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Source edition 1965. Please read the Introduction
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have not been updated since the 1965 edition.
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- Tacan (abbr) = tactical air navigation.
- tachycardia
- Very rapid beating of the heart.
- tactical air navigation (abbr Tacan)
- A two-dimensional navigation system which provides azimuth and
distance to a fixed ground station for navigation in piloted aircraft.
Distance is determined by pulse interrogation of the ground station with time
comparison to the returned pulse. Azimuth is provided by comparison of a
continuous-wave audiosignal from pulse amplitudes to reference pulses.
- tail
- 1. The rear part of a body, as of an aircraft, a rocket, etc.
- 2. The tail surfaces of an aircraft or rocket.
- tail fin
- A fin at the
rear of a rocket or other
body.
- tailward acceleration
- See physiological
acceleration.
- take-off
- 1. The action of a rocket
vehicle departing from its launch pad.
See lift-off.
- 2. The action of an aircraft as it becomes airborne.
- 3. To perform the action of a take-off. Said of a rocket vehicle or
aircraft.
- tandem launch
- The launching of two or more satellites
using a single launch
vehicle.
- tangential acceleration
- The acceleration
acting at the periphery of a system rotating about an axis.
- tangential wavepath
- For a direct radio wave,
that path of propagation
tangential to the surface of the earth. This path is curved slightly by atmospheric
refraction.
- tangent ogive
- An ogive
whose circular-arc contours have their centers on a line normal to the axis at
the base of the ogive, the arcs thus being tangent to the surface of the
cylindrical body behind the ogive. See ogive.
- tank
- 1. A container incorporated into the structure of a liquid
propellant rocket from which a liquid propellant
or propellants are fed into the firing chamber or chambers.
- 2. A container for storage of liquid oxygen, liquid fuel, or other liquid
propellant until transferred to the rocket's tanks or some other receptacle.
- 3. In computers, a
container of mercury, or other liquid, and associated components used as delay-line
storage.
- tankage
- Of a liquid
propellant rocket, the aggregate of the tanks carried by
the rocket.
- Tare (abbr) = telemetry automatic reduction system.
- target
- 1. Any object, point, etc., toward which something is directed.
- 2. An object which reflects a sufficient amount of a radiated signal to
produce an echo
signal on detection equipment. See radar
target.
- target acquisition
- The process of optically, manually, mechanically, or electronically
orienting tracking
system in direction and range to lock on a target.
- target board
- A board usually painted in a distinctive pattern, having a known
geometrical relationship to a camera, and used for determining the orientation
of that camera.
- target discrimination
- Resolution
of a radar.
- target glint = scintillation.
- target signal
- The radar energy returned
to a radar by
a target.
Also called echo signal, video signal. The amount of this energy is
termed received power.
- Tau, Taur
- International Astronomical Union abbreviations for Taurus. See constellation.
- Taurus (abbr Tau, Taur)
- See constellation.
- Taylor number (symbol NTa)
- A nondimensional number arising in problems of a rotating viscous fluid.
It may be written NTa = f2h4/v2 where f is the coriolis parameter (or,
for a cylindrical system, twice the rate of rotation of the system); h
represents the depth of the fluid; and v is the kinematic
viscosity. the square root of the Taylor number is a rotating Reynolds
number, and the fourth root is proportional to the ratio of the depth h
to the depth of the Ekman
layer.
- Taylor series
- See Taylor
theorem.
- Taylor theorem
- 1. If all the derivatives of a function f(x) are continuous in the
vicinity of x = a , then f(x) can be expressed in an infinite
series (the Taylor series):
The case a = 0 is called a Maclaurin
series.
- 2. The theorem of G.I. Taylor in the statistical theory of atmospheric
turbulence:
where x is the distance traveled by a
particle in the time interval T ; u is the fluctuation or eddy
velocity of the particle; and R(ξ) is the Lagrangian correlation coefficient
between the particle's velocity at time t and t + ξ.
- teardrop balloon
- A sounding
balloon which, when operationally inflated, resembles an inverted teardrop.
This shape was determined primarily by aerodynamic considerations of the
problem obtaining maximum stable rates of balloon ascension.
- technical photography
- The recording of photographic images for information relevant to some
engineering phenomena of a qualitative nature.
- technical sequential photography
- Slow or rapid sequence photography serving the study of event occurrence,
or duration, by the adjunct of time coordinates recorded on the film
simultaneously with the event.
- tektite
- Small glassy bodies containing no crystals, composed of at least 65
percent silicon dioxide, bearing no relation to the geological formations in
which they occur, and believed to be of extraterrestrial origin. Tektites are
found in certain large areas called strewn fields. They are named, as
are minerals, with the suffix ite , as australite , found in
Australia, billitonite, indochinite , and rizalite , found in
Southeast Asia, bediasite from Texas, and moldavite from Bohemia
and Moravia.
- Tel, Tele
- International Astronomical Union abbreviations for Telescopium. See
constellation.
- telefork
- A ground support vehicle that serves as a tractor, a forklift, and a
crane.
- telemeter
- 1. To measure at a distance. See telemetering,
telemetry.
- 2. The electronic unit which transmits the signal in a
telemetering system.
- telemetering
- 1. A measurement accomplished with the aid of intermediate means which
allows perception, recording, or interpretation of data at a distance from a
primary sensor. The most
widely employed interpretation of telemetering restricts its significance to
data transmitted by means of electromagnetic propagation.
- 2. Automatic radio communication intended to indicate or record a
measurable variable quantity at a distance.
- telemetry
- The science of measuring a quantity or quantities, transmitting the
results to a distant station, and there interpreting, indicating, and/or
recording the quantities measured.
- telemetry elsse
- An elsse
which utilizes the telemetry
transmitter as a signal source.
- telephotometer
- A photometer
that measures the received intensity of
a distant light source. When specifically used to measure the transmissivity
of the intervening atmosphere (or other medium), it is usually termed a
transmissometer. See visibility
meter.
- telephotometry
- The body of principles and techniques concerned with measuring atmospheric
extinction
using various types of telephotometer.
- Telescopium (abbr Tel, Tele)
- See constellation.
- telluric lines
- Absorption
lines in a solar spectrum produced by constituents of the atmosphere of
the earth itself rather than by gases in the outer solar atmosphere such as
those responsible for the Fraunhofer lines. The terrestrial nature of the
absorption processes responsible for telluric lines is revealed by their
intensity variation with solar zenith angle and by their freedom from any
Doppler broadening due to their solar rotation. Water vapor produces the
strongest of the telluric lines in the visible spectrum.
- temperature
- 1. In general, the intensity of
heat as
measured on some definite temperature scale by means of any of various types
of thermometers.
- 2. In statistical mechanics, a measure of translational molecular kinetic
energy (with three degrees of freedom).
- 3. In thermodynamics, the integrating factor of the differential equation
referred to as the first
law of thermodynamics.
- tensor
- An array
of functions which obeys certain laws of transformation. A one-row or
one-column tensor array is a vector. The motivation for the use of tensors in
some branches of physics is that they are invariants, not depending on the
particular coordinate system employed.
- tera (abbr T)
- A prefix meaning multiplied by 10E12.
- teracycle = 1000 gigacycles.
- tercentesimal thermometric scale = approximate absolute
temperature scale.
- terminal
- 1. A point at which any element in a circuit may be
directly connected to one or more other elements.
- 2. Pertaining to a final condition or the last division of something, as
terminal ballistics.
- terminal ballistics
- That branch of ballistics
dealing with the motion and behavior of projectiles
at the termination of their flight, or in striking and penetrating a target.
- terminal guidance
- Guidance from
an arbitrary point, at which midcourse
guidance ends, to the destination.
- terminal velocity
- The maximum velocity attainable, especially by a freely falling body,
under the given conditions.
- terminator
- The line separating illuminated and dark portions of a celestial body, as
the moon, which is not self luminous.
- ternary notation
- A system of positional
notation using 3 as a base.
- terrestrial
- Of or pertaining to the earth.
- terrestrial coordinates = geographical coordinates.
- terrestrial equator = astronomical equator.
- terrestrial latitude
- Latitude on
the earth; angular distance from the equator. See coordinate,
Table VI. Terrestrial latitude is named for the
datum used to measure angular distance from the equator. Astronomical
latitude is the angular distance between the direction of gravity and the
plane of the equator. Geodetic or topographical latitude is the
angular distance between the plane of the equator and a normal to the
spheroid. Geodetic and sometimes astronomical latitude are also called
geographic latitude. Geocentric latitude is the angle between a
line to the center of the earth and the plane of the equator. Geodetic
latitude is used for charts.
- terrestrial longitude
- Longitude on
the earth; the arc of a parallel, or
the angle at the pole, between the prime
meridian and the meridian of a point on the earth. See coordinate,
table VI. Terrestrial longitude is named for the datum used to measure
it. Astronomical longitude is the angle between the plane of the
reference meridian and the plane of the celestial meridian. Geodetic
longitude is the angle between the plane of the reference meridian and the
plane through the polar axis and the normal to the spheroid. Geodetic
and sometimes astronomical longitude are also called geographic
longitude. Geodetic longitude is used for charts.
- terrestrial magnetism
- The magnetism of the earth. Also called geomagnetism.
- terrestrial meridian = astronomical meridian.
- terrestrial pole
- One of the poles of the earth. See geographical
pole, geomagnetic
pole, magnetic
pole.
- terrestrial radiation
- The total infrared
radiation emitted from the earth's surface; to be carefully distinguished
from effective
terrestrial radiation, atmospheric
radiation (which is sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for
terrestrial radiation), and insolation.
Also called earth radiation, eradiation.
- terrestrial-reference guidance
- See guidance,
note.
- terrestrial refraction
- 1. Any refraction
phenomenon observed in the light originating from a source lying within the
earth's atmosphere; as contrasted to astronomical
refraction, sense 2. This is applied only to refraction caused by
inhomogeneities of the atmosphere itself, not, for example, to that caused by
ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Terrestrial refraction is
responsible for such phenomena of meteorological optics as looming, sinking,
stooping, towering, mirages, and terrestrial scintillation.
- 2. = terrestrial
refraction error.
- terrestrial refraction error
- The angular refraction error, for a ground observer, of an object in the
vicinity of the earth. Also called terrestrial
refraction.
- terrestrial scintillation
- Generic term for scintillation
phenomena observed in light that reaches the eye from sources lying within the
earth's atmosphere; to be differentiated from astronomical
scintillation which is observed in light from extraterrestrial sources
such as stars. Also called atmospheric boil, atmospheric shimmer, shimmer,
optical haze. Terrestrial scintillation is produced by irregular
refraction effects due to passage, across the line of sight, of air parcels
(schlieren) whose densities differ slightly from that of their surroundings.
Density irregularities with dimensions of the order of centimeters, or at most
decimeters, are responsible for most such scintillatory effects.
- tesla (abbr T)
- The unit of magnetic flux density, one weber per square
meter.
- terrestrial triangle
- See navigational
triangle.
- test
- 1. A procedure or action taken to determine under real or simulated
conditions the capabilities, limitations, characteristics, effectiveness,
reliability, or suitability of a material, device, system, or method.
- 2. A similar procedure or action taken to determine the reactions,
limitations, abilities, or skills of a person, other animal, or organism.
- test bed
- 1. A base, mount, or frame within or upon which a piece of equipment,
especially an engine, is
secured for testing.
- 2. A flying test bed.
- test chamber
- A place, section, or room having special characteristics where a person or
object is subjected to experiment, as an altitude chamber ;
specifically, the test
section of a wind
tunnel.
- test firing
- The firing of a rocket
engine, either live or static, with the purpose of making controlled
observations of the engine or of an engine component.
- test flight
- A flight
to make controlled observations of the operation or performance of an aircraft
or rocket, of an aircraft or rocket component, of a system, etc.
- test section
- The section of a wind tunnel
where objects are tested to determine their aerodynamic characteristics. Also
called a test chamber.
- test stand
- A stationary platform or table, together with any testing apparatus
attached thereto, for testing or proving engines, instruments, etc. See proving
stand. Compare launch
stand.
- Tethys
- A satellite of
Saturn orbiting at a mean distance of 295,000 kilometers.
- theodolite
- An optical instrument which consists of a sighting telescope, mounted so
that it is free to rotate around horizontal and vertical axes, and graduated
scales so that the angle of rotation may
be measured. The telescope is usually fitted with a right-angle prism so that
the observer continues to look horizontally into the eyepiece, whatever the
variation of the elevation
angle.
- theoretical rocket = ideal rocket.
- thermal
- 1. Of or pertaining to heat or temperature.
- 2. A vertical air current caused by differential heating of the terrain.
- thermal accommodation coefficient = accommodation
coefficient.
- thermal barrier
- A popular term for speed limitations within an atmosphere imposed by aerodynamic
heating. Also called the heat barrier.
- thermal conductivity
- An intrinsic physical property of a substance, describing its ability to
conduct heat as a consequence of molecular motion. The thermal conductivity
bears the same relation to the conduction of heat as the dynamic viscosity
does to the transfer of momentum. It can be defined by reference to the Newton
law of cooling: H = -k ( T / N )
where k is the thermal conductivity; H the rate
of heat conduction across a surface per unit area and per unit time; and T / N the temperature gradient normal to the surface.
Also called heat conductivity, coefficient of thermal conduction,
coefficient of heat conduction.
- thermal conductivity vacuum gage
- A vacuum
gage containing two surfaces at different temperatures between which heat
can be transported by the gas molecules so that changes in the temperature (or
in the heating power required to maintain constant temperature) of one of the
surfaces can be correlated with the gas pressure by calibration against a McLeod
gage. Various types of thermal conductivity gages are distinguished
according to the method of indicating the temperature change. The common type
are: Pirani gage; thermocouple gage; thermistor gage; bimetallic strip gage.
- thermal efficiency
- 1. The efficiency
with which a heat engine transforms the potential heat of its fuel into work
or output, expressed as the ratio of the useful work done by the engine in a
given time interval to the total heat energy contained in the fuel burned
during the same time interval, both work and heat being expressed in the same
units.
- 2. = thermodynamic
efficiency.
- thermal emission
- The process by which a body emits electromagnetic
radiation as a consequence of its temperature only.
- thermal emissive power
- The rate of thermal
emission of radiant energy per unit area of emitting surface. Also called
emissive power.
- thermal excitation
- In a gas, the translation
energy.
- thermal fatigue
- In metals, fracture resulting from the presence of temperature gradients
which vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a
structure.
- thermal instability
- The conditions of temperature gradient, thermal
conductivity, and viscosity
which lead to the onset of convection
in a fluid. Such gross phenomena as atmospheric winds are an example of this
type of instability. In general, if the fluid is conducting, as a plasma, the
applications of a magnetic field tends to reduce these thermal instabilities.
- thermal jet engine
- A jet
engine that utilizes heat to expand gases for rearward ejection. This is
the usual form of aircraft jet engine.
- thermal motions
- See Doppler
broadening.
- thermal noise
- The noise
at radio
frequencies caused by thermal agitation in a dissipative body. Also called
Johnson noise.
- thermal radiation
- The electromagnetic
radiation emitted by any substance as the result of the thermal
excitation of its molecules. Thermal radiation ranges in wavelength from the
longest infrared radiation to the shortest ultraviolet radiation.
- thermal shock
- The development of a steep temperature gradient and
accompanying high stresses within a structure.
- thermal stresses
- Stresses in
metal, resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution.
- thermal tide
- A variation in atmospheric
pressure due to the daily differential heating of the atmosphere by the
sun; so-called in analogy to the conventional gravitational
tide. See solar
atmospheric tide.
- thermal transpiration
- The passage of gas through a
connection between two vessels at different temperatures resulting in a
pressure gradient when
equilibrium is reached. Under conditions of molecular flow the equilibrium
condition is expressed by
where pa and Ta are the pressure and absolute temperature,
respectively, in one vessel and pb and Tb are the pressure and absolute temperature,
respectively, in the other.
- thermionic
- Of or pertaining to the emission of electrons by
heat.
- thermionic cathode = hot cathode.
- thermionic conversion
- The process whereby electrons
released by thermionic
emission are collected and utilized as electric current. The simplest
example of this is provided by a vacuum tube, in which the electrons released
from a heated anode are collected at the cathode or plate. Used as a method of
producing electrical power for spacecraft.
- thermionic emission
- Direct ejection of electrons as
the result of heating and material, which raises electron energy beyond the binding
energy that holds the electron in the material.
- thermionic tube
- An electron
tube in which one or more of the electrodes
is heated to cause electron or ion emission.
- thermistor
- An electron
device employing the temperature- dependent change of resistivity of a semiconductor.
- thermochemical
- Pertaining to a chemical change induced by heat.
- thermochemistry
- A branch of chemistry that treats of the relations of heat and chemical
changes.
- thermocouple
- A device which converts thermal energy
directly into electrical
energy. In its basic form it consists of two dissimilar metallic electrical
conductors connected in closed loop. Each junction forms a thermocouple. See
thermopile.
If the junctions are at different temperatures, an electrical potentials
proportional to the temperature difference will exist in the circuit; the
value of the potential generated is different for various combinations of
materials. For meteorological purposes couples of copper and constantan are
frequently used; these generate approximately 40 microvolts per degree C of
couple temperature difference.
- thermocouple gage
- A thermal
conductivity vacuum gage in which pressure change is sensed by a thermocouple
in thermal contact with a heated filament which cools as pressure rises.
Compare with Pirani
gage.
- thermodynamic
- Pertaining to the flow of heat or to thermodynamics.
- thermodynamic efficiency
- In thermodynamics, the ratio of the work done by a heat engine
to the total heat supplied by
the heat source. Also
called thermal efficiency, Carnot efficiency.
- thermodynamic energy equation
- The mathematical statement of the concept of conservation
of energy embodied in the first
law of thermodynamics. For reversible processes of a perfect gas, it may
be written in the form pQ = ρcv (dT/dt) - (p/ρ) (dρ) (dt)
where pQ is the rate of energy addition
per unit volume by heating (including the effects of radiation, molecular
conduction, condensation water vapor, and the generation of heat by friction);
T is the Kelvin temperature; cv is the specific heat at constant volume; p
is pressure; and ρ is density. See energy
equation.
- thermodynamic equilibrium
- A very general result from statistical mechanics which states that if a
system is in equilibrium, all processes which can exchange energy must be
exactly balanced by the reverse process so that there is no net exchange of
energy. For instance, ionization must be balanced by recombination,
bremsstrahlung by absorption, etc. If a plasma complies with this statement,
the distribution function of particle energies and excited energy levels of
the atoms can be obtained from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution which is a
function only of the temperature.
- thermodynamic function of state
- Any of the quantities defining the thermodynamic state of substance in thermodynamic
equilibrium. Also called thermodynamic variable, state variable, state
parameter. For a perfect gas, pressure, temperature, and density are the
fundamental thermodynamic variables, any two of which are, by the equation
of state, sufficient to specify the state. Quantities defined in terms of
these, such as specific volume, potential temperature, etc., may also be used
as thermodynamic functions of state. If the composition of the gas varies,
this must be specified. Thus, some measure of water vapor is a thermodynamic
function of state of the atmosphere.
- thermodynamic potential = Gibbs function.
- thermodynamic probability
- Under specified conditions, the number of equally likely states in which a
substance may exist. The thermodynamic probability P is related to the
entropy S by S = k ln P where k is Boltzmann constant.
See third
law of thermodynamics.
- thermodynamics
- The study of the flow of heat.
- thermodynamic temperature scale
- The Kelvin
temperature scale or the Rankine
temperature scale.
- thermodynamic variable = thermodynamic function of state.
- thermogravimetric analysis
- The technique of studying materials by observing weight changes caused by
chemical reactions that occur when heat is applied.
- thermometer
- A device for measuring temperature.
- thermonuclear
- Pertaining to a nuclear
reaction which is triggered by particles of high thermal energy.
- thermopile
- 1. A transducer
for converting thermal energy
directly into electrical
energy, composed of pairs of thermocouples
which are connected either in series or in parallel. See Moll
thermopile, Eppley
pyrheliometer.
- 2. A battery of thermocouples connected in series to form a single compact
unit. The output voltage of N pairs of series-connected thermocouples is N
time the voltage developed by a single pair, whereas the current developed by
N pairs of parallel-connected thermocouples is N times the current developed
by a single pair. Thermopiles are used in thermoelectric radiation instruments
when the output of a single pair of thermocouples is not large enough.
- thermosphere
- See atmospheric
shell.
- thermoswitch
- A temperature-activated switch.
- thermotropic model
- A model
atmosphere used in numerical forecasting in which the parameters to be
forecast are the height of one constant-pressure surface (usually 500
millibars) and one temperature (usually the mean temperature between 1000 and
500 millibars). Thus, a surface prognostic chart can also be constructed. The
quasi-geostrophic approximation is employed and the thermal wind is assumed
constant with height. See equivalent
barotropic model.
- thindown
- The expenditure of heavy primary
cosmic ray energy in ionizing the
substance, normally air, through which it passes. See bremsstrahlung.
- third law of thermodynamics
- The statement that every substance has a finite positive entropy, and
that the entropy of a crystalline substance is zero at the temperature of
absolute zero. See thermodynamic
probability. Modern quantum theory has shown that the entropy of crystals
at 0 degrees absolute is not necessarily zero. If the crystal has any
asymmetry, it may exist in more than one state; and there is, in addition, an
entropy residue deriving from nuclear spin.
- three-body problem
- That problem in classical celestial
mechanics which treats the motion of a small body, usually of negligible
mass, relative to and under the gravitational influence of two other finite
point masses.
- threshold
- Generally, the minimum value of a signal that can
be detected by the system or sensor under
consideration.
- threshold contrast
- The smallest contrast of luminance (or
brightness) that is perceptible to the human eye under specified conditions of
adaptation
luminance and target visual angle. Also called contrast threshold,
liminal contrast. Compare threshold
illuminance. Psychophysically, the existence of a threshold contrast is
merely a special case of the general rule that for every sensory process there
is a corresponding lowest detectable intensity of stimulus, i.e., a limen.
- threshold illuminance
- The lowest value of illuminance which the eye is capable of detecting
under specified conditions of background
luminance and degree of dark
adaptation of the eye. Also called flux-density threshold. Compare
threshold
contrast. See Allard law. This threshold, which controls the visibility of
point light sources, especially at night, cannot be assigned any universal
value, but nonflashing lights can generally be seen by a fully dark-adapted
eye when the lights yield an illuminance of the order of 0.1 lumen per square
kilometer at the eye.
- threshold of audibility
- For a specified signal, the
minimum effective sound
pressure level of the signal that is capable of evoking an auditory
sensation in a specified fraction of the trials. The characteristics of the
signal, the manner in which it is presented to the listener, and the point at
which the sound pressure level is measured must be specified. Also called
threshold of detectability. Unless otherwise indicated, the ambient
noise reaching the ears is assumed to be negligible. The threshold is usually
given as a sound pressure level in decibels, relative to 0.0002 microbar.
Instead of the method of constant stimuli, which is implied by the phrase a
specified fraction of the trials , another psychophysical method (which
should be specified) may be employed.
- threshold of detectability = threshold of audibility.
- threshold of discomfort
- In acoustics, for a specified signal, the
minimum effective sound
pressure level of that signal which, in a specified fraction of the
trials, will stimulate the ear to a point at which the sensation of feeling
becomes uncomfortable. The term applies similarly for other senses.
- threshold of feeling
- In acoustics, for a specified signal, the
minimum sound
pressure level at the entrance to the external auditory canal which, in a
specified fraction of the trials, will stimulate the ear to a point at which
there is a sensation of feeling that is different from the sensation of
hearing. Also called tickle.
- threshold of pain
- In acoustics, for a specified signal, the
minimum effective sound
pressure level of that signal which, in a specified fraction of the
trials, will stimulate the ear to a point at which the discomfort gives way to
definite pain that is distinct from mere non-noxious feeling of discomfort.
The term applies similarly for other senses.
- threshold sensitivity
- Of a transducer,
the lowest level of the input signal
which produces desired response at the output. The term
applies equally to psychophysics.
- throat
- The narrowest portion of a constricted duct, as in a diffuser, a venturi
tube, etc., specifically, a nozzle
throat.
- throatable
- Of a nozzle: designed so as to allow a change in the velocity of the
exhaust stream through changing the size and shape of the throat of the nozzle.
- throat velocity = critical velocity.
- throttling
- The varying of the thrust of a rocket
engine during powered flight by some technique. Tightening of fuel lines,
changing of thrust chamber pressure, pulsed thrust, and variation of nozzle
expansion are methods to achieve throttling.
- throughput
- In vacuum technology, the quantity of gas in
pressure-volume units at a specified temperature flowing per unit time across
a specified open section of a pump or pipeline. The specified temperature may
be the actual temperature of the gas or a standard reference temperature. It
is recommended that throughput be referred to standard room temperature. The
recommended unit of throughput is the torr liter per second at 20 degrees
C. Other units of throughput in common use are micron liters per second
at 25 degrees C and micron cubic feet per minute at 68 degrees F.
Under conditions of steady-state conservative flow the throughput across
the entrance to a pipe is equal to the throughput at the exit. In this case
throughput can be defined as the quantity of gas flowing through a pipe in
pressure-volume units per unit time at room temperature.
- thrust
- 1. The pushing or pulling force developed by an aircraft engine or a rocket
engine.
- 2. The force exerted in any direction by a fluid jet or by a powered
screw, as, the thrust of an antitorque rotor.
- 3. (symbol F). Specifically, in rocketry, F = mv where m is
propellant mass flow and v is exhaust velocity relative to the vehicle.
Also called momentum thrust.
- thrust augmentation
- The increasing of the thrust of an
engine or power plant, especially of a jet engine
and usually for a short period of time, over the thrust normally developed.
The principal methods of thrust augmentation are the introduction of
additional air into the induction system, liquid injection, and afterburning.
With a piston engine, thrust augmentation usually refers to the
direction of exhaust gases so as to give additional thrust.
- thrust augmenter
- Any device used to increase the thrust of a piston, jet, or rocket engine,
such as an afterburner.
See augmenter
tube.
- thrust axis
- A line or axis through an aircraft, rocket, etc., along which the thrust acts; an
axis through the longitudinal center of a jet or rocket engine along which the
thrust of the engine acts; a center of thrust. Also called axis of thrust.
- thrust chamber = firing chamber.
- thrust coefficient = nozzle thrust coefficient.
- thrust horsepower
- 1. The force-velocity equivalent of the thrust developed
by a jet or rocket engine.
- 2. The thrust of an
engine-propeller combination expressed in horsepower. It differs from the
shaft horsepower of the engine by the amount the propeller efficiency varies
from 100 percent.
- thrust loading
- The weight-thrust ratio of a jet or rocket-propelled aircraft or other
vehicle expressed as gross weight in pounds divided by thrust in
pounds. See power
loading.
- thrust meter
- An instrument for measuring static thrust,
especially of a jet engine or rocket. See reaction
balance.
- thrust power
- The power usefully expended on thrust, equal to
the thrust (or net thrust)
times airspeed.
- thrust reverser
- A device or apparatus for reversing thrust,
especially of a jet engine.
See reverse
thrust.
- thrust section
- 1. A section in a rocket
vehicle that houses or incorporates the combustion
chamber or chambers and nozzles.
- 2. In loose usage, a propulsion system.
- thrust terminator
- A device for ending the thrust in a rocket
engine, either through propellant cutoff (in the
case of a liquid) or through diverting the flow of gases from the nozzle.
- thrust-weight ratio
- A quantity used to evaluate engine performance, obtained by dividing the
thrust output
by the engine weight less fuel. If the pound is used as the unit of measure
for thrust and weight, the result is pounds of thrust per pound of engine.
- tick
- A short audible sound or beat, as
that of a clock. A time signal in the form of one or more ticks is called a
time tick.
- tickle = threshold of feeling.
- tidal day = lunar day.
- tide
- The periodic rising and falling of the earth's oceans and atmosphere.
It results from the gravitational
forces of the moon and sun acting upon the rotating earth. The disturbance
actually propagates as a wave through the atmosphere and along the surface of
the waters of the earth. Atmospheric tides are always so designated, whereas
the term tide alone commonly implies the oceanic variety.
- tilt table
- A device used to calibrate linear accelerometers
with rated ranges of, or below, +/- 1.0 g. It allows the accelerometer to be
positioned at different angles in reference to a surface perpendicular to the
direction of the earth's gravity, so that the applied values of acceleration
are equal to the cosine of the angle between the reference surface and the
direction of the earth's gravity.
- timbre
- That attribute of auditory sensation by which a listener discriminates
between two sounds of similar loudness and
pitch, but of
different tonal quality. Timbre depends primarily upon the spectrum of the
stimulus, but it also depends upon the waveform, the sound pressure, the
frequency location of the spectrum, and the temporal characteristics of the
stimulus.
- time (symbol t or τ)
- The hour of the day reckoned by the position of a celestial reference
point relative to a reference celestial
meridian. Time may be designated solar, lunar , or sidereal
as the reference is the sun, moon, or vernal equinox, respectively. Solar
time may be further classified as mean or astronomical if the
mean sun is the reference, or as apparent if the apparent sun is the
reference. Time may also be designated according to the reference meridian,
either the local or Greenwich meridian or, additionally, in the
case of mean solar time, a designated zone meridian. Standard and daylight
saving time are variations of zone time. Time may also be designated according
to the timepiece, as chronometer time or watch time , the time
indicated by these instruments.
- time constant
- Generally, the time required for an instrument to indicate a given
percentage of the final reading resulting from an input signal; the relaxation
time of an instrument. In the case of instruments such as thermometers,
whose response to step changes in an applied signal is exponential in
character, the time constant is equal to the time required for the instrument
to indicate 63.2 percent of the total change, that is, when the transient
error is reduced to 1/e of the original signal change. Also called lag
coefficient. See lag. Compare rise time, time lag.
- time division multiplex
- A system for the transmission of information about two or more quantities
( measurands)
over a common channel by
dividing available time intervals among the measurands to form a composite pulse
train. Information may be transmitted by variation of pulse duration,
pulse amplitude, pulse position, or by a pulse code. (Abbreviations used are
PDM, PAM, PPM, and PCM, respectively.)
- time lag
- The total time between the application of a signal to a
measuring instrument and the full indication of that signal within the
uncertainty of the instrument.
- time of useful consciousness
- The period between loss of oxygen supply (at altitude) and the inability
of the individual to function efficiently.
- time series
- The values of a variable generated successively in time. A continuous
barograph trace is an example of a continuous time series , whereas a
sequence of hourly pressures is an example of a discrete time series.
Graphically, a time series is usually plotted with time as the abscissa
and the values of the function as the ordinate.
- time signal
- 1. An accurate signal marking a
specified time or time interval. It is used primarily for determining errors
of timepieces. Such signals are usually sent from an observatory by radio or
telegraph.
- 2. In photography, a time indication registered on the film to serve as a
time reference for interpretation of the date recorded on the film.
- time tic
- Markings on telemetry
records to indicate time intervals.
- time tick
- A time
signal consisting of one or more short audible sounds or beats.
- time to unconsciousness
- The period between loss of oxygen supply (at altitude) and the onset of
unconsciousness.
- time zone
- See zone
time.
- timing parallax
- The distance on a film between a frame and a time signal
which were simultaneously exposed.
- timing pulse
- In telemetry, a pulse used as a
time reference.
- Titan
- A satellite of
Saturn orbiting at a mean distance of 1,222,000 kilometers.
- Titania
- A satellite of
Uranus orbiting at a mean distance of 438,000 kilometers.
- tolerance
- The allowable variation in measurements within which the dimensions of an
item are judged acceptable.
- topocentric
- Of measurements or coordinates,
referred to the position of the observer on the earth as the origin.
- topple
- Of a gyro, the vertical component of precession
or wander, or
the algebraic sum of the two.
- topple axis
- That horizontal axis, perpendicular to the (horizontal) spin axis of
a gyroscope, around which topple occurs.
- tor = torr.
- torching
- The degassing of
a vacuum system by application of a gas burner flame to the walls during the
pumping process.
- torque (symbol T)
- About an axis, the product of a force and the
distance of its line of action from the axis.
- torquer
- In a gyro, a device which produces torque about an
axis of
freedom in response to a signal input.
- torquing
- In a gyro, the application of torque to a
gimbal about an axis of
freedom for the following purposes: precessing,
capturing,
slaving, caging, or slewing.
- torr
- Provisional international standard term to replace the English term
millimeter of mercury and its abbreviation mm of Hg (or
the French mm de Hg ). The torr is defined as 1/760 of a standard
atmosphere or 1,013,250/760 dynes per square centimeter. This is equivalent to
defining the torr as 1333.22 microbars and differs by only one part in 7
million form the International Standard millimeter of mercury. The prefixes
milli and micro are attached without hyphenation.
- total conductivity
- In atmospheric electricity, the sum of the electrical conductivities of
the positive and negative ions found in a
given portion of the atmosphere.
- total curvature
- The change in direction of a ray between object
and observer.
- total eclipse
- An eclipse in
which the entire source of light is obscured.
- total emissive power
- See emittance.
- total emissivity (symbol ε)
- See emissivity.
- total emittance = total emissive power. See emittance.
- total energy equation
- In meteorology, an expression relating all forms of energy obtained by
combining the thermodynamic
energy equation with the mechanical energy equation. This equation
expresses the fact that the combined internal, kinetic, and potential energy
in a given volume of the atmosphere can vary only as a result of: (a) the
transport of these forms of energy across the boundaries of the volume; (b)
the work done by pressure forces on the boundary; (c) the addition or removal
of heat; and (d) the dissipational effect of friction.
- total head = total pressure, sense 3.
- total impulse (symbol It)
- The integral of the thrust F over an interval of time t :
It = F dtTotal impulse is related to specific
impulse Isp by It = Isp
dt, where = propellant flow weight rate.
- total potential energy
- See internal
energy, note.
- total pressure
- 1. = stagnation
pressure.
- 2. = impact
pressure.
- 3. The pressure a moving fluid would have if it were brought to rest
without losses.
- 4. The pressure determined by all the molecular species crossing the
imaginary surface.
- total-pressure tube
- A tube for measuring the stagnation
pressure of a fluid; i.e., a pitot tube.
- total radiation
- Radiation over the entire spectrum of
emitted wavelengths.
- total refraction
- The return of waves out of a
medium or layer, due to refraction.
Total refraction occurs most readily at low elevation angles. For any suitable
layer in the atmosphere, there is a critical beam elevation angle below which
total refraction can occur. In the ionosphere this angle is frequency
dependent.
- total scattering coefficient = scattering coefficient.
- total scattering cross section = scattering power; see
scattering cross section.
- total solar eclipse
- See solar
eclipse.
- toughness
- The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before
fracturing. Toughness is usually measured by the energy absorbed in a notch
impact test, but the area under the stress-strain curve in tensile testing is
also a measure of toughness.
- towering
- A refraction
phenomenon; a special case of looming in
which the downward curvature of the light rays due to atmospheric
refraction increased with elevation so that the visual image of a distant
object appears to be stretched in the vertical direction. The opposite of
towering is stooping.
- Townsend discharge
- A type of direct-current
discharge between two electrodes
immersed in a gas and requiring electron emission from the cathode.
- Townsend ionization coefficient
- The average number of ionizing collisions
an electron will make in drifting a unit distance in the direction of the
applied electric force. These coefficients were first measured by Townsend and
at present they are well tabulated for most gases. A typical value for the
coefficient is one pair per centimeter at a pressure of 1 millimeter of
mercury and a field strength of 100 volts per centimeter.
- TrA, Tr Au
- International Astronomical Union abbreviations for Triangulum Australe.
See constellation.
- trace
- The line appearing on the face of a cathode-ray
tube when the visible dot repeatedly sweeps across the face of the tube as
a result of deflections of the electron
beam. See sweep. The path
of the dot from the end of one sweep to the start of the next sweep is called
a retrace. If more than one trace is shown on the same scope, the
traces may be called A-trace, B-trace , etc.
- track
- 1. The path or actual line of movement on an aircraft, rocket, etc., over
the surface of the earth. It is the projection of the flightpath
on the surface.
- 2. To observe or plot the path of something moving, such as an aircraft or
rocket, by one means or another, as by telescope or by radar - said of persons
or of the electronic equipment, as, the observer, or the radar,
tracked the satellite.
- 3. To follow a desired track.
- tracking
- 1. The process of following the movements of an object. This may be done
by keeping the reticle of an
optical system or a radar beam
on the object, by plotting its bearing and
distance at frequent intervals, or by a combination of the two.
- 2. A motion given to the major lobe of an antenna so that
a preassigned moving target in space remains in the lobe's field as long as it
is within viewing range.
- tracking antenna
- A directional
antenna system which changes in position, or characteristics,
automatically or manually to follow the motions of a moving signal source.
- tracking filter
- An electric device for attenuating unwanted signals while passing desired
signals, by
means of phase-lock
techniques which reduce the effective bandwidth of
the circuit and eliminate amplitude variations.
- tracking offset error
- The angular error, in
magnitude and direction, between an object being tracked and the center of
reference established for the tracking
instrument.
- tracking radar
- A radar
used for following a target.
- tracking rate
- The rate at which an operator or a system follows a target. Usually
expressed in terms of the rate of change of the parameter being measured.
- tracking station
- A station set up to track an object
moving through the atmosphere or space, usually by means of radar or radio.
See minitrack.
- train
- Anything, such as luminous gas of ionized particles, left along the trajectory
of a meteor
after the head of the meteor has passed.
- trajectory
- In general, the path traced by any body moving as a result of an
externally applied force, considered in three dimensions. Trajectory is
sometimes used to mean flight path or orbit , but orbit
usually means a closed path and trajectory , a path which is not
closed.
- trajectory measuring system
- A system
used to provide information on the spatial position of an object at discrete
time intervals throughout a portion of the trajectory
or flightpath.
- transceiver
- A combination transmitter
and receiver in a
single housing, with some components being used by both units. See transponder.
- transducer
- A device capable of being actuated by energy from one
or more transmission
systems or media and of supplying related energy to one or more other
transmission systems or media, as a microphone, a thermocouple, etc. The
energy in input and output may be of the same or different types (e.g.,
electric, mechanical, or acoustic).
- transducer gain
- The ratio of the power that a transducer
delivers to a specified load under
specified operating conditions to the available power of a specified source.
If the input and/or output power consist of more than one component, such as
multifrequency signal or noise, then the particular components used and their
weighting must be specified. This gain is usually expressed in decibels.
- transfer ellipse = transfer orbit.
- transfer orbit
- In interplanetary travel, an elliptical trajectory
tangent to the orbits of both
the departure planet and the target planet. Also called transfer ellipse.
- transient problem = initial-value problem.
- transistor
- An active semiconductor
device with three or more electrodes.
- transit
- 1. The passage of a celestial
body across a celestial
meridian, usually called meridian transit.
- 2. The apparent passage of a celestial body across the face of another
celestial body or across any point, area, or line.
- 3. An instrument used by an astronomer to determine the exact instant of
meridian transit of a celestial body.
- 4. A reversing instrument used by surveyors for accurately measuring
horizontal and vertical angles; a theodolite which can be reversed in its
supports without being lifted from them.
- transition flow = Knudsen flow.
- See rarefied gas dynamics, note.
- transition maneuver
- In lifting flight, a maneuver required to fly smoothly from one equilibrium
glidepath to another, performed by changing attitude in
some manner.
- transition point
- In aerodynamics, the point of change from laminar to turbulent
flow.
- transition temperature
- 1. An arbitrarily defined temperature within the temperature range in
which metal fracture characteristics determined usually by notched tests are
changing rapidly such as from primarily fibrous (shear) to primarily
crystalline (cleavage) fracture.
- 2. The arbitrarily defined temperature in a range in which the ductility
of a material changes rapidly with temperature.
- translation
- Movement in a straight line without rotation.
- translation energy
- In a gas, the energy
associated with random straight line motion of the molecules.
- translator
- A network or
system having a number of inputs and outputs and so connected that signals
representing information expressed in a certain code, when applied
to the inputs, cause output signals to appear which are a representation of
the input information in a different code. Sometimes called matrix.
- translunar
- Outside the moon's orbit about the earth.
- translunar space
- As seen from the earth at any movement, space lying
beyond the orbit of the
moon.
- transmission
- 1. The process by which radiant
flux is propagated through a medium or body.
- 2. = transmittance.
- transmission coefficient (symbol τ)
- 1. A measure of the amount of incident radiation
which remains in a beam after it
passes through a unit thickness of a medium. It is comparable in concept to
the extinction
coefficient (or attenuation
coefficient) and is related to the extinction coefficient σ as follows:
τ = e -σ where τ is the transmission coefficient. Its
relationship to transmissivity r is expressed:
r = τxwhere x is the total thickness of the
medium. Compare absorption
coefficient.
- 2. The fraction of the solar radiation normally incident upon the top of
the atmosphere which survives passage through the atmosphere to the earth's
surface. As so defined, a better term might be atmospheric transmissivity.
- 3. The ratio of the sound transmitted
through an interface or spectrum between two media, exposed to the sound
field, to the sound energy incident on the interface or septum.
- transmission loss
- The reduction in the magnitude of
some characteristics of a signal between
two stated points in a transmission
system. Also called loss. The characteristic is often some kind of
level, such as power level or voltage level; in acoustics, the characteristic
that is commonly measured is sound pressure level. Thus, if the levels are
expressed in decibels, the transmission level loss is likewise in decibels. It
is imperative that the characteristic concerned (such as the sound pressure
level) by clearly identified because in all transmission systems more than one
characteristic is propagated.
- transmission system
- A system
which propagates or transmits signals.
- transmission time
- The time interval between dispatch and reception of a signal in a
particular transmission system.
- transmissivity = transmittance.
- transmissometer
- An instrument for measuring the extinction
coefficient of the atmosphere and for the determination of visual
range. Also called telephotometer, transmittance meter, hazemeter.
See photoelectric,
transmittance meter visibility
meter.
- transmissiometry
- The technique of determining the extinction
characteristics of a medium by measuring the transmittance
of a light beam of known initial intensity directed into that medium.
- transmittance (symbol T)
- The ratio of the radiant
flux transmitted by a medium or a body to the incident flux. See transmission
coefficient. The transmittance T of radiant flux through a medium
of thickness x is related to the transmission coefficient τ
of the medium by T = τ.
- transmittance meter = transmissometer.
- transmitted power
- The power
which is radiated from an antenna. Compare received
power.
- transmitter
- A device used for the generation of signals of any
type and form which are to be transmitted. See receiver. In
radio and radar, it is that portion of the equipment which includes electronic
circuits designed to generate, amplify, and shape the radiofrequency energy
which is delivered to the antenna where it is radiated out into space.
- transonic
- Pertaining to that which occurs or is occurring within the range of speed
in which flow patterns change from subsonic to supersonic or vice versa, about
Mach 0.8 to 1.2, as in transonic flight, transonic flutter ; that
operates within this regime, as in transonic aircraft, transonic wing ;
characterized by transonic flow or transonic speed, as in transonic region,
transonic zone.
- transonic flow
- In aerodynamics, flow of a fluid over a body in the range just above and
just below the acoustic
velocity. Transonic flow presents a special problem in aerodynamics in
that neither the equations describing subsonic flow nor the equations
describing supersonic flow can be applied in the transonic range.
- transonic speed
- The speed of a body relative to the surrounding fluid at which
the flow is in
some places on the body subsonic and
in other places supersonic.
- transparent plasma
- A plasma
through which an electromagnetic
wave can propagate. In
general, a plasma is transparent for frequencies higher than the plasma
frequency.
- transpiration
- The passage of gas or liquid through a porous solid (usually under
conditions of molecular
flow).
- transpiration cooling
- A process by which a body having a porous surface is cooled by forced flow
of coolant
fluid through the surface from the interior. Compare film
cooling.
- transponder
- A combined receiver and
transmitter
whose function is to transmit signals automatically when triggered by an interrogator.
See transceiver.
- transponder beacon
- A beacon
having a transponder.
Also called responder beacon.
- transport = flux.
- transverse
- In cartography, pertaining to or measured on a map projection in which a
meridian is
used as a fictitious equator.
- transverse sensitivity = cross sensitivity.
- transverse vibration
- Vibration in
which the direction of motion of the particles is perpendicular to the
direction of advance of the vibratory motion, in contrast with longitudinal
vibration, in which the direction of motion is the same as that of advance.
- transverse wave
- A wave in which the direction of displacement
at each point of the medium is parallel to the wave front.
Contrast longitudinal
wave.
- trap
- A part of a solid-propellant
rocket engine used to prevent the loss of unburned propellant
through the nozzle.
- trapping
- The process by which radiation particles are
caught and held in a radiation
belt.
- Tr Au
- International Astronomical Union abbreviations for Triangulum Australe.
See constellation.
- traveling plane wave
- A plane
wave each of whose frequency components has an exponential variation of amplitude and
a linear variation of phase in the
direction of propagation.
- traveling-wave tube (abbr TWT)
- An electron
tube in which a stream of electrons interacts continuously or repeatedly
with a guided electromagnetic
wave moving substantially in synchronism with it, and in such a way that
there is a net transfer of energy from the stream to the wave.
- Tri, Tria
- International Astronomical Union abbreviations for Triangulum. See
constellation.
- Triangulum (abbr Tri, Tria)
- See constellation.
- Triangulum Australe
- (abbr TrA, Tr Au) See constellation.
- Tridop
- A continuous-wave trajectory
measuring system using the Doppler
shift caused by a target moving relative to a ground transmitter and three
or more receiving stations.
- triple point
- The thermodynamic state at which three phases of a substance exist in
equilibrium. The triple point of water occurs at a saturation vapor pressure
of 6.11 millibar and at a temperature of 273.16 degrees K.
- triplexer
- A dual- duplexer which
permits the use of two receivers simultaneously and independently in a radar system by
disconnecting the receivers during the transmitted pulse.
- Triton
- A satellite of
Neptune orbiting at a mean distance of 354,000 kilometers.
- trochoid
- The path followed by a point in a diameter of a circle as the circle rolls
along a straight line.
- trochotron
- An electron
tube in which a magnetic
field causes the electrons to travel in trochoidal paths. See beam-switching
tube.
- Trojan asteroids
- Two groups of minor planets that liberate in long-period orbits around
the stable Lagrangian
points of the Sun and Jupiter. Called Trojan because they are named
after heroes of the Trojan War.
- tropical
- Of or pertaining to the vernal
equinox. See sidereal.
- tropical month
- The average period of the revolution of the moon about the earth with
respect to the vernal
equinox, a period of 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes 4.7 seconds, or
approximately 27 1/3 days.
- tropical year
- The period of one revolution
of the earth around the sun, with respect to the vernal
equinox. Because of precession of the equinoxes, the tropical year is not
360 degrees with respect to the stars, but 50 minutes 0.3 seconds less. A
tropical year is about 20 minutes shorter than a sidereal year, averaging 365
days 5 hours 48 minutes 45.68 seconds in 1955 and is increasing at the rate of
0.005305 second annually. Also called astronomical, equinoctial, natural,
or solar year.
- tropic of Cancer
- The northern parallel
of declination, approximately 23 degrees 27' from the celestial equator,
reached by the sun at its maximum declination, or the corresponding parallel
on the earth. It is named for the sign of the zodiac in which the sun reached
its maximum northerly declination at the time the parallel was so named.
- tropic of Capricorn
- The southern parallel
of declination, approximately 23 degrees 27' from the celestial equator,
reached by the sun at its maximum declination, or the corresponding parallel
on the earth. It is named for the sign of the zodiac in which the sun reached
its maximum southernly declination at the time the parallel was so named.
- tropopause
- The boundary between the troposphere
and stratosphere,
usually characterized by an abrupt change of lapse rate.
The change is in the direction of increased atmospheric stability from regions
below to regions above the tropopause. Its height varies from 15 to 20
kilometers in the tropics to about 10 kilometers in polar regions. In polar
regions in winter it is often difficult or impossible to determine just where
the tropopause lies, since under some conditions there is no abrupt change in
lapse rate at any height.
- troposphere
- That portion of the atmosphere
from the earth's surface to the stratosphere;
that is, the lowest 10 to 20 kilometers of the atmosphere. The troposphere is
characterized by decreasing temperature with height, appreciable vertical wind
motion, appreciable water vapor content, and weather. Dynamically, the
troposphere can be divided into the following layers: surface
boundary layer, Ekamn layer, and free
atmosphere. See atmospheric
shell.
- tropospheric wave
- A radio
wave that is propagated
by reflection from a place of abrupt change in the dielectric
constant or its gradient in the troposphere.
In some cases the ground wave may be so altered that new components appear to
arise from reflections in regions of rapidly changing dielectric constants;
when these components are distinguishable from the other components, they are
called tropospheric waves.
- trud count
- (From time remaining until dive.) A count (in minutes and seconds) that
measures the time between a rocket launch and the
moment it apogees and begins its dive.
- true
- 1. Related to or measured from true north.
- 2. Actual, as contrasted with fictitious, as true sun.
- 3. Related to a fixed point, either on the earth or in space, as true
wind; in contrast with relative.
- 4. Corrected, as true altitude.
- true altitude
- 1. Actual height above sea level; calibrated altitude corrected for air
temperature.
- 2. The actual altitude of a
celestial body above the celestial horizon. Usually called observed
altitude.
- true anomaly
- See anomaly.
- true meridian
- A great
circle through the geographical poles, distinguished from magnetic
meridian, gridmeridian, etc.
- true position
- The position of a celestial
body (or space vehicle) on the celestial
sphere as computed directly from the elements of the orbit of the
earth and the body concerned without allowance for light time.
Also called geometric position.
- true prime vertical
- The vertical
circle through the true east and west points of the horizon, as
distinguished from magnetic, compass, or grid prime vertical through the
magnetic, compass, or grid east and west points, respectively.
- true sun
- The actual sun as it appears in the sky. Usually called apparent sun.
See mean
sun, dynamical
mean sun.
- truncation error
- In computations, the error resulting
from the use of only a finite number of terms of an infinite series or from
the approximation of operations in the infinitesimal calculus by operations in
the calculus of finite differences.
- trunk = bus.
- T-time
- Any specific time, minus or plus as referenced to zero or launch time,
during a countdown
sequence that is intended to result in the firing of a rocket propulsion unit
that launches a rocket vehicle.
- Tucana (abbr Tuc, Tucn)
- See constellation.
- Tucn
- International Astronomical Union abbreviations for Tucana. See constellation.
- Tuc, Tucn
- International Astronomical Union abbreviations for Tucana. See constellation.
- tumble
- 1. To rotate end over end - said of a rocket, of an ejection capsule, etc.
- 2. Of a gyro, to precess
suddenly and to an extreme extent as a result of exceeding its operating
limits of bank or pitch.
- tumbling
- An attitude situation in which the vehicle continues on its flight, but
turns end over end about its center of mass.
- tuned damper
- A device for reducing vibration of
a primary system by the transfer of energy to an auxiliary resonant
system which is tuned to the frequency of the vibration. The force extered by
the auxiliary system is opposite in phase to the
force acting on the primary system.
- tunnel
- 1. A structure, installation, or facility incorporating apparatus to
simulate flight conditions in one way or another, specially designed for
testing or experimenting with power plants, or with aircraft, rockets, or
other aerodynamically designed bodies, engine installations, or models;
specifically, a wind
tunnel.
- 2. A longitudinal protuberance on a rocket body used to house wiring,
piping, etc., so as to not route the wiring through the propellant tanks.
- tunnel axis
- Any one of the geometrical axes of a wind
tunnel.
- turbidity
- In meteorology, any condition of the atmosphere
which reduces its transparency to radiation,
especially to visible radiation. Ordinarily, this is applied to a cloud-free
portion of the atmosphere that owes its turbidity to air molecules and
suspensoids such as smoke, dust, and haze, and the scintillation effects.
- turbidity factor
- A measure of the atmospheric transmission of incident solar
radiation. If I0 is the flux density of the solar beam just
outside the earth's atmosphere, I the flux density measured at the earth's
surface with the sun at a zenith distance which implies an optical air mass
m , and Im,w the intensity which would be observed at the
earth's surface for a pure atmosphere containing one centimeter of perceptible
water viewed through the given optical air mass, then Linke's turbidity factor
θ is given by
θ = (ln I0 - ln I)/(ln I0 - ln Im,w)
- turbine
- 1. A machine consisting principally of one or more turbine
wheels and a stator.
- 2. A turbine wheel.
- 3. A turbine
engine. See blowdown
turbine, explosion
turbine, free
turbine, gas
turbine, impulse
turbine, partial-admission
turbine, reaction
turbine, single-stage turbine.
- turbine blade
- Any one of the blades of a turbine
wheel.
- turbine engine
- An engine incorporating a turbine as a
principal component; especially, a gas-turbine
engine.
- turbine wheel
- A multivaned wheel or rotor, especially
in a gas-turbine
engine, rotated by the impulse from or reaction to a fluid passing
across the vanes. Often called a turbine.
- turbofan
- A turbojet
engine in which additional propulsive thrust is gained by extending a
portion of the compressor
or turbine
blades outside the inner engine case. The extended blades propel bypass air
flows along the engine axis but between the inner and outer engine casing.
This air is not combusted but does provide additional thrust caused by the
propulsive effect imparted to it by the extended compressor blading.
- turbojet
- 1. = turbojet
engine.
- 2. A craft propelled by a turbojet engine. See jet engine.
- turbojet engine
- A jet
engine incorporating a turbine-driven air compressor
to take in and compress the air for the combustion of fuel (or for heating by
a nuclear reactor), the gases of combustion (or the heated air) being used
both to rotate the turbine and to
create a thrust producing jet. Often called a turbojet. See jet engine,
sense 2.
- turbulence
- A state of fluid flow in which the
instantaneous velocities exhibit irregular and apparently random fluctuations
so that in practice only statistical properties can be recognized and
subjected to analysis. Compare laminar
flow.
- These fluctuations often constitute major deformations of the flow and
are capable of transporting momentum, energy, and suspended matter at rates
far in excess of the rate of transport by the molecular processes of diffusion
and conduction in a nonturbulent or laminar flow.
- turbulent boundary layer
- The layer in which the Reynolds
stresses are much larger than the viscous
stresses. When the Reynolds
number is sufficiently high, there is a turbulent layer adjacent to the laminar
boundary layer.
- turbulent flow
- Fluid motion in which random motions of parts of the fluid are
superimposed upon a simple pattern of flow. All or
nearly all fluid flow displays some degree of turbulence. The opposite is laminar
flow.
- turbulent scatter
- See scatter.
- turbulent shear stresses
- See Reynolds
stresses.
- turn error
- Any error in gyro output due to
cross-coupling and acceleration
encountered during vehicle turns.
- turnover frequency = Nyquist frequency.
- turnstile antenna
- An antenna
composed of two dipole
antennas, normal to each other, with their axes intersecting at their
midpoints. Usually, the currents are equal and in phase quadrature.
- T-wave
- In an electrocardiogram, the deflection which represents repolarization on
the ventricles. It is normally upright, varying rather widely in amplitude and
duration.
- twenty-four hour satellite
- A synchronous
satellite of the earth.
- twilight
- The periods of incomplete darkness following sunset (evening twilight) or
preceding sunrise (morning twilight).
- Twilight is designated as civil, nautical, or astronomical, as the
darker limit occurs when the center of the sun is at zenith distances of 96
degrees, 102 degrees, and 108 degrees, respectively.
- two-body problem
- That problem in classical celestial
mechanics which treats of the relative motion of two point masses under
their mutual gravitational
attraction.
- two-color pyrometer
- A high-temperature thermometer
wherein spectral radiation from the object is measured at two different wavelengths.
- Temperature may be deduced without knowledge of the emittance if
(and only if) the object is a gray body. The method is applicable to gases and
to opaque objects.
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