J.B. Morris,35George Hoffman,100John Purviance,50Robert G. Harper,30 Alex.Fridge,}100Richard Caton,50Wilson, Mullikin, ----Morris,}W.N. Tyson,50and Co. 50J.W.M'Culloch,100Luke Tierman,50MEMBERS NOT FOR LIFE.Benjamin Ellicott,25 years,25Gerard T. Hopkins,11 years,11Samuel Hollingsworth,do.25William Hopkins,do.11Ashton Alexander,15 years,15Talbot Jones,5 years,5Isaac Burneston,do15Walter Jenkins,do.5George T. Dunbar,20 years,20Bolton Jackson,do.5Isaac Tyson,do.20Amos James,do.5Francis Forman,do.20D. Karrick,do.5Elisha N. Browne,5 years,5George Law,do.5Thomas P. Baker,do.5Isaac M'Pherson,do.5Eli Clagett,do.5Col. M'Laughlin,do.5Evan Ellicott,10 years,10Robert Oliver,do.250Wm. R. Gwynn,do.10John Oliver,do.5John Hughes,do.10Nicholas Popplein,do.5 ------Tompkins,do.10Jos. W. Patterson,do.5Edward Harris,5 years,5John Reese,do.5Benjamin Hedges,do.5John Spear Smith,do.5Wm. Lansdale,do.5Resin D. Sheppard,do.5Edward J. Coale,do.5James Sterret,do.5Dols.Dols0133134Beall D. Stiochcomb, 5 years, 2 S.K. Jennings,5 years,5A.W. Williams,do.5 John Marriott,do.5Thomas Walsh,do.5 Abin. Worthington, 20 years, 20D. Whiteford,do.5 William Norris,11 years, 11Samuel Winchester,do.5 Leonard Kimball,10 years, 10Dr. John E. Cooke,do.5 Isaac Phillips,do.10James Harwood,do.5 Henry Thompson,do.10Wesley Starr,do.5 Cumbl'd D. Williams,10years10John Durham,do.5 Dennis F. Magruder, 10 do.10List of Subscribers and Members of the Society, at Washington. MEMBERS FOR LIFE.Dols.DolsJohn Marshall, Chief Jus. US.30 H. Clay, Lexington, Kentucky, 30Bush Washington, Mt. Ver. Va.100 J.C. Herbert, Maryland,30Chs. Marsh, Woodstock, Vermt.30 William Thernton, Washington, 30Elias B. Caldwell, Washington,30 Robert Ralston, Philada. Pa. 100George Peter, Maryland,30 Samuel Archer, do.50John Laird, Georgetown, D.C.3J. Mason, Georgetown, D.C.30F.S. Key, do.30 Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia,80Ewd. Colston, Berkly county, Va.30 J.T. Shaaf, G. Tn. D.C. (deed) 30C.F. Mercer, London cy. Va.H.H. Chapman, Annapolis,30in 5 years,500 J.H. Cocke, New Canton, Va.50John Randolph, Va.30 Wm. Garnett, Essex county, Va. 50Rev. Luther Rice,30 Henry Foxall, Georgetown, D.C. 50Wm. H. Fitzhugh, Fairfax cy. V.50ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS.Dols.Dols.Dols.Th. Henderson,5 ----Condit, of N.J.1Walter Smith,5John Lockerman,5Carr Bowers, Va5Robert Ould,5James Laurie,5John Woodside,3John Kurtz,5H. Carrol,5David English,5John Peter,5David Walker, of Ky. 5J. Leander Cathcart, 5L. Mackall,5Robert Munro,5James Dunlop,5T.T. Gantt,15Thos Dougherty,5Wm. B. Randolph,5Wm. Marbury,10W.G. Blount,5Hugh Nelson, of Va. 15Darius Clagett,10Robert Dick,1Lemuel Bacon,2Mrs. Curtis, Arlingt10Henry Ashton,1Wm. Brane,2T. Corcoran,10William Yeates,1Allen M'Lane, of Del.5Wm. Ryland,10E. Riggs,5John Yerby,5Isaac Owens,10R. Thomas,1William Morton,5Daniel Renner,10Alex. M'Williams,1James Melvin, jr.5John Barnes,10Saml. Whitecomb, jr. 1Dr. George Clarke,5Robert Monroe,10James Riley,5Wm. Hawkey,5Washington Bowie,10Alexander M'Donald,Dan. Busard,5Saml. L. M'Kenny,10G. Duvall, As.J.S.C.Dr. N. Magruder,5Richard Thompson,10 U.S.5W.S. Lipscomb,5William Lang,2Peter H. Wendover, 10Thomas L. M'Kenny,5John Lutz,20134135Dols.Dols.Dols.Win. Clagett,2Thomas Thorpe,1Andrew Coyle,1James J. Johnson,2Matthew Hines,1Johnathan Elliot,1John D. Scott2William Whand,10William Hawkey,5Richard Davis,2William Yates,2Augustus L. Chapin, 1N.R. Fitzhugh,1John M'Clelland,5William Morton, sen.1William Good,1James M'Cleary,1William Morton, jun.1J. Clark, York cy. Pa1James Carnahan,2Isabella Morton,1T.G.Addison, jr.1John Underwood,1Marian Morton,1Burwell Basset,1James Laurie,3Laurence W. Morton, 1Samuel Moore,1Dan. H. Haskill,1Adeline Morton,1George Clark,1W.D. Addison,3Mary P. Morton,1E. H. Lee,2J. Estabrook,1John Morton,1Robert Dick,1Horton Howard,1Rev. Dr.Steph. Balch 1Miss Ann Lingan,4O.B. Brown,2Walter Jones,10Joseph Thaw,1R. Potts, Fred. Town,1Members and Subscribers of the Auxiliary Society, taken at Annapolis, January, 1819.MEMBERS.Dols.Dols.DolsChs. Goldsborough,Henry H. Chapman,20Geo.C. Washington, 20Govonor of Md.20Dr. John Ridgeley, 20E.R. Wilson20W. Kitty, Chan. do. 20Henry H. Harwood,20Samuel Claggett,20Henry Maynadier,20Daniel Janifer,20R.B. Taney,20John Pinkney,20Clem. Dorsey,20Virgil Maxey,20ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS.Dols.Dols.DolsJeremiah T. Chase, 10Ezekiah Linthicum,1Jonas Green,1Samuel Ridout,10N. Goldsborough,1James Boyle,5Daniel Murray,10Thomas Blackstone,1William Brown,1Thomas Chase,5B.J. Heard,1Walter Cross,1Wm. Spencer,5James Tidball,1John Barber,1Wm. Charmichael,5Addison Ridout,1John Weedon,1George D. Parnham,5John Shaw,2Lewis Neth,2Joseph Cresap,5James B. Steele,1Thomas Furlong,1Levin Gale,5Thomas H. Bowie,1Francis Welch,1Peter Emerson,5Sam Maynard,1Adam Miller,1George B. Jackson,5R.M. Chase,1John Hyde,1Wm. Hughlett,5Thomas Franklin,1Wm. H. Thomson,1James Somerville,5Benjamin Pindle,1James Iglehart,1H. Brawner,3James Hunter,1H.G. Munro,1Thos. C. Worthington,2Wm. M'Parlin,1Wrightson Bryan,1David Patton,2N.J. Watkins,1George Macubin,1Thos. B. Hinson,2George Shaw,1Elizabeth Maynadier, 1David Mackey,2Henry L. Davis,1Eliza Maynadia1Thomas Frazier,10135136Donations subscribed by the Ladies of Annapolis.Dols.Dolls.Dolls. Elizabeth Lloyd,5Ann Ridgely,5E. Maynadier,5E. Worthington,5Harriett Rigley,5Mrs. Taney,5N. Carol,5Mrs. Crab,5Mrs. J. Brice,5Mr. Neth,5Mrs. Welsh,5Miss M. Tilghman, 5Mrs. M'Tavish,5Elizabeth Scott,10Mrs. Bowie,5List of the officers the Annapolis Auxilary Colonization Society.President. J.T. Chase,12th, Wm. R. Stuart,1st Vice-President, Wm. Kilty,13th, Ephrain K. Wilson,2d, Thomas Blackstone,14th, B.B. Tancy,3d, Wm. Spencer,15th, Charles S. Sewall,4th, Peter Emerson,16th, William Hughlett,5th, C. Dorsey,17th, Thomas Kennedy,6th, Dr. Thomas Johnson,18th, George C. Washington,7th, Wm. Hayward,19th, James Tidball,8th, James Murray,A.C. Magruder, Secretary,9th, Benjamin W. Lecompte,Jonathan Pinckney, Treasurer,10th, John Moffat,John Brewer, Recorder.11th, Wm. D. Diggess,BOARD OF MANAGERS.Rev. W.L.Davis,James Boyle,John Stephen,Rev. John Gist,Fran. Hollingsworth,Nicholas J. Watkins,H. Maynadier,Daniel Murray,George Shaw,Jeremiah Hughes,Virgil Maxey,Dr. Dennis Claude. List of the Officers of the New-York Auxiliary Colonization Society.Col. Henry Rutgers, President,Jonathan Goodhue, Treasurer,John R.B. Rodgers, M.D.}G.N. Blecker, Cor. Secretary,Divie Bethune,} V.P.V.P. J. B. Beck, M.D. Rd. Secretary,Rev. Alex. M'Leod, D.D.}OTHER MANAGERS.Rev. John B. Romeyn,Mr. Naajah Taylor,Mr. Wm Colgate,Rev. James Milnor,Mr. G.P. Shipman,Mr. Wm. B. Crosby,Mr. John Griscom,Mr. John Adams,Mr. George Gallagher.Mr. Joseph Smith,Mr. George Griffin,The list of Subscribers in New-York, has not yet been sent: but a very handsome subscription has been made up by a few benevolent citizens of that place.List of Subscribers to the Auxiliary Society of Frederick county, Virginia.Nathaniel Burwell, President.Obed White, Treasurer.Augustine C. Smith, Secretary0136137Rev. Alex. Balmain, Rev. Wm. Meade,Hon. Robert White.Rev. Wm. Hill,Rev. George Reid,Hon. Hugh Holmes.List of Donations, payable in five annual instalments.Dolls.Dolls.Dolls.Nathaniel Burwell, 500Lucy Meade,100Stephen Davis,100Phillip Burwell,500Rev. A. Balmain,100Judith Blackburn, 100Rev. Wm. Meade,500Daniel Lee,100Rev. Wm. Hill,50Richard K. Meade, 500Mrs. Page, of Fd. 100Hon. Robert White, 50David Meade,500Mrs. Norris,100Obed Waite,50John Milton,500William Hay, sen. 100James Baker,50Wm. Garmegy,500James M. Hite,100Edward Smith.50Hon. Hugh Holmes, 200John Kerfoot,100Joseph Fauntleroy 100Oliver Funston200James Sowers,100Fielding Sowers, 50James Ship,200Wm. Mitchell,100P. Nelson, dona. 100Susan Meade,100Robert Berkeley,100Adam Botyon, do. 10Mary Meade,100James Davis,100Mrs. Blackburn, 100Mrs. J. Washington, 20Milledgeville Society, Georgia.ANNUALLY FOR FIVE YEARS.Dolls.Dolls.Dolls.Wm. Rabun, dona.50H. Craft,5Hines Holt,20Geo. R. Clayton,10Solomon Betton,10Henry Darbell,10Joel Crawford,10Myles Greene,10Richard Morgan,10Daniel Sturges,10Wm. C. Redding,5Ben. Bower,5John Lucas,10Alexander Greene,5Tho. N. Baxter,5James Glenn,10E.B. Jones,5Littleton Atkinson, 5John B. Hines,10Wm. Lewis,5Peter Gent.5Wm. H. Crenshan,10James Stanford,5John Clark,10Walter Jones,10Wm. D. Tarratt,5Seaton Grantland, 5Thompson Bird,10P Tarratt,5E. Shackelford jr. 2Arthur Ginn,10Wm. Turner,10Charles F.N. Betton 5Charles T. Pain,5List of Subscribers to the Augusta Auxiliary Society, Geo.Dolls.Dolls.J. Walker,5 years,25Augustin Slaughter, 5 years,25J.H. Montgomery,do.10Anderson Watkins,do.25R.H. Wilde,do.10M.C. Leavensworth,1 year,10 Edward F. Cambell,do.25Nicholas Ware,do.10Richard Tubman,do.20L.C. Cantelon,do.10Charles Labuzard,do.10John Campbell,do.10Wm. Cumming,do.25Hugh Nesbit,do.10Ralph Thomas,1 year,10John Moore,do.100137138JohnCarmichael1 year$10W. Micon,2 years,5Samuel Hale,1 do.25R.V. Marye,1 do.5J.C. Clemn,1 do.5Thomas H. Penn,1 do.5W. Jones,1 do.5W. Hobby,1 do.5H. Welsh,2 do.5James Frasar,1 do.10 List of Subscribers in Sarannah, Georgia.ANNUALLY FOR THREE YEARS.Dols.Dols.Dols. James M. Wayne,20David Leion,20Rich. Habersham, do 20John Anderson,20Robert Habersham,20I. B. Read,20I. C. Danning, 5 yrs 20Archibald Smith,20A. G. Semns,20Joseph Cumming,20Edward F. Tatnel,20F.R. Gray,20Oliver Sturgess20Theodore Bartow,20Anthony Barkley, 20John P. Williamson, 20Hazen Kimball,1 yr 20I. Waldbury,20William Taylor,20Jonathan Meigs, do. 20Henry Kollock,20Additional Subscribers, City of Washington.Dols.Dols.Dols.B.G. Orr, esq.20Mrs. H. Elzey,5Wm. A. Scott,1Gen. Parker,10J.K. Paulding, esq.3A Young Man, dona. 5Gen. Van Ness,20Wm. Waters. esq.5Sucther Helm, Va. 5Wm. Wirt, esq.10Mr. Briscoe,2Rev. Wm. H. Wilmer,B.L. Lear, esq.10Mr. Thaw,2Alexandria.5T. Munroe, esq.10Mr. Hines,2Mr. Dandridge, Va. 30Maj. Van De Venter, 5Mr. Hutchinson,2Thomas Doughcity, 5Mr. Lee,5Fifty dollars have also been received from M. Hyde de Neuville, the French Minister to this country.List of Subscribers in Charleston, S.C.Christ. Gadsden,$50Robert Smith,50William Clarkson, 50William Smith,50Mr. Pointsett,50Chs. C. Pinckney, 50Mr. Poinsett, (don.)50Major Vanderherst,50Mrs. Russell,30Mr. Gibbs,30John Anson,50Mrs. Gregoire,20Rev. Mr. Payson,30C.H. Gadsden,50Mrs. Faber,10Mrs. Dehon,14Isaac Ball,50Some of the above are annual for five years, but it is not known how many. They were obtained by the Rev. Mr. Gadsden, of Charleston, and the first payment of $500 has been received.Subscribers in Portland, Maine.ANNUAL FOR FIVE YEARS.Richard Cobb,$5Samuel Freeman,2Reuben Mitchell,3Levi Cutter,3Rev. Ed. Payson,3Charles Blanchard, 2Nathaniel Dana,3John Hull,2Ezekiel Hoole,2Luther Dana,3David Dana,3Nehemiah Cram,20138139DONATIONS.Thomas Brown,10Rev. P.S. TenBrocck,5Cash,5Cash by friends,5A friend,3A friend,2Officers of the Raleigh Auxiliary Society, N. Carolina. His Excellency John Branch, Governor of the state, President.Vice Presidents.Col. William Polk,Hon. Leonard Henderson,Hon. John L. Taylor,Archibald Henderson, Esq. Managers.John Haywood, Esq.Rev. W.M. M'Pheeters,Th. P. Devereux, Esq.Hon. Henry Potter,Dr. A.S.H. Burges,William Hill, Esq.Gen. Calvin Jones,Dr. Jeremiah Battle,Joseph Ross, Esq.Col. B. Daniel,Rev. John Evans,Moses Mordecai, Esq.Daniel Du Pre,Treasurer.Joseph Gales, Secretary.Annual Subscribers for five years.John Branch,$10A.S.H. Burges,10Robert H. Jones5William Polk,20H. Potter5L. Henderson,5Benjamin Rugsdale,5Thos. Henderson, jr. 5James F. Taylor,5Daniel Du Pre,2Benjamin S. King,5William Robards,5William Barnes,2Joseph Gals,5Sterling Wheaton, 1Mark Cocke,4Calvin Jones.3William Peck,10John Haywood,10Joseph Caldwell,10B. Daniel,5William Hill,5A.D. Murphy,10T. P. Devereux,5Wm. M'Pheeters,10William Peace,10John Evans,10Jeremiah Battle,5Harriet H. Bobbitt,3John L. Taylor,5William Raffin,5Susan D. Nye,2Moses Mordecai,5Jacob S. Blount,10A. Henderson,5William Shaw,5Joseph Ross,5William Gaston,5R. Fenner,5Subscribers under five years.William Baylan, for 3 years, $10James Baylan, for2 years,$10Wm. H. Haywood,1 do.10Robert Harrison,2 do.2John Martin,2 do.1Charles Manly,2 do.5Sherwood Haywood,2 do.5Stephen Miller, jr. 2 do.5Officers of the Auxiliary Society of New-Haven, Con.Hon. Simeon Baldwin, President.Vice-Presidents.David Daggett,William Mosely,Rev. Jeremiah Day, D.D.Isaac Gilbert.Managers.Obadiah Hotchkiss,Luther Bradley,Wm. M'Crackan,Wm. Leffingwell,Hezekiah Hotchkiss,Leman Bunning,Asahel Tuttle,Eneas Monson, jr.Rev. Henry Lines.Joel Walter,Ralph J. Ingersoll, Secretary. Henry Dennison, Treasurer.0139140Harper's Ferry Auxiliary Society, Virginia.James Stubblefield, President.Vice-Presidents.William M'Guire,Edward Wager,Armstead Beckham,Roger Humphreys.Managers.John Strickland,Martin Hartman,Martin Birtenbaugh,George Malleory,John Reson,James Clark,Philip Hoffman,John Rockenbaugh,Daniel Border.John P. M'Quire, Secretary.Jacob Wark, Treasurer.Subscribers--members for life.William M'Guire, $20Roger Humphreys, $20Annual.Jas. Stubblefield,$5Johnson Garrett,1Samuel Kilham,1Edward Wager,3Joel Norman,2Mark Gore,2Charles Brown,1Robert Frasier,1Hugh M'Coy1Solomon R. Jackson,1James Hughes,1George Little,1John Courcier,1Timothy Stedman,2John Riley,1Charles H. Mills,1Tilghman Compton,1Nathan Yeamans,2James Clark,2Jacob Fouke,2John M'Farland,1John Moler,5Wm. M'Clure,2John Spaldiag,1Robert Printer,1Margaret M'Clure,2Horatio Hobbs,1William Small,3Martin Brittenbaugh,2Frederick Adamson,1Nicholas White,5Shadrach Penn,5Wm. Adams,1Wm. Smallwood,1Richard King,2A. Vanvactor,1Foantain Beckham,1Harlin Nash,1WM. White,Samuel Thropp,1Samuel Avis,2Ezekiel Stipes,1Frederick Riley,1George Malleory,1Joseph Gorney,1Hugh Moffett,1John Sellers,1James Merrick,1Elisha Larkin,2Martin Hartman,1John P. M'Guire,5Wm. Crisfield,1Daniel Boprder,3Joseph Blackburn,1John Rockenbaugh,2Philip Hoffman,1Jacob Wark,2John Strickland,1Stephen Delgarn,1Armstead Beckham,3Wm. Phelan,1Jacob Best,1Otis Dudley, (dona.) 1 John Resor,1Officers of the London Auxiliary Society, Virginia,John Mines, President.Vice-Presidents.Samuel Murray,Samuel Nickols,Burr Powell,Ludwell Lee,Isaac Brown,James Heaton,Israel Janney,Sydney Baily,William Ellzey,James Moore,Johnson Cleveland,William Noland.Mahlon Taylor,Managers.Asa Moore,Jacob Mendenhall,Stephen C. Rozell,John Rose,Presley Cordell,L. P. Balch.George Carter,Ch. B. Ball,Richard H Lee, Secretary Richard H Henderson, Treasurer.0140141Subscribers for life.George Carter, $30John Rose, $50Annual.Wilson C. Selden, jr. 1J. Keefer,1Ch. Taylor,1James M. Scott,1Samuel Hong, jun.2R. Biden,1James Scott,1Aaron Schooley,1Thomas Rodgers,1Wm. M'Carty,1Edward Dorsey,1John H. M'Cabe,1John T. Wilson,1Bernard Taylor,2Zech. Dulaney,1Robert R. Hough,1Wm. Elzey,1Cornelius Shanen,1George Rhodes,1John Mines,1Seth Smith,1Fayette Ball,1Samuel Murray,5John Williams,1Britton Sanders,1Daniel Vernon1Jacob Mendenhall,1Israel Janney,1John Barton,1John Hixon,5Daniel Janney,1Charles F. Mercer, 5James Moore,2Wm. Dodd,1C.P. Tult,1John Walker,1Mahlon Toy,2Charles Lewis,1Chas. G. Edwards,2Thomas Barkley,1Joseph Garrott,1Martin Kitzmiller,1L.P.W. Balch,1Asa Moore,3Charles B. Ball,1Wm. S. Neale,1Isaac Harris,1J. M'Cormick,2Wm. Schooley,1Aaron Saunders,1Patrick M'Intire,2Jesse Hurst,1David Janney,2Ludwell Lee,1R.H. Henderson,3Samuel Trenk,5Richard H. Lee,1John Livingston,1Joshua Pusey,3Miss M. Ball,2Wm. R. Hough,2Presley Cordell,1Nicholas Taylor,1John E. Palmer,1Auxiliary Society at Newburyport, Mass.Annual Subscribers for five years.Thomas M. Clark,10Joseph S. Pike,2A. Knap,1 Edward Raud,5John Boardman,2Samuel Tenney,1Moody Pearson,2S.W. Thompson,2Joseph Hale,1John S. Pearson,2Moses Brown,5Edward Bass,1Henry Southwick,5Wm. B. Banister,5Greenleaf Clark,1Abuer Caldwell,2Phillip Coombs,3John Dean,5Alexander Caldwell,2Richard Bartlet,3Wm. Bartlett,5Donations.George Titcomb,1P. Bayley,2George Jenkins,5Edward S. Rand,10Stephen Greely,1Benjamin Balch,2E. Wheelwright,5Ebenezer Moseley,5A friend,2Charles Whipple,5W. Gilman,1A friend,2Perley Tenney,2S. Plummer,2Judge Thomson, of Ver,5S. Patch,1Ebenezer Stedman,1Officers of the Auxiliary Society at Fayetteville, N. Car. John Wenslow, President. Duncan M'Levan, Vice-President.Managers.Rev. Colin M'Iver,Jesse B. Shephard,R.P. Tillingham, jr. Abraham Stevens,Charles Chalmers,Elisha Stedman.Gurden Robins,Samuel P. Ashe,Rev. G.T. Bedell, Corresponding Secretary,Rev. W.D. Snodgrass, Recording do.J.A. Cameron, Treasurer,0141142Officers of the Auxiliary Society at Chapel Hill, N.C. Rev. Joseph Caldwell, D.D. President,Vice-Presidents.Major Pleasant Henderson, William M'Cauley,Robert R. King.Wm. Hooper, Secretary.Thomas H. Taylor, Treasurer.Subscribers.Joseph Caldwell, in 5 years, $50William Hooper, 25Annual.Dennison Olmsted,5Robert R. King,1Peter R. Bland,1Wm. M'Cauley,1Samuel H. Smith,1James F. Martin,1Elisha Mitchell,1Nat. H. Harris,1John C. Taylor,1Christopher Moring,1C. Le Roy Boyd,1James G. Hall,1Hudson M. Cave,1Thomas Hill,1Jonathan Nixon,1E. Trice,1Mark M. Henderson, 1Thomas B. Slade,1Simon C. Jordan,1Iveson G. Lea,1Wm. H. Harden,1Abner W. Clopton,1Richard I. Smith,1Wm. A. Shaw,1S.K. Kullock,1David Williams,1Samuel I. Alvers,1Charlestown, Jefferson County, Va.Dr. Samuel J. Cramer, President.Bushrod C. Washington,)Adam Weaver,)Henry S. Turner,)John T. A. Washington,)Vice Presidents.George W. Humphreys,)Nathaniel Craighill,)Rev. Beni Allen,)(Smith Slaughter,Thomas Griggs, sen,)(Wm. P. Craighill,John Downey,)(Robert Lewright,Geo. F. Washington,) MANAGERS.(Andrew Wood.Juo. A. Washington,)(Dolphin Drew,Wm. Little,)(Thomas Griggs, jun.Charles Lowndes,)John Marshall, Secretary. Robert Worthington, Treasurer.Subscribers.Elizabeth Whiting, for life, $30.AnnualSam. W. Cramer,5Thos. Griggs, jr.5Miss J. Blackburn,5Wm. P. Craighill,10G. W. Humphreys,5Miss C. Blackburn,5Elizabeth Lee,5John Downey,5Miss M. Llewellin,2Dolphin Drew,5John R. Flagg5Mrs. C. Crane,2Henry S. Turner,20G.T. Washington,30Mrs. M. Moore,2Robt. Worthington,10Wm. Little,5Catherine Wager,2Nath. Craighill,5John Marshall,2The Heirs of JohnWm. C. Walton,10Dan. Rable, jr.Wager,2Margaret Muse,10Chas. Lowndes.2Benj. Abell,2Andrew Woods,2Adam Weaver,2Sam. Young,2J.T.A. Washington,5John Dixon,5Donations.J.T.A. Washington30Thos, Gregg, sen. 16J.A. Washington,200142143Shephardstown, Va.James S. Lane President. John Baker, esq. Vice-President.Managers.T.V. Swearingen, esq.Abraham Shepherd,James Brown.Rev. Benj. Allen,James Glenn.Rev. C. P. Kranth, Secretary. John Cookus, Treasurer,Subscribers for Life.James S. Lane, 30.Annual.John Baker,5C.P. Kranth,2Sam. Crowl, jr.2Joseph Swearingen,5M.Van Swearingen,5James Glenn,5James Kerney,10J.B. Henry,5Wm. Shult,5Wm. Kerney,5Obed F. Waite,5Benj. Allen,2John Matthews,2Jno. T. Cookus,5Donations.Margaret Kearsley,10Abbam Shepherd,10Benj. Melvin,10Priscilla Morgan,5John Melvin,10Benj. Boydstone,5Isaac S. White,5Thos. Melvin,5Agnes Morgan,2List of Subscribers in Philadelphia.Rev. J. Janeway,$20Cash,5Fred. Beasley,20Richd. Dale,$30Rt. Rev. W. White, 25Mr. Vaughan,10Rev. Wm. A.Mr. Clapier,10Paul Beck,20Muhlenburg,30Alexr. Henry,30Horace Binney,25Chs. Chauncey,20Godfrey Hager,20Wm. Meredith,10Rockingham Auxiliary Society, Va.Hon. Daniel Smith, President.Dr. Peachy Harrison, )(Rev. Daniel Baker,Major John Kenny,)Vice-Presidents.(Col. Sam. H. Lewis. Managers.Dr. Joseph Cravins,John S. Herring,James Hall,Maj. Robt. Grattan,Joseph Fawcett,Benj. Lewis,Capt. Sam. Lynn,Stephen Harnsbargher,Alex. Hering.Richd. P. Fletcher,Geo. W. Harrison,Sam. Miller.Dr. Peachy Harrison, Corresponding Secretary.James M. Bush, Recording Secretary.David Steele, esq. Treasurer.Annual Subscribers.Thos. Kennedy,Henry S. Gamhill,Dan. Baker,Joseph Fawcett,Dan. Ragan,Wm. Smith,John Kenney,Geo. Clarke,Geo. Gitmere,Thos. C. Fletcher,Geo. Piper,Jacob Conrad,Dan. Mathews,Cus. Chandler,Benj. Lewis,Henry Welch,David Henton,Henry Bushnell,Geo. Sites,Julius S. Foster,Joseph Cravins,John Sites,Dan. Smith,John Cravens,Jacob C. Crouse,Jacob Lincoln, jr.Rich.P. Fletcher,Nathan Chandler,Peachey Harrison,Benj. R. Bryan,0143144James Newman,Jacob Legget,Diana Smith,John H. Pence,Isaac Cowgil,Isaac H. Keyes,David Steele,Jesiah Cole,Robt. Herron,Allen C. Bryan,Coplelia Hite,Abraham Harrell,Edw. H. Smith,Elizh. Young,Joseph Cline,James Hall,Alexr. Herring,Sam. Chandler, sen.Lidnum Crady,John Crummey,Alexr. Logan, Anthony Huffman,Layton Smith,Reuben Harrison, sen.James Laird,Abhm. Smith,Isaac Hardesty,Jeremiah Kyle,Sam. Lewis,Ralph A. Loftus,Wm. M'Mahon,Stephen Hansbarger,John Dorsey,John Clarke,John Scott,Thomas Bulger,John F. Effinger,Andrew Irvine,John Ireland,John Hanell,Dan. Smith,Robt. Gray,Henry Tutwiler,Geo Huffman,Jacob D. Williamson,Henry Kisling,Sam. Lynn,Joseph Altatier,Michael Newman,James M. Bush,Chs. Lewis, sen.Peter Trick,Annanias Davison,John Brown,Robt. Grattan,Dan. Bryan,James Givens,Eugenio Irvine,P.H. M'Williams,Archid. W. Hutsan,Geo. Dove,Geo. Cheesman,Wm. Rice,John Smith,Wm. Cravens,Cuthbert H. Spangler,Isaac Hite,Francis A. Hill,Hugh Bruttey,Jonathan Shipman,Sam. Miller,Wm. Bushnell,Geo. Wertenbaker,Geo. Blakemore,Robt. Hook,John Carthrea,John Flinn,Michael Manzy,John Koontz,Isaac Mines,Jesse Bowlin,Peter Hennebarger,Wm. T. Noel,Peter Effinger.E. M'Williams,Thos. Clarke,Officers of the Auxiliary Society, in Prince George's County, Md.John Johnson,President.Vice-Presidents.Jas. R. Montgomery,Dr. Joseph Kent.Managers.Dr. Wm. Beanes,Francis Magruder,Wm. Hebb,Wm. H. Lyles,Sam. Sprigg,George Calvert,Thos. P. Sommerville,Francis M. Hall,Richard W. West,Robt. W. Bowie,John Hodges,(of Ths.)Chas. Hill.Edward Harwood, Secretary.T. Tyler, Treasurer. Auxiliary Society, New-London, Va.Reverend John Early, President.Vice-Presidents.Jas. Stephen, sen. esq.Col. John Wall.Managers.Rev. Abner Early,Christr. Clark,Wm. Langhorne, esq.Dr. Wm. Steptoe,Wm. Ervine,Nicholas Cobbs, esq.Dr. Wm. Austin,0144145List of Subscribers in Hartford, Conn.John T. Peters,$20Wm. L. Stone,1John Sargent, 5 yrs. 5J.M. Wainwright,1Simeon Lincoln,1Asa Willey,1H. Huntingdon, forA. Smith,3 yrs. 3A. Champion,53 years,3Silas Andrus,1H.L. Ellsworth,Michael Ball,1Henry Grew, 3 yrs. 35 yrs. 5S. Spencer, 2 yrs.2Mason F. Coggswell, 5John M. Gunnett,1H. Hudson,5 yrs.5J.G. Norton,1Seth Terry, 3 yrs.3J.W. Edwards, 2 yrs.2Officers of the Auxiliary Society of York Town, Pa. Jacob Bainitz, esq. President.Vice-Presidents.Hon. George Bainitz,Jacob Eichelberger, esq.Managers.Charles A. Bainitz, esq.Dr. William M'Ilvain,Andrew Cremer,Rev. Charles A. Morris.John Gardner, Esq. Secretary. Jno. Schmidt, Treasurer.Subscribers.Henry Sheffer, for1 year,$1Daniel Heckert,1 year,1John Gardner,4 do.20Michael Gardner,1 do.5Jacob Bainitz,1 do.5Henry Hay,5 do.5William Barber,1 do.5Jno. Schmidt,5 do.5John Beard,1 do.2David Cassat,1 do.5George Bainitz,4 do.20Wm. M'Ilvain1 do.3Jacob Emmitt,5 do.10Richard Roch,1 do.1Jacob Eichelberger,1 do.5Michael W. Ash,1 do.5Jacob Upp,1 do.5William Howe,1 do.1Penrose Robinson,5 do.5Peter Shultz,1 do.2John Roons,5 do.5John Fisher,1 do.1Bushnell Carter,5 do.5Robert Catheart,1 do.5Henry Miller,1 do.5Grandison Aisquith, 5 do.5Rudolph Miller,5 do.20Wm. Jones,1 do.1Joseph Meredith,1 do.1Michael Bentz,1 do.1William King,1 do.1George Shetter,1 do.5John Welsh,1 do.1Rev. Mr. Hemphill,1 do.1John Brenise,1 do.1D.B. Prince,1 do.1J.H. Weiser,1 do.1James T. Steen,1 do.1John Forsyth,1 do.1Andrew Cremer,1 do.1Godlove K. Kane,2 do.10Sam. Spangle,1 do.1Martin Zeigler,1 do.2E. Erl,1 do.1John Williams,1 do.1Adain Keintfelt,1 do.5Charles A. Bainitz,1 do.5Ths. M'Grath,5 do.3Samuel Wagner,1 do.1M.H. Spangler,3 do.1Martin Danner,1 do.2Robt. Hamersly,2 do.4Joshua H. Cox,1 do.5F. Baird,1 do.2George S. Morris,1 do.1Abhm. Gortman,1 do.2John Wright,1 do.1John Voglesong,3 do.3J.G. Schmenker,1 do.5Joseph Kraft, jun.1 do.1John Demuth,1 do.5Joseph Shall,1 do.1Abraham Miller,1 do.5Lewis Wample,1 do.1Tobias Meyer,1 do.2Ephraim Bacon,1 do.1Charles A. Morris,1 do.5John Evans,1 do.10145146A. Kerr,1 year,$1Abraham Danner,1 year,$1James Schall,2 do.2John Lay,1 do.1James Johnson,1 do.1Jonathan Jessop,1 do.1Dan. Ilgenfeitz,5 do.5John Elgar,1 do.1Joseph Holland,1 do.1John Love,1 do.1Michael Hay,1 do.1Samuel Welsh,1 do.2Francis Rock,1 do.1Conrad Westheffer,1 do.1James Connellee,1 do.1Jonas May,1 do.1George Wehrly,1 do.1George Heckert,2 do.2Jacob Roons,1 do.1C.F. Fisher,1 do.1John Welsh,1 do.1Adam King,1 do.1George Skelton,1 do.1Cash,1 do.2Officers of the Auxiliary Colonization Society of Providence, Rhode-Island.Nathaniel Searle, President.Vice-Presidents.Hon. William Jones,Nehemiah R. Knight,Alexander Jones,Managers.Nicholas Brown,John Carlisle,Zachariah Allen,Rev. Nathan B. Crocker,Thomas Burgess,Stanford Newell.Samuel W. Bridgham,John Rowland Treasurer Charles F. Tillinghast, Secretary.The foregoing list of the Officers and Members of the various societies which are now formed throughout our country, is all which has been furnished. We lament very much that so many of them have failed to transmit their list; and, by means of this note, intreat that they will furnish us with the same, before another report is called for.ERRATA.Page 30, line 6, for 'north and south western territories,' read 'north western territory'--page 31, line 4, for 'twenty,' read ' seventy'--line 7, after 'agregate' insert 'y.'