\begin{thebibliography}{} \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Adams, Kossik, Cosler, Mac{F}arlane, and Gschwend}}{{\em Adams et~al.}}{1990}]{adams90} Adams, E., R.~Kossik, D.~J. Cosler, J.~K. Mac{F}arlane, and P.~M. Gschwend, Calibration of a Transport model using halocarbons, In {\em Estuarine and Coastal Modeling}, edited by M.~L. Spaulding, pp.\ 380--389. American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE press, New York, 1990. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Agency}}{{\em Agency}}{1993}]{epa93} Agency, E.~P., Assessment of Potential Impact of the {MWRA} Outfall on Endangered Species, Technical report, EPA Region 1, JFK Federal Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02203, 1993. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Authority}}{{\em Authority}}{1988}]{mwra88} Authority, M. W.~R., Final Secondary Treatment Facilities Plan, Technical report, MWRA, 1988. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Beckmann and Haidvogel}}{{\em Beckmann and Haidvogel}}{1993}]{beckm93} Beckmann, A. and D.~B. Haidvogel, Numerical Simulation of Flow around a Tall Isolated Seamount. Part {I}: {P}roblem Formulation and Model Accuracy, {\em J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23\/}, 1736--1753, 1993. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Blumberg, Ji, and Ziegler}}{{\em Blumberg et~al.}}{1994}]{blumb94} Blumberg, A., Z.~Ji, and C.~K. Ziegler, Confirmation of the Near Field Behavior from a far field circulation model of {M}assachusetts {B}ay, Technical report, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, 1994. 25 pp. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Blumberg, Signell, and Jenter}}{{\em Blumberg et~al.}}{1993}]{blumb93} Blumberg, A., R.~Signell, and H.~Jenter, Modeling Transport Processes in the Coastal Ocean, {\em Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1\/}, 31--52, 1993. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Blumberg and Kantha}}{{\em Blumberg and Kantha}}{1985}]{blumb85} Blumberg, A.~F. and L.~H. Kantha, Open Boundary Condition for Circulation Models, {\em J. Hydraulic Engineering, 111\/}, 273--255, 1985. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Blumberg and Mellor}}{{\em Blumberg and Mellor}}{1987}]{blumb87} Blumberg, A.~F. and G.~L. Mellor, {\em A description of a three-dimensional coastal model}, pp.\ 1--16, Coastal and Estuarine Sciences, {V}ol. 4. AGU, Washington, {DC}, 1987. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Bodgen, Malanotte-Rizzoli, and Signell}}{{\em Bodgen et~al.}}{1995}]{bogde95} Bodgen, P., P.~Malanotte-Rizzoli, and R.~P. Signell, Open-ocean boundary conditions from interior data: {L}ocal and remote forcing of {M}assachusetts {B}ay, {\em J. Geophys. Res., C12\/}, submitted, 1995. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Casulli}}{{\em Casulli}}{1990}]{casul90a} Casulli, V., Semi-implicit finite difference methods for the two-dimensional shallow water equations, {\em J. Computational Physics, 86\/}, 56--74, 1990. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Drinkwater}}{{\em Drinkwater}}{1992}]{drink92} Drinkwater, K., {AFAP} climate studies in the {S}cotia-{F}undy Region, Technical Report 92/72, N2126, NAFO SCR, 1992. 8 pp. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Galperin, Kantha, Hassid, and Rosati}}{{\em Galperin et~al.}}{1988}]{galpe88} Galperin, B., L.~H. Kantha, S.~Hassid, and A.~Rosati, A Quasi-equilibrium turbulent energy model for geophysical flows, {\em J. Atmosph. Sci., 45\/}, 55--62, 1988. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Geyer, Gardner, Brown, Irish, Butman, Loder, and Signell}}{{\em Geyer et~al.}}{1992}]{geyer92a} Geyer, W., G.~Gardner, W.~Brown, J.~Irish, B.~Butman, T.~Loder, and R.~Signell, Physical Oceanographic Investigation of {M}assachusetts and {C}ape {C}od {B}ays, Technical Report MBP-92-03, Massachusetts Bays Program, U.S. EPA Region I/Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office, Boston, Massachusetts, 1992. 497 pp. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Geyer and Ledwell}}{{\em Geyer and Ledwell}}{1994}]{geyer94} Geyer, W.~R. and J.~Ledwell, {M}assachusetts {B}ay dye study, 1994. \newblock Submitted to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Charlestown, Massachusetts. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Holzwarth-Davis and Taylor}}{{\em Holzwarth-Davis and Taylor}}{1993}]{holzw93} Holzwarth-Davis, T. and M.~H. Taylor, Description of the 1992 Oceanographic Conditions on the Northeast Continental Shelf, Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 93-25, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, 1993. 87 p. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em HydroQual and Sciences}}{{\em HydroQual and Sciences}}{1995}]{hydro95} HydroQual, I. and B.~O. Sciences, A water quality model for {M}assachusetts and {C}ape {C}od {B}ays: {C}alibration of the bays eutrophication model, Technical Report NAIC0103, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, 1995. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Large and Pond}}{{\em Large and Pond}}{1981}]{large81} Large, W.~G. and S.~Pond, Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds, {\em J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11\/}, 324--336, 1981. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Lynch and Naimie}}{{\em Lynch and Naimie}}{1993}]{lynch93} Lynch, D. and C.~Naimie, The {M2} tide and its residual on the outer banks of the {G}ulf of {M}aine, {\em J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23\/}, 2222--2253, 1993. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Mellor and Yamada}}{{\em Mellor and Yamada}}{1982}]{mello82} Mellor, G. and T.~Yamada, Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, {\em Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20\/}, 851--875, 1982. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Moody, Butman, Beardsley, Brown, Daifuku, Irish, Mayer, Mofjeld, Petrie, Ramp, Smith, and Wright}}{{\em Moody et~al.}}{1984}]{moody84} Moody, J.~A., B.~Butman, R.~C. Beardsley, W.~S. Brown, P.~Daifuku, J.~D. Irish, D.~A. Mayer, H.~O. Mofjeld, B.~Petrie, S.~Ramp, P.~Smith, and W.~R. Wright, Atlas of tidal elevation and current observations on the {Northeast} {American Continental Shelf and Slope}, U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1611, U.S. Geol. Surv., 1984. U.S. Government Printing Office, 122 pp. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Shapiro}}{{\em Shapiro}}{1975}]{shapi75} Shapiro, R., Linear Filtering, {\em Mathematics of Computation, 29\/}, 1094--1097, 1975. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Signell}}{{\em Signell}}{1989}]{signe89} Signell, R.~P., {\em Tidal dynamics and dispersion around coastal headlands}, Ph.\ D. thesis, Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst./Mass. Inst. of Technol. Joint Program in Oceanography, Cambridge, Mass., 1989. \newblock 159 pp. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Signell}}{{\em Signell}}{1994}]{signe94} Signell, R.~P., Modeling the seasonal circulation in {M}assachusetts {B}ay, In {\em Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference}, edited by M.~L. Spaulding, pp.\ 578--590. American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, New York, 1994. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Signell and Butman}}{{\em Signell and Butman}}{1992}]{signe92b} Signell, R.~P. and B.~Butman, Modeling tidal exchange and dispersion in Boston Harbor, {\em Journal of Geophysical Research, 97\/}, 15,591--16,606, 1992. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Smagorinsky}}{{\em Smagorinsky}}{1963}]{smag63} Smagorinsky, J., General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations {I}. {T}he Basic Experiment, {\em Monthly Weather Review, 91\/}, 99--164, 1963. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Vermersch, Beardsley, and Brown}}{{\em Vermersch et~al.}}{1979}]{verme79} Vermersch, J., R.~Beardsley, and W.~Brown, Winter circulation in the western {G}ulf of {M}aine: {P}art 2. {C}urrent and pressure observations, {\em J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9\/}, 786--784, 1979. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Walton, Kossik, and Kapner}}{{\em Walton et~al.}}{1990}]{walto90} Walton, R., R.~Kossik, and R.~Kapner, Bay-wide model studies for the {B}oston ocean outfall, In {\em Estuarine and Coastal Modeling}, edited by M.~L. Spaulding, pp.\ 390--399. American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE press, New York, 1990. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{\em Weller, Rudnick, and Brink}}{{\em Weller et~al.}}{1995}]{welle95} Weller, R., D.~Rudnick, and N.~J. Brink, Meteorological variability and air-sea fluxes at a closely spaced array of surface moorings, {\em J. Geophys. Res., 100\/}, 4867--4883, 1995. \end{thebibliography}