CONTENTS Of APPENDIX Introduction to the Phase 1 Focused Study Reports Acknowledgements of the Focused Study Team Members Key References from each Focused Study Report Eleven Focused Study Reports: Storm Meteorology Stillwater Storm Wave Characteristics Wave Transformation Wave Setup Wave Runup and Overtopping Event-Based Erosion Coastal Structures Tsunamis Sheltered Waters Flood Hazard Zones Introduction to the Phase 1 Focused Study Reports This Appendix to the Phase 1 Summary Report (nhc, February 2005) contains eleven (11) Focused Study Reports prepared by the Technical Working Group (TWG) on eleven categories of technical topics pertaining to FEMA Coastal Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping Guidelines. Goals of the Phase 1 investigations were to evaluate existing FEMA Guidelines for all three coasts and to examine the key technical areas of the current coastal flood hazard mapping process. Initial tasks focused on a review of the existing guidelines and the needs and priorities for their improvement. Under these tasks, coastal experts from the TWG reviewed existing guideline methodologies for the ocean and coastal processes analyzed in flood insurance studies (e.g., storm meteorology, storm surge, wave setup, wave transformation, wave runup, and overtopping) and evaluated their applicability for each coastline. Case studies were prepared to demonstrate application of guideline methodologies in previous coastal flood insurance studies on each coast, and representative studies were prepared to demonstrate application of guideline procedures to particular coastal processes. An international literature search was conducted to identify sources of information on existing and evolving coastal engineering practices and to identify pertinent scientific research that may be useful in developing new guidelines. The international experience of several TWG members was used during this task to provide the project with information, techniques, and practices from around the world. The initial tasks described above served as the basis for reporting and discussion at Workshop 1, held in Sacramento, California, on December 2–4, 2003. The workshop was attended by 38 members of the TWG from across the country and Europe. The workshop agenda included: * review of existing guidelines and practices; * technical presentations on the state of the science in coastal processes; * workshop sessions to identify needs, priorities, and potential guideline improvements by coastal geographic areas and coastal processes; and * Summary sessions to list and prioritize needed guideline improvements. The primary result of Workshop 1 was a list of 53 technical topics for consideration in updating the current FEMA guidelines. Each item also included an initial assessment of the time and data required to develop improved procedures. This assessment resulted in categorizing each topic as “Critical,” “Important,” “Available,” or “Helpful.” “Critical” and “Important” topics were considered the highest priorities for development of new or improved procedures, and were subdivided into topics that could likely be addressed in the 6-month time frame of the project (“Critical”) and those that would require longer term development by FEMA (“Important”). “Available” topics were considered areas where existing data or methodologies were readily available for updating or creating guidelines. “Helpful” topics were considered valuable but lower priority. These priority classes were assigned by the TWG for each topic on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, Pacific Coast, and in Sheltered Waters (Non-Open Coast). Results from Workshop 1 were used to formulate focused studies that organized the 53 technical topics into 11 categories according to coastal processes and coastal flood hazard mapping procedures. Each of these 11 categories became the subject of a focused study and resulted in a stand-a-lone report, including topics on: (1) Storm Meteorology, (2) Stillwater Elevations, (3) Wave Characteristics, (4) Wave Transformation, (5) Wave Setup, (6) Event-Based Erosion, (7) Wave Runup and Overtopping, (8) Coastal Structures, (9) Sheltered Waters, (10) Tsunamis, and (11) Hazard Zones. These eleven Focused Study Reports are included in this Appendix to the Phase 1 Report. The focused studies were conducted by groups of individuals from the TWG, each coordinated by a focused study leader. This organization allowed the 11 focused studies to be completed simultaneously and rapidly. Preliminary drafts of the focused studies were presented at Workshop 2 on February 23–26, 2004, and subsequently were refined by the study groups and submitted to FEMA in May 2004. These initial drafts of the Phase 1 Summary Report and Focused Study Reports were revised into Final Drafts that were submitted to FEMA in June 2004. Focused Study leaders responded to FEMA review comments, made revisions to the reporting and prepared the Final Phase 1 Summary Report and this Appendix containing the Focused Study Reports. The focused studies contain recommendations on the approach for updating the guidelines on three coasts (Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf). These recommendations include further studies and guideline development work that vary in complexity, level of effort, and time requirements. The level of effort required to complete the recommendations for “Critical” and “Available” items identified in Workshop 2 significantly exceeded the available time and budget for Phase 2 (development of Pacific Coast guidelines). Therefore, in March 2004 the project team engaged in a significant effort to develop options for limiting the scope and cost of the next phase of work (Phase 2 – development of Draft Pacific Coast Guidelines) while retaining the most important topics and a balance among the 11 technical categories. The selected option deferred some recommendations for future development in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) but maintained the target of producing reliable guidelines for coastal studies on the Pacific Coast in FY 2004/2005. SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS FROM THE PHASE 1 FOCUSED STUDIES A complete list of topics and recommendations developed by the TWG during Workshops 1 and 2 is provided in Table 2 of the Phase 1 Summary Report. Following are a few of the key findings from the Phase 1 activities and the completion of the eleven Focused Studies: * Procedures are needed to compute the 1% annual chance flood elevation where 1% stillwater levels do not necessarily coincide with 1% wave conditions (e.g., Pacific Coast and sheltered waters along all three coasts). * Procedures to better represent wave setup are needed on all coasts. * Procedures should be developed to use regional databases and wave transformation models to develop wave spectra at the surf zone. * Methods are needed to evaluate the amount of wave dissipation due to propagation over muddy or flat nearshore areas. * Procedures to quantify the effects of wave setup and event-based erosion in a variety of geomorphic settings are needed. * On the Atlantic Coast, a review of the 540 square feet erosion criterion is needed in light of new data; on the Pacific Coast, a similar geometric method is needed based on Pacific Coast data. * A probabilistic method for tsunami hazard assessment and methods for combining tsunami hazards with other coastal hazards are needed. * Updates and amplification of existing guidelines for wave runup and overtopping and associated hazard zones are needed. Improved methodology for wave overwash is needed. * Some coastal processes, such as surge, wave transformation, and tsunamis, are best analyzed at a regional scale rather than in flood studies of individual communities. * Sheltered waters (non-open coast areas) require specialized guidance because of their unique hydrodynamic and geomorphic characteristics compared to the open coast. For example, new methods for calculating fetch-limited wind waves should be evaluated and incorporated in guidelines, to the extent appropriate. Recommended approaches to address these and other needs are included in Sections 4 and 5 of the February 2005 Phase 1 Summary Report. Following are Acknowledgements for those who participated on the Technical Working Group and a listing of selected Key References from each Focused Study Report. Following the Acknowledgements and Key References are the eleven Focused Study Reports discussed in the February 2005 Phase 1 Summary Report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS OF FOCUSED STUDY TEAM MEMBERS The following individuals are gratefully acknowledged for their contributions and participation as members of the Technical Working Groups and for the key roles they played as participants and writers on one or more of the eleven Focused Study Teams. These individuals performed the focused studies, participated in technical workshops, and prepared this report. Storm Meteorology Focused Study Leader David Divoky Team Members Robert Battalio, P.E. Bob Dean, Sc.D. Ian Collins, Ph.D. Darryl Hatheway, CFM Norm Scheffner, Ph.D. Stillwater Focused Study Leader David Divoky Team Members Robert Battalio, P.E. Bob Dean, Sc.D. Ian Collins, Ph.D. Darryl Hatheway, CFM Norm Scheffner, Ph.D. Storm Wave Characteristics Focused Study Leader Shyamal Chowdhury, Ph.D., CFM Team Members Robert Battalio, P.E. Carmela Chandrasekera, Ph.D. Ian Collins, Ph.D. Jeff Gangai, CFM Darryl Hatheway, CFM Ron Noble, P.E. Dick Seymour, Ph.D., P.E. Wave Transformation Focused Study Leader Robert Battalio, P.E. Team Members Carmela Chandrasekera, Ph.D. David Divoky Darryl Hatheway, CFM Terry Hull, P.E. Bill O’Reilly, Ph.D. Dick Seymour, Ph.D., P.E. Rajesh Srinivas, Ph.D., P.E. Wave Setup Focused Study Leader Bob Dean, Sc.D. Team Members Ian Collins, Ph.D. David Divoky Darryl Hatheway, CFM Norm Scheffner, Ph.D. Wave Runup and Overtopping Focused Study Leader Chris Jones, P.E. Team Members Ida Brøker, Ph.D. Kevin Coulton, P.E., CFM Jeff Gangai, CFM Darryl Hatheway, CFM Jeremy Lowe Ron Noble, P.E. Rajesh Srinivas, Ph.D., P.E. Event-Based Erosion Focused Study Leader Bob MacArthur, Ph.D., P.E. Team Members Kevin Coulton, P.E., CFM Bob Dean, Sc.D. Darryl Hatheway, CFM Maria Honeycutt, Ph.D. Jeff Johnson, P.E. Chris Jones, P.E. Paul Komar, Ph.D. Chia-Chi Lu, Ph.D., P.E. Ron Noble, P.E. Trey Ruthven, P.E. Dick Seymour, Ph.D., P.E. Coastal Structures Focused Study Leader Chris Jones, P.E. Team Members Bob Battalio, P.E. 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